2-7kartvelologybooks.tsu.ge/uploads/book/Ena-da-enobrivi...nis SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba...

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22 Bolinger, Dwight. 1950. Rime, assonance, and morpheme analysis. Word 6.117-36.Buačidze, Manana. 1984. Iskaženie otnošenij meždu «označajuščim» «označaemym» v

linguičeskix znakax pré afazii (saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis «moambe»,1984, t.116, №2, gv. 429-432).

Büchner, K. 1936. Platons Kratylos und die moderne Sprachphifosophie. Berlin.Chastaing, M. 1964. Nouvelles recherches sur le symbolisme des voyelles. Journal de

Psychologie Normale et Pathologique 1.75-88.Cherry, Colin. 1957. On human communication: A review, a survey, and a criticism.

Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Čikobava, Arnold. 1959. Problema jazyka kak predmeta jazykoznanija. Moscow.Coseriu, Eugenio. 1967. L’arbitraire du signe: Zur Spätgeschichte eines aristolelischen

Begriffcs. Archiv für das Studium der Neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 204.81-112.Davis, R. 1961. The fitness of names to drawings: A cross-cultural study in Tanganyika.

British Journal of Psychology 52.259-68.Deeters, Gerhard. 1955. Gab es Nominalklassen in allen kaukasischcnt Sprachen? Corolla

Linguistica, Festschrift Ferdinand Sommer, ed. by H. Krahe, 26-33. Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz.

Engler, Rudolf. 1962. Théorie et critique d’un principe saussurien: l’arbitraire du signe.Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure 19.5-66. 1964. Complements à l’arbitraire. CahiersFerdinand de Saussure 21.25-32.

Godel, Robert. 1957. Les sources manuscrits du Cours de linguistique générale de F. deSaussure. Genève.

Greonberg, Joseph H. 1963a. Universals of language, ed. by ... Cambridge, Mass: MITPress. 1963b. Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order ofmeaningful elements. In Greenberg, 1963a: 58-90.

Gudava, Togo. 1958. Ob odnom vide zvukopodražanija v megrel’skom dialekte zanskogojazyka. Tezisy Dokladov XVI Naucnoj Sessii Instituta Jazykoznanija AN GSSR. Tbilisi.

Hockett, Charles F. 1963. The problem of universals in language. In Greenberg, 1963a:1-22.Jakobson, Roman. 1965. A la recherche de I’essence du langage. Diogène 51.22-38. 1970a.

Language in relation to other communication systems. Linguaggi nella Società e nellaTecnica, 3-16. Milano (Reprinted in Jakobson’s Selected Writings 2.697-708, 1971.).1970b. Linguistics. Main trends of research in the social and human sciences, 1: SocialSciences, 419-63. Paris & The Hague: Mouton/Unesco. 1971. Linguistics in relation toother sciences. Selected Writings, 2.655-95. The Hague: Mouton.

Köhler, Wolfgang. 1947. Gestalt psychology: An introduction to new concepts in modernpsychology. New York.

Koerner, E. F. K. 1972. Contribution au débat post-saussurien sur le signe linguistique:introduction générale et bibliographie annotée. The Hague: Mouton.

Materialy ... 1969. Materialy seminara po probleme motivirovannosti jazykovogo znaka.Leningrad.

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Mel’čuk, Igor’. 1968. Stroenie jazykovyx znakov i vozmožnye formal’no-smyslovyeotnošenija meždu nimi. Izvestija Akademii Nauk SSSR, serija literatury i jazyka, 28.426-38.

Morris, Charles. 1938. Foundations of the theory of signs. International Encyclopaedia ofUnified Science Series, 1:2. Chicago. 1964. Signification and significance. A study of therelations of signs and values. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Nichols, Johanna. 1971. Diminutive consonant symbolism in Western North America. Lg.47.826-48.

Osgood, Charles E. 1963. Language universals and psycholinguistics. In Greenberg,1963a:236-54.

Peirce, Charles Sanders. 1931-35. Collected Papers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UniversityPress.

Robins, R. H. 1967. A short history of linguistics. London: Longmans.Sapir, Edward. 1929. A study in phonetic symbolism. Journal of Experimental Psychology

12.225-39.Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1967-68. Cours.de lingnistique générale. Edition critique par Rudolf

Engler. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. (Fasc. 1-2, 1967; fasc. 3, 1968).Schneider, W. 1930. Über die Lautbedeutsamkeit. Zeitschrift für Deutsche Philologie 63.138-

79.Spang-Hanssen, Henning. 1954. Recent theories on the nature of the language sign. Travaux

du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague, 9.Syromjatnikov, N. A. 1972. Opredelenie rodstvennosti kornej. Voprosy Jazykoznanija, 2,

109-23.Ullmann, Stephen. 1963. Semantic univerals. In Grecnberg 1963a: 172-207.Ultan, Russell. 1970. Size-sound symbolism. Working Papers on Language Universals 3.1-

31 (Stanford University).Wescott, Roger W. 1971. Linguistic iconism. Lg, 47.416-28.Zeichen und System der Sprache. 1961-62. Veröffentlichungen des I. Internationalen

Symposions ‘Zeichen und System der Sprache’ vom 28.9 bis 2.10.1959 in Erfurt. 2vols. Berlin.

Tamaz gamyreliZe24

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika daqarTveluri enebi∗

naTmecnierebis istoriaSi XX saukunis meore naxevar-Si SeiniSneboda mometebuli interesi diaqroniulilingvistikis sakiTxebis mimarT, erTgvari Semobrune-

ba indoevropuli SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebisaken, ramac Tavisizegavlena iqonia zogadlingvisturi azris ganviTarebaze, ker-Zod: bolo aTwleulSi sinqroniul da diaqroniul lingvis-tikebs Soris sosiuriseuli antonimiis daZlevis Sedegadyalibdeba imgvari lingvisturi Teoria, romelsac meti amx-snelobiTi Zala aqvs, vidre empiriul enobriv monacemebzedafuZnebuli aRweriTi taqsonomiuri gramatikebis wmindasinqroniul Teorias.

∗ pirvelad gamoqveynda 1971 wels: Т.В.Гамкрелидзе, Современная диахроническаялингвистика и картвельские языки («Вопросы Языкознания», 1971, №2: стр. 19_30).

e

25

Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis mTavari Tavisebureba is aris,rom moxda im upiratesobis daZleva, romelic sinqroniullingvistikas eniWeboda diaqroniul lingvistikasTan Sedar-ebiT (rac de sosiuris `Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursma~daamkvidra), gadalaxuli iqna XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidanenaTmecnierebaSi gabatonebuli tendenciebi, SesaZlebeligaxda sinqroniuli da diaqroniuli lingvistikis sinTezisinqroniuli lingvistikis cnebebis, meTodebisa da opera-ciebis diaqroniul lingvistikaSi gadataniT. Tanamedrovediaqroniuli lingvistika warmoadgens axali cnebebiT,lingvisturi analizis axali xerxebiTa da meTodebiT (racTavis droze sinqroniul lingvistikaSi iyo SemuSavebuli)gamdidrebul Teorias droSi mimdinare enobrivi cvlilebeb-is Sesaxeb1. am azriT, sinqroniuli lingvistikis ganviTare-bam, sinqroniuli lingvisturi analizis meTodologiis sru-lyofam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tanamedrove diaqro-niuli lingvistikis formirebaSi, erTgvarad ganapiroba maTiSerwyma da erTiani, gamTlianebuli lingvisturi TeoriisCamoyalibeba, romelic enas ganixilavs rogorc sinqroniul,ise diaqroniul aspeqtSi2.

daiqroniuli lingvistikis saboloo amocanas warmoad-gens adreul enobriv mdgomareobaTa rekonstruqcia, raTaSesaZlebeli gaxdes istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTe-save enobrivi sistemebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis gzis

1 W.P.Lehmann, Saussure’s dichotomy between descriptive and historical linguistics(«Directions for Historical Linguistics. A Symposium», Austin – London, 1968, gv. 12 daSmd.); U.Weinreich, W.Labov, M.J.Herzog, A theory of language change. _ iqve, gv.126 daSmd.; “Empirical foundations for a theory of language change”. _ iqve; O.Szemérényi,Trends and tasks in comparative philology, London, 1962, gv. 6 da Smd.2 A.Martinet, The unity of linguistics («Word», vol. 10, № 2-3, 1954); misive: Linguistiquestructurale et grammaire comparée [«Travaux de l’Institut de linguistique. Faculté deslettres de l’Université de Paris» (1956), 1957, gv. 9].

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi

Tamaz gamyreliZe26

dadgena. enebi iTvleba monaTesaved, anu erTi da imave wina-pari enisagan momdinared (romelsac fuZe-enas uwodeben) ma-Sin da mxolod maSin, roca SesaZlebeli xdeba regularulifonetikuri Sesatyvisobebis dadgena am enaTa rogorc Zireul,ise afiqsalur morfemebs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, fonemurgardaqmnaTa regularul xasiaTs asaxavs. `fonetikurgardaqmnaTa regularobis proncipi~, romelsac XIX sauku-nis SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba aRiarebs, lingvis-turi mecnierebis WeSmaritad mniSvnelovan miRwevad iTvle-ba, romelmac xeli Seuwyo istoriuli enaTmecnierebisSemdgom aqtiur ganviTarebas3. fonetikur gardaqmnaTa regu-larobis principisa da aRniSnuli principiT gansazRvrulilingvisturi analizis meTodebis wyalobiT mecniereba enisSesaxeb~ (rac im droisaTvis upiratesad istoriul lingvis-tikas gulisxmobda) gadaiqca erT-erT zust mecnierul dis-ciplinad humanitarul da socialur mecnierebaTa Soris.

fonetikur gardaqmnaTa regularobis principi da maszedafuZnebuli regularuli fonetikuri SesatyvisobanimonaTesave enebs Soris, rac XIX saukunis SedarebiT enaT-mecnierebaSi ZiriTadad Zveli indoevropuli enebis masalebismixedviT iqna dadgenili, rogorc Semdgomma gamokvlevebmagviCvena, ZalaSia ara mxolod damwerlobis xangrZlivitradiciis mqone enebis mimarT, aramed im enebis mimarTac,romelTac damwerloba an axlad Seqmnili aqvT, an saerTodar gaaCniaT.

indoevropul SedarebiT enaTmecnierebaSi sakmaod didxansarsebobda skeptikuri damokidebuleba im enebis winare is-toriis aRdgenis mimarT, romlTa Zveli werilobiTi Zeglebiar iyo Semonaxuli. Sesabamisad, SedarebiTi meTodis gamoye-nebis areali Semoifargleboda uZvelesi damwerlobis mqone3 Ch.F.Hockett, Sound change («Language», vol. 41, №2, 1965, gv. 186 da Smd).

27

enebiT da, amdenad, aRniSnuli meTodi iseT kerZo meTodadiqca, romlis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas sakvlev enaTa kul-turuli tradiciebi gansazRvravda.

SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebis areali mniSvnelovnad ga-farTovda da SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis Studi-aTa kvlevis sferoSi moeqca mravali gansxvavebuli sistemiswerilobiTi istoriis armqone ena, ris Sedegadac cxadi Seiqnaregularul fonetikur SesatyvisobaTa universaluri xasi-aTi. am kuTxiT, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisa aRmoCndal.blumfildis Sromebi protoalgonkinuri enis Sesaxeb,romlis rekonstruqcia SesaZlebeli gaxda damwerlobisarmqone Crdiloamerikul enaTa jgufebis urTierTSedarebi-sa da Sepirispirebis safuZvelze. blumfildis gamokvleveb-ma faqtobrivad uaryo indoevropul SedarebiT enaTmecniere-baSi gabatonebuli azri, rom enaTa Sedareba da rekonstruq-cia araefeqturia am enaTa ganviTarebis adreuli safexure-bis amsaxveli werilobiTi Zeglebis gareSe4. metad Rirebu-li aRmoCnda, aseve, n.trubeckois Sromebi, romlebSicmocemulia Crdilokavkasiur enaTa fonologiuri sistemeb-is SedarebiTi analizi da dadgenilia regularuli Sesatyvi-sobani damwerlobis tradiciis armqone enaTa (mxolod zo-gierT maTgans aqvs axlad Seqmnili damwerloba) Tanxmovanfonemebs Soris5.

Teoriuli SedarebiTi gramatikisaTvis metad RirebuliaqarTvelur (samxreTkavkasiur) enaTa monacemebi, romelTa-gan mxolod qarTuli gvevlineba uZvelesi werilobiTitradiciis mqoned (istoriulad dasturdeba Cv. w. me-5 sauku-

4 ix.:Э.Бенвенист, Классификация языков («Новое в Лингвистике», III, M., 1963);M.R.Haas, The prehistory of languages, The Hague_Paris,1969, gv.21 da Smd.5ix.:N.S.Trubetzkoy, Studien auf dem Gebiete der vergleichenden Lautlehre dernordkaukasischen Sprachen («Caucasica», Fasz. 3, 1926).


Tamaz gamyreliZe28

nidan); qarTvelur enaTa jgufs erTgvari gardamavali pozi-cia uWiravs indoevropuli tipis enebsa (romelTa Sedarebi-Ti gramatika upiratesad uZveles werilobiT Zeglebs em-yareba) da damwerlobis armqone algonkinuri tipis enebs(romelTa Tanamedrove enobriv mdgomreobaTa Sedareba-Sepir-ispireba xorcieldeba saerTo amosavali enobrivi sistemisrekonstruqciis mizniT) Soris.

ukanaskneli tipis enebisaTvis amosavali enobrivi siste-mis rekonstruqcia miiRweva istoriulad dadasturebulimonaTesave enobrivi sistemebis Sepirispirebis gziT da,amavdroulad, retrospeqtuli moZraobiT erTi enobrivi mdgo-mareobidan meore, ufro adreuli mdgomareobisaken, rasacTan axlavs TiToeuli mdgomareobis struqturuli verifika-cia tipologiuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT6. aRniSnuliretrospeqtuli moZraoba erTi enobrivi mdgomareobidan me-orisaken grZeldeba manam, vidre ar miiRweva is enobrivi mdgo-mareoba, romlisganac gamoiyvaneba istoriulad dadasture-buli yvela enobrivi sistema Tanmimdevruli da ti-pologiurad gamarTlebuli transformaciebis daSvebiT. amg-vari transformaciebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoTamosavali enobrivi sistemis gadasvla Semdgom enobriv mdgo-mareobaSi, romelic amosavali sistemis struqturulgardaqmnaTa Sedegs warmoadgens.

zemoT postulirebuli struqturuli transformaciebiSeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc vertikaluri~ an diaqro-niuli~ (`horizontaluri transformaciebisagan~ gansxvave-biT, romlebic axal konstruqciebs warmoqmnian imave siste-mis farglebSi). swored maTi meSveobiT deducirdeba monaTe-save enaTa gansxvavebuli sistemebi Teoriulad postulire-

6 ix.:Р.Якобсон, Типологические исследования и их вклад в сравнительно-историческоеязыкознание («Новое в Лингвистике», III, M., 1963).

29

buli amosavali struqturuli modelebidan; es ukanasknelniim enobriv sistemas asaxaven, romelic istoriulad dadas-turebul monaTesave enaTa saerTo winapar enad miiCneva.

`vertikaluri~ anu `diaqroniuli transformaciebi~,romelTa meSveobiT istoriulad dadasturebuli enobriviformebi Teoriulad konstruirebuli garkveuli formebidangamoiyvaneba (es ukanasknelni qronologiurad adreul safe-xurebad _ `arqetipebad~ miiCneva istoriuli formebis mi-marT), Tavisi amxsnelobiTi ZaliT SeiZleba SevadaroT trans-formaciul-warmomSobi gramatikis horizontalur trans-formaciebs~, romelTa meSveobiT enis zedapiruli struq-turis realurad arsebuli konstruqciebi gamoiyvaneba Teo-riulad postulirebuli bazisuri konstruqciebidan, rom-lebic enis siRrmiseul struqturas qmnian7.

e.w. gadaweris wesebis terminebSi formulirebul diaqro-niuli transformaciebSi~, romelTa rigs gansazRvravs aRwe-ris simartive da arawinaaRmdegobrioba, aisaxeba aRwerilidiaqroniuli procesebis Tanamimdevroba droSi (relatiuriqronologia)8.

2. diaqroniuli analizis zemoT warmodgenili princi-pebis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba rogorc qarTvelur ena-Ta uZvelesi struqturebis rekonstruireba, aseve am enaTaCamoyalibebisa da istoriuli ganviTarebis gzis aRdgena.qarTvelur (samxreTkavkasiur) enaTa _ qarTuls, megruls,lazursa da svanurs _ Soris dadgenili fonemuri Sesatyvi-

7 ix.: Th.V.Gamkrelidze, A typology of Common Kartvelian («Language», vol. 42, № I,1966, gv. 69 da Smd.; siRrmiseuli da zedapiruli struqturebis Sesaxeb ix.:N.Chomsky, Deep structure, surface structure and semantic interpretation («Studies inGeneral and Oriental Linguistics presented to Shirô Hattori», Tokyo, 1970, gv. 52 daSmd).8 Sdr.:M.Halle, Phonology in generative grammar («Word», vol. 18, № 1_2,1962, gv.54).


Tamaz gamyreliZe30

sobani im safuZvels warmoadgens, romelic saSualebas gva-Zlevs es enebi ganvixiloT rogorc monaTesaveni, momdinarenisaerTo winapari enisagan, romelsac pirobiTad saerTo-qarTve-lurs vuwodebT.

