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,

VOL XXXI

1110. 19

, JULY 1-15, 1983

Re.l

. .

.~~ ~

c f t i l l t m ili)(ffiI? G Q IJ J f I f ) ~cro~

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Tub er cu lo sis is n o mo r c a

dreaded disease it was; it

i~fully curable. now.

Ruralhealth

Being perfect in health is the precondition of any nation set on road to the task of development.

It ispartlcular,'y sO In case of rural areas where both the nature and the requirements of life andavocat/on require reasonab 'e standard of health on the part of the people. That Is why, health care

has been an Important part~four development plans, It has been given an Important place In

the new 20-polnt programme. Be/llg committed to achieve the goal of Health for All by 2000 A.D.,

act/ve cO?t1nuingparticipation of the 'community would p'ay a significant role ill its achievement.

A sizable number of our villages

have been covered by health care

racilities _.but much still remains

to be

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;.. ,..

..

,~ f.. ' , .

.- ."

( :' :.".~,. :.; . ! .~

6ii~,of' the ~st pq~sible';;'aYi to help the ~al wo-

men.to b~lfle ~s J J S . c < t u . 1 a pa,rt ,of .sOj:i~ty~~ ,!!:teir

. men is .t4t:o~ .vollPliip'y 'll!lso~ijl~i~nslike the M!Wil.a

Man,dajs. 'f:hus"as itha~ 'il1!'ea~dybeen.pt!'~.~t, ,a. llumber ,of .places 'in the 'country, 'they can play an

hllp'ortant role i n changing .the outl~k of rUral wo-men, to make' them aware of'th~ problems of 'life

., .. - .. , - - - . .' . , -around ,thell1 and to solv~ thes!, throiJ,gh volunt;u"Y

,1lli\s~effort.to thl\'heI!!'!i~Qf fue ,P'=Qp!e!,f~rt!f!ll

"reas ,at; !l\fge. TJ .1c ' ~~ijnent ,qfMahill;! !'~~

,naS':.alnply dell101lsll'atecLthatthese can' he ..USIld as

:p6Werful :change-agenis:and, ,can set .in ,a chain-re-

ARMAIt

, ,.. " ~.',. , - ,

TIlEY SHOW THE WAY ...

TUNDI : 'SELF~HELP ,EXPERIMENT .INTRIBAL DEVELOPMFNf

J. S.BTara

-"'" . . . ;' ,-.MAHILAc MANDALS AND TIlE. RURAL

. ,WOMEN.

H. ~

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,

I "

. ,

','

I',

VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS have a vital role to

play in,the uplift of the rural population. But low

level of general awareness among rural people due to

low literacy rates acts as a crucial constraint to bring-

ing about socio-economiC changes in rural areas, Orga- ,

nised or colleetive efforts to bring about socio':economic

ahanges can succeed' but rarely in a, traditional rural

society like ours., How:ever, tills has not deterred

many of our ,rural leaders to continue their efforts in

" .organising voluntary ,associations for' the b~nefit of the

people of our rural areas. Among different types' of

voluntary organisations, the mahila mandai or the wO-

men's association set up at the village level can be con-'

sidered as an important instrument of . change among

rural women. Rural women'in India remain as one of

the'most backward sections of our society and there is '

an urgent need to develop their, Overall personality.

One of the best possible ways to accomplish this, is to

encourage'formation: of more and mote mahila mandalsin the villages and use them as change agents. It is

necessary to incorPorate special progralDllles for rural

women and children Within the broader frame'-work of

rural development schemes. But so far as the govern-

ment programmes for women and children are concern-

ed an attitude of patronage seems to persist. As a

result, ,most of the rural development projectS contilln

very few programmes for' women and children. His-

torically, community development projects were laun-

:ched in 1952 for the, economic andsociallip~ of the

.Note: The primary data psed iiI ,~s paper:is l~rgelydrawn from a study by T. M.' Sujatha :..A Func-tional Analysis of- Mahila 'Mandals in Relation fotheir 'Contribution to -Rural Development, M. A.(Rural DevelopmenJ) dissertation -submitted to theBailgalore University. 1982 (Unpublished).

. '

. . ~-

A Karnataka study

Mahila mandals and,. .

the rural womenH. G. HANUMAPPA and T. ,M. SUJATHA

'1Dstitu1efor Sodal aad Economic e-ge, Bangalore,

,rural population and in' 1953, the Central Social Wel-

fare, Bo~id was' established to promote activities for

women and children in both rural and urban areas. In

1957, these welfare organisations began their activities

in community development blocks with coordination

committees and were ,called as welfare extension pro-

jects. In 1961-62 the, activities were handed over to

'the rural organisations called mahila' mandals.'

The task before mahiia mandals

A CCpRDlNG'TO THE,' available 1Dformation there

were 58,300 'mahila mandals working at the end

of 1975-76 with 'an 'average membership of 364

per block.' In Kamataka, mahila mandals are register~.

, ed under the Societies Registration Act. 'The growth

and development of mahila mandals dependOil th~ ex-

tent ,of active participation of gram sevikas. It is the

gram sevika, who has to initiate the 'rural women to

enrol as members of mahila mandals. The day-t

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, - ,

Broadly the aims and 'objectives of mahila niaridals

encompass such activities which can promote socio-

economic and political interests of the rural 'women,

through voluntary action based on democratic ,princi-pIes'. '

Institutions 'like mahila ,mandals should become part

of the village life and in the' due course much can be

expect~ from certain well established mahila mandaIsand' such other voluntary institutions which can look

after the educational, social, economic and cultural,

needs of the rural women,"

, As a matter of fact, very rarely one comes across

any systematic study on the functioning Gf these mahila

mandals, and not many studles are available which! . , . .

attempt assessments of the impact of these service ,or-

ganisations and their programmes on the socio-econo-

mic life of rural ~0D:len.4

, In the present paper, we shall attempt to assess the

functional impact of mahila' 'mandals in the process of

socio-economic upliftment of rru;al women.

Bangalore 'rural south and, north, taluks form the

areas of the present stua y." There are' thir1y-.ix

mahila mandals working in Bangalore rural south (13)

and north (23). Sample of ten mahila mandals each

from Bangalore rural south, and north tiiluks. were

selected, which were reportea to be' runctioiring well,

twenty different mahila maridal presidents and eighty

other participants were selected randomly for'the study.Separate 'questioniuiires forllie committee members'

and the participants were prepared' and canvassed.

Organisational set-up of mahila mandals

F OR ORGANISING a mahila mandal ilI a village, ruralwomen come in contact With one another at the

initiative of gram sevikas or mukhya sevikas. On a

day decided by the sevikas, all'the members are called

fat a meeting to elect the office-bearers among them-

selves. Each mahila mandaI 'usl1ally haS a ,president,a, Vice-president and a secretary., 'The staff includes

teachers for both mahila satnaj and balwadi and a

servant (Aya)," They' are appcinted by the govern-

ment or the village panchayat mahila mandals are

supposed to keep the records of its functionS, firiance,etc.

