2. To be/V1..., S + do/does not + have to + V2....

1. S + V1 + N, part/some/many/...of which/whom + V2....

Example:

A plane crashed into the Pentagon.

Part of the Pentagon also collapsed.

1. S + V1 + N, part/some/many/...of which/whom + V2....

→ A plane crashed into the Pentagon, part of which also collapsed.

1.

→ The movie theater was crowded with people, some of whom were waiting to see a superstar.

Example:The movie theater was crowded with people.Some of them were waiting to see a super star.

1. S + V1 + N, part/some/many/...of which/whom + V2....

2.

Use the pattern to combine each pair of the sentences below. Follow the examples.

Exercise A

The club consists of fifty members.

Half of the members are professors. 1.

→ The club consists of fifty members, half of whom are professors.

Mr. Lee has three sons, two of whom practice law in California.

My father bought a lot of books.Some of the books were about gardening.

2.

→ My father bought a lot of books, some of which were about gardening.Mr. Lee has three sons.Two of his sons practice law in California.

3.

→

Each year, there are hundreds of traffic accidents.Many accidents are caused by drunken driving.

4.

→ Each year, there are hundreds of traffic accidents, many of which are caused by drunken driving.The enemy bombed the city.Part of the city was completely destroyed.

5.

→ The enemy bombed the city, part of which was completely destroyed.

Henry and Norman were gossiping about James. Use the above pattern, and complete the dialogue with the sentences given in the box below. The first one has been done for you.

Exercise B

* Most of his friends are fair-weather friends.* All three houses were sold within five years.* Some of the gossip is about your cousin, James.

* Two of his girlfriends even work in the same company.* One of the reasons was that he fell in love with his boss's daughter.

H: Norman, have you heard the latest gossip, 1. some of which is about your cousin, James?

N: James? I've heard he was fired for two reasons, 2. ______________________ ________________________________.

one of which was that he fell in love with his boss’s daughter

H: It served him right. You know, he's got at least four girlfriends, 3._____________ _______________________________.

two of whom even work in the same company

N: He easily falls in and out of love, and he just doesn't know how to say no to girls.

H: I know he is popular. He's got lots of friends, 4.______________________ ____________________________.

most of whom are fair-weather friends

N: You know, it is said that his father left him three houses, 5. ______________ __________________ Is that true?

all of which were sold within five years

H: Yes. I'm afraid it is. If his father were alive, James would surely drive him crazy.

Back

2. To be/V1..., S + do/does not + have to

+ V2....Example:

A story is newsworthy even though it does not have all these elements.→ A story does not have to have all these elements to be newsworthy.→ To be newsworthy, a story does not have to have all these elements.

Rewrite the following sentences with the above pattern. Follow the example.

Exercise A

A story can be newsworthy even though it is not tragic.

____________________________________________________________

1.

→ To be newsworthy, a story doesn't have to be tragic.

We can communicate with foreigners even though we don't speak fluent English. ____________________________________________________________

2.

→ To communicate with foreigners, we don't have to speak fluent English.You may get the job even though you don't have practical experience. ____________________________________________________________

3.

→ To get the job, you don't have to have practical experience.

You can enjoy music even though you are not a musician. ____________________________________________________________

4.

→ To enjoy music, you don't have to be a musician.

You may win a girl's heart even though you are not rich or handsome. ____________________________________________________________

5.

→ To win a girl's heart, you don't have to be rich or handsome.

Helen and Ann have a lot of things to argue about. Use the above pattern and the words underlined to complete the following dialogues. The first one has been done for you.

Exercise B

H: To be an ideal boyfriend, a man must have three qualities–tall, handsome, and rich.A: I don't think so. In my opinion, to be an ideal boyfriend, a man doesn't have to have these three qualities. To me, as long as he truly loves me, the man would be my Mr. Right.

1.

H: The movie doesn't have special effects. I don't think it's worth seeing.A: But I think it's a pretty good movie. You know, _____________________________________ _________________. What a movie tries to convey to its audience is the point.

2.

to be worth seeing, a movie doesn't have to have special effects

H: The candidate (候選人 ) tries to please everybody

to win the election.A: It's not wise of him to do so. ________________ _______________________________________ _________ All he has to do is to show his sincerity (誠意 ) to serve the people and the country.

3.

To win the election, a candidate doesn't have to try to please everybody.

H: Ann, I'm afraid I can't go to the museum with you. I can't enjoy paintings because I don't understand art. A: Come on. _____________________________ _____________ Our art teacher always says,“You don't know what art is but you know what you like,”remember?

4.

To enjoy paintings, you don't have to understand art.

Back

H: I just don't understand why you spend so much time on your computer. A: That's because my computer makes my life easier. For example, I can do the shopping even though Idon't go out. With the help of my computer, ______________________________ ______. I can buy almost everything online.

5.

to do the shopping, I don't have to go out