Tavad saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi sistema, romlisdaSlisa da diferenciaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda calkeuliistoriuli qarTveluri ena, ar ganekuTvneba istoriuladdadasturebul enaTa rigs. igi warmogvidgeba rogorc erTgva-ri struqturul-Teoriuli odenoba, rogorc istoriulqarTvelur enaTa sxvadasxva doneebs Soris formalur-fun-qcionaluri Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelze agebuli garkveu-li enobrivi modeli; aRniSnuli Sesatyvisobani saSualebasiZleva SedarebiTi da Sinagani rekonstruqciis meTodebisgamoyenebiT aRvadginoT tipologiurad verificirebadi eno-brivi struqturebi. ivaraudeba, rom es struqturuli mod-elebi pirveladi miaxloebiT asaxaven sivrcesa da droSiodesRac arsebuli saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis sistemas,romlis daSlac damoukidebel erTeulebad gaxda dasawyisiistoriuli qarTveluri enebis Camoyalibebisa da formireb-isa.

saerTo-qarTvelur enaSi gamoiyofa fonemaTa garkveuliklasebi, romlebic paradigmatul opoziciaTa specifikurrigebs qmnian. Tuki sistemaSi fonemaTa klasifikaciis safuZ-vlad aviRebT marcvlis warmoqmnis unars, maSin saerTo-qarTveluri enis fonologiur sistemaSi fonemaTa sami Zir-iTadi klasi gamoiyofa: 1) im fonemaTa klasi, romlebic sin-tagmaturad funqcionireben rogorc mxolod marcvlovanielementebi (sakuTriv xmovnebi); 2) im fonemaTa klasi, rom-lebic sintagmaturad funqcionireben rogorc mxolod ara-marcvlovani elementebi (sakuTriv Tanxmovnebi); 3) im fone-maTa klasi, romlebic sintagmaturad funqcionireben xan

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rogorc marcvlovani, xan rogorc aramarcvlovani elemen-tebi fonetikuri garemocvis Sesabamisad, e.i. garkveulpoziciebSi isini qmnian marcvals, sxva poziciebSi ki _ ara(sonantebi). sonantebi saerTo-qarTvelur fonologiursistemaSi fonemaTa gansakuTrebul klass Seadgens, romel-ic distribuciuli TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba da am mxrivsakuTriv xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa klasebs upirispirdeba.fonemaTa qvemoT warmodgenili cxrili asaxavs saerTo-qarTveluri enis fonologiur sistemas diferenciaciis uSu-alod wina periodSi:

Tanxmovnebi: b f d T Z c j C g q (Ã) - p t w W k y

z s (J) S R x h

xmovnebi: e œ a À o žsonantebi:Á – r l m n

xSul-mskdomTa da afrikatTa yovel sameulSi Sedis mJRe-ri /b, d, Z.../, yru (aspirirebuli) /f, T, q.../ da glotalize-buli /p, t, k.../ fonemebi. afrikatebsa da spirant fonemebSilokaluri rigis mixedviT gamoiyofa fonemaTa Semdegi rige-bi: wina rigi _ /Z, c, w, z, s/; Sua rigi _ /Z1, c1, w1, z1, s1 / daukana rigi _ /j, C, W, (J), S/. fuZe-enis epoqaSive Sua rigisfonemebma (`sisin-SiSinebma~) Semdegi cvlilebebi ganicades:saerTo-qarTveluris dasavlur dialeqtur arealSi(megrul-lazursa da svanurSi) moxda maTi gadaweva ukanarigis fonemebSi (`SiSinebSi~), xolo aRmosavlur dialeq-tur arealSi (qarTulSi) ganxorcielda maTi Serwyma winarigis fonemebTan (`sisinebTan~).

rac Seexeba sonantebs, maTi manifestacia xdeba erT-erTialofonis saxiT: marcvlovan [i, u, è...] bgerebad an umarcv-


Tamaz gamyreliZe32

lo [Á, –, r...] bgerebis saxiT, morfemaSi saTanado sonantispoziciis Sesabamisad. sonantTa marcvlovani alofonebi das-turdeba Semdeg poziciebSi: #−C, C−#; xolo umarcvlo alo-fonebi _ SemdegSi: #−V, V−C, V−V, V−#. alofonTa dis-tribuciul modelSi SeiniSneba erTgvari dialeqturimeryeoba C−V poziciasTan dakavSirebiT, sonantTa marcvlo-vani Tu umarcvlo alofonis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT.

marcvlovani sonantebis vokalizaciis Sedegad istoriulqarTvelur enebSi (gansakuTrebiT ki megrul-lazurSi) Camoya-libda mimdevroba V+Cs, anu xmovani (rogorc wesi, esaa rome-lime mokle xmovani:o, u an i) da momdevno sonori (aramarcv-lovani) Tanxmovani: r, l, m an n. svanurSi marcvlovani sonan-tebis adgilas gaCnda sruli xmovani, romlis tembrs gan-sazRvravda fuZis pirveladi gaxmovaneba. rig SemTxvevebSi(gansakuTrebiT ki qarTulSi) marcvlovanma sonantebma dakar-ges marcvlis warmoqmnis unari da moxda maTi Tanxvedra Se-sabamis umarcvlo elementebTan.

yvela am procesis Sedegad istoriul qarTvelur enebSimoiSala poziciuri dapirispireba marcvlovan da Sesabamisumarcvlo elementebs Soris, ris gamoc calkeul qarTve-lur dialeqtebSi sonantTa klasi, rogorc gansakuTrebuliklasi fonemebisa, ukve aRar arsebobda da saerTo-qarTve-luridan momdinare Sesabamisi fonemuri erTeulebi danar-Cen klasebSi gadanawildnen.

saerTo-qarTvelur enobriv sistemaSi sonantTa marcvlo-vani da umarcvlo alofonebis monacvleoba mWidrod iyodakavSirebuli xmovanTa morfonologiuri monacvleobismeqanizmTan, e.w. ablautur monacvleobasTan anu apofonia-sTan. morfemebSi sonantTa alofonuri monacvleoba gan-pirobebuli iyo xmovanTa raodenobrivi monacvleobiT, romel-ic, Tavis mxriv, mTlianad gansazRvravda saerTo-qarTvelur

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sintagmatur struqturas. xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleo-ba, afiqsaciasTan erTad, awarmoebda saerTo-qarTvelurSisxvadasxva gramatikul Tu leqsikur formas. xmovanTa rTulmimdevrobaSi ra formiT iqneboda esa Tu is morfema warmod-genili, ganisazRvreboda xmovanTa monacvleobis garkveuliwesiT.

qarTvelur formaTa uZvelesi tipebis Sinagani da Sedare-biTi rekonstruqciis safuZvelze aRdgenili saxeluri dazmnuri fuZeebis struqturuli analizi saSualebas iZlevaaRiweros saerTo-qarTveluris is ZiriTadi modelebi, rom-lebic gansazRvraven Zireuli da sufiqsuri morfemebis stru-qturasa da maT sintagmatur SeTavsebadobas.

qarTveluri Zireuli morfemis ZiriTadi kanonikuri formagamoixateba formuliT CVC-, sadac sakuTriv TanxmovnisaRmniSvneli simbolo C SeiZleba CavanacvloT S simboloTi,romelic aRniSnavs sonants aramarcvlovani funqciiT. maSasa-dame, Zireul morfemaSi SesaZlebelia warmodgenili iyosfonemaTa Semdegi mimdevrobani:CVC-, CVS-, SVC-, SVS- mok-le V xmovniT (romelmac SeiZleba miiRos erT-erTi am mniS-vnelobaTagan: e, a, o) C da S elementebs Soris:

⎪⎭

⎪⎬

⎫

⎪⎩

⎪⎨

⎧→

S

CV

S

CR

qarTveluri Zireuli morfemis specifikur tips SeadgenenZirebi, romlebSic cali Tanxmovnis an sonantis nacvlad war-modgenilia decesiuri rigis e.w. harmoniuli kompleqsebi.Ziris struqturis TvalsazrisiT, TanxmovanTa aRniSnuli ko-mpleqsebi warmogvidgeba rogorc homogenuri erTeuli,romelic cali Tanxmovnis identuria Ziris struqturaSi.


Tamaz gamyreliZe34

sufiqsuri morfemis struqtura gamoixateba kanonikuriformiT -VC da -VS, agreTve –V:

⎭⎬⎫

−→SC

V Suff.

xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleoba warmogvidgeba saerTo-qarTveluri sityva-formebis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad.

saerTo-qarTvelurSi yoveli morfema _ Zireuli Tu afiq-suri _ gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli alomorfebis saxiT, romleb-sac ablautis saTanado safexurebi gansazRvravs. imis mixed-viT, Tu ra morfologiuri tipis warmonaqmnia, morfema Sei-Zleba warmodgenili iyos rogorc xmovniani, ise uxmovnoalomorfis saxiT. Sesabamisad, ganirCeva morfemis variante-bi (alomorfebi) gaxmovanebis sruli da nulovani safexu-riT.

morfemaTa ablauturi safexurebi, romlebic ganapirobe-ben alomorful monacvleobas erTi fleqsiuri an derivaci-uli paradigmis farglebSi, ganisazRvreba wrfiv mimdevrobaSimorfemaTa ganlagebis sintagmaturi wesiT.

rodesac Zirs erTvis derivaciuli sufiqsi, miiReba fuZe,romelic ori ZiriTadi ablauturi mdgomareobiT xasiaTde-ba: I mdgomareoba _ Zireul morfemas, gaxmovanebis normalursafexurze, erTvis sufiqsuri morfema gaxmovanebis nulovansafexurze; II mdgomareoba _ sufiqsuri morfema, gaxmovanebisnormalur safexurze, erTvis Zireul morfemas gaxmovanebisnulovan safexurze:

35

I mdgomareoba II mdgomareoba

*der-k� ‘dreka’ (gardauvali) *dr-ek� ‘dreka’ (gardamavali)

*Ser-t� ‘Sreta’ (gardauvali) *Sr-et� ‘Sreta’ (gardamavali)

*ker-b ‘Sekreba’ (gardauvali) *kr-eb ‘Sekreba’ (gardamavali)

Tuki fuZes I an II mdgomareobaSi erTvis srulxmovnianisufiqsi, maSin im morfonologiuri wesis Tanaxmad, romlismixedviTac mravalmorfemian mimdevrobaSi dauSvebelia gax-movanebis normalur safexurze iyos erTze meti morfema(monovokalurobis principi), fuZe Seicvleba da warmodge-nili iqneba gaxmovanebis nulovan an reduqciis safexurze:

I mdgomareoba II mdgomareoba

*der-k → ∗dè-k-a *dr-ek →*dr-ik-e

*Ser-t → *Sè-t-a *Sr-et → *Sr-it-e

*ker-b → *kè-b-a *kr-eb → *kr-ib-e

Sinagani da SedarebiTi rekonstruqciiT aRdgenili saer-To-qarTveluri ablauturi modelebi asaxaven im enobrivmdgomareobas, romelic uSualod win uswrebda saerTo-qarTveluri enis calkeul dialeqtebad danawevrebisa daistoriuli qarTveluri enebis saxiT dadasturebulidamoukidebeli enobrivi erTeulebis formirebis periods.


Tamaz gamyreliZe36

saerTo-qarTveluri enis fonologiuri da morfologiurisistemis amsaxveli am struqturuli modelidan tipolo-giurad verificirebadi struqturuli gardaqmnebis anutransformaciebis meSveobiT pirdapir gamoiyvaneba istori-uli qarTveluri enebis Sesabamisi modelebi.

3. saerTo-qarTveluri enis savaraudo sistema da isto-riul qarTvelur enebad misi gardaqmnis gzebi dawvrilebi-Taa ganxiluli Cvens erTobliv naSromSi, g.maWavarianTanTanaavtorobiT: sonanatTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelurenebSi. saerTo-qarTveluri sistemis tipologia~9. aRniSnu-li naSromi warmoadgens istoriul qarTvelur enebSi mkac-ri fonemuri Sesatyvisobebis dadgenisa da detaluri Se-darebiTi analizis Sedegs.

rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelma enaTmecnierebma _ i.yifSiZe,a.SaniZe, g.axvlediani, a.Ciqobava, v.Tofuria da sxv. _ war-matebiT Seiswavles da gaanalizes calkeuli qarTvelurienebi, aRweres maTi fonetikuri sistemebi da gramatikulistruqturebi (gansakuTrebiT qarTulisa, agreTve megrulisa,lazurisa da svanurisa). miuxedavad amisa, qarTveluri eneb-is SedarebiT-istoriuli Seswavla _ maT Soris formalur-funqciuri Sesatyvisobebis dadgena, maTi diaqroniuli in-terpretacia da uZvelesi enobrivi struqturebis rekonstru-qcia _ jer kidev CamorCeboda diaqroniuli lingvistikisimdroindel saerTaSoriso dones.

ukanasknel dromde qarTvelologiaSi saTanado yuradRebaar eTmoboda qarTvelur enebs Soris bgeriTi Sesatyvisobe-bis gamovlenas. mas Semdeg, rac al.cagarelma da n.marma

9 Tbilisi, 1965 (Semdgom teqstSi _ ‘sonantTa sistema...~).

37

daadgines bgeriT SesatyvisobaTa pirveli sqemebi10, qarTve-lur enaTa SedarebiT SeswavlaSi progresi TiTqmis ar SeiniS-neboda da diaqroniuli analizisas ZiriTadad operirebdnenqarTvelologiis pionerebis mier SemoTavazebuli sqemebiT.

qarTvelur enebSi aRniSnuli sqemebidan dadasturebuligadaxrebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, SemTxveviTi da arasiste-muri Canda, iZleoda safuZvels hipotezisaTvis qarTvelurienebis TiTqosda Sereuli bunebis~ Sesaxeb11; aseve imis Sesa-xeb, rom TiTqos specifikuri da mravalmniSvnelovania Sesa-tyvisobani qarTvelur da sxva kavkasiur enebs Soris, romelTakvlevis meTodika unda gansxvavdebodes indoevropuli Tusemituri enebis SedarebiTi analizis meTodebisagan.

Tvalsazrisma svanuri enis Sereuli bunebisa~ da megrul-lazuris (`zanuris~) Sesaxeb, rom es ukanaskneli warmoad-gens uZvelesi qarTulis (an Zveli iberiulis) erT-erTi di-aleqtis transformaciis Sedegs12, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobaSemdegi koncefciis gaCena: rom bgeriTi Sesatyvisobani war-moadgens Sesabamisobas `diferencirebul masalaSi~, xolo

10 ix.: Ал.Цагарели, Мингрельские этюды. II – Опыт фонетики мингрельского языка,СПб.,1880; Н.Я.Марр, Тубал-кайнский вклад в сванском («Известия Имп. АН», IVсерия, № 18, СПб., 1912); misive: Из поездок в Сванетию («Христианский Восток»,II, вып. I, СПб., 1914); misive: Определение языка второй категории Ахеменидскихклинообразных надписей по данным яфетического языкознания (ЗВОРАО, XXII, 1_2,СПб.,1914).11 Sdr. Tvalsazrisi svanuris, rogorc qarTveluri da afxazur-adiReuri enebis(resp. dialeqtebis) Sejvarebis rTuli istoriuli procesis Sedegadwarmoqmnili enis, Sesaxeb; svanuri ena ganxilulia rogorc garkveuli agregati~,romelic Sedgeba heterogenuli komponentebisagan: zanuris (SiSinebi),qarTulisa da afxazur-adiReuri danaSrevebisagan. amiT aixsneba ‘svanurSesatyvisobaTa sporaduloba~ (arn.Ciqobava, qarTveluri enebi, maTi istoriuliSedgeniloba da uZvelesi lingvisturi saxe. _ `iberiul-kavkasiurienaTmecniereba~, II, Tbilisi, 1948, gv. 261_262, rus. enaze).12 ix.: arn. Ciqobava, dasax. naSr., gv. 261.


Tamaz gamyreliZe38

fonetikurad identuri erTeulebi ganixileba rogorc Tanx-vedra, rogorc aradiferencirebuli masala~13.

amgvari warmodgenebi Sesatyvisobebis Sesaxeb, romlebsacg.wereTeli samarTlinad uwodebda `prerelativisturs~14,kidev ufro aRrmavebda STabeWdilebas qarTul da sxva kavkasi-iur enebs Soris SesatyvisobaTa araregularobisa da spo-radulobis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi TiTqos irRveoda Sesa-tyvisobaTa regularuli xasiaTi da mecnierebi moiTxovdnenaRniSnuli movlenis gaTvaliswinebas (bgeriT Sesatyvisoba-Ta monacemebis ganzogadebisas) da enis SedarebiT-istoriu-li analizis meTodikis srulyofas15.

rogorc Semdgomma gamokvlevebma gviCvena16, indoevropulenebTan SedarebiT, qarTvelur enebSi SesatyvisobaTa speci-fikurobisa~ da ufro rTuli bunebis~ qveS imaleboda qarTve-luri SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis faqtobrivad aradamakma-yofilebeli mdgomareoba, qarTveluri enobrivi masalis Ses-wavlis dabali done da analizis mkacri meTodebis ararse-boba enobriv erTeulebs Soris SesatyvisobaTa dadgenisas.gasagebia, rom amgvar pirobebSi ver Seiqmneboda qarTvelurenaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis met-naklebad damakmayofilebe-li sistema, romelic garkveul erTianobamde daiyvanda is-toriuli struqturebis mravalferovnebas da Tavisi gama-

13 ix.: arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tbilisi,1938: gv. 10 da Smd.14 g.wereTeli, О теории сонантов и аблаута в картвельских языках, wignSi: `sonantTasistema...~, gv. 035.15 К.В.Ломтатидзе, Некоторые вопросы иберийско-кавказского языкознания,«Вопросы Языкoзнания», 1955, № 4, gv. 80).16 ix. T.gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da qarTvelur enaTa uZvelesistruqturis zogi sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1959; Г.Мачавариани, О трех рядахсибилянтных спирантов и аффрикат в картвельских языках, М.,1960 («XXVМеждународный конгресс востоковедов. Доклады делегации СССР»); K.H.Schmidt,Studien zur Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes der südkaukasischen Grundsprache, Wiesbaden,1962; Г.А.Климов, Этимологический словарь картвельских языков, М., 1964.

39

rTulobiT odnav mainc dauaxlovdeboda indoevropuli Tusemituri enebis SedarebiTi gramatikis sistemebs.

qarTvelur enebs Soris regularuli Sesatyvisobebis dad-genas garkveulwilad xels uSlida qarTvelologiaSi sak-maod didxans damkvidrebuli debuleba qarTveluri enebis`Sereuli bunebis~ Sesaxeb da agreTve _ Tezisi `zanurisrulxmovnobis~ Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli Tezisis Tanaxmad, iseTSesatyvisobebSi, rogoricaa:

qarT. ZaRl- ~ megr.-laz. joRor-qarT. klde ~ megr.-laz. kirde ~ svan. koj��qarT. drk-a ~ megr. drik-u ~ laz. druk-u-n

da sxv., megrul-lazuri da svanuri srulxmovniani formebiwarmoiSva umaxvilo xmovnis sinkopes Sedegad17.

qarTvelur enebSi sonantTa sistemis postulireba ganxor-cielda swored zemoT aRniSnuli Tezisis sapirispirod, Tez-isisa, romelic erTgvar dogmad iqca da sakmaod didxans xelsuSlida qarTveluri enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli kvlevisganviTarebas, xmovanTa uZvelesi sistemis gansazRvrasa da is-toriul qarTvelur enaTa formebis saerTo amosaval arqeti-pebamde dayvanas. sonantTa daSvebiT (romelTagan TiToeuli,morfemaSi poziciis Sesabamisad, vlindeba marcvlovani anumarcvlo alofonis saxiT), megrul-lazuri da svanuriformebi ganixileba rogorc SedarebiT axali warmonaqmni,miRebuli sonantTa marcvlovani alofonebis vokalizaciisada anaptiqsuri xmovnebis fonologizaciis Sedegad. amgvari

17 koncefcia `zanuri srulxmovnobis pirveladobis~ Sesaxeb sruladaawarmodgenili SromebSi: arn.Ciqobava, saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebulebaqarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi, 1942; misive: maxvilis sakiTxisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi,werili I da II («saq. ssr mecn. akademiis moambe», t. III, №2,3, 1942).