Some of the socio-economic characteristics emerge

from our' study of office-bearers and members of

3 H. G.Hanumappa: Socio-etonomic Inventory for Block-

Level Planning, Studies in Integrated Rural Develop-ment, I\lMlg:ilore, 1981 Pp. 104-107. ,

4 T. M, Sujatha, Op, it. P. 27.' .

,5 T. 1M.S,!jatta, Op. it. Pp. 42-49.'

KUROKSHETRA JUly I, 1983

.

mahilamandals. With regard' to ,the composition -of

the age of the committee meipbers, 15 per Cent of ~hem

, 'belonged to the 'age-group of below .30 years, 65 per

cent of them were in the age-group of 30 to 50 years

and 20 per cent of them were in the age-group of above

50 years.'

More than 75 per ceu't of ,the presidents of mahila,mandals were the wives of the village headmen or

,chairmen or ,patels (gowda). Remaining 25 per cent

were others; who were interested in the welfare activi-

ties ,of the 'cOmmunity. An example, of this is that 'one

of the secretaries of 'a :mahila mandai has been 'serving

in her organization idr the last 25 years, with a senseof dedication. '

Seventy per cent of the office bearers were from

Vokkaligas, 20 per,cent were Brahmins, 10 per cent

Lingayats. Most of the office-bearers were rich (70per cent) belonging to fanillies having more thail 25acres, of land. "

~

Over 72 per cent ,of the participants in different

programmes were from higher castes and the rest (27.5

per cent) were from S.C. and S.T., but their participa-

tiop has been quite good. .

With regard to the educational qualifications of

office"bearers, 55 per ceilt had studied upto high school

or S.S.L.C; 15, per Cent had studied upto degree.

Twenty per cent had studied upto middle SchooL

standard and 10 per cent of them'studied uptoV stan-

dard. One ,admirable feature was that'none of them'

were rePorted to be illiterate ..

Sixty-three per cent, of the members (participants)

studied upto X standard, 16 per cent have stUdied

upto V standard and 2 1 per cent of them were

degree-hol

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Item

I

.1. SkiJl{orrnoJion

1. Training in -craft's

2. Tailoring

3. Adultiiteraci programme.

4c Usiog of pesticides .

5. Ne,. methods of agrioul~'ture-and resource utilisation

II .. Ho use-keep i1l /f:

1 . House-keeping programme

i,,Kitchen gardening . '

3. Imprgved methods o f cooking.

4. 'P~Irii{y :planniiig'progta ..mme

5. Cbild care programmes.

ill,He alth and Hy gieneP ro g i': am m es .-

J : Keeping the vUi~ge_deari "2. Prepaiing m~nure beds'. '

. 3. Sanitation programmes, - .

4. Keeping the drinking waterwell clean

s . Speci~Prog;amme~ f o rschoo'! dropoo1i1s .

IV. Balwadi aot/vities :

,I. Baby shaw

2. Play activities of baiwadip r o g r a m m e .

3. Learning activities of the

Balwadi programme

4. Drama .

.$ : Field activities{Sports)it M us'ic i l fOgtarnnieS' ' .

Nu mb d Number 0 1

,0 1Mo hila,! JP .ro grtJm fll SMdn a s A'verage

'atten--

' d a n c e

2 3 4

17 135 155

IW , . 138 193

12 31 56

6 15 ' 209

5 II, 191

I

, '8 36 273

iJ '63 24

12 50 224

/7 31 .~ 341

10 52 328

10' 36 197

8 ' 21 166

10' 36 214

2 9 310

$ (a)15

(b)1I 14li

5 10 u s

Ii '6 35'

8 72 426,

5 24 934 16 146

'4 24 183

I 2 3 4

. V. Re c r e a l i 6 r i i i J p ro g ra m m e s

1., SpbrtS activities' 13 68 50

2. Public lectures 8 39' 334

3. Public functions 12 49 2120

4.. Filmshows 6 . 30 1908

S. Entertainment. 8 52' 1221

6. Saraswathi Pooja 13 79 ,173

7. ,IridependenoeDay II 79 '319

8. RepublicDay 6 54 292

, 9. Special programmes: film

shows for the benefit offarmen; . 7 24' 628

Source: T.M . Sujatha liP',ci t .

,

IF..WE TAKE A LOOK at the attendance o J' woll1en~

, members in' various, programmes (Table 2), inte-

resting1y" we find' that, tailoring and craft classes are

, highly papillar. More than 90 per cen! attendance was

reported in these two programmes. On oraf,enquiPes

,it, was, f:ound OIlt 'that, 'while. training in' tailoring

activities helped, in both saving some money ~hich

was being spent on stitching their own, clothes else-

where, it also helped in utilising their leisure time'

'hi stiching other's clothes which resillted in eamin

Some ,exira income for the family.' We should note

here that those who attended' for one 10 three 'year

were niore' in number and also reported a higher per-

centage of attendance than those wbo took part'

,tht:seactivities for more than four years: It is'surpris-

ins to note here that quite a large number of respon-

dents did not' show much interest in a number of;t6grammes in terms of their attendance (Table.2). , ,

A special mentiOJi c a n : be I1llidehere abOut the popu-

larity of typewriting training 'programme organised by

one mahila mandaI. in the, village Hesarghatla (Banga-

lore North TaIuk). ThiS particillar mahThi mandaI

conductedfiv~ typewriting training programmes and

,trained 125 members between 1978 and 1982. Other

mahila mandaIs can think of orgapising such pro-,

gramrnes.

Table 2:ExteiJt of attendance of women io varions prograinmes organised by Mabila Mandals,

Year 1-3 Year 4 ' & above non~response. Total

No .'%

-No. ,. % No . %. No . %,

5.8' 73 15 19 7. , 8 80 100

62 78 - 14 18 4 4 .80 100

12 15 . 2 3 66 ,82 80 100

26 33 4 5 50 62 '80 100 .

29 36 6 8 45 56 80 100

22 29 I I 54 70 80 100

,33 41 7 9 4() 50 80 ,100

37 46' 10 13 33 41 80 10033 41 3 ,4 54 ' 55 80 100

.19 24 3 4 58 72 SQ , 100

/'

KURUKSlIETRA lilly 1, 1983, " ,,

" :-

.'

1. Training in 'crafts

2 . T ailo ring .3. MUlt literacy

4. Family plaooiDg .

s . HbUSe Keeping .6. {)bildcare

7. Kitchen gardening

'8. Improved methods of cooking9. Cultural programmes

'to. Sports.