Tamaz gamyreliZe40

midgomiT SesaZlebeli gaxda rogorc xmovnebs, ise sonorTanxmovnebs Soris SesatyvisobaTa mkacri sistemis dadgenada ukve erTgvarovani axsna mieca SesatyvisobaTa mTel rigs,romlebic manamde ganixileboda rogorc araregularuli dasporaduli; aseve, SesaZlebeli gaxda istoriul qarTvelurformaTa mravalferovnebis dayvana amosaval saerTo-qarTve-lur struqturebamde.

meore faqtori, romelic xels uSlida qarTveluri eneb-is SedarebiTi Studiebis ganviTarebasa da am enebs Soris Sesa-tyvisobaTa sruli sistemis dadgenas, iyo qarTvelur enebsada Crdilokavkasiur enebs Soris genetikuri naTesaobis Teo-ria.

Tavis droze, qarTveluri da Crdilokavkasiuri enebisstruqturaTa Sepirispirebis safuZvelze, gamoiTqva varau-di am enebs Soris genetikuri kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb18,romelic Semdgom ukve uryev postulatad iqca da ìberi-ul-kavkasiur enaTa~ saxeli ewoda im ojaxs, romelic aRniS-nul enebs aerTianebda. qarTvelur da mTis kavkasiur enaTaSedarebiTi Studiebi mowodebuli iyo moepovebina konkretu-li enobrivi masala ìberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis~am ZiriTadi Tezisis sailustraciod, romelic, Tavis mxriv,gvevlineboda rogorc ganmsazRvreli Teoriuli debulebeb-isa da meTodologiuri principebisa19.

debulebam ìberiul-kavkasiuri~ enebis genetikuri er-Tianobis Sesaxeb da qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT StudiebSigabatonebulma mimarTulebam _ daedgina aRniSnuli naTe-18 ix.: i.javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, wg. II, Tbilisi 1937.kavkasiur enaTa genetikuri erTianobis Sesaxeb varaudi gamoTqva jer kidevp.uslarma (ix. П.К.Услар, «Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание», II, Тифлис, 1888,gv. 35), SemdgomSi ki n.marma.19 ix.: arn.Ciqobava, qarTveluri enebi, maTi istoriuli Sedgeniloba da uZvelesilingvisturi saxe («iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba», II, Tbilisi 1948, gv.261_261).

41

saoba, rac TviT am debulebiT iyo gansazRvruli, gamoiwviais, rom sakuTriv qarTveluri enebis Sedarebis nacvlad yura-dReba gadatanili iqna Crdilokavkasiur enebTan maT gareganSedarebaze.

am mimarTulebis naSromTa Soris gamoirCeva a.Ciqobavasmravalmxriv saintereso da originaluri monografia saxe-lis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi~, romel-mac dadebiTi roli iTamaSa samamulo qarTvelologiaSi, ram-denadac igi erTgvari stimuli gaxda SedarebiT-istoriuliStudiebisaTvis. TumcaRa, igive naSromi, Tavisi gansakuTre-buli samecniero avtoritetisa da TviT avtoris zegavleniswyalobiT, erTgvarad xelisSemSleli faqtori gaxdaqarTvelologiis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis, ramdenadacmonografiaSi warmodgenil SexedulebaTagan gansxvavebuliTvalsazrisebi da axali ideebi faqtobrivad aRar Cndeboda;mTeli Semdgomi muSaoba am mimarTulebiT ZiriTadad warmoeb-da mxolod naSromSi formulirebul SexedulebaTa dazuste-bisa da maTi konkretuli enobrivi masaliT ilustrirebismizniT.

a.Ciqobavas zemoT dasaxelebulma naSromma gansazRvraqarTveluri SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis mimarTuleba: daed-gina qarTvelur enaTa is struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi, rom-lebic am enebs Crdilokavkasiur enebTan daaaxloebda daromlebic, TiTqosda, samxreTkavkasiuri da Crdilokavkasi-uri enebis naTesaobis safuZvels warmoadgenda. monografi-is ZiriTadi nawili eZRvneba qarTvelur enebSi gramatikulklasTa niSnebis gamoyofas da calTanxmovniani qarTveluriZiris postulirebas imis xarjze, rom fuZis sawyisi Tanxmo-vani gamoiyofoda rogorc gramatikuli klasis niSani, xolobolokiduri Tanxmovani _ rogorc sufiqsi-determinanti.


Tamaz gamyreliZe42

monografiaSi gatarebuli iyo principi, romlis mixedvi-Tac qarTvelur enaTa Sesadarebel formaTa Soris dginde-boda gramatikuli ekvivalentoba, fonologiur doneze maTiwinaswari analizis gareSe. aRniSnuli principis Tanaxmad,naSromis avtori qarTvelur Zireul morfemaSi gamoyofdaelementebs (a.Ciqobava maT gramatikul klasTa eqsponente-bad miiCnevda), romlebic upirispirdeboda Crdilokavkasi-ur enebSi Sesabamis klasTa niSnebs20. am TvalsazrisiT, gan-sakuTrebiT sayuradReboa d- elementis, rogorc gramatiku-li klasis uZvelesi formantis, gamoyofis meTodi. aRniSnu-li elementi, romelic TiTqos Seesabameboda Crdilokavka-siur enebSi nivTTa klasis -d niSans, gamoiyofoda SemdegiqarTveluri formebis Sepirispirebis safuZvelze:

qarT. cacxv-i ~ laz. ducxuqarT. cecxl-i ~ megr. daCxir-i ~ laz. daCxur-iqarT. sisxl-i ~ laz. dicxir-iqarT. jinWvel-i ~ laz. dimWku

am da sxva qarTveluri formebis fonologiurma analiz-ma aCvena aRniSnuli interpretaciis mcdaroba; SesatyvisqarTvelur formebSi dadasturebuli gansxvaveba da /d/-sgamoCena megrul-lazurSi ganapiroba sawyisi afrikatis di-similaciam21. amgvarad, qarTvelur enebSi klasis niSanTa Teo-rias gamoecala mTeli rigi sayrdeni formebisa~.

20 naSromSi warmodgenili analizis principisa da qarTvelur formaTa dayofiskritikisaTvis ix.:K.H.Schmidt, dasax. naSr., gv.18 da Smd.; Sdr. agreTve: H.Vogt,Contribution à la reconstruction du phonétisme du kartvélien commun («Bedi Kartlisa.Revue de Kartvélologie», vol. XV-XVI, № 43-44, Paris,1963, gv. 33 (SemdgomSiSemoklebiT _ RK).21 ix.: t.gudava, regresuli dezafrikatizaciis erTi SemTxveva zanurSi (megrul-WanurSi), (`saq. ssr mecn. akademiis moambe~, t. XXXIII, №2, 1964). Sdr.:Г.В.Церетели, dasax. naSr.. gv. 032.

43

warmodgenil monografiaSi qarTuli prefiqsebis ganxil-va gramatikuli klasis uZveles niSnebad meTodologiura-dac gaumarTlebeli Cans22. upirveles yovlisa, unda dazust-des: qarTveluri enis romeli epoqisTvis SeiZleba klaso-vani uRlebis postulireba, romelic SemdgomSi pirovaniuRlebiT Seicvala; es uZvelesi struqtura~ saerTo-qarTve-lur epoqas ganekuTvneba Tu calkeuli qarTveluri enis Camo-yalibebisa da ganviTarebis periods. rogorc cnobilia, enisganviTarebis procesSi qronologiuri doneebisa da relati-uri qronologiis sakiTxebis ugulebelyofa ganapirobebsimgvari enobrivi Teoriis agebas, romelsac istoriuli per-speqtiva ar gaaCnia.

eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom istoriuli qarTveluri enebisSedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze rekonstruirebuli gvianiperiodis (calkeul enobriv erTeulebad dayofis uSualodwina periodis) saerTo-qarTveluri enis struqtura xasiaT-deboda zmnis pirovani uRlebis sakmaod rTuli sistemiT, racSemdgom memkvidreobiT gadaeca istoriul qarTvelur enebs.

hipoTeza qarTveluri da Crdilokavkasiuri enebis naTe-saobis Sesaxeb dReisaTvis daumtkicebeli da mecnieruladdausabuTebelia, ramdenadac SedarebiTi analizis meTodiTver moxerxda am enebs Soris regularul fonemur Sesatyvi-sobaTa sistemis gamovlena, rac erTaderTi racionaluri kri-teriumia enaTa naTesaobis, maTi saerTo winapari enidan war-momavlobis dasadgenad23. fonemur SesatyvisobaTa kriteri-

22 ix.:G.Deeters, Gab es Nominalklassen in allen kaukasischen Sprachen? («CorollaLinguistica», Wiesbaden, 1955, gv. 26 da Smd.).23 ix. G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen unter den kaukasischen Sprachen. _RK, 23, Paris 1957, gv. 12 da Smd.; H.Vogt, Remarques sur la préhistorie des langueskhartvéliennes. _ RK, 36-37, Paris 1961, gv. 5; Г.А.Меликишвили, ВозникновениеХеттского царства и проблема древнейшего населения Закавказья и Малой Азии(«ВДИ», 1965, №1, gv. 17 da Smd.).


Tamaz gamyreliZe44

umis Secvla struqturul-tipologiuri kriteriumiT dauS-vebelia, ramdenadac Sedegad mcdari enobrivi konstruqciebiaigeba da amisi naTeli magaliTebi kargadaa cnobili enaT-mecnierebis istoriidan.

amgvarad, ar arsebobs safuZveli im kategoriuli ganacxa-disTvis, romlis Sesabamisadac qarTvelur da Crdilokavka-siur enebs Soris arsebobs genetikuri naTesaoba da kavkasia-Si gavrcelebuli araindoevropuli da araTurquli enebisgangamoiyofa saerTo warmomavlobis mixedviT gaerTianebuli`iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa~ ojaxi. SeiZleba Seiqmnas STabe-Wdileba, TiTqos iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi~ indoevropul,semitur, finur-ugrul da sxva monaTesave enaTa ojaxebisanalogiur genetur jgufSi erTiandebian, sadac gaerTianebassafuZvlad udevs mocemul enaTa Soris regularuli fone-muri Sesatyvisobis principis mkacri dacva. realurad, ibe-riul-kavkasiuri enebi~ aerTianebs struqturul-ti-pologiuri da genetikuri TvalsazrisiT aSkarad determin-irebul sam enobriv jgufs. esenia:

• samxreTkavkasiuri jgufi, anu qarTveluri enebi;• Crdilo-dasavluri jgufi, anu afxazur-adiReuri enebi;• Crdilo-aRmosavluri jgufi, anu naxur-daRestnuri enebi.struqturul-tipologiur planSi Crdilokavkasiur ena-

Ta orive jgufi (afxazur-adiReuri da naxur-daRestnuri)polarul rgolebad gvevlineba, romlebic gaSualebuliaqarTveluri lingvisturi tipiT24.

kavkasiur enaTa am sam jgufs Soris geneturi kavSiri arSeiZleba gairkves aRniSnuli jgufebis warmomadgenel gan-sxvavebuli enaTa calkeuli faqtebis Sepirispirebis safuZ-

24 amis Sesaxeb ix.:Г.А.Климов, К типологической характеристике картвельскихязыков, М., 1960 («XXV Международный конгресс востоковедов. Доклады делегацииСССР»).

45

velze (rogorc es, samwuxarod, xdeba rig specialur gamokv-levebSi qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur enebs Soris naTe-saobis damtkicebis mizniT25); amisaTvis saWiroa ganxor-cieldes kavkasiur enaTa am sami jgufisaTvis (qarTveluris,afxazur-adiReurisa da naxur-daRestnurisaTvis) rekon-struirebul sistemaTa Tanmimdevruli struqturuli Sedar-eba-Sepirispireba Sesabamis fuZe-enaTa doneze SesaZlo fone-muri Sesatyvisobebis gamovlenis mizniT. amgvarad, `iberi-ul-kavkasiur enaTa~ samive jgufis enebs Soris geneturi kav-Siris arsebobis Sesaxeb Teoriis Camoyalibebas win aucile-blad unda uswrebdes SedarebiT-istoriuli analizis Catare-ba da saerTo afxazur-adiReuri, saerTo naxur-daRestnurienobrivi sistemebis rekonstruqcia (rogorc es am boloxanebSi ganxorcielda saerTo-qarTveluri sistemis mimarT)enobrivi struqturis yvela doneze maTi Semdgomi sistemuriSepirispirebis mizniT. kavkasiur enaTa lingvisturi kvlevises programa, romlis Sesaxebac jer kidev n.trubeckoi aRni-Snavda, samwuxarod, jerjerobiT ar Sesrulebula26.

kavkasiur enaTa gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris damokide-bulebis problemis saboloo gadawyveta mniSvnelovnadaadamokidebuli afxazur-adiReuri da naxur-daRestnuri eneb-is SedarebiTi gramatikis SemuSavebasa da Sesabamisi fuZe-enis rekonstruqciaze27. amave dros, SedarebiTi analizi da

25 amgvari SepirispirebebisaTvis ix.: G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachenunter den kaukasischen Sprachen. _ RK, 23, Paris 1957, gv. 12 da Smd.; Sdr. agreTve:«Die Welt des Orients», 3, 1957, gv. 382.26 ix.: BSLP, 23, 1922, gv.184 da Smd.27 kavkasiur enaTa Crdilo-dasavlur da Crdilo-aRmosavlur jgufebs Soriskanonzomier SesabamisobaTa dadgenis pirveli winaswari mcdeloba warmoadginan.trubeckoim; ix. misi avtorobiT: «Nordkaukasische Wortgleichungen» («WienerZeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes» XXXVII, 1_2, gv. 76 da Smd.); misive: DerBau der ostkaukasischen Sprachen (aus dem Nachlass des Fürsten N.S.Trubezkoy. _«Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch», 1, 1964, gv.23 da Smd.).


Tamaz gamyreliZe46

Sesabamis fuZe-enaTa rekonstruqcia kavkasiur enaTa am samijgufidan TiToeulisaTvis unda ganxorcieldes aRniSnuljgufTa avtonomiurobis principis mkacri dacviT, maTi Sina-gani ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis gaTvaliswinebiT; amasTanave,enaTa erTi jgufis istoriis kvleva ar unda mimdinareobdesmeoris monacemebis moSveliebiT, da piriqiT; sxva enis masa-la SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mxolod struqturul-ti-pologiuri TvalsazrisiT, SemoTavazebuli rekonstruqcieb-isa da enobrivi modelebis Semowmebisa da verifikaciis mizniT.swored es warmoadgens kavkasiur enaTa SedarebiT-genetikuriStudiebis gadaudebel amocanas enaTmecnierebis ganviTareb-is Tanamedrove etapze28.

aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT Cven CavatareT qarTvelur enaTaSedarebiT-genetikuri kvleva, davadgineT kanonzomier Sesa-tyvisobaTa sistema enis sxvadasxva doneze da movaxdineTfuZeeniseuli fonologiuri Tu morfologiuri struqture-bis rekonstruqcia. Cveni samuSaos ZiriTadi winapiroba iyo,gagveTavisuflebina qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT-istoriuliStudiebi Crdilo-kavkasiur enebze gamiznulad mimarTuliorientaciisagan, rac iberiul-kavkasiur enaTmecnierebaSiqarTveluri enebis istoriisa da struqturis Zireuli sakiT-xebis gaSuqebis dros iCenda Tavs.

Cveni kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli saerTo-qarTveluri eno-brivi sistemisa da calkeul qarTvelur dialeqtTa istori-uli ganviTarebis suraTi principulad gansxvavdeba im war-modgenebisagan qarTvelur enaTa istoriisa da struqturisSesaxeb, rac manamde iyo SemuSavebuli iberiul-kavkasiurenaTmecnierebaSi. saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi sistema war-

28 Sdr.: Г.В.Церетели, dasax. naSr., gv. 048 da Smd.; Sdr. agreTve: Е.А.Бокарев,Задачи сравнительно-исторического изучения кавказских языков («ВопросыЯзыкознания», 1954, №3, gv. 41 da Smd.); K.H. Smidt, dasax. naSr., gv. 10 da Smd.

47

mogvidgeba rogorc sistema xmovanTa morfologiuri monacv-leobis konkretuli meqanizmiT, romelsac emyareboda for-maTa cvlilebisa da sityvaTa warmoqmnis principebi.

saerTo-qarTveluri enis ganviTarebis zogadi tendenciada istoriuli qarTveluri dialeqtebis Camoyalibeba Sei-Zleba aRiweros rogorc xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleobispirveladi modelis moSlisa da, Sesabamisad, afiqsTa funq-cionaluri rolis gaZlierebis procesi, ris SedegadacqarTveluri enobrivi sistema tipologiurad uaxlovdebaaglutinaciuri tipis enebs, sadac sityvis morfologiuristruqtura stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba. aRniSnuli tenden-cia gansakuTrebiT dasavleTqarTvelur dialeqtebs (megrul-sa da lazurs) axasiaTebda, romlebSic marcvlovani sonante-bis vokalizaciisa da formaTa paradigmatuli unifikaciisSedegad mTlianad waiSala ablautur mimarTebaTa pirvela-di sistemis kvali.

saerTo-qarTvelurma morfonologiurma sistemam gansx-vavebuli transformacia ganicada svanurSi, sadac speci-fikuri fonologiuri gardaqmnebis wyalobiT CamoyalibdaxmovanTa funqcionaluri monacvleobis produqtiuli ti-pebi, romlebic zemodan daedo modificirebuli saxiT Se-monaxul saerTo-qarTvelur ablautur modelebs.

istoriul qarTvelur enaTa sistemebSi, ablauturi stru-qturebis xvedriTi wilis mixedviT, svanuri ena yvelaze metaduaxlovdeba simbolur~ saerTo-qarTvelur enobriv models.am TvalsazrisiT, qarTul enas gardamavali poziciauWiravs megrul-lazursa da svanurs Soris, romlebicTiTqos sapirispiro polusebad warmogvidgebian.

4. saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi modelis zemoT warmodge-nili interpretacia did struqturul-tipologiur msgav-sebas poulobs saerTo-indoevropul sistemasTan. fonemuri


Tamaz gamyreliZe48

inventaris dayofa sakuTriv xmovanTa, sakuTriv TanxmovanTada sonantTa klasebad indoevropul fonologiur sistemasacaxasiaTebs; amave dros, orive sistemaSi, rogorc qarTvelur-Si, ise indoevropulSi, tipologiurad identuria sonantTaklasisa da sakuTriv xmovanTa klasis Semadgenloba. sonantifonemebis marcvlovani da umarcvlo alofonebis ganawilebismodelebic qarTvelursa da indoevropulSi29 TiTqmis emTx-veva erTmaneTs30. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom marcvlovani sonante-bis ganviTareba analogiurad mimdinareobda qarTvelur enebsada indoevropul dialeqtebSi, sadac sonanturi fonemebigardaiqmna marcvlovani sonantebis vokalizaciis Sedegad,rasac Tan mohyva sruli warmoebis xmovnebis Camoyalibeba.

TanxmovanTa klasSi xSulTa sameulebi, romlebic erTma-neTs upirispirdebian rogorc mJReri ∼ yru (fonologiuradWarbi aspiraciiT) ∼ glotalizebuli, tipologiurad Sei-Zleba SevadaroT indoevropul xSulTa sameulebis siste-mas, sadac warmodgenilia dapirispireba Semdegi niSniT: mJRe-roba ∼ siyrue ∼ aspiracia (aspirirebul fonemebSi fo-nologiurad Warbi mJRerobis niSniT).

saerTo-qarTveluri morfologiuri sistema xmovanTaablauturi monacvleobis meqanizmiT gasaocar tipologiurmsgavsebas avlens saerTo-indoevropuli enisTvis rekonstru-irebul monacvleobis modelebTan. morfemaTa fonemuristruqtura da sintagmaturi mimarTebani maT Soris saerTo-indoevropulsa (rogorc es e.benvenistis rekonstruqcieb-

29 indoevropulSi sonantTa ganawilebis modelebis Sesaxeb ix.: Fr.Edgerton, TheIndo-European semivowels («Language», vol. 19, №2, 1943).30 k.h.Smidti Tavis recenziaSi naSromze ‘sonantTa sistema...~ qarTvelur daindoevropul sonant fonemaTa ganawilebis sqemebSi srul identurobas xedavsda gvTavazobs sonantis alofoni C−V poziciaSi ganvixiloT rogorc –SS- (ix.IF, 73, 3, 1968, gv.396).

49

Sia warmodgenili31) da saerTo-qarTvelurSi SesaZlebeliaaRiweros erTi da imave struqturuli terminebiT: Zireulimorfemis ZiriTadi kanonikuri formaa CVC/S-, xolo sufiq-surisa _ -VC/S; ablauturi monacvleobis meqanizmi gulisx-mobs dapirispirebas gaxmovanebis normalur, nulovan da si-grZis safexurebs Soris; fuZeSi dauSvebelia gaxmovanebisori normaluri safexuri (monovokalurobis principi), racgansazRvravs e.w. Schwebeablaut-is tipis CVSC-/CSVC- monacv-leobas: indoevr. *perk-/*prek-/*prk da qarTv. *derk-/*drek/*dèk-.

istoriuli qarTveluri enebis SedarebiTi da Sinagani re-konstruqciiT aRdgenili saerTo-qarTveluri morfo-nologiuri modelebis amgvari gasaocari msgavseba (TiTqmisTanxvedra) saerTo-indoevropulis Sesabamis modelebTancxadyofs qarTvelur-indoevropul morfonologiur izo-morfizms, rac safuZvels iZleva `qarTveluri~ da`indoevropuli~ enaTa erTsa da imave struqturul-ti-pologiur klass mivakuTvnoT. qarTvelur-indoevropulistruqturuli paralelizmi ar Semoifargleba mxolod mor-fologiiT. ukanaskneli wlebis gamokvlevebma daadasturamTeli rigi morfologiuri da sintaqsuri struqturebissiaxlove qarTvelursa da indoevropulSi32.


31 Э.Бенвенист, Индоевропейское именное словообразование, М., 1955.32 ix.:G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen unter den kaukasischen Sprachen. - RK,23, Paris, 1957, gv. 12 da Smd.; А.Г.Шанидзе, К вопросу о глагольной категории версии вдревнегреческом. - «IV Конференция по класcической филологии». Hоябрь, 1969 (Секциягреческого и латинского языков). Тезисы докладов (Тбилисский ГУ), 1969, gv. 80 daSmd.; K.H.Schmidt, Zu den Aspekten in georgischen und in indogermanischen Sprachen. - RK,vol. XV-XVI, № 43-44, Paris, 1963; misive: Indogermanisches Medium und Sataviso imGeorgischen. - RK, vol. XIX-XX, № 48-49, Paris, 1965, gv. 129 da Smd.; misive: Beiträge zueiner typologisch-vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen und südkaukasischenSprachen («Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft», 22,1967); misive: Zur Tmesis inden Kartvelsprachen und ihren typologischen Parallelen in indogermanischen Sprachen(krebulSi: `Tbilisis universiteti _ giorgi axvledians~, Tbilisi 1969).

Tamaz gamyreliZe50

33 ix.: T.V.Gamkrelidze, Kartvelian and Indo-European: A typological comparison ofreconstructed linguistic systems («To Honor Roman Jakobson», I, The Hague_Paris,1967).

saerTo-qarTvelurisa da saerTo-indoevropulis struq-turul-tipologiuri dapirispireba, qarTvelur-indoevro-puli morfologiuri izomorfizmis gamovlena faqtobrivadwarmoadgens tipologiis axal saxesxvaobas _ rekonstru-irebuli enobrivi sistemebis tipologias, romelsac SeiZlebadiaqroniuli tipologia vuwodoT. ukanasknel dromde stru-qturul-tipologiur StudiebSi ganixileboda istoriulienebi, struqturul-tipologiuri Sedareba Semoifarglebodarealurad dadasturebuli an werilobiT ZeglebSi dafiq-sirebuli enebiT. amgvar tipologiebSi Sedarebisa da klas-ifikaciis erTeulad istoriuli ena warmogvidgeboda daTeoriulad rekonstruirebuli enobrivi sistemis ti-pologiuri Sefaseba TiTqmis ar xdeboda. TumcaRa, unda aRi-niSnos, rom zogadi tipologiuri TeoriisaTvis diaqroniu-li tipologia uaRresad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac man Sei-Zleba mogvawodos informacia im invariantuli struqturu-li Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gansxvavebul enobrivsistemebs axasiaTebs, miuxedavad maTi gavrcelebis adgilisada droisa. Teoriulad rekonstruirebuli enobrivi modelebiunda iqces struqturul-tipologiuri Sepirispirebisa daSefasebis obieqtebad maT Soris izomorfuli Tu alomor-fuli mimarTebebis gamovlenis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT,qarTvelur da indoevropul morfonologiur modelebsSoris fuZe-enaTa doneze gamovlenili izomorfizmi gan-sakuTrebul Teoriul mniSvnelobas iZens33.

garda imisa, rom gamovlenili paralelizmi qarTvelursada indoevropuls Soris Rirebulia struqturuli ti-pologiisaTvis zogadTeoriuli TvalsazrisiT, igi friad

51

mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli enebis winareistoriis aRsadgenad,aseve, qarTveluri da indoevropuli arealuri lingvistikismTeli rigi sakiTxebis gasarkvevad.

saerTo-qarTveluri enisaTvis rekonstruirebuli ablau-tis meqanizmi, rogorc morfonologiur dapirispirebaTasistema, ivaraudeba, rom Camoyalibda saerTo-qarTveluri enisadreuli etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fonologiuri donismovlenebis Sedegad. saerTo-qarTveluri winare-enis ganvi-Tarebis es adreuli safexuri, romelic win uswrebda sonan-turi fonemebis Camoyalibebas da ablauturi monacvleobismeqanizmis formirebas, SesaZlebelia garkveuli miaxloebiTwarmovidginoT SedarebiT adreuli periodis sakuTriv saer-To-qarTveluri sistemis farglebSi Sinagani rekonstruqci-is gamoyenebiTa da arqauli winareeniseuli struqturebisaRdgeniT. gasagebia, rom arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTve-luri struqturebis aseTi `Soreuli~ rekonstruqcia mxo-lod hipoTeturi SeiZleba iyos da igi warmogvidgeba rogorcdamoukidebel enebad dayofis wina periodis saerTo-qarTve-luri enobrivi sistemis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi SesaZlovarianti.

saerTo-qarTveluri winare-enis am arqaul safexurze Sesa-Zloa vivaraudoT monovokaluri sistema C1PC2PC3P tipismonotonuri marcvlovani struqturiTa da fonologiuradrelevanturi dinamikuri maxviliT, ris gamoc qarTvelurisSedarebiT gviandel doneze umaxvilo xmovani amovarda, daxu-rul marcvalSi maxviliani xmovani SenarCunebuli iqna, Ria-Si ki igi dagrZelda.

saerTo-qarTvelur Zireul da sufiqsur morfemaTa CVC-da -VC struqturebSi C martivi Tanxmovnis adgilas SeiZle-ba warmodgenili iyos labialuri kompleqsi [Cw] an [dR,


Tamaz gamyreliZe52

Tx, ty] tipis harmoniuli kompleqsi34. morfemul struq-turebSi labialuri da harmoniuli kompleqsebi iseve funqci-onirebs, rogorc martivi (cali) Tanxmovani an sonanti. amgvaristruqturul-distribuciuli Taviseburebis gaTvalis-winebiT, aRniSnuli kompleqsebi istoriulad SeiZleba gan-vixiloT rogorc monofonematuri erTeulebi.

kerZod, C+w tipis kompleqsi arqauli periodis fuZe-enisdoneze SeiZleba interpretirebuli iyos rogorc labiali-zebuli fonema, romelic damoukidebel fonemebad gaixliCada Camoyalibda rogorc bifonemuri kompleqsi. aseve, Tanx-movanTa harmoniuli kompleqsic SeiZleba daviyvanoT erTiankonsonantur fonemamde, romelic Sesabamisi martivi fone-misagan gansxvavdeboda velarizaciis fonologiurad relevan-turi niSniT da romlisganac qarTveluris momdevno donezebifonemuri odenoba Camoyalibda35.

saerTo-qarTveluri labialuri da harmoniuli kopleqse-bis monofonematuri interpretaciis Sedegad uZveles saer-To-qarTvelur doneze aRdgeba rTuli konsonanturi siste-ma TanxmovanTa labializebuli da velarizebuli rigebiT,romelsac upirispirdeba vokaluri sistema erTaderTi *æxmovniTa da fonologiurad relevanturi dinamikuri max-viliT. aRniSnuli fonologiuri modeli, romelichipoTeturad asaxavs arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTvelursistemas, tipologiur paralels povebs rTuli konsonan-turi da xmovanTa maqsimalurad martivi sistemebis mqoneCrdilo-dasavlur kavkasiur enebTan36.34 TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsebis Sesaxeb ix.: g.axvlediani, zogadifonetikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 107 da Smd.; 301 da Smd.35 „sonantTa sistema...~ gv. 368 da Smd.; ix.: g.maWavariani, saerToqarTvelurikonsonanturi sistema, Tbilisi 1965, gv. 93 da Smd.36 ix.:W.S.Allen, Structure and system in Abaza verbal complex («Transactions of thePhilological Society», Oxford 1956, gv. 127 da Smd.); A.H.Kuipers, Phoneme and mor-pheme in Kabardian («Janua Linguarum», №7, The Hague - Paris 1960, gv. 104 da Smd.).

53

arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTvelurma fonologiurmasistemam, ZiriTadad, Semdegi saxis transformacia ganicada:gamartivda konsonanturi sistema (gaixliCa labializebu-li da velarizebuli Tanxmovnebi), moxda vokaluri fonemisalofonTa fonologizacia da Camoyalibda sonant fonemaTagansakuTrebuli klasi (umaxvilo xmovanTa sinkopesa daablauturi monacvleobis meqanizmis Camoyalibebis Sedegad).

amgvari struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegad saerTo-qarTvelurSi Semdgom qronologiur doneze yalibdeba mor-fologiuri sistema, romelic gasaocar struqturul-ti-pologiur paralelebs avlens SedarebiT gviani periodissaerTo-indoevropuli enisTvis postulirebul morfo-nologiur modelebTan37.

ram gamoiwvia uZvelesi saerTo-qarTveluri struqtureb-is imgvari cvlileba, rom moxda maTi daaxloeba indoevro-pul struqturebTan? riT aixsneba is struqturuli izo-morfizmi qarTvelursa da indoevropuls Soris, romelicsaerTo-qarTveluris SedarebiT gviandel doneze Camoyali-bda?

amgvari struqturuli gardaqmnebis erT-erTi yvelaze sar-wmuno axsna varaudobs qarTvelur-indoevropuli kontaqte-bis arsebobas istoriamdel epoqaSi, rogorc Cans, sakmaodxangrZlivi periodis manZilze. unda vifiqroT, rom aRniS-nulma enobrivma kontaqtebma da maT Sedegad gaCenilma eno-brivma interferenciam xeli Seuwyo arqauli periodis saer-

37 saerTo-indoevropuli enis arqauli periodisaTvis rekonstruirdeba saerTo-qarTveluris analogiuri CVCVCV tipis monotonuri marcvlovani struqtura;ix.: C.Hj.Borgstrøm, Thoughts about Indo-European vowel-gradation (NTS, XV, 1949);misive: Internal reconstruction of Pre-Indo-European word-forms («Word», vol. 10, №2-3,1954).


Tamaz gamyreliZe54

To-qarTveluri struqturebis gardaqmnasa da miaxloebas in-doevropul morfonologiur struqturebTan38.

qarTvelur da indoevropul sistemebs Soris morfo-nologiuri izomorfizmis ganmsazRvreli kontaqtebis arse-bobas mxars uWers im nasesxebi leqsikis mTeli plastis da-dastureba saerTo-qarTvelurSi, romelic didi albaTobiTivaraudeba, rom indoevropuli warmoSobisa unda iyos. saer-To-qarTvelurSi indoevropul nasesxobebs ganekuTvneba se-mantikuri niSnis mixedviT sxvadasxva jgufebSi gaerTiane-buli Semdegi leqsikuri erTeulebi39:*eksw- èqvsi~ : i.-e. *(s)&eks- èqvsi~;*šwid- `Svidi~ : i.-e. *sept2- Svidi~;*uγel- ùReli~ : i.-e. *jugom- ùReli~;*4ka `rqa~ : i.-e. *ker/*krā rqa, Tavi~;*mkerd-/*mk4d- `mkerdi~ : i.-e. *kerd-/*k4d guli~;*zisx1- `sisxli~ : i.-e. *esH4 `sisxli~ (Sdr. xeT. es

har);* ep/* p- (ga)Tboba~ : i -e. *tep- `Tbili~;*šew-/*šw- `Soba~ : i.-e. *se&-/*sū- Soba~;

38 qarTvelur-indoevropul morfonologiur izomorfizms g.wereTeli xsnisrogorc indoevropuli da saerTo-qarTveluri enebis Soreuli naTesaobisanarekls; aseve, dasaSvebad miaCnia, rom orive enobriv sistemaSi damoukidebladgaCeniliyo struqturuli msgavseba; garda amisa, igi miiCnevs, rom saukunovanikontaqtebis Sedegad qarTveluri da indoevropuli enebi SeiZleboda`danaTesavebuliyvnen~ arealuri erTianobis farglebSi (ix. misi avtorobiT:‘Отеории сонантов и аблаута в картвельских языках~, wignSi `sonantTa sistema...~,gv. 045). ix. agreTve: G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen unter den kaukasischenSprachen. - RK, 23, Paris 1957, gv. 12 da Smd. g.deetersi miiCnevs, rom qarTveluriwarmoadgens Crdilo-dasavlur-kavkasiuri tipis enas, romelmac mniSvnelovanitransformacia ganicada indoevropuli substratis zegavleniT.39 ix.: N.Vogt, Arménien et Caucasique du Sud (NTS,IX,1938, gv.334 da Smd.); Г.А.Климов,Этимологический словарь картвельских языков, М., 1964; Sdr. agreTve:Г.А.Меликишвили, Возникновение Хеттского царства и проблема древнейшегонаселения Закавказья и Малой Азии. - «ВДИ», 1965, №1, gv. 24 da Smd.

55

*gen-/*g3- gageba, Segneba : i.-e. *ĝen-/*ĝnō- `codna, Semecne-ba~;

*lag- `(da)lageba, wola~ : i.-e. *legh- wola~;*dew-/*dw- `(da)deba~ : i.-e. *dhē- (*dheH-)/dhP-

`(da)deba~;* ¸kus- `kvnesa~,* ¸kus-en → ¸kunes : i.-e. *kues-/*kus- `qSena, oxvra~;*bod- bodva~ : i.-e. *bhred(h)-/*bhrod(h)- bodva~;*dqa- `Txa~ : i.-e. *digh- `Txa~;*opop- ofofi~ : i.-e. *epop-/*opop- ofofi~;* il- tili~ : i.-e. *tin-/*til- tili~;*diqa- niadagi, miwa~ : i.-e. *dheĝh-om `miwa~ (Sdr.xeT.

tekan, Tox. A tkam) da sxv.,qarTvelur-indoevropuli morfonologiuri izomorfiz-

mis axsna (rogorc qarTvelur-indoevropuli enobrivi kon-taqtebis Sedegisa) safuZvels iZleva, axleburad SevxedoTindoevropuli arealuri lingvistikis mTel rig proble-mebs, romlebic indoevropuli dialeqtebis uZveles ganawi-lebas ukavSirdeba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelur daindoevropul enebze molaparake xalxebs mosazRvre teri-toriebi eWiraT am enebs Soris kontaqtebis arsebobis peri-odSi, daaxloebiT III aTaswleulSi Cvens welTaRricxvam-de40.


40 Sdr.:W.P.Lehmann [recenzia wignze], ‘sonantTa sistema...~ («Language», vol. 44,№2, 1968, gv. 404 da Smd.)? adre gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba qarTvelursa daindoevropuls Soris enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb xeTebisa da luvielebismigraciis periodSi kavkasiis gavliT mcire aziisaken (ix.: Т.В.Гамкрелидзе,„Анатолийские языки“ и вопрос о переселении в Малую Азию индоевропейскихплемен, М.,1964, gv.5 («VII Международный конгресс антропологических иэтнографических наук»); Г.И.Мачавариани, К вопросу об индоевропейско-картвельских (южнокавказских) типологических параллелях, iqve, gv. 4 da Smd.; Sdr.agreTve: Th.V.Gamkrelidze, Anatolian languages and the problem of Indo-European migra-tion to Asia Minor («Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics Presented to ShirôHattori», Tokyo, 1970, gv. 141).

Tamaz gamyreliZe56

qarTvelursa da indoevropuls Soris struqturul ms-gavsebaTa amgvari interpretacia saSualebas iZleva aRniS-nuli enobrivi sistemebi mivakuTvnoT saerTo arealur jgufs,istoriamdel garkveul kavSirs, sadac enebs Soris alogene-turi, anu SeZenili, meoradi naTesaoba arsebobs.

saerTo-indoevropulSi (proto-indoevropulSi) gamovle-nili semituri nasesxobebis fonze41 indoevropuli nasesxo-bebi saerTo-qarTvelurSi da qarTvelur-indoevropuli mor-fonologiuri izomorfizmi (qarTvelur da indoevropulmorfonologiur struqturaTa msgavseba) gansakuTrebiT mniS-vnelovani xdeba amgvari enobrivi kontaqtebis saerTo area-lis gansazRvrisa42 da saerTo-indoevropuli (proto-indo-evropuli) enis pirvelsawyisi teritoriis dadgenisaTvis43.

struqturul-tipologiuri da arealuri lingvistikisproblemaTa es erToblioba, romelic saerTo-qarTvelurma

41 Sdr.: indoevr. *tauro- `xari~: sem. *tawru `xari~; indoevr. *ghaÓd- `bekeka~:sem. *gadju `bekeka, Txa~; indoevr. alu(t) `mwklarte an tkbili sasmeli; ludi~:sem. *Ð-l-w ‘tkbili; tkbili sasmeli~; indoevr. *medhu Tafli, Taflis sasmeli~:sem. *m-ï -Ö- `tkbili~; indoevr. *dhôer- èzo; kari~: sem .*ï-w-r `zRude; SemozRuduli ezo~; indoevr. *kl(ã)u `Caketva; gasaRebi~: sem.*k-l-’ `Caketva~; indoevr. *nãô- `xomaldi; WurWeli~: sem. *’-n-w `WurWeli~;indoevr. *peleku- `culi; najaxi~: sem. *p-l-Ö `gapoba; najaxi~; indoevr. *dap-`msxverplSewirva~: sem. *d-b-Ð `msxverplad Sewirva~; indoevr. *(a)ster-`varskvlavi~: sem. *e-t-t-r `gaRmerTebuli varskvlavi~; indoevr. *arÓo `batoni~:sem. *Ð-r-(r) `gaTavisufleba; dabadebiT Tavisufali~ da sxv. (ix.: В.M.Иллич-Свитыч, Древнейшие индоевропейско-семитские языковые контакты (kreb.«Проблемы индоевропейского языкознания», М., 1964, gv.3_7).42 am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa varaudi saerTo-qarTvelurSi semituridanricxviTi saxelebis sesxebis Sesaxeb: *4wa||*arwa `rva~ (Sdr. aqad. arba, arab.arba a òTxi~) da *ãsi(r) àsi~, Sdr. aqad. eširtu (mdedr. sq.), arab. ašr àTi~,ãšir `meaTe~ (ix. Г.А.Климов, Заимствованные числительные в общекартвельском.