Source,: As in Tabie L

st. No. .Programme

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'One notable fentureof the mahilamimdals that we other.places also was quite eiicouraging. This ten~ncysludiedwas the interest ..that the members evihced in indicates the growing interest among niral women ..toarranging excursions to various' tourist and piligrimagecentres both inside and outside Karnataka (Table 3). visit different places. This tendency can be exploited

Though the highest number of women-members visited positively by mahila mandals to create awareuess by

places like Bangalore aud Mysore, the response to increasing the freq uehcy of such. tours.\ .

Table 3 : Excurs ions arranged by the Mahi la Mandals to dif ferent places ofinterestJor women Rnd children.

st. ilace.; of visitNo.

No, of M ohiia

M an dals arr anged

No. of Pragrammes No. of participants

I. Bannerghatta

2. Hebbal

3. Bangalore

4. Mysore

S. Haleheedu

6. Yalahanka

7, Tirupafhi

8. Belur .

9,-Mandya

10.Dharmasfhala11. Rameshwaram

12'. Kanya Kumari13. Nandi,

14. Shivagange

15. Somanathapura

Source: As in Table 1.

,

"

2 2 32

6 6 95

7 7 205

6 6 1752, 2 55

2 2 30

2 2 '70

2 2 55

2 2 18

1 1 301 I 20

2 2 70

2 t"l

2 67

I I: 52

,I 1 60

The future outlook

W'. HEN ASKEDABOUT"'thefuture plans, of 'these,', Mahila Mandals, many have responded 'andave supplied .a list ,of these 'programmes '(Table 'I).provement in ,tailoring and crafts finds an important

place in the future :plan~of these mahila mandals'. But

a few of them have also indicated intereSt in starting,

beauty classes. Mahila' Mandals contemplating on

starting "beauty classes can as far as possible try to

populanse th e

indigmous inethOds of, beauty culturerather than'imitating wasternised ...

:rabl,e 4 : PrograD1lnesproposedto be undertaken by lbe Mabila MandaI.

s t . . ~Pro gram mes

No.

1. -Typewriting

2. Improvement in tailoring

3. Conducting of beauty classes

4. Providing library facilities

5. Garment~making

6. Powder.~aking'

7. "Kitchen. gardening

8. Improvement in handicrafts.

9. Papad-making ..

0. Pickle-making,

I". 'Soap-making

2. Poultry

3. Other programmes

Source: As in Table 1.

. . . '.:~

. '

. ' N l!. of Mahihi . PercentageM an dols Plann !ng

'.,."3 15

,_I. 9 45

'. 5 25

5 25

, 2 10~ ~

1 5" 1 5

10 .;- S O

" , 3 151 5

I, 5

2 10

12 60

T'"HE WOMENPARTICIPANTSfelt that the mahila

mandaI. are doing positively' good service to the

ral women, As there is some improvement o1nthe

cio-economic life of rural women, all, the partici:

ants of the mahila mandals whole-heartedly suggested

or its continuation in their villages. They felt mahila

andals helped 'them to improve their general ' k o o ; . , -

URUKSHETRA July 1; 1983

ledge, but expressed the doubt whether, mabila

mandalsconld' help them to improve their total

personality, However, the. participants felt that mahila. '

mandals helped them in bringing about abetter, uuder-standing amOng the' members and ,also to impwve

their statu-s in the village.

(contd .on'p : 20)

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"

, .

Non-forinal: education for, . .

t u r a J .development':

DAMOPAR SUM and S. K. PA!'o~A

Indi:p1 Institute.of TeocImology,Kharagpur (W. Bengal)

,

IN MANY DEVELoPING' COUNTRIES, the formal educa-

tion by its 'very'm,ture and function.has proved to

:be inadequate and calls for a search for an alternative

educational paradigm to cater to the needs and aspira-

tions of the vast segment of the population. The need

, for shifting educational parameters is due to the limita-

tions impOsed upon the formal eduCation, i. e . , full-time'. classroom attendance, linear graded system geared to

certificates and other fomiaI credentials, age ~pecifica-

tions, rigid language pattern, inflexible design, highlytheoretical approach, upper-class orientation and in-

ability to cope with increasing occupational and func-

tional problems. Along with this, its high eost and .

standardised norms irrespective of context and needs

, are the main features of its inadequacy. Particularly,

as far as formal education is concerned the rnral pri-

mary and secondary schools are in deep trouble. They

suffer from heavy drop-but "rates, non-participatiop,

'erosion or quality, low achievement of students and

low enrolment' of females. The system of education

is also hierarchical and its very nature is elitist, . indi-vidualistic and 'anti-manualist. The consequences

of such an education are seen in rising unemployment

and a sense of failure arid despair among the youths,

whose futility is too ubiquitous' to be'missed. So the

present system of education needs a radical recons-

truction with a view to improving sociQ-.ecO!;101mc,

and coltural spheres of the country and rearrsiilg the

ideals of a socialist society.

, Iinportance of non-fortnal education, .

OURS IS,a country wloere rural population is about80 percent and nearly half of, the population arel}ving below the poverty line. 'It 'need ,not be stressed

that for rural development and progress, no investment.

.., is )ikel),' to yield,grea;ter return than investtnent in hu-

Irujn re~oUIc.es,of which the most iplportant component

is .education. For this, ,the imni.ediate objective of

education is to relate it to life needs, goals, aspira-

tions 'and' employment potential 'of rural people and

there):>y,make it a powerful instrunIent of the social,

economic and cultnral transformation. Extending

this premise, Kothari Commission related education

to productivity, national integration, modernisation

aM to'social, moral and spiritual'values. The Com-mission ,has also recopuuended that for ihe purpose

of increasing productivity,' education should. comprise

, of social education, work experience, relevant tech-

'nology, industrialisation and, finally, vocationalisation.

The formal schools 'are only equipped to take c~e

of only a part of the essential learning I\eeds of rnral

people; mainly literacy and numeracy. So it is left to

the informal anti nou-formal education to meet the

other essential learning neros. But informal education

is acquired through 'daily experience and inte~action

with the socio':':U1tural environment. This filters fromthe older to the younger through traditional apprentice-

ship and is a 'life-long education'. So apart from being

a 'panacea,the non-formal education is also a viable

alternative to promote rural develqpment and to brin

about ,social change. These are organised or semi-orga-

ruse

structure and routine of the formal system, aimed at

, serving a variety of learning needs of different targe

groups and generally concerned with achievin

practical objectives. Some of the non-formal pr'

granniIes cater,to the same needs as ;he schools. Bubcith the forms are not strictly contradictory to eac

othe!,but are, ,inutiI::illy reinforcing partners, e.g.

Cuba's 'sehoul in the countryside' Kenya'. 'villa

polytechnics' 'Upper Volta's rural learning ,centre

-KURUKSHETRA July 1; 198

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and Thailand's 'sec6nd chance schools' for adolescents

(Ahmed. and Coombs, 1977). It "extends to include

vocational, skill, environmental 'imd social educatiou,

work experience, agricultural and. craftsman training,

small entrepreneur a1Id business management training,

and instruction regarding health, nuirltion,saDitation,

childcare, family planning, local food production,func-

tional literacy, numeracy, housing and many others: .

Objectives

'NON-FORMALEDU

, .

1

Catering .to the felt needs and interests of the com-

munity through productive activities, so that learn-

ing will be a preparatory~tepfor life. "

t ' ; "

[ 2. Modification of behavioural pattern and related acti-vities, development of positive attitude towards.

work and life, character traits and' values condu-

cive to effective personal development. .

3

EmphaSis on functional literacy and numeracy to

bring about cOnScientisation.

4

, Provision for knowledge and skills for civic parti-

'cipation.

5

Scope for scientific outlook and .elementary' know-

ledge of the process of nature and social environ-ment ..

6. Ensuring functional knowledge and. skillS' fo~ rais-

ing a family economically and .operating a house-.

hold.

Envisaging an increase ',in employment potentialin'roral sect()r:

8Acting ;, S an internal adopter to adopt ac.eording

to changing needs .and resources.

NFEP and rural development

EFOREEMPHASISINGits objectives, it requires a

suitable operative system, which will amplifyw it will be organised and integrated for develop- .

ent . of roral people. This system comprises thequences for non-formal education programme

(NFEP j , iIi. which the iliee indePendent' sub-'systerils such' as extemal resource and fund supply

team, resources in the project area and the' rural pe0-

ple Should be co-ordinated. .

'. The external resource and fund supply organisation:

consists of expert personnel, planners; supervisors.'

and investigators. The point of entry may be sought

by needs, aspirations, motivation and at~tude survey.

of the'local cofffimunity members by the investigation

Co~ttee,' so as to "ensUrewhere to start a programme!

aimed at the development of the roral people. Identi-

.fication of hitherto unfulfilled needs of rural people

will surface naturally. This infomIation y.i1l be made:

available to the planning committee for co-ordination

and action formulation, at which '.Ppint the committee

.will .again scrutinise certain programmes keeping 'in

vie~ the resource constraints and needs of the people.

After fOmlulation of programme, tlris will be put to

discussion with the rural people where their participa-tion imd deciSion-making regarding the progralIimes will'

be encouraged with technical information and logistic

support. - After this, the .rural' people will select and

suggest the personnel to 00 trained for different objec-'

tives and programnies, where the training to\.launch

such programmes will be offered by .the experts. Th~

. iural personnel after mininIlUD.training will transfer

their 'skills, abilities and knowledge to the rural' pea--

pI" in which" the supervision cOnlmittee will keep a

Const'iD! vigilance over the entire programme. For

achieving maximum effeCtiveness, monitoring andevaluation will be made by the expert personnel. li

satisfactory, the process will continue, otherwise the

sequence will be again repeated from the resources

and the fund supply team (top) to the bottom to sec

at which stage the correction' is needed. In this way,

a look at the flow chart points out vividly' the proper.

way of integration and co-odination of di1ferent chan-

nels needed for the success: of di1ferent faculties of

NFEP for .rural development.

In this' flow chart some of the special features

require consideration. The plan should be such thata single development programme will generate a

series of development prograIIl!I!es. For example,

the 'nutrition educatiou ;will initiate health care, day

care in . schools< and agricultural ~ucation etc.

Secondly, the instructors for such a programme will

be selected by community members because people'

will' place greater' trust in them. The instructors will

become more approachable, serve with .more under-

staoding and Dud out alternative outlet for changing

resources than. educa~ counterparts in. town who

will be less inclinect to take risk. In this context,. in

Peno region of Peru,. the communities are electing the

'yoUngrural leaders who receive initial training, to ron

the education centres (UNICEF, 1976). ThetraineesWill be rUral-skilled persons, having minimum know-

9

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.

ledge regarding the itnparted education, willing to

, stay in'!he village, d~ire !o undergo training and serve'

'their peppll:' with commitinent. Criteria like ~u-

cation and othc;rs mus! not be ~et so high, as to

exclude many candidates. The local personnel, after '

training, will be able to transfer their skills to, the

rurai inhabirtants, so that the rural inhabitant becomes

the initial starter and 'gradually a . skilled, producer.

Training to rural personnel will be given by the

experts in locaj context to detect' the difficulty' in

resource mobilisation to be followed by upgrading

courses at the end of each year for augmenting their

capabilities to instruct' the neighbours., Thirdly,

though. SDme of the literature cOntradicts thekey role

of popular participation, still a ,good'deal of experience

confirms that the joint work of the project imple-

menting agencies and the rural peopl~ to meet, the

real needs, people's consciousness regar:dingthe pro-

,j,ct objectives, people's decision-making 'in, the

,sequence of implementation, feedback of, information ,from both the directions, frequent interaction:' and

_coIimiiinicatioli of the experts and rural peopie are

the effective ways to develop community, :participation

for the success of the programnie. Befor,e initiating

such a progrannne, the cycle of agric!1lfural activities,

tne socio-economic status; motivalioni attitude, com-

munity .problems, convenient tinllng, ftminf:ial

support, cultural and soCial constraints 'will be made

available. Along with th~ prime obj~ctive, 'jndividm;l

choice for.' the courses will be determined and pro-

vided based on physical potentiality, aptitude andinterest. The instruction 'for ,the cours~s will' be 'in

local 'dialect to facilitate/understanding, and"inteiac- '

'tion. Multiple entry to different ptograIimieshas to

be encouraged to enlighten the rura,H,,1k. The pro-

'gramme should also incorporate playing 'materials,

stimulating the exploratory things to incrcase creati-

vity of the children. The teaching . 'should hielude

self:stUdy, evaluation and functional communication.

The,measurement Of learning shouid be made by the

effort of the learner rather than by imparting of

information' by the instructor to the learner. '

Components, o fNFEP

~ HE NFEP will' include many .important' pro-'.1 grammes: I}

1 !

As children areCthe future productive' force of

the country, this edu~ation will place much em-

phasis on 'children, particularly knowledge regard-

ing health measures, better nutrition,' prevention ofdiseases, and healthy family life. The insttuctor

will provide not only the knowledge regarding 'the

above, ;but,~also serve asa network of tfansmitting

5'the .,knbwledge .to' tii.e rural people and act "as a.'t .J) r,!"

10

linkage' to the hillher educati

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- .force, ) '@t their participation in agricultural train-

ing has been very limited. In Ind;,., working day

for women is between,15 to 16 hours, mo,tly i"

the., agricultural seasons.. So along with child

care, nutrition, meal preparation, :livestock rcarine,

they should also be haiged in agric~ltural and

o th e .r r u r a l resource based income g~neruting: a c !;' :" "

vities. All these require actiop-oricrited pro-

grammes for better output. In thiscontext, someof the works that deserye special attention are

Bidisa .intMidnapur, Grihini Schools 'in Chhota-

nair,';'r ,te1;ion of Bihar, NCERT pilot project at

l B.h~m,~d!,1ar;i~Nai?ita(dis~rict o~'T.!tt~r=Pr:~deshandthe l:'evolutionary.c'ducatiori~in;Tnnzania... j' _

:rhe .ptoject'at Bidisa Iias been able to contradict

th~ myth of Lodhacborn criminars. '" The Sa;naja

. Sevama Sangha h~s been able to educate Lodha

childreriand. theIr parents to attain self-sufficiency

by productive activities along with the trad.itional.

curricula for children (Bhowmick; 1977.). In theGrihini schools of

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,

RAStJ

essence of n1onitorin

, . s: BI\.LAKRISHNDirector ~S~~), Nati01~al~tu~te of R.ural De"elopm~t,H~eraba

W.ITH THE INCREASING REALISATION that U]1ple-mentation is the real bottleneck in the achieve-

llle~i "of ~biectives~fan oiherwise' well fo~m;UatCdplan; tile role of monitoring is'being be!ter 'appreciated

at present. This is particularly so in the context of

rural ~evelop!"ent programmes in general and IRDP

(Integrated Rural Developmeut Programme) in parti-cular... . \ ,.

In the gnidelines of the .Government of India with

regard to IRDP"detailed iDstructions are given with

regard to monitoring. These include drawing up of a

schedule of visits by the Assistant Project Officer

(Monitoring) in. the District Rural Development

Agency (DRDA) , . maintenance of village plan

registers giving,particulars of identified faD1ilies,distri-

bution of Vikas Patrikas tdbeneficiaries, compilation

of progress reports, etc.

At present the DRDA'~ are mostly preoccupied with

the grounding or launthing of a'scheme and have very

little time left to keep track of the beneficiary after a.

scheme is given to him. The AIJO (Monitoring) is

usually busy in compilation of progress reports. It

will be quite some time before the guidelines are

followed both in letter and spirit. .

The purpose of monitoring is to turn 'inputs' into

'initial results' following a time schedule. Inputs in-

clude assets like animal, services like credit and tech- '

nical 'advice r~garding management. of a sch~me.

'Initial results' could be for instance higher milk/wool

yield. As a preliminary fqr this, intermedi~te objec-

. tives should be formulated and quantilied. At present

the time schedule exists only in the form of an annual

target, i.e. covering 600 beneficiariesin a block. Fur-

ther details regarding activitics and quarterly .targets

heed to bc worked out.

", What is RASU?

THE CONVERSION of 'inputs' into. 'initial results' has

to be planned for stage by stage and should not.

be left to take care of itself. In this conneCtion,four

1'1

aspects of wputs peed to be examined ;md monitored

car~lIy. These "!;e ~s f!,llqws:

(a) Requiremel)i-(R)

(b) Availability-(A)

(c) Supply-(S)

(d) Utilisation-(U)

RASU serves as an acronym to refer to these various

aspects.

The extent'.-ofrequirement of input;;. should be

examined in the first instance at the prpject appraisal

stage and.checked up for authenticity and validity at

the monitoring stage. The amount of credit required,

thc total number of animals required for the successfulrunning of the scheme in the block are examples.

Next, it is necess~ry to ensure that. the. required

quantity of inputs are available in the block for distri-

buting wherever and whenever required. - Procedura

wrangles may have to be resolved in the case of credi

and breeding farms may have to be activised in th

.case of animal husbandry schemes.' .

The supply of inputs in the right quantity at the righ

place and timc' is equally important, Transport an

storage problems and communication gaps are possibl

.hurdles in this respect.

Utilisation by the 'beneficiaryfor the right and U;ten

ded purpose cannot be taken for"granted. Cases 0

diversion of' credit to other purposes and" sale 0

animals to yield immediate gains ~e not uncommon

These sh~uld 'be checked.

INPUT MONITORING shouH be done at the block leve

covering the above aspects.Supervisiou of Ihi

work is the concern of DRDA monitoring staff.

The above aspects are being built intl) the desi

for a montoripg system of IRDP in a pilot study a. NIj.tD currently iri progress in a block in Waran

district of AP. This'is being done with specia)..ref

rence to sheep-rearing scheme. ,. .

KURUKSHETRA July 1, 198

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The Illarketing problems'of rural industries

C'-SIVA RAMAKRISHNA RAO and S. V. RAMANA

S-:t~CEtime~jmme~orial, th~ v~llage handicraftsand Co~ge industries have occupied an important.place in our country's eco'nomy. Till the adv~nt of the

British nile, indi";' cottage and vill'HleinduStry pro-

ducts had reached a highy;atermark 'of qcellence and

enjoyed 'worldwide reputation ~:ildmarket. However,

these industries suffered a severe setbacl>'.on account

of the Britisjl Government's deliqerate polity to scut*

,their growth by all possible measures. In ~ddition,

the growth of modern industries and joint industrial

establishments that e"panded production of goods on

a mass scale,inflicted untold hardship on the millions

of 'rural artisans' and craftsmen engaged in the village

and cottage industries.

It was Gandhiji who realised the significaryceof the

village and cottage industries and vehemently ple>y!ed

for their revival as a part of rural reconstl1!ctionpro-

gramme launched by him. With the dawn, of Inde-

pendence, our Govetnment also realised the need to

develop thc village'and cottage industries 'and give

them their rightful place in our ecoilOmyand thereby

included 'a provision 'relating to the development of

these industries in the Directive Principles of'the State

Poli~y as incorporated in the Indian Constitution. The

1ndustrial,P.>licyResolution of 1956, and the Industrial

Policy Declaration of 1980 too emphasise the need, to

develop the village and cottage industries sector in

view of its crucial roie' in eradi~atingpoverty and un-

employment in the rural sector. .

. , Studies in India have shown that' chronic unemploy-

ment is'low but the employment that an individual

, gets is, mostly part employment and an einployment

without proper remuneration. Thus a vast number'

of' population which can contribute to productivity,

given.thpight opportunity, is now left unemployed andnot fJ!lly remunerated. Rural and sinall industries

have been suggested as an important programme to.

KURUKSHETRA July 1, 1983

bridge this gap'. In short, all our five year plans andIndustrial Policy state!"ents have stressed the need to

dev~lop the village,and small iri

scale employment opportuTlities,promote i1ecentralisa:

tion and dispersal of industries, achieve diffusion of

owners!liP and prevent conc~ntration of economic

power; promote entrepreneurship, develop agro-based

and ancillary industries, improve the skills . of rural

artisan; and promote village handicrafts, reduce the

role of subsidies aI)d set up the production of 'essential

articles aI)d also develop e~port potential.