_ «Этимология». 1965, М., 1967).43 uaxlesi TeoriisaTvis ‘sinur-tibetursa da indoevropuls Soris enobrivkontaqtebTan dakavSirebiT indoevropelTa winare-samSoblos~ Sesaxeb ix.:E.G.Pulleyblank, Chinese and Indo-European (JRAS, pt. 1_2, 1966).

57

rekonstruqciebma da qarTvelur-indoevropulma morfo-nologiurma izomorfizmma warmoSva, erTgvarad ganapirobebsstruqturul-tipologiur da indoevropul SedarebiT enaT-mecnierebaSi ukanasknel xans gaCenil mzard interess qarTve-luri enebis mimarT da im Sefasebis gamoxatulebadac gvev-lineba, rac qarTvelur enebSi sonantebisa da ablautisSesaxeb Camoyalibebulma Teoriam daimsaxura enaTmecniereb-is aRniSnul dargebSi.


Tamaz gamyreliZe58

axali paradigma indoevropul SedarebiT_istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi:

indoevropuli fuZe-enisa da indoevropuliproto-kulturis rekonstruqciis problema∗

naTmecnierebis istoriaSi XX saukunis meore naxevarixasiaTdeba gansakuTrebuli interesiT istoriulilingvistikisadmi, rac klasikuri SedarebiTi enaTmec-

nierebis problemebisaken mibrunebas gulisxmobs. ukanasknelaTwleulebSi mzardma interesma istoriuli lingvistikisproblemebis mimarT Sedegad gamoiRo lingvisturi azriszogadi ganviTareba im TvalsazrisiT, rom daZleuli iqna winaperiodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli antinomia sinqroniasa dadiaqronias Soris, roca, amavdroulad, aSkara upiratesobasinqroniul enaTmecnierebas eniWeboda. am mxriv, lingvisti-ka gamonaklisi ar yofila sxva mecnierebebs Soris. gasulisaukunis meore naxevarSi mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis erT-erT saerTo tendenciad miiCneva mibruneba istorizmisaken,rac ZiriTadad XIX saukunis mecnierebas axasiaTebda. am∗ daibeWda rusul enaze krebulSi «Труды Отделения историко-филологическихнаук. Российская Академия Наук», Ответственный редактор _ акад. А.П.Деревянко,Москва: Наука, 2005, стр. 7_22.

e

59

axalma tendenciam Secvala XX saukunis pirveliaTwleulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli antiistorizmi da sin-qroniuli struqturalizmi.

sistemur, sinqroniul lingvistikaSi enobrivi analizismravali axali meTodi SemuSavda da am meTodebiT gamdidrebu-li enaTmecniereba kvlav miubrunda Zvel, tradiciul prob-lemebs. trdiciuli ideebisadmi aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoye-nebis siaxle gulisxmobs lingvisturi analizis Catarebasara mxolod sinqroniul lingvistikaSi SemuSavebuli zus-ti operaciebis meSveobiT, aramed globalur midgomas enisad-mi, rogorc sistemuri fenomenisadmi, romelic ganuwyvetlivicvleba droSi da romelic SesaZloa Tanmimdevrul siste-mur analizs daeqvemdebaros. yovelive es saSualebas iZlevaSedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis tradiciuli proble-mebis gadasaWrelad gamoyenebuli iqnas tipologiurilingvistikisa da universaliaTa lingvistikis monacemebi.es enaTmecnierebis SedarebiT axali mimarTulebebia, romlebicwarmatebiT viTardebian bolo aTwleulebSi. TanamedroveenaTmecnierebis am uaxlesi monacemebis gamoyenebam monaTesaveenaTa calkeuli jgufebis, kerZod, indoevropul enaTa ojaxismimarT, naTeli gaxada, rom unda gadamowmebuliyo klasikurindoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi gabatonebuli tradiciuliSexedulebani am enaTa istoriuli warsulisa da maTi isto-riamdeli ganviTarebis konkretuli gzebis Sesaxeb.

rogorc cnobilia, istoriuli enaTmecniereba XIX sauku-nis pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibda swored Zveli indoevropu-li enebis Sepirispirebisa da SedarebiTi analizis safuZ-velze, maT Soris naTesauri damokidebulebisa da erTianiwinapari enidan (romelsac indoevropul fuZe-enas an `wi-nare enas~ uwodeben) maTi saerTo warmomavlobis dadgenissafuZvelze. amgvari midgoma ukve niSnavda, rom Camoyalibda

axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi

Tamaz gamyreliZe60

axali samecniero disciplina _ SedarebiT-istoriuli enaT-mecniereba, romelmac Semdgom mniSvnelovan warmatebebs mi-aRwia sruliad gansxvavebuli struqturis enaTa SeswavlissaqmeSi da romelic humanitarul mecnierebaTa Soris erT-erT yvelaze formalizebul mecnierul disciplinad iqca.

monaTesave enaTa jgufebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad,indoevropuli, semituri, Turquli, qarTveluri da sxv., dama-xasiaTebelia erTi gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba, rac maTfonemur Sedgenilobas ukavSirdeba da konkretul geneturjgufSi am enebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis formalize-buli aRweris saSualebas iZleva. erT genetur jgufSi gaer-Tianebul monaTesave enebs Soris vlindeba regularuli fone-muri (bgeriTi) Sesatyvisobebi, rac am enebs formaluradaaxloebs erTmaneTTan da maT saerTo warmomavlobas adas-turebs. swored amgvari fonemuri Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelzerekonstruirdeba winapari enis fonologiuri Tu mor-fologiuri sistemebi.

fuZe-enis amosavali sistemis postulireba amave dros ni-Snavs, rom rekonstruirdeba monaTesave enaTa sistemebis wina-reistoria da maTi ganviTareba- Camoyalibebis gzebi amosava-li mdgomareobidan vidre mocemul enaTa dokumenturad da-dasturebul istoriul mdgomareobamde. amitomac enaTa is-toriul-SedarebiTi Seswavla da maT Soris fonemur-struq-turuli Tanafardobebis dadgena unda dasruldes mocemulenaTa amosavali enobrivi sistemis amsaxveli fuZeeniseulimdgomareobis rekonstruqciiTa da gardaqmnis anu transfor-maciis im wesebis gansazRvriT, romelTa meSveobiTac isto-riulad dadasturebuli monaTesave sistemebi Teoriuladpostulirebuli enobrivi modelidan gamoiyvaneba.

monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis winareistoriis aRdgena,amosavali saerTo mdgomareobidan (rac fuZe-enis sistemaSi

61

aisaxeba) istoriulad fiqsirebul mdgomareobamde maTi gan-viTareba-Camoyalibebis gzebis rekonstruqcia damokidebuliaimaze, Tu fuZe-enis sistema ra formiT aRdgeba, anu rogorifonemuri Tu gramatikuli sistemebiT daxasiaTdeba.

Tavis mxriv, empiriul moTxovnas fuZe-enis postulirebu-li sistemis mimarT warmoadgens is, rom rekonstruirebulisistema unda iyos tipologiurad realuri (arawinaaRmde-gobrivi) da sruli. tipologiuri realuroba (arawinaaRm-degobrioba) gulisxmobs imgvari enobrivi struqturebisTanaarsebobas, romlebic araa SeuTavsebeli tipologiuraddadgenili enobrivi kanonzomierebebis mixedviT da maTi sin-qroniuli maxasiaTeblebic sazogadod araa enisaTvis ucxo.

enisaTvis damaxasiaTebel amgvar universalur sinqroni-ul struqturebs adgens Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis iseTimniSvnelovani dargebi, rogoricaa tipologiuri lingvistikada universaliaTa lingvistika. enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebisTanamedrove etapi saSualebas iZleva didi albaTobiT gani-sazRvros Teoriulad postulirebuli amosavali enobrivisistemis tipologiuri realuroba da arawinaaRmdegobrio-ba. tipologiuri realurobis kriteriumi mkveTrad amcir-ebs im Teoriulad dasaSvebi enobrivi sistemebis raodenobas,romlebic SeiZleba postulirebuli iyos rogorc amosava-li sistema istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave enebi-saTvis.

tipologiuri arawinaaRmdegobriobis kriteriumi ar war-moadgens postulirebuli enobrivi sistemis realurobis er-TaderT empiriul sazoms. aranakleb mniSvnelovania Sesabami-soba diaqroniul tipologiasTan; es ki imas niSnavs, rommocemul sistemaSi struqturuli transformaciebisa dagardaqmnaTa wesebi unda Seesabamebodes sxvadasxva tipis is-toriul enaTa struqturebSi cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis


Tamaz gamyreliZe62

Seswavlis safuZvelze gamovlenil enobriv transformacia-Ta modelebs. enobriv gardaqmnaTa amgvar universalur mod-elebs adgens da Seiswavlis diaqroniuli tipologia, romel-sac, sinqroniuli tipologiisagan gansxvavebiT, enobriv stru-qturaTa droSi cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis universalurisqemebi ainteresebs.

amgvarad, Teoriulad postulirebuli fuZe-enis siste-mis Sesabamisoba rogorc sinqroniul, ise diaqroniul tipo-logiasTan aris is ZiriTadi kriteriumi, romlis mixedviTacSeiZleba SevafasoT Teoriulad postulirebuli sistemisrealurobis xarisxi, raTa monaTesave enaTa mocemuli ojaxi-saTvis fuZe-enis rangSi postulirebul Teoriulad savara-udo sistemebs Soris erT romelime sistemas mivaniWoT upi-ratesoba.

indoevropuli enebis Seswavlis mizniT SedarebiTi Studi-ebis CamoyalibebisTanave, anu faqtobrivad maSin, roca XIXsaukunis enaTmecnierebis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebma safuZ-veli Cauyares SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebas, aRdge-nili iqna saerTo-indoevropuli konsonanturi sistema, rom-lisganac gamoiyvaneboda istoriulad dadasturebul indo-evropul enaTa sistemebi. rekonstruirebuli konsonanturisistema warmodgenili iyo fonemaTa garkveuli rigebis sa-xiT da ZiriTadad emTxveoda Zveli induri enis, im droi-saTvis cnobil indoevropul enaTa uZvelesi warmomadgen-lis, sistemas.

saerTo-indoevropuli konsonatizmis amgvari sistema (ker-Zod, xSul fonemaTa qvesistema), umniSvnelo cvlilebebiTada dazustebiT, rac Semdgom kvlevebs ukavSirdeba, postu-lirebulia Tanamedrove indoevropul komparativistikaSifonemaTa Semdegi sami rigis saxiT: I _ mJRerebi ∼ II _ mJRe-ri fSvinvierebi ∼ III _ yruebi.

63

am saxiT postulirebuli konsonantTa indoevropulisistemidan gamoiyvaneba indoevropul enaTa yvela istoriu-lad dadasturebuli sistema, amosaval sistemaSi im fone-muri gardaqmnebis daSvebiT, romelTa Sedegadac unda war-moSobiliyo konkretuli indoevropuli enebi gansxvavebulikonsonantizmiT.

gasagebia, rom am saxiT postulirebuli amosavali indo-evropuli konsonantizmi ZiriTadad Zveli induri enis mo-dels imeorebs da, amdenad, Zveli induri ena im sistemadgvevlineba, romelmac yvelaze naklebi cvlileba ganicadada romelSic yvelaze metadaa Semonaxuli saerTo-indoevro-puli konsonantizmis maxasiaTeblebi.

saerTo-indoevropuli sistemis amgvari postulirebisSemTxvevaSi umniSvnelo cvlilebebi ivaraudeboda berZnulisada italiurisaTvis (indoevropul xSulTa II seriis dayruebada spirantizacia), slavuri enebisa da kelturisaTvis (in-doevropul xSulTa II seriis dezaspiracia). indoevropulisistemis amgvari saxiT postulirebis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelo-vani fonemuri cvlilebebi aRdgeba germanikuli enebisa dasomxurisaTvis, romlebSic ivaraudeba e.w. TanxmovanTa gada-weva~. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs indoevropuli sistemissami rigidan TiToeulis gadawevas erTi bijiT, anu erTi fo-nologiuri niSnis Secvlas: I seria [`mJRerebi~ *(b), *d, *g]gadainacvlebs `yru xSulebis~ [(p), t, k] seriaSi; II seria(`mJReri fSvinvierebi~ [*bh, *dh, gh*]) gadainacvlebs martivi`mJReri xSulebis~ [b, d, g] seriaSi; III seria (`yru xSule-bi~ [*p *t *k]) gadainacvlebs `yru fSvinvierebis~ [ph, th, kh]seriaSi, saidanac SemdgomSi miiReba spirantebi [f, x /h]. ger-manikul enebSi postulirebuli TanxmovanTa aRniSnuli gada-nacvleba SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi cnobilia`grimis kanonis~ saxelwodebiT da tradiciulad miiCneven,


Tamaz gamyreliZe64

rom es aris enaSi sistemur fonemur gardaqmnaTa klasikurimagaliTi. swored amitom igi TiTqmis yvela lingvistur sax-elmZRvaneloSia Setanili rogorc amgvari gardaqmnebis ni-muSi.

konkretuli indoevropuli enebis (rogoricaa indo-iran-uli, berZnuli, italikuri, slavuri, germanikuli da sxv.)formirebisa da ganviTarebis istoria klasikur indoevrop-ul enaTmecnierebaSi aigeba postulirebuli amosavali in-doevropuli sistemis Sesabamisad. klasikurma SedarebiTmaindoevropulma enaTmecnierebam Tavisi arsebobis manZilze,rac asormocdaaT welze mets iTvlis, enobrivi faqtebisada aRmoCenebis uzarmazari korpusi daagrova, romlis di-aqroniuli interpretacia xdeboda tradiciulad postu-lirebuli amosavali saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmisfonze. TiTqmis ugamonaklisod, indoevropuli enebis yvelaSedarebiTi gramatika Tu SedarebiTi leqsikoni aigeboda dadResac aigeba saerToindoevropuli konsonantizmis tradi-ciuli sistemis gaTvaliswinebiT. postulirebuli amosava-li sistema erTgvarad Tavad gansazRvravs im savaraudo fone-muri gardaqmnebis xasiaTs, romelTa Sedegia istoriuli in-doevropuli enebis formireba, anu amosavali sistema am enebisistoriamdeli fonetikuri ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrelia.klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi e.w. `fonetikurikanonebi~, rogoricaa `grimis kanoni~, `grasmanis kanoni~,`barTolomes kanoni~ da sxv., Seiqmna swored imisaTvis, romganemartaT is istoriamdeli fonetikuri procesebi, rom-lebic amgvari daSvebiT ivaraudeboda konkretul indoevro-pul dialeqtebSi.

monaTesave enaTa SedarebiT-istoriul gramatikul siste-maSi amosavali enobrivi modeli Tavisi funqciiT SeiZlebaSevadaroT aqsiomaTa sistemas logikur-deduqciur Teoria-

65

Si. imis mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTisaa aqsiomaTa sistema, rogo-ria am sistemis Sedgeniloba, ganisazRvreba am sistemazedafuZnebuli Teoria. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom logikur-deduqciur TeoriaSi arc ganixileba aqsiomaTa sistemis WeS-maritobis, empiriul sinamdvilesTan misi mimarTebis sakiTxi,maSin roca amosavali enobrivi sistemis mimarT realurobiskriteriums arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. swored es uka-naskneli gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad saalbaToa postulire-buli amosavali enobrivi modeli, amsaxveli odesRac arse-buli im enobrivi sistemasa, romlisganac konkretuli, is-toriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave enebi Camoyalibdnen.

Tuki saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciuladpostulirebul sistemas ganvixilavT empiriuli realuro-bis kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom konsonan-turi sistema, romelic klasikur indoevropul enaTmecniere-baSi miCneulia amosaval sistemad istoriulad dadasture-buli indoevropuli enebisaTvis, Sinaganad winaaRmdegobriviada ar Seesabameba enaTa sinqroniuli tipologiis monacemebs.ufro metic, igi ewinaaRmdegeba universalur enobriv kanon-zomierebebs, romlebic universaliaTa lingvistikaSia dad-genili. amdenad, Teoriulad postulirebuli amgvarilingvisturi modeli ver CaiTvleba amsaxvelad drosa dasivrceSi realurad arsebuli im enobrivi sistemisa, romel-ic SemdgomSi monaTesave enebis sistemebad gardaiqmna. Sesa-bamisad, verc is fonetikuri cvlilebebi da gardaqmnebi Cai-Tvleba realurad, romlebic klasikur indoevropul Sedare-biT gramatikaSi iyo daSvebuli im transformaciuli proce-sis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad, romlis Sedegadac amosavalisistemidan Camoyalibda istoriulad dadasturebul indo-evropul enaTa gansxvavebuli sistemebi.


Tamaz gamyreliZe66

imisaTvis, rom indoevropuli fuZe-enis konsonanturisistema SesabamisobaSi mosuliyo enobrivi tipologiis(rogorc sinqroniuli, ise diaqroniuli) monacemebTan,saWiro gaxda misi gadasinjva da reinterpretacia. reinter-pretirebuli sistema warmodgenilia fonemaTa sami seriiT,romlebic erTmaneTs Semdegnairad upirispirdebian: I glo-talizebuli ∼ II mJReri (fSvinvieri) ∼ III yru (fSvinvieri),sadac mJReri da yru xSuli fonemebi poziciurad dastur-deboda aspirirebuli an Sesabamisi araaspirirebuli varian-tebis saxiT. reinterpretaciis sqematuri suraTi Semdegia:

tradiciuli sistema ==> reinterpretirebuli sistema

I II III I II III(b) bh (p) (p’) b[h] p[h]

d dh t t’ d[h] t[h]

g gh k k’ g[h] k[h]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

saerTo-indoevropulis xSulTa sami seriis amgvari inter-pretaciiT ukve SesaZlebeli xdeba bunebrivi funqciur-fo-nologiuri axsna daeZebnos enobrivi struqturis mTel rigfaqtebs, romlebic saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmistradiciuli modelis mixedviT gaugebari da tipologiuradauxsneli iyo (aseTia, magaliTad, sistemaSi `mJReri labi-aluri~ /b/ fonemis arqona, mJReri fSvinvierebis~ arseboba`yru fSvinvierebis~ gareSe, Ziris struqturasTan dakavSire-buli SezRudvebi da sxv.).