The ~tate of TIlTalindustries

AMONG THE V ARI OUS VI LL AGE industries, mention

mayb e made of handloom (khadi, ~'oollen and, silk), processing of cereals, pulses, ghani oil, village

leather, manufacture of cane gur and kbandsari, palm-

gur making and ,Qtherpalm 'products, non~edib1e oils

and soaps, handmade paper; bee-keeping, viJIage

pottery, fibre, carpentry and blacksmithy, lime-manu-

facturing, production of gobar gas, collection of forest

plants 'and fruits fO,r medicinal purposes, shellac,

manufacture of household aluminivm utencils, bamboo

and cane work and manufacturing of cottage match'

etc. These industries enable the villagers to develop

their own initiative, cooperation .and, spirit of self-,

relia!-1ce, and thus provide ~~mployment,.in cr ea se in -

, comes, slowdown migration to cities and increase the

supply.of goods and sen-iceSto farmers at lower cost

and also stimulate rural and regional dev~lopment.

The fpregoing account clearly establishes the impor-

tance and the need to develop the village and cottage

. industries in India.' There is no gainsaying the fact

that' their development very much hinges on tlle pro-

,per marketing fa~iIit\es. And, in fact, the problem of

inarketihg has been an Achilles heel of the,village and

cottage industries iI1our country. The function, of

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1

marketing is not merely that of an adjunct of the pro-

duction process but more as the fou.tain head of such

activity.. ;"

Problems of marketing

M'kKETING DOES NOT merely imply selling or physical transfer of village industrial products toan agent at a given price. Far from that, marketingslands for a dynamic economic function. In the COll-

text or the poor village artisans it begins with advising.

.them what to pra,juce, what marerials to be mod,

what tVIfAf. tech~~logy, t p us,; ! .or ,llrOdu,cKft0odS_ ofT'aultiil !k!:iticaQrl an'di qJai',tyJ1I1S . ies~~~-l

jug .th~.I~ral 'i"..tisa~~ ilf procuring ra:r materials at

a~ila}g!it.w .fi!!l.eri!J.BtI!JJOlucqg) targets, delj-

very schedules, and of course locating markets for hisA ~ 1o 'd ' , t c l ! s : / .~ b OMl OjH"lllllArFcAll ..:IJe .:.l .

. The role and function of marketing have undergone

u.L1r.eme.pd"u~ chiingeoimrre.tDlJl'pmliessitm. "",IlI ithe ,hmrl!;arclis

1,~Hth.ncOliniL~"mitlr] rapi

:.ilMhiW'Jl,ofj(lhencirnJiJlJl""pl" ama-al"q billldl;tgO'ip.gwca

~cQl!anfl

:Ail th",J!i"uxeJi/lQl.e;ty~penilentJ("'lIIlthcJpOOductg'of Me

mWa!",ltJ.i1n aftpoWIDnon~olO .. .. . :J7;J;.~::-H,.I.;H'., l'_H'

villagers, Therefore fthe vjllilge .artisans have. to.,in-~nl ::UC:Jl:)fn.u In:..ur~~1 qnJ:)- ,,':J1-.,JU:[-(:'J"" ,)r.,,-._oi ..t,.:l1

Jy~ri~~I:l: . 4 f i P f i H 2 ~9;~eo~o~~.,~~~~rs;~nq)o!l!~!~~)iJ~;-men for the rlisposal nf. thei,!;, - p,roducts. Since J,hp.

J"'UJ l.:..{:WOIJli 7 , "1 - . J . ,\11,I (,j%." . I.l;)? GlUo' ,...';D-!{'v dq~

finanCial, Do.itlOn 'of the.rur"' .artisan does: not [ P " ermit--jJr.lfn{j\Jl~(JU lJ,ilr(jl~.pTDin: jli1~.l. -J~,,_.l"'l~k.d~, .-.H

him to purcliase the necessary raw materials and other'

' inp).l1S, '-hI; hifs'iitlB iipPto1!clf)tl\eu lO '< i1 l1 ' l f l i ffer lO t 6 r JT the

'qet!ilJ fimilltY!itil!ipreEurechiif'fi'eC'es ~liilfri n f \ h t \ i " ' , n iP l l l i sJ'giVes)alnp~i'scCifie'Jfdtrlth~ fuidtliemeIi~andJl\tllefliliilJets

tOlCexplbi/l'the>,sit\fatl(;nT,'" TIfo'ugJP OCl5Opei'aliv8.~I Ji'il~.e

Ibeell,lse-t''Up''ib .filF'ltlleirbnlods/thliif'f1mctiorillfg'% 'far

Ifrom; wa~isfaclbt:y ifn"itctf fast

changing tastes and fashions of the urban consumers.

'Due to lack of entrepreneureal skills and education,

the rural artisans mostly stick to the production of

goods which are' no m ore in demand by the urban

consumers. Goods can' errsily be sold profitably when

they are consumer70riented. Wi~h the quick change

. in CO;: lsumer tastes and likings, a village artisan. finds

it 'difficult to cope with the changing' needs of thost'using t~le village industries' products. Again, most of I

the village artisans are disorganised and dispersed and

have no knowledge of customers' attitudes and tastes .

imp0.rtance of brand image and the corpor~te image.

Only a handful of agcncies are presently OI1gaged' in

evolving the new designs that would meet the- tastes

of the consumers. There is a wide communication

gap benvcen the village industries and the urban con-

sumer as a result of which the village artisans produce

goods of traditional nature oblivious of the emerging

trends in conSumer tastes.

;:f lW iti{~~ anf:tci 'hand loomtextiles. such- as khadi, the'. 'l!fi1tk'lJtfflg~jii(jQrie through a network of retail outlets

' " . 1 m in tn'j.,/~)I''I r J , ' . . . '_setup.~:,;,~n,'~e.;~ss\stance fro.m KVIC. But the village

IfilllsanS liR i! cobblers makmg chappals, and those

T ll .: ~ i~ ~ # f '~ ~ t~ :g O O ~ ,s ,e.dible oils, paper products, and'o1:h~rs tlo ndt' .i\\lve"similar facility to market their

\5.I'b'tiU't'ts"1i'nd"lWohteniost of their prodncts cannot find

't"Wfija?kepIl'Pfs"a'consequence they mostly depend onJ!Olllll.ll': nf _,':/1;'. . .,the 111,ladlemerrm whose bands they get explOlted. A

'tHl(~hl'!fpp.j!~\~!u 'bf.the present set-np of the marketingno 7.Eoo'J .10 !~;Jt\:JlH ..' \.avclIues'uniler th~ KVIC reveals a marked defiCIency

~ ~ ;W .W ~ R tf 9 ~ ~ )~ ~ ~ t~~ternally as ~ell as externally..GompaJ'e'd /0 life need and the vast potential, the

nuinber of mar1}eting outlets is far too small.

'1 ll lc io e dS,1pa'liiQ1i1arly' no marketing research, for the

IstiIdyJpf{ [lmarkeLtrends in relation to demand and.

-supplYJil:ili1Jspite,o 'enjoying various forms of support

-ft!oill Ihe,iKMIC,,'theCentral and State Governments

,durihgJrtherllator"tU.;'f (eoutd. on p 17)

UKORUKSHETRA July 1, 1983

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Seasonal variation of female

partjcipation in f a r m work" ' ANDY A SAIKIA

, _ASsIt. Prof., J;l~It. of Agr;; ~DOmicS, Assam~ri. t1Divendty,Jorhat( A S S ; " ')

-

SEASONALVARIATIONin agricultural activity is

inherent in the nature of prO

rigid necessity of carrying out agricultural operations

during specific time span. Employment in agriculture

s,. therefore, marked by periods of peak and slack

seasons. The extent of seasonal fiuctuation in employ-

ment is higher in case of -female:labour as felllales are

engaged in some specific'agricultural operatioris during

""r.tain 'periods in the crop seasons. The nature' of

demand for female'labour in rural. labour market is

different from -that for Iliale labour insofar as theformer is subjeCt-to sharp fluctuations while 'latter

exists throughout the agricultural season.

The pattern of distribution of labour requirements

between different agricultural 6peratjoris in different

months Of.the year is dep'endent on cropping pattern;

crop int!'JlSity'and' type of farm technology followed.

The annual rainfall distribntion is the most important

determilling factor of cropping pattern particwarly in

he absence of irrigation facilities, Under double and

multiple cropping, the' scope for utilisation ~f iabour

increases. If dijferent crop sequence, crop colllbina-tion, area', under cnltivation ,for double, and .niUitiple

cropping practices' .are so arranged that 'peak seasons

for different cro.ps,occur at ,different times, the sea"

sonal variation of labour reqnirement~ay. be mOde-

rate. But if the seasonal peaks for diil'e;ent. crops

occur more or less during a particular time span, fiuc-

tuation in seasonal1abour requirement would ,be 'veryhigh.

,The present study was coriducted' iri ten villages,

selected purposively from the three sub-divisions of

Sibsagar District, Assam~ so as io represent differentagricultural situations and populatiori . characteristics.

The data relate to the year 1979-80, Altogether 216

households, comprising 25 per cent ,of total ,house.

KORUKSHETRA lulY I, ,1983'

holds,. were selecte'd raridOluly for ,intensive stUd,Y.

Households were stratified into marginal (D-1.0 ta)

small '(1.01-2'.0 ha) and niediuin (above 2.01 ha)

on the hasis of size of operational holdings.' Paddy',

was the dominant crop grown by all sample house-holds. ..,

Findings of the study

DEMALE WORKERs.-Female workers comprised1.' 54.72 percent of total female population' in theten villages. Work participation rates of females

varied significantly both ~illage-wise ,and size group-

\vise. For all villages work' participation rates 'of

feffi\l-leswere 58.3,7 per cent in marginal, farms,

52.71 ,per cent in small.farms and 53.91 per cent in

. 'medium farms., Agriculture is the IllOst important

secto.r prOviding elllployment to 97.54 per cent of the

female workers both as primary and secondary occu-

pations. , ,Out ,of-to,talfemale workers engaged in farm '

activities, 84.38 per cent worked as' fu n ' time workers

and only 15.62 per cent' were 'engaged as' part-tim

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between size of farm arid miin-days worked by females

was not seen.very 'high in farm activitie:;; (c) in the other monthS,,

farm

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; The rat)ge of seaSonal vanations ill employment, is

Wider for females than. for males as they are engaged

in farm activities during specific operations. ,The

nature' of division of labour in. agricultural activities

between male and female members were similar irres-

pective of ~he size of the farm. Female pa(ticipation

in agriculture is marked by concentration of work

during a few months and sharp ifse and fall in, work,

intensity during different period in a year. '

"

Conclusion

SEASONAL FLUCTUATION in employment is higher

in case of females in iural areas and females

l?0rkcan achieve anything. And one achievement inspires and shows

the -way to others! ' , ,

We hope our esteemed readers will send us their oWn experiences in, the

'field so that other can benefit by them to usher in a better life for our rurill.

people. (Editor)

Houses for the rural poor

T

HAT'THERECAN'beno rule of thumb. for villalte

development,was proved in Kuppireddygudem, amaIl village is situated in Suryapet taluk of Nalgonda, .

Andhra Pradesh, Knowledge' gained from studying

ooks on rural development ~r going through ,vanous

manuals can help a little, to he sure, but' an actual

ontact with village life ha~_no parallel for an adminis- ,

rator.( .-

This village was surveyed in 1974-75 and a list of

ouse-less (eligible beneficiaries) persons was prepared.

There. were sixty "fthem in all. Five acres of land

was acquired for. providing house sites to these people

3 acres at the rate of 5 cents each) arid fur internaloads and Community Hall. The- Government of

Andhra Pradesh had a scheme of rural housing at the

nit cost of Rs. 1000. . The entire cost is borne by

he Government. (No repayment is expected from th~

eneficiaries. (This scheme has since been. disconti-

ued). One such colOliy was, sanctioned for this

illage.

Generally speaking, only huts are taken up under

his' scheme for construction. ' So much so that it has

ome to be better known as Hutting programme. As

re accidents are all too common in these parts, hutswith their thatched roofs are not safe to live in. Oniy a

tiled roo( is proof against fire. But providing a tiled

oof in a uuit ~ost ofRs. 1000 is not possible.

KURUKSHETRA Inly 1, 1983

,

Now, in order to .overcome this difficulty, the hene-

ficiaries themselves.were contacted for their views: All

the officersinvolved in the execution of this programme'

were oonversant with village life. Counting on thenative common sense of .the villagers, we explained

the vulnerability of a thatched roof to fire and also

the difficulty of.laying a tiled roof within the unit cost

of Rs. 1000, They understood the problem and

assured us that they wonld themselves contrib~te some

money for the tiled roof from their savings. In addi.

tion, they came up with a novel pr0]>OsaI. The pro-

'Paimyrah leave.s stacked before a hut for constructing.

a ca~tIe.shed

21.

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posaI' was that they would lay an the intern31 roads

,by, 'Shram Dan' so that themeney intended for internal

-' rOaas, aIsQ'would 'be utilisedfiirthe purchase oniles.

_ The, very oriiin;,];ty of tkidea, was refuies1Jing. It was,

-' :ev~riJiloieheaitenihg as it came 'from the villagers'

'theInselves.' ,Tbey ,consiructed; the colony in a record

,timeof::t1uee: months, '.~.