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axali interpretaciis mixedviT, saerTo-indoevropulxSulTa sistemasTan SedarebiT axlos dganan is sistemebi,romlebSic, tradiciuli gansazRvrebiT, TanxmovanTa gadawe-va~ moxda (germanikuli, somxuri, xeTuri), xolo sistemebi,romlebic iTvleboda, rom konsonantizmis TvalsazrisiTbevrad ufro met siaxloves amJRavnebdnen saerTo-indoevro-pulTan (pirvel rigSi, Zveli induri), amJamad ukve miiCneva,rom miRebulia amosavali enobrivi sistemidan rTuli fone-muri gardaqmnebis Sedegad. amgvarad, iqmneba indoevropuldialeqtTa istoriamdeli ganviTarebis axali suraTi, sruli-ad sapirispiro imisa, rac miRebuli iyo klasikur indoevro-pul enaTmecnierebaSi. Sesabamisad, icvleba traeqtoriebisaerTo-indoevropuli xSuli fonemebis gardaqmnebisa da maTimimarTuleba, axali interpretaciis mixedviT, upirispirde-ba tradiciulad miRebuls. swored amis gamo, xdeba gada-azreba klasikuri indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi`fonetikuri kanonebisa~ (rogoricaa: grimis kanoni~, gras-manis kanoni~, barTolomes kanoni~ da sxv.), romlebic axalSinaars iZenen indoevropuli fonologiuri sistemis axle-buri interpretaciis fonze.

indoevropuli fuZe-enis axali modeli, romelic indo-evropul enaTmecnierebaSi `glotaluri Teoriis~ saxeliTgaxda cnobili da romelic, erTgvarad, aTvlis axal siste-mas warmoadgens, klasikuri indoevropuli enaTmecnierebispostulatTa mTeli sistemis Zireul gadasinjvas moiTxovsda, amave dros, gvTavazobs indoevropul enaTa warmoSobisada istoriamdeli ganviTarebis axal suraTs. Sesabamisad,gasagebia, rom saWiro xdeba sruliad axleburad Camoyalib-des indoevropuli enis tradiciuli SedarebiT-eti-mologiuri leqsikonis safuZvlebi. amdenad, SedarebiT-is-toriul enaTmecnierebaSi yalibdeba axali paradigma~ (To-mas qunis mixedviT).


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aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCveneba indo-evropuli enaTmecnierebis patriarqis, cnobili amerikelilingvistis vinfrid lemanis sityvebi: is, rac me-19 sauku-nis utyuar miRwevad migvaCnda, dRes ukve nawil-nawil gul-dasmiT gadasinjvas saWiroebs~.

* * *indoevropuli fuZe-enis rekonstrucia, rogorc drosa da

sivrceSi realurad arsebuli sistemisa, gulisxmobs, aseve,rogorc am enaze molaparake xalxebis arsebobas, romelTacpirobiTad indoevropelebs~ vuwodebT, ise maTi pirvelsacx-ovrisi teritoriis anu `winaresamSoblos~ arsebobasac,saidanac daiwyo am xalxTa migraciebi (sxvadasxva drosa dasxvadasxva mimarTulebiT) maTi gansaxlebis istoriuli teri-toriebisaken. amdenad, gasagebia, rom kvlav warmoCinda in-doevropuli `winaresamSoblos~ tradiciuli problema,romelic TiTqmis iseve Zvelia, rogorc TviT indoevropuliSedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba.

savsebiT bunebrivia, rom winaresamSoblos~ lokalizaci-isa da indoevropeli tomebis Tavdapirveli teritoriebissavaraudo sazRvrebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvreba indoevrop-ul dialeqtebze molaparake gansxvavebuli xalxebis gada-adgilebaTa traeqtoriebi TiToeuli maTganis gansaxlebisistoriuli teritoriebisaken. am traeqtoriebis gansazRvra,Tavis mxriv, metismetad mniSvnelovania indoevropeli xalx-ebis (ufro zustad, indoevropul enebze amJamad an odes-Rac molaparake xalxebis) winareistoriis ZiriTadi momen-tebis aRsadgenad.

indoevropeistikaSi sakmaod adre damkvidrda Tezisi, rom-lis mixedviTac indoevropelTa winaresamSoblo centralur

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evropaSi lokalizdeboda. mogvianebiT aRniSnuli TezisissawinaaRmdegod seriozuli argumentebi gaCnda, romelTa Se-sabamisad indoevropelTa winaresamSoblom gadainacvla aR-mosavleTis mimarTulebiT, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, e.w`yorRanuli~ (an `Zvelormuli~ gorasamarxebis) kultur-is arqeologiur arealSi. es ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi,romelsac mxars uWers cnobili amerikeli arqeologim.gimbutasi da misi skola, dReisaTvis sakmaod farTodaa gavr-celebuli.

indoevropuli fuZe-enisa da misi dialeqtebis arealurikvlevis Sedegad gamovlenil lingvistur da kulturul-is-toriul monacemTa mTeli kompleqsi, aseve, saerTo-indoevro-puli leqsikis semantikuri analizis Sedegebi migvaniSnebs,rom axleburad unda SevxedoT indoevropuli winaresamSob-los~ problemas, rac gansxvavebul arealur Tu kulturul-istoriul interpretacias gulisxmobs. uaxlesi monaceme-bis gaTvaliswinebiT, indoevropuli winaresamSoblo~ gada-inacvlebs, da Tanac _ mniSvnelovnad, samxreT-aRmosavle-Tis mimarTulebiT da ganTavsdeba winaaziur arealSi.

Tuki saerToenobrivi, e.w. `winareenobrivi~, sistema aRd-genilia SedarebiT-istoriuli da struqturul-ti-pologiuri analizis gansakuTrebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT,am enaze molaparakeTa kulturisa da sulieri samyaros aR-sadgenad upirvelesad unda Catardes rekonstruirebulisaerToenobrivi leqsikis istoriul-semantikuri analizi,ramdenadac swored leqsikaSi aisaxeba mocemul winapar-enazemolaparakeTa istoriuli arsebobis zogadi suraTi Tu Ziri-Tadi momentebi.

winapar-enaze molaparakeTa istoriuli arsebobis cneba-Si igulisxmeba rogorc ekologiuri pirobebi (flora, fau-na, geografiuli garemo), am pirobebSi maTi yofna da gada-


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adgileba, ise am xalxis kulturac farTo mniSvnelobiT _proto-kultura.

aseT SemTxvevaSi rekonstruirebuli leqsikuri element-ebi asruleben informaciuli wyaros rols, romlis mixed-viTac gveqmneba warmodgena fuZe-enaze da mis calkeul di-aleqtTa uZveles gaerTianebebze molaparake xalxTa arse-bobisa da ganviTarebis istoriuli gzebis, maTi proto-kul-turis Sesaxeb.

fuZe-enaze rekonstruirebuli leqsikis amgvari retro-speqtuli~ semantikuri analizi aucileblad gulisxmobsenis Caketili sistemidan gasvlas araenobriv cnebaTa sam-yaroSi, rac niSnavs garkveuli Sesabamisobis dadgenas, erTimxriv, fuZe-enisa da misi dialeqtebis uZveles gaerTianeba-Ta leqsikuri elemetebis semantikur plansa da, meore mxriv,eqstralingvistur realiebs Soris.

enis amgvari analizi, am enaze molaparakeTa kulturas-Tan mWidro kavSirSi, jer kidev indoevropuli SedarebiT-is-toriuli enaTmecnierebis formirebisa da ganviTarebisadreul etapze, enaTmecnierebaSi struqturuli mimdinare-obis damkvidrebamde Camoyalibda rogorc gansakuTrebulienaTmecnieruli disciplina, romelsac lingvistur pale-ontologias~ uwodeben.

SedarebiT-istoriuli Studiebis ganviTarebis Tanamedroveetapze proto-kulturis rekonstruqciis is meTodi, romel-ic fuZe-enis semantikur da struqturul-gramatikul anal-izs emyareba, unda daxasiaTdes rogorc kulturis lingvis-turi paleontologia~, ramdenadac am SemTxvevaSi special-uri kvlevisa da rekonstruqciis sagania ara sakuTriv fuZe-enisa da misi uZvelesi dialeqtebis struqtura, aramed pro-to-kultura farTo anTropologiuri mniSvnelobiT, racgulisxmobs ekologiasa da, aseve, am enaze molaparakeTa ma-

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terialur da sulier samyaros: rekonstruirdeba araeno-brivi samyaro (ufro metad, vidre sakuTriv ena), romelicrekonstruirebul enobriv erTeulebSia asaxuli.

indoevropul fuZe-enaze molaparake xalxTa pirvelsac-xovrisad unda miviCnioT iseTi regioni, romelic saerTo-in-doevropuli enis arsebobis periodSi (e.i. IV aTaswleulSiCvens eramde da adrec) Tavisi ekologiuri, geografiuli dakulturul-istoriuli maxasiaTeblebiT Seesabameba fuZe-enaze rekonstruirebuli leqsikis mixedviT miRebul su-raTs da, amave dros, rekonstruirebuli leqsika, Tavis mxriv,unda eTanadebodes evraziis kontinentis mocemuli regionisistoriul-geografiuli, paleobotanikuri, paleozo-ologiuri, arqeologiuri da kulturul-istoriuli kvle-vis Sedegebs.

indoevropuli fuZe-enis leqsemaTa mTeli kompleqsis se-mantika, romelSic asaxulia uZveles indoevropul di-aleqtebze molaparakeTa sacxovrebeli garemo, maTi materi-aluri da sulieri kultura, miuTiTebs, rom swored winaazia unda warmoadgendes indoevropuli fuZe-enis Tavdapirve-li gavrcelebis areals.

saerTo-indoevropul doneze rekonstruirebuli garkveu-li semantikuri jgufebis analizis Sedegad SeiZlebadavaskvnaT, rom indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake xalx-Ta pirvelsacxovrisi teritoria mTiani landSaftiT xasi-aTdeboda (rac ukve gamoricxavs winaresamSoblos lokal-izaciis SesaZleblobas Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi). xeebisada mcenareebis saerTo-indoevropuli saxelebi (`muxa~, muxa-klde~, mTis muxa~, rko~, rcxila~, ifani~, verxvi~, kaka-li~, aseve vazis~, yurZnis~, Rvinis~ saxelebi da sxv.) bune-brivad ukavSirdeba indoevropuli winaresamSoblos mTianlandSafts da, amdenad, igi ueWvelad unda lokalizdebodes


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xmelTaSuazRvispireTis (farTo mniSvnelobiT _ balkaneTi-sa da axlo aRmosavleTis Crdilo nawilis CaTvliT) Sedar-ebiT samxreT regionebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom cxovelebis saer-To-indoevropuli saxelebis (`jiqi~, `leopardi~, `lomi~,`maimuni~, `spilo~, `spilos Zvali~, `kiborCxali~ da sxv.)analizic mxars uWers indoevropuli winaresamSoblosekologiuri garemos samxreTul xasiaTs, rac, upirvelesad,geografiul landSaftTan da mcenareul safarTan dakavSire-buli monacemebis safuZvelze ivaraudeba. zogierTi am cxo-velTagani, an Tundac is faqti, rom icnoben am cxovelebs,ukve gamoricxavs centralur evropas, rogorc aRniSnul di-aleqtebze molaparakeTa pirvelsacxovris teritorias.

SesaZlebeli gaxda saerTo-indoevropul doneze mecxove-leobasTan da miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli mdidariterminologiis aRdgena. IV aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde, anusaerTo-indoevropuli enis damoukidebel dialeqtebad daS-lis uSualod wina periodSi, mecxoveleoba (iseve rogorcmiwaTmoqmedeba) centralur evropaSi Canasaxovan mdgomare-obaSi iyo.

indoevropuli fuZe-enis gavrcelebis arealad axlo aR-mosavleTis miCnevas aSkarad mxars uWers soflis meurneo-bis kulturebis (qeris, xorblis, selis), gansakuTrebiT,msxmoiare xeebisa da buCqebis (vaSlis, Sindis, alublis, Tu-Tis xis, vazisa da sxv.) rekonstruirebuli saxelebi, agreTve,miwaTmoqmedebis produqtebis damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuliqmedebisa da xelsawyo-iaraRebis aRmniSvneli sityvebi(`dolabi~, danayva, marcvleulis dafxvna~, dafqva~, qerismarcvlebis cecxlze damuSaveba~). msgavsi xelsawyo-iaraRe-bi evropaSi Semodis wina aziidan mxolod rkinis xanaSi (IaTaswleulisaTvis Cvens eramde). miwaTmoqmedebisa da meve-naxeobis terminologia naTlad adasturebs indoevropuli

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erTobis lokalizacias regionSi ganviTarebuli miwaTmo-qmedebiT (IV aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde da ufro adrec), e.i.teritoriebze samxreTis mimarTulebiT, balkaneTidan ira-nis zeganamde. evropis regionebSi, ufro CrdiloeTiT, iseTiTavTaviani kulturebi, rogoricaa qeri, Semodis mcire azi-idan da balkaneTidan da mxolod Cvens eramde II aTaswleu-lis bolos _ I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi xdeba yvelaze gavr-celebuli sasoflo-sameurneo kultura. rac Seexeba kul-tivirebul yurZens, igi gaCnda miwaTmoqmedebis amierkavkasi-ur-dasavleTaziur centrSi, rogorc es akad. n.i.vavilovmadaadgina.

Zveli indoevropelebis pirvelsacxovrisis dasadgenad daindoevropuli winaresamSoblos winaaziur arealSi lokal-izaciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT faseuli aRmoCnda Tvlianitransportis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli indoevropuliterminologia _ oTxTvalasa da misi nawilebis (`Tvlis/borblis~, `RerZis~, `akazmulobis~, `uRlis~, `xelnis~)saxelebi, agreTve, mTis magari xis jiSisagan oTxTvalasdasamzadebeli aucilebeli liTonisa (`brinjaos~) da gamweviZalis _ moSinaurebuli cxenis (romelic ukve gamoiyenebo-da rogorc sameurneo, ise saomari mizniT) saxelebi. oTxTv-alaTa Seqmna daiwyo daaxloebiT Cvens eramde IV aTaswleul-idan. ingliseli arqeologis s.pigotis uaxlesi monacemeb-is mixedviT, oTxTvalas gavrcelebis sawyis kerad unda miviC-nioT teritoria amierkavkasiidan zemo mesopotamiamde, vanisada urmiis tbebs Soris. adreuli brinjaos epoqis axlo aR-mosavleTidan oTxTvalebi vrceldeba volga-uralis raion-Si, Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi, balkaneTSi, centralur evro-paSi. ivaraudeba, rom imave teritoriaze moaSinaures cxeni(an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aq gavrcelda moSinaurebuli cxeni)da gamoiyenes igi gamwev Zalad.


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amasTan erTad, saerTo-indoevropuli materialuri dasulieri kulturis mTliani xasiaTi, socialur-ekonomikuriurTierTobani (kerZod, gansakuTrebuli socialuri rangeb-is arseboba da qurumTa~ roli) miuTiTebs, rom am enaze mo-laparakeni axlos iyvnen axloaRmosavlur arealTan.

winareindoevropuli sazogadoebisaTvis leqsikis mixed-viT rekonstruirebuli kulturisa da socialur-ekono-mikuri wyobis niSanTa mTeli kompleqsi tipologiurad Zve-li axlo aRmosavleTis adreuli civilizaciebisTvisaa dama-xasiaTebeli. saerTo-indoevropuli kultura tipologiuradarqaul aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa rigs ganekuTvneba.

is faqtebi, romlebic indoevropelTa winaresamSoblosZvel axlo aRmosavleTSi lokalizaciis sasargeblodmetyveleben, SesabamisobaSia sxva rigis argumentebTanac.winareindoevropuli arealis lokalizacia im adgilas undaivaraudebodes, sadac dasaSvebia indoevropuli fuZe-eniskavSiri (kontaqtebi) semitur da qarTvelur (samxreTkavka-siur) enebTan, ramdenadac am enebSi gamovlenilia leqsikuriplastebi, romlebic nasesxebi unda iyos erTi enidan meore-Si. amave faqtze metyveleben indoevropul fuZe-enaSi da-dasturebuli kulturuli nasesxobani axlo aRmosavleTissxva uZvelesi enebidan _ Sumerulidan, egvipturidan; gar-da amisa, arsebobs argumentebi, romlebic mxars uWeren kav-Sirebis arsebobas indoevropulsa da wina aziis iseT uZve-les enebs Soris, rogoricaa xeTuri, elamuri da xurituli.

Tuki saerTo-indoevropuli tomebisaTvis pirvelsacx-ovrisad CaiTvleba wina aziis teritoria, sadac konkretu-li arqeologiuri kultura unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli,mosalodnelia rom aRmoCendes amgvari kultura, Cvens er-amde V_IV aTaswleulSi arsebuli, romelic erTmniS-vnelovnad SeeTanadeba winareindoevropuls.

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aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba zogadi problema, romel-ic ukavSirdeba lingvisturi monacemebis arqeologiur daistoriul-kulturul monacemebTan Sesabamisobis damyare-bis meTodebs: kerZod, unda ganisazRvros, rogor davukavSiroTkonkretuli lingvisturi erToba garkveul arqeologiurkulturas.

rogorc Cans, mocemuli eTnolingvisturi erToba SeiZlebaSevusabamoT garkveul arqeologiur kulturas im SemTxveva-Si, roca es uknaskneli iZleva realiebs, romlebic calkeu-li elementebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia gavutoloT mocemu-li erTobis elementebis analogiur urTierTkavSirebs.

Tuki implikaciis kanonebi, romlebic gamoiyvaneba mocemu-li arqeologiuri kulturisaTvis, emTxveva implikaciiskanonebs lingvisturi monacemebis mixedviT rekonstruire-buli kulturis realobisaTvis, maSin Sesabamisoba am kul-turebs Soris meti albaTobiT damyardeba.

amgvarad dadgenil kulturebSi SesaZlebelia garkveulielementebi an maxasiaTeblebi ar emTxveodnen erTmaneTs, mTa-varia, mTliani kompleqsebis Tanxvedra, urTierTgamomricxaviniSan-Tvisebebis arsebobis gareSe.

ramdenadac amgvari rekonstruqciebi (rogorc lingvis-turi, ise istoriuli) principulad arasrulia, SesaZlebe-lia garkveuli komponentebi ar daemTxves erTmaneTs, ramacxeli ar unda SeuSalos saTanado kulturebis istoriulurTierTSesabamisobaTa dadgenas.

amave mizeziT, erTi rigis kompleqsi (rekonstruirebulilingvisturi monacemebis mixedviT), SesaZloa ufro farToan viwro aRmoCndes meore rigis (arqeologiurad dadgenil)kompleqsTan SedarebiT. zogjer, msgavs SemTxvevebSi, es orikompleqsi TanaikveTeba kidec (saerTo nawilis gareT rCebalingvisturi da arqeologiuri araTanabari nawilebi).


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aseT SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania, rom gansxvavebul nawileb-Si ar aRmoCndes iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic SeuTavsebe-lia erTmaneTTan TiToeuli kompleqsis Sida implikaciebisZaliT.

amJamad mxolod SeiZleba daisvas sakiTxi: myardeba Tuara Sesabamisoba savaraudo istoriul regionSi Cvens eramdeV_IV aTaswleulSi cnobil arqeologiur kulturebsa darekonstruirebul saerTo-indoevropuls Soris? wina azia-Si aRmoCenili zogierTi Zveli arqeologiuri kultura(rogoricaa xalafuri da kidev ufro adrindeli CaTal-huiu-qis, aseve, maTi uSualod Tu arauSualod gamgrZelebeli kul-turebi, an maTi Semcvleli kulturebi, kerZod, ubeiduri anmtkvar-araqsisa) xasiaTdeba niSanTa mTeli rigiT, romlebicSesabamisobaSia lingvisturi monacemebis mixedviT rekostru-irebul saerTo-indoevropul kulturasTan. SedarebiT axa-li arqeologiuri kulturebis SeqmnaSi (mtkvar-araqsis tip-isa _ III aTaswleuli Cvens eramde) SesaZlebelia monawile-obdnen calkeul indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparakexalxebic, winaaziuri arealis sxva (kerZod, xuritul-urartul da samxreTkavkasiur-qarTvelur) xalxebTan er-Tad.

Tu gaviziarebT Teziss indoevropelTa winaaziuri winare-samSoblos Sesaxeb, maSin mTlianad Seicvleba calkeul di-aleqtebze an dialeqtTa gaerTianebebze molaparake xalxeb-is migraciaTa suraTi maTi Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis teri-toriebidan im adgilebisaken, sadac isini istoriulad sax-loben. indoevropuli winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb axalihipoTezis mixedviT, unda vivaraudoT xeTur-luviur di-aleqtebsa da saerTo-berZnulze molaparakeTa umniSvnelogadanacvleba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, ris Sedegadac maTmcire aziis centralur da dasavleT nawilebs miaRwies.

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aqedan unda gavrcelebuliyo berZnuli dialeqtebi konti-nentur saberZneTsa da egeosis zRvis kunZulebze.

berZnuli migraciebis amgvari mimarTulebiT SeiZleba aix-snas berZnuli koloniebis tradiciuli arqauloba mcireaziis dasavleT sanapiroze. es koloniebi arsebiTad war-moadgendnen im proto-elinTa dasaxlebis naSTebs, romlebicpeleponesisa da egeosis zRvisken miemarTebodnen. imave mizez-iT aixsneba, agreTve, arqauli berZnuli kulturis erTiano-ba mcireaziur da, saerTod, Zvel axloaRmosavlurkulturasTan, rasac `egeosur-anatoliur kulturulkoined~ moixsenieben.

saerTo-indoevropuli teritoriis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi_ iranis zegnis CrdiloeTi nawili _ unda warmoadgendes imareals, saidanac iwyeba indo-iranulis gavrceleba. ar-qeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, indo-iranuli tomebisgamoCena iranis CrdiloeT nawilSi TariRdeba III aTaswleu-lis I naxevriT Cvens eramde. am periodSi iranis CrdiloeTnawilSi Cndeba ruxi keramika, romelic garkveulwilad See-sabameba rux minosur keramikas Crdilo-dasavleT anatoli-idan, rac, Tavis mxriv, berZenTa gadaadgilebas unda ukav-Sirdebodes. aqedan, avRaneTis gavliT, arielTa pirveli tal-Ra gadaadgilda aRmosavleTisaken _ dasavleT indoeTSi. erT-erTi amgvari pirveli talRis kvali Semonaxulia qafirul(nuristanul) enebSi indo-iranuli epoqis amsaxveli ar-qaizmebis saxiT.

savsebiT mosalodnelia vivaraudoT, rom indo-ariultomebs, berZnuli da italiuri tomebis msgavsad, romlebmac,Sesabamisad, evropuli kontinentis samxreT regionebamdemiaRwies, hqondaT garkveuli imuniteti malariisa da misiletaluri Sedegebis mimarT. aRniSnul tomebs amgvari imu-nuri meqanizmi SeiZleboda SeeZinaT tropikuli malariis


Tamaz gamyreliZe78

istoriuli gavrcelebis mxareSi, kerZod, Zvel axlo aRmo-savleTsa da aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis zogierTadgilas, sadac gavrcelebuli iyo talasemia (xmelTa-SuazRvispiruli daavadeba) _ anemiis saxeoba, romelic ge-netikurad gadaecemoda da romlis genic heterozigotulmdgomareobaSi zrdis organizmis winaaRmdegobis unars ma-lariis mimarT (imave talasemiis genis homozigoturi ale-lis pirobebSi ki igive daavadeba letalurad sruldeba).

Tu davuSvebT, rom indostanSi SeWril indo-ariul popu-laciebs ar gaaCndaT genetikurad gamomuSavebuli medegobamalariis mimarT, isini im pirobebSi verafriT gadarCebod-nen. amitom tradiciul varaudze ufro saalbaTo Cans am po-pulaciaTa Camosaxleba indostanSi dasavleTidan (talasemi-is winaaziuri arealidan): tradiciulad, migracia ivaraude-boda CrdiloeTidan, centraluri aziidan, sadac ar arse-bobda anemiis aRniSnuli saxeoba, romelic genetikurad gada-ecemoda.

Zvel indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake tomTa gada-adgilebas gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT _ aRmosavleTiT daSemdgom, Sua aziis gavliT, evropaSi, adastureben ormxrivinasesxobani indoevropulidan centraluri aziis enebSi(TurqulSi, monRolurSi, eniseurSi, agreTve finur-ugrul-Si) da piriqiT. pirvelsacxovrisi teritoriidan swored amg-vari migraciuli gza unda gaevloT Zvelindoevropul~ di-aleqtTa im erTianobebze molaparake tomebs, romelTaganmogvianebiT Camoyalibda `Zvelindoevropul enebad~ wode-buli garkveuli enobrivi erTobani (italikuri, kelturi,germanikuli, balturi, slavuri), romelTac saxelebi piro-biTad daerqvaT istoriul epoqaSi maTi gavrcelebis arealismixedviT. rogorc Cans, evropaSi daaxloebiT igive gza ganv-les adreiranulma tomebma, ris Sedegadac uamravi nasesxo-

79

ba gaCnda finur-ugrul enebSi. mogvianebiT imave gzas gadianaRmosavlur iranul dialeqtebze molaparake tomebi (skviTe-bi, sarmatebi).

`Zvelindoevropul~ dialeqtebze molaparakeni wina aziaSimdebare TavianTi pirvelsacxovrisidan gadaadgildnen,rogorc Cans, centraluri aziis gavliT, Semdgom ki dasav-leTis mimarTulebiT, ganmeorebadi migraciuli talRebiT,da dasaxldnen arealSi SavizRvispireTsa da volgispireTsSoris, sadac garkveuli periodis manZilze gansakuTrebuldialqtur erTianobas qmnidnen.

`Zvelindoevropul~ dialeqtebze molaparakeni aRniSnulregionSi unda gamoCeniliyvnen Cv. w.-mde III aTaswleuli-saTvis da swored maTi gansaxlebis es savaraudo regioni gvev-lineba am periodisaTvis e.w. `Zvelormuli~ (`yorRanuli~)kulturis gavrcelebis arealad (anu, m.gimbutasis hipiTezismixedviT, indoevropulis winaresamSoblod~). Cvens eramdeukve II aTaswleulis bolos `Zvelindoevropul dialeqte-bze~ molaparake xalxebi aqedan TandaTan mkvidrdebian evro-pis kontinentze, `indoevropulamdeli~ mosaxleobis Sevi-wroebis xarjze. am saerTo meoradi arealidan (Sesabamisdialeqtebze molaparake xalxTa `meoradi, SualeduriwinaresamSoblodan~) iwyeba Zvelindoevropuli~ dialeqte-bis gavrceleba axal teritoriebze dasavleTis mimarTulebiT(mogvianebiT _ ukve dasavleT da centralur evropaSi), ri-Tac, faqtobrivad, dasabami eZleva dialeqtebis calkeulerTobaTa (italikuris, kelturis, germanikulis, baltur-is, slavuris) da, Sesabamisad, maTze molaparake xalxebisTandaTanobiT Camoyalibebas.

indoevropuli fuZe-enis postulirebul gansakuTrebulsistemasa da hipoTezas indoevropelTa aziuri `winaresam-Soblos~ Sesaxeb ukavSirdeba lingvistur, eTnogenetur da


Tamaz gamyreliZe80

kulturul-istoriul problemaTa zemoganxiluli kompleq-si, rac sakmao sisruliTaa warmodgenili monografiaSiviaCeslav ivanovTan TanaavtorobiTa da roman iakobsonis win-asityvaobiT: `Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы.Реконструкция и историко-типологический анализ праязыкаи протокультуры~, т. т. I, II, Тбилиси, 1984: `ИздательствоТбилисского Университета~ (inglisuri Targmani: Thomas V.Gamkrelidze, Vjačeslav V. Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Eu-ropeans. A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Lan-guage and a Proto-Culture, 2 vols.With a Preface by Roman Jakob-son. English version by Johanna Nichols. Edited by Werner Winter,Berlin – New York, 1994/95: “Mouton de Gruyter”). gamokvlevaSiwarmodgenilia, agreTve, winareindoevropul leqsemaTaleqsikoni, rekonstruirebuli axali fonologiuri mode-lis mixedviT, sadac erTeulebi ganlagebulia semantikurijgufebis Sesabamisad da calkeuli erTeulis formasTanerTad gaanalizebulia Sesabamis aRsaniSnTa~ materialuriTu kulturul-istoriuli Sinaarsi. aRniSnuli rekonstru-irebuli winareindoevropuli semantikuri leqsikoni faqto-brivad gaxda is safuZveli, romelsac eyrdnoboda rogorcindoevropuli fuZe-enis arealuri kvleva, ise indoevropu-li winaresamSoblosa da indoevropelTa migraciebTan dakav-Sirebuli problemebis analizi.

hipoTeza indoevropelTa aRmosavluri winaresamSoblosSesaxeb Zireulad cvlis Zvelindoevropul dialeqtebze mo-laparakeTa migraciebis traeqtoriasa da, Sesabamisad, icv-leba indoevropel xalxTa warmoSobisa da winareistoriisamsaxveli suraTi. aRniSnuli hipoTeza adamianTa civilizaci-is uZveles kerad winaaziur kulturul areals gamohyofs,saidanac kacobriobis kulturuli miRwevebi sxvadasxva gziT

81

vrceldeboda evraziis kontinentis danarCen regionebSi dasav-leTisa Tu aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.

Cveni daskvnebi ZiriTadad lingvistur masalas eyrdnobada maTi Semdgomi dasabuTeba Sesabamis arqeologiur, eT-nologiur da paleobiologiur gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiTmoxdeba. vimedovnebT, rom am mimarTulebiT metad mniSvnelo-vani iqneba da ganxilul problemas damatebiT naTels mo-hfens adamianebis populaciaTa migraciebis molekulur-ge-netikuri kvlevis uaxlesi Sedegebi. Tumca axlave, Cven mierwamoWril eTnogenetur problemaTa kvlevis mocemul etapze,didi albaTobiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom indoevropelTawinaresamSoblos da, amavdroulad, kacobriobis Tanamedrovecivilizaciis uZveles keras warmoadgenda Zveli axlo aR-mosavleTi: Ex Oriente Lux – `sinaTle aRmosavleTidan moe-marTeba~ (Sdr. naTeli maSriyiT moefineba~).


Tamaz gamyreliZe82

fuZe-enis rekonstruqcia da misiqronologiuri doneebi*

uZe-enis rekonstruqciis procesSi, tipologiuri kri-teriumebis aucilebeli gamoyenebiT, SeiZleba movaxdi-noT postulireba iseTi struqturebisa, romlebic, sa-

varaudod, arasodes arsebobda sistemaSi Tanadroulad, e.i.ganekuTvneboda fuZe-enis sxvadasxva qronologiur dones.amis kargi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos laringaluri~ fonemeb-is postulirebis problema indoevropul fuZe-enaSi. indo-evropul fuZe-enaSi tradiciulad, ferdinand de sosiuri-dan moyolebuli, laparakoben sami an meti `laringaluri~fonemis postulirebis aucileblobaze, rasac upirispird-eba Tezisi indoevropulSi erTaderTi `laringalis~ arse-bobis Sesaxeb. paradoqsi isaa, rom es gansxvavebuli Tval-sazrisebi SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT ara urTierTsawinaaRm-dego debulebebad, aramed isini `komplementarulad~

* ix. «perspeqtiva» XXI, 6. Tbilisi 2004: gamomcemloba `ena da kultura~.

f

83

CavTvaloT da fuZe-enis gansxvavebuli qronologiuri plas-tebis maxasiaTeblebad miviCnioT.

indoevropul fuZe-enaSi, ferdinand de sosiuridan moyo-lebuli, Sinagani rekonstruqciis meSveobiT SesaZlebelixdeba erTaderTi e-tembris xmovnis rekonstruqcia da mini-mum sami `laringaluri~ fonemis postulireba: H1, H2, H3.e-xmovnis winamaval poziciaSi laringalebi~ gansazRvravd-nen xmovnis tembrs; e-xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi igive lar-ingalebi~ gansazRvravdnen xmovnis tembrsa da sigrZes:H1e→e, H2e→a, H3e→o ; eH1→ē, eH2→ā, eH3→ō. amgvarad aix-sneboda swored gansxvavebuli tembris e, a, o xmovnebisa damaTi grZeli~ ē, ā, ō korelatebis warmoSoba indoevropul-Si (amgvari fonemuri cvlilebebis tipologiuri magaliTe-bi SesaZlebelia sxva enebSic davadasturoT, rac laringa-luri da, sazogadod, ukana warmoebis bgerebis fonetikurimaxasiaTeblebiT SeiZleba aixsnas). magram rogor SeuTavs-deba erTmaneTs samlaringaliani~ indoevropuli sistema dapostulati indoevropulSi erTaderTi H `laringalurifonemis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb, razedac TiTqos xeTuri (anato-liuri) enis monacemebi unda miuTiTebdes? sakiTxi martivadwydeba Sinagani rekonstruqciis~ safuZvelze indoevropulfuZe-enaSi sxvadasxva qronologiuri plastis gamijvniT.

indoevropuli fuZe-enis adreul qronologiur doneze`Sinagani rekonstruqciiT~ aRdgeba e-tembris erTaderTivokaluri fonema paralelurad minimum sami laringaluri~fonemisa: H1, H2, H3. Tavdapirvel xmovan fonemasTan mezob-lobaSi (I etapi) aRniSnuli `laringalebi~, garkveuli pe-riodidan moyolebuli, iwyeben zemoqmedebas Tavdapirvelixmovnis tembrsa (II etapi) da sigrZeze (III etapi), ris Sede-gadac miiReba gansxvavebuli tembrisa da sigrZis e, a, o xmovne-bi. es procesi sqematurad Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:

fuZe-enis rekonstruqcia da misi qronologiuri doneebi

Tamaz gamyreliZe84

H1e, H2e, H3e → He, Ha, Ho → e, a, o;(I etapi) (II etapi) (III etapi)

eH1, eH2, eH3 → eH, aH, oH → ē, ā, ō.(I etapi) (II etapi) (III etapi)im periodidan, rodesac Tavdapirveli erTaderTi vokaluri

fonema mis mezoblobaSi myofi sami gansxvavebuli laringa-luri~ fonemis gavleniT gadaiqceva sam gansxvavebul e, a, ofonemad, maT mezoblobaSi myofi `laringalebi~, Seqmnilidistribuciuli mimarTebebis gamo, kargaven damoukidebelfonemur statuss da gadaiqcevian erTaderTi saerTo lar-ingaluri fonemis~ sam fonetikurad gansxvavebul alofonad:/H1, H2, H3/ → /H/ ≈ [H1, H2, H3].

amdenad, II etapi Cvens sqemaSi asaxavs indoevropuli fuZe-enis ganviTarebis im qronologiur dones, rodesac sami lar-ingaluri~ fonemidan da erTi saerTo vokaluri fonemidangarkveuli fonetikuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad miiReba sami gan-sxvavebuli vokaluri da erTi saerTo laringaluri~ fone-ma. es qronologiuri etapi asaxulia swored xeTurSi (ana-toliurSi), sadac saerTo `laringaluri~ fonema pozici-isda mixedviT warmodgenilia an velaruli spirantis sa-xiT, an segmenturi refleqsaciis gareSe; es ukanaskneli vi-Tareba unda vivaraudoT indoevropul fuZe-enaSi anatoli-uris gamoyofis uSualod wina periodisaTvis. danarCen is-toriul indoevropul enebSi dasturdeba ufro gviandeli,III qronologiuri etapi, sadac laringali~ ukve dakarguliarogorc segmenturi fonema, rac wina e, a, o vokaluri fone-mebis dagrZelebas iwvevs. indoevropuli fuZe-enis ganviTare-bis I etaps SeiZleba ewodos pre-indoevropuli, xolo aq ganx-ilul II etaps, e.i. im etaps, romelic asaxavs saerTo-indo-

Ñ

85

evropul fuZe-enas mis calkeul dialeqtebad uSualod daS-lis win _ proto-indoevropuli.

2. analogiuri qronologiuri doneebi unda gavarCioTqarTvelur fuZe-enaSic im fonologiuri procesebis Tan-mimdevruli warmoCenis mizniT, romlebic postulirebuliiyo qarTvelurSi~ istoriulad dadasturebuli bgeraTfar-dobebis asaxsnelad.

kerZod, saerTo-qarTvelur fuZe-enaSi sibilantur Tanx-movanTa rekonstruqciis dros gasarCevia fuZe-enis ganviTare-bis ori qronologiuri etapi _ uSualod daSlis wina peri-odi da ufro adrindeli etapi, rodesac unda vivaraudoTswored sami sibilanturi rigis arseboba:

I II IIIs s´ Sz z´ (J)c c´ CZ Z´ jw w´ W

saerTo-qarTvelur sibilantur fonemaTa amgvarad pos-tulirebuli korelaciuri sistema (g.maWavariani) jer kidevfuZe-enis wiaRSi unda gadasuliyo momdevno, ufro gvian-del, fuZe-enis daSlis uSualod wina periodSi Camoyali-bebul qronologiur etapze, ori _ dasavluri da aRmosav-luri _ dialeqturi arealiT, sadac amosavali sami sibi-lanturi rigidan miiReboda: erTi mxriv, ori rigi da SiSinabgeraTkompleqsebi (s, S, Sq; z, J, [Jg]; c, C, Cq; Z, j, jg;w, W, Wk _ dasavlur dialeqtur arealSi) da, meore mxriv,mxolod ori _ sisina da SiSina _ rigi (s, S; z, [J]; c, C; Z, j;w, W _ aRmosavlur dialeqtur arealSi).


Tamaz gamyreliZe86

saerTo-qarTveluri sami sibilanturi rigis hipoTezisa-gan gansxvavebiT, Tu fuZe-enaSi mxolod or rigs da maTTanerTad Tavdapirvel SiSina bgeraTkompleqsebs vivaraudebT(k.h.Smidti, i.meliqiSvili), e.i. : s, S da Sq ; z, J da Jg; c, C daCq; Z, j da jg; w, W da Wk, unda davuSvaT aRmosavlur dialeq-tur arealSi, jer kidev fuZe-enaSi, amgvari SiSina bgeraT-kompleqsebis martiv SiSina Tanxmovnebad gadaqceva (e.i.: Sq→ S; Jg → J; Cq → C; jg → j; Wk → W). Sesabamisad, undavivaraudoT fuZe-enis wiaRSi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuliori dialeqturi arealidan calkeuli enobrivi erTeulebiswarmoSoba-ganviTareba.

amgvarad, msgavsad saerTo-indoevropuli fuZe-enisa, saer-To-qarTvelurSic SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ori qro-nologiuri done, romlebic daxasiaTdeba, fuZe-enaSi momx-dari fonologiuri cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc`pre-qarTveluri~ (sami sibilanturi rigiT) da `proto-qarTveluri~ (sami sibilanturi rigis saTanado gardaqmnebiTsaerTo-qarTveluris dasavlur da aRmosavlur dialeqturarealebSi).

SedarebiT-lingvisturi monacemebis safuZvelze unda vi-varaudoT dasavluri dialeqturi arealidan Tavdapirveladsvanuris, rogorc damoukidebeli enobrivi erTeulis, gamoy-ofa da ganviTareba, rasac momdevnod `zanur-qarTuli~ er-Tianobis daSla mohyva.

saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis daSlis es procesi SeiZlebaavsaxoT erTgvari genealogiuri xis~ saSualebiT, romelicemyareba gerhard deetersis mier SemoTavazebul sqemas (ix.T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablautiqarTvelur enebSi. saerTo-qarTveluri struqturis tipo-logia, Tbilisi 1965, gv. 6 da Smd.). amasTanave, qarTvelurifuZe-enis qronologiuri doneebi da mogvianebiT calkeul

87

qarTvelur dialeqtTa warmomavlobis sivrcul-derivaciuli diagrama

[qarTveluri ]genealogiuri xe

saerTo- qarTveluri enobrivi sistema

pre-qarTveluri

pre-svanuri zanur-qarTuli

qarTulizanuri(kolxuri)

proto-qarTveluri

svanuri

e

e

e

e

s

s

s

a

a

a

a

s

ss

s *s

o

o

o

o

S

S

S

SS

S *S

Sq/Sq/

Sq/

*s*S*Sg/*sgu

*e *a *o

squsqu

squ

*a*e *o

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

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*

*

*

*

*

**

*

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*

*

* *

*s *S *Sg/*sgu

*e *e

*o*o

*a *a[*i *u]

[*i *u]

[*i *u]

svanuri megruli lazuri qarTuli

t

4.000–.3000

BC

dasavluri d

ial

eqt

uri

area

li

aRmosavlur

i dial

eqt. areali


Tamaz gamyreliZe88

dialeqtur jgufebad daSla SesaZlebelia warmovidginoTe.w. `derivaciul-sivrculi modelis~ saxiT, romelicgulisxmobs tradiciuli genealogiuri xisa~ da talRe-bis TeoriaSi~ miRebuli savaraudo dialeqtur zonaTa erTg-var Serwymas erT saerTo t droSi ganSlad diagramad.1

1 Sdr. Cven mier saerTo-indoevropuli enis aRwerisas warmodgenili amgvaridiagrama (ix. Т.В.Гамкрелидзе, Вяч.Всев.Иванов, Индоевропейский язык ииндоевропейцы. Реконструкция и историко-типологический анализ праязыка ипротокультуры, I, Тбилиси 1984, стр. 398_399).

89

indoevropelebi, qarTvelebi, semitebi∗

olo wlebis lingvisturma da istoriul-filolo-giurma kvlevam gamoavlina is metad mniSvnelovani daCvenTvis saintereso faqti, rom swored indoevropele-

bi, qarTvelebi (qarTveluri tomebi) da semitebi iyvnen isZiriTadi eTnikuri erTeulebi, romlebic IV_III aTas-wleulebSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde urTierTobdnen erTmaneT-Tan wina aziis garkveul arealSi da imdenad mWidro kon-taqtebi hqondaT, rom sityvebi erTi enidan meoreSi gadadio-da da piruku; dRes mkvlevrebi am enebSi saerTo sityvebisada gamoTqmebis mTel leqsikur plastebs adastureben.

ra unda vigulisxmoT saxelwodebebSi indoevropelebi~,`qarTvelebi~ da `semitebi~, romel eTnikur erTianobebTangvaqvs saqme indoevropelebis~, qarTvelebisa~ da semite-bis~ SemTxvevaSi? _ am xalxebSi Cven vgulisxmobT ara sxva-

∗ daibeWda saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis `Tbilisi _ ierusalimi2~-is masalebSi, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 13_15.

b

Tamaz gamyreliZe90

dasxva indoevropul, qarTvelur Tu semitur toms sazoga-dod, aramed sakuTriv protoindoevropul, protoqarTvelurda protosemitur xalxebs, romlebic, Sesabamisad, indoevro-pul, qarTvelur da semitur fuZe-enebze metyvelebdnen, anuim winapar enebze, romelTac dasabami misces istoriuladdadasturebul indoevropul, qarTvelur da semitur enebs.

enaTa indoevropuli ojaxi erT-erTi yvelaze mravalricx-ovania rogorc masSi gaerTianebuli Zveli Tu axali enebisraodenobiT, ise am enebze molaparake adamianTa simravliT.dedamiwaze yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli cxrameti enidanTerTmeti indoevropulia. enaTa indoevropul ojaxsmiekuTvneba iseTi enobrivi jgufebi, rogoricaa anatoliuri(xeTur-luviuri), indo-iranuli, balturi, slavuri, berZnu-li, somxuri, albanuri da sxv.

yvela es ena monaTesave enad ganixileba; isini qmnian erTsaerTo genetur jgufs, romelic iTvleba, rom momdinare-obs saerTo fuZe-enidan (e.w. protoindoevropuli enidan) dawarmoiSva am ukanasknelis daSlis Sedegad.

aseve, qarTveluri enebi qmnian erT saerTo genetur jgufs,romelic Sedgeba sakuTriv qarTulisagan da axlo monaTe-save dialeqtebis _ megrul-lazurisa da svanurisagan daromlebic istoriulad erTi saerTo fuZe-enisagan, e.w. saer-To-qarTveluri enisagan, momdinareoben.

msgavsad amisa, semituri enebic erTiandebian erT jgufSi,romelSic Sedis rogorc mravali Zveli, xmarebidan gamosu-li mkvdari ena, ise Tanamedrove enebic. semituri enebicmonaTesave enebad iTvlebian, romlebic momdinareoben saer-To enobrivi sistemisagan _ protosemituri fuZe-enisagan.

yvela es enobrivi sistema _ protoindoevropuli, saer-To-qarTveluri da protosemituri _ realur enebad unda

91

miviCnioT, romlebic arsebobdnen garkveul drosa da sivrce-Si da romlebzedac konkretuli xalxebi metyvelebdnen.

enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobs specialuri xerxebi da meTode-bi, romelTa meSveobiTac istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTe-save enebis Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis safuZvelze aRdge-ba anu rekonstruirdeba is savaraudo enobrivi sistema,romelmac, arsebiTad, dasabami misca istoriulad dadas-turebul monaTesave enebs. es enebi erTmaneTTan specifikurfonetikur (bgeriT) msgavsebas avlenen da swored amitomsaerTo enobrivi wyarodan momdinared ivaraudebian. amgvar-ad moxerxda protoindoevropuli enis aRdgena, misi ZiriTa-di sistemuri maxasiaTeblebis rekonstruqcia, anu SesaZle-beli gaxda aRdgena iseTi enobrivi modelisa, romelic didimiaxloebiT unda asaxavdes indoevropul fuZe-enas, mis Ziri-Tad struqturul maxasiaTeblebs.

aseve iqna aRdgenili protosemituri enobrivi sistema, amenis rogorc fonetikuri, ise morfologiuri struqtura.

analogiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT moxerxda, agreTve, saer-To-qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebisaRdgena da rekonstruqcia sxvadasxva istoriuli qarTve-luri dialeqtis (qarTulis, megrul-lazuris, svanuris)erTmaneTTan Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis safuZvelze.

XX saukunis II naxevarSi enaTmecnierebaSi gaizarda in-teresi istoriuli lingvistikisadmi, moxda erTgvari Semo-bruneba im problemebisaken, romlebic wamoiWra SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi. istoriuli lingvistikis prob-lemebisadmi aseTi didi interesi gamoiwvia ukanaskneliaTwleulebis lingvisturi azris zogadma ganviTarebam,romelmac daZlia wina periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli an-tinomia sinqroniul da diaqroniul lingvistikas Soris. ammxriv, lingvisturi mecniereba gamonaklisi ar yofila. erT-

indoevropelebi, qarTvelebi, semitebi

Tamaz gamyreliZe92

gvari Semobruneba istorizmisaken, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyoXIX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, XXsaukunis meore naxevris mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari tendencia gaxda, romelmac Secvala amave sauku-nis pirveli aTwleulebis manZilze mecnierebaSi damkvidrebu-li sinqroniuli struqturalizmi da antiistorizmi.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom lingvisturi mecniereba Zveli,tradiciuli problemebis damuSavebas daubrunda gamdidrebu-li, sinqroniuli lingvistikis wiaRSi Seqmnili lingvisturianalizis axali meTodebiT. am meTodebis siaxle gamoixatebaara mxolod sinqroniul lingvistikaSi damuSavebulilingvisturi analizis zusti operaciuli xerxebis gamoye-nebiT, aramed Tanmimdevruli midgomiT enisadmi, rogorcdrois paralelurad mudmivad cvalebadi, uaRresad siste-muri fenomenisadmi. yvelaferi es saSualebas iZleva Sedar-ebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis tradiciuli problemebisdamuSavebisas gamoviyenoT monacemebi lingvisturi mecniere-bis SedarebiT axali mimarTulebebisa _ tipologiurilingvistikisa da universaliaTa lingvistikisa, romlebicwarmatebiT ganviTarda ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze.Tanamedrove lingvisturi mecnierebis am uaxlesi monaceme-bis gamoyenebam monaTesave enaTa calkeuli jgufebis, ker-Zod, indoevropuli ojaxis, Seswavlisas aucilebeli gaxa-da am enaTa istoriuli warsulisa da maTi preistoriuliganviTarebis konkretuli gzebis Sesaxeb im tradiciuli Sexe-dulebebis Zirfesviani gadasinjva, romlebic klasikur in-doevropul enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobda.

TviT istoriuli enaTmecniereba Caisaxa me-19 saukunispirvel naxevarSi swored Zveli indoevropuli enebis Sepiri-spirebisa da SedarebiTi analizis, maTi naTesaobrivi urTi-erTobisa da im saerTo enobrivi winapridan warmomavlobis

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Cvenebis bazaze, romelsac ewodeba indoevropuli fuZe-ena,anu indoevropuli winareena. amis Sedegi iyo axali mecnier-uli disciplinis _ SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis_ Camoyalibeba, romelmac, im droidan moyolebuli, mniS-vnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia sruliad sxvadasxvagvaristruqturis enaTa SeswavlaSi da romelic erT-erT yvelazezust mecnierul disciplinad Camoyalibda humanitarulmecnierebaTa Soris.

monaTesave enaTa jgufebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad,indoevropuli, semituri, qarTveluri da a.S., damaxasiaTe-belia erTi gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba, romelic exeba maTbgeriT Semadgenlobas da romelic gansakuTrebuli gene-tikuri jgufis farglebSi arsebul enaTa Soris Tanafar-dobis aRweris saSualebas iZleva. saerTo genetikur jguf-Si gaerTianebuli monaTesave enebi avlenen regularul fone-mur (bgeriT) Tanafardobas, rac formalurad aaxloebs amenebs erTmaneTTan da saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloT maTsaerTo warmomavlobaze da Tavdapirvel erTianobaze.

amgvari bgeriTi Tanafardobani monaTesave enebs Soris, Cveu-lebriv, moiZebneba im sityvaTa da morfemaTa jgufebSi, rom-lebic asaxaven adamianis garemosa da misi moRvaweobis bazi-sur cnebebs.

enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli analizis dasawyis etaps war-moadgens fonemur TanafardobaTa amgvari qselis dadgenamonaTesave enebs Soris, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloTsaerTo-enobrivi sistemidan maT warmoSobaze. swored aseTiregularuli fonemuri Sesatyvisobani, dadgenili enebsa daenobriv jgufebs Soris, warmoadgens safuZvels enobrivsistemaSi sawyisi (amosavali) fonemuri erTeulebis dasaS-vebad, romelTa gardaqmnamac istoriulad monaTesave enebSi


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mogvca erTmaneTTan regularul TanafardobaSi myofi fone-mebi (bgerebi).

fuZe-enis sawyisi sistemis postulirebasTan erTad Se-darebiT-istoriuli analizi gulisxmobs istoriulad da-dasturebuli monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis Camoyalibebisada ganviTarebis gzebis rekonstruqciasa anu aRdgenas, daw-yebuli am enebis Tavdapirveli mdgomareobidan vidre doku-menturad fiqsirebul maT istoriul mdgomareobamde. amit-om am enebs Soris fonemur-struqturuli Tanafardobis dad-genisa da, saerTod, maTi yovelgvari SedarebiT-istoriuliSeswavlis logikur dasasrulad unda miviCnioT winareeno-brivi mdgomareobis rekonstruqcia (rac asaxavs monaTesaveenebisaTvis saerTo sawyis enobriv sistemas) da im gardaqm-nebisa Tu transformaciuli wesebis postulireba, romel-Ta mixedviTac istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave siste-mebi Teoriulad postulirebuli enobrivi modelidan gamo-iyvaneba.

imis mixedviT, Tu rogori formiT aRdgeba fuZe-enis siste-ma, rogori fonologiuri da gramatikuli struqturebi miew-ereba mas, ganisazRvreba monaTesave enebis winareistoria, maTiCamoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis gzebi, dawyebuli am enebisTavdapirveli saerTo mdgomareobidan (rac asaxulia fuZe-enis sistemaSi), vidre istoriulad fiqsirebul mdgomare-obamde.

Tavis mxriv, fuZe-enis postulirebuli sistema unda ak-mayofilebdes tipologiuri realobis, arawinaaRmdegobri-obisa da sisrulis empiriul moTxovnebs. tipologiur re-alobasa da arawinaaRmdegobriobaSi igulisxmeba enobrivistruqturebis iseTi erToblioba, romelic ar ewinaaRmdege-ba tipologiurad dadgenil enobriv kanonzomierebebs da ar

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Seicavs iseT struqturul odenobebs, romlebic saerTodar aris damaxasiaTebeli enisaTvis.

universaluri struqturebis gamovlena da gansazRvra Zi-riTad amocanas warmoadgens Tanamedrove tipologiuri enaT-mecnierebisa da universaliaTa lingvistikisTvis. am mimdina-reobaTa monacemebze dayrdnobiT dRes ukve didi albaTobiTSegviZlia vimsjeloT Teoriulad postulirebuli sawyisienobrivi sistemis tipologiur realobasa da arawinaaRmde-gobriobaze.

indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi SedarebiTi StudiebisCamoyalibebisTanave, e.i., faqtobrivad, me-19 saukunis gamoCe-nili lingvistebis mier SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniere-bis Seqmnis droidan, konsonantizmis saerTo-indoevropulsistemas, romlisganac gamoiyvaneboda istoriulad dadas-turebuli yvela indoevropuli ena, aRadgendnen garkveulifonemuri rigebis saxiT da es rigebi emTxveoda indoevropu-li enebis im droisaTvis cnobili uZvelesi warmomadgenlis_ Zvelinduri enis sistemas.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom ZiriTadad Zvelinduri sistemismixedviT modelirebuli sawyisi saerTo-indoevropuli kon-sonantizmis amgvari postulirebisas Zvelinduri ena gvev-lineba rogorc sistema, romelSic sawyisma saerTo-indoevro-pulma konsonantizmma umciresi cvlilebebi ganicada da, am-denad, igi Tavdapirveli konsonantizmis ZiriTad TvisebebsinarCunebs. imave sawyisi sistemis postulirebisas umniSvne-lo cvlilebebi ivaraudeboda berZnuli da italikuri, sla-vuri da kelturi enebisaTvis, maSin roca germanikuli eneb-isaTvis, somxurisa da xeTurisaTvis aRdgenili iyo metadmniSvnelovani fonemuri gardaqmnebi, rac e.w. `TanxmovanTagadawevas~ gulisxmobda.


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TanxmovanTa aRniSnuli gadaweva germanikul enebSi, racSedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi cnobilia `grimiskanonis~ saxelwodebiT, tradiciulad ganixileba rogorcsistemuri fonemuri gardaqmnis klasikuri nimuSi da, Cveu-lebriv, moyvanilia saenaTmecniero saxelmZRvaneloebSi ms-gavsi gardaqmnebis sailustraciod.

klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi postulirebu-li sawyisi indoevropuli sistemis xasiaTisa da struqtu-ris mixedviT aigeba konkretul istoriul indoevropul enaTa(rogoricaa, indo-iranuli, berZnuli, italikuri, slavuri,germanikuli da sxv.) formirebisa da ganviTarebis istoria.mTeli korpusi enobrivi faqtebisa da aRmoCenebisa, racklasikurma SedarebiTma indoevropulma enaTmecnierebam daa-grova Tavisi arsebobis 150 welze meti xnis manZilze, ganixi-leba saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciuladpostulirebuli sawyisi sistemis safuZvelze. indoevrop-ul enaTmecnierebaSi absoluturad yvela SedarebiTi grama-tika da SedarebiTi leqsikoni aigo da dResac aigeba, Ziri-Tadad, saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciuladdadgenili sistemidan amosvliT. amgvarad postulirebulisawyisi sistema gansazRvravs TviT im navaraudevi fonemurigardaqmnebis xasiaTs, romelTac unda gamoewviaT istoriu-li indoevropuli enebis formireba; is gansazRvravs am gze-bis winareistoriuli fonetikuri ganviTarebis mTel msv-lelobasac. klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi cno-bili e.w. `fonetikuri kanonebi~ (zemoT xsenebuli `grimiskanoni~, agreTve, `grasmanis kanoni~, `barTolomes kanoni~da sxv