-M.N. SHANKAR

FPO, Chitradurga

(Karnataka), -

.

":'1,

, J. ' : _ ~. '

, ~. . . '

',;

45th of his life, With years rolling by for Erappa and

his parents" wife, ~ndJ)u;' three children, life was' a

burden that had:ta be li'd;~

Since Erappa's parentS' were aged, his Wife had to

look after the household: work and the three childten.'"

There was ouly one' hand,'i.e" Erappa whi> worked as'"

a 'cooly earmng about Rs. 7 per day. Taking around

250 working,days, his ilJ~ome was about Rs. 1750.

His wife also, acccmpaiJi~d him at least about 100 days

in a year and earned Rs, -350 at a wage rate of Rs. 3.50

per woman 'coply iu the'nearby fields. Thus aU put

together, the :income of the family was around to be

,Rs., 2100,per:ilimum. ,iUs needless to say that with

this income tlley found'it hard to manage life. Erappa

was one cif,i1ieJlOuseholils,surveyed and selected as the

beneficiary oORD? in,,the Myakalura:hally cluster. He

opted' fQr ,the,Buff~oe, scheme which was part of his

househeld :plan., "

Canara Baitit,::HiriWrwas entrusted with the financ-ing el' thk~~ve duste~:' The Dynamic Manager of ,

Canara. Blink, :,uiing ~witJ1B.D.O. Hiriyur, conducted

,-.reditcamps andfie](fvlsiis culminating in the sanction

J{buIfa1oe'sc h ~ :tl: ie loan to the beneficiary, Improved

buffaloes were purchased and handed over to the bene-,

ficiary by the purchase committee and thus came a

happy day when finally the buffaloes, arrived at

Erappa's house,

The' buffaloes yield upto 4 Ltrs. a day and at the

present market rate of RS. 2.50 per Ltr. it is sold at

Rs. 10 per day. DeductiDg the cest of feed and

graSs 'at RS., 2 Per day for the buffaloes: there is still

an' inCOmeof ~s. 8 per day.. A soon as the present

gQes 'dry another buffaloe would be given to ~ as

part of the scheme. Thus today, Erappa has an addi-

tional income of Rs. 8 per day which works ont to

Rs, 2900 per annum (Approx.) with his earlier incomeof R,s.,21QO per,y",,the family has an annual income

ofR~,:50,(j(jpe't:an,niIth.:' :Thus the family has crossed

the povertylfue,'" "'" ' '

Erappa' while talking:.!o the Projectailthorities Ie-',

vealedlhat"the buffaloo'scheme has been' of immense:

suptJ'Ortand ,has helped to consolidate,his eC~OI~ic,

pQSition" Lik fur ,hiin: ROW is definitely a little better

to ,lead,:than befere ..

-,'

"

....~:.,' :,.:.-:,.. - .. ';'~_:> - -" -A'~~ew..ofli~s~buu ,r f4?r ' ,w e ,ake ;r sec t ions at

" :,' Kupp;reddyglidem

Now there is a well laid out colol}Yof sixty houses.

I draw two lessons from this ex~rience : First, when-

ever any,developmental activity isiaken up, the officer

c~nremed should go to the village himself and spend

as much ashe can sPeakinipo file beneficiaries. 'No

amount of or administrative experience can match

the common'sense of the villager. Secondly, whileselecting ',beneficiaries for schemes such as this, care

should be taken ro select those who can afford', two

squaremeaIs a day,' 0uly they can have suffiCient

interest and time to 'construct a ,house. For those who

cannot even earn their own upkeep, housing colony

cannot, in the nature of things, be the top priority.

F'or these people, employment must be provided under

tlie:V:aii~t;snrraideveIopmenf schemes to enaoletheni '

"to'rri:ike both ends meet. Housing comes lifter that,

'not before. If this is not clearly,understood, the selec-

tion 'of beneficiaries for the varioUs ruraI development, ,schemes' is bound to gp awry. 'the success story of

, the cOnstruction of the housing' colony at Kuppireddy-

, gtirlem is a result' precisely of. this understanding. ,

.,--PHANI KUMAR '

~' SDM, Nalgonda (A.P.)

Erappa's new'strengthUon.,EMPPA'of:Myaka1urahally, Hiriyur 'Taluk,,r:Chitradprga: District, the year 1982-'83 was the

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.

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'.' ",' ,"."., ,

, '22'

iKURUKSHETRA July 1, 1983

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"orethan 1600 primary health

tres will be added during the

sixth Plan period.

Rural

health

With the objecti"e of providing better primary hea'th care and medical care services to

r"ral areas, triba' areas, and poor people, differelll schemes have been launched to meet the basic

hea:tlz needs of rural areas, to prel'ent and control nutritiolta. deficiencies and to reduce mortalit)'

and morbidity among infalllS and chi dren.

Efforts to eradicate and contra' commun'cab 'e diseases and train'ng of hea.'th workers has

been a part of all hEa th care schemes, The new lO-point programme has laid special emphasis

all improving the hea th !itatus of peop 'e by promoting family planning on a vo,'untary basis and to

augment primary hea thfaci ities and contra' ,eprosy, T. B. and b indne'S. Besides, programmes

are on for accelerating the wefare of women and chi dren, especia.'ly those in triba', hiil and

backward areas.

he driving force behind the

ealth planning is the commit-

ment of the nation to achieve

he goal of Health for All by

2000 A.D.

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(Licensed under U (DN)-54 to post without prepay-

ment at Civil Lines Post Office, Delhi).

Regd. No. D (DN)L39

RN 702/57

Rural

health

The main o bjecti v:: of h~a1th car~ p~ogram_"1l'~is to._makeit ~vailable to even the poorest of the poor.

A number of schemes hal'e been )auw;lred 10 extend medical and healtlr facilities in rural

and tribal areas, such as Community Health Voluntary Schl!me (now kiloHm as Health Guide

Scheme), Multipurpose Workers Scheme, Reorientation of Medic'a! Education Scheme etc. At

presellt 111ere are 5,444 primary 1Iea:t1lcentres (PHC) and 51,192 sub-centres catering to tlce Icea'l1I

and medica' lIeeds of t1levi loges. Eaclc PHC caters on 011 a,'erage 10 80,000 to 1,00,000 pop"'ationi.e. abolll 80 to 100 l'i/ages. A sub-centre CO"ers a population of 10,000 i.e. aboul 10 ,'ieages.

Tlce number of docto's alld 1Iospital beds has iltcreased by morel t1lall two-alld-a-haf limes alld

Ihat o.fnurses by more than six limes sillce the p'an. began.

PUBL15HED BY THE DIRECTOR PUBLICATION DIVISION NEW DELHhllOOOl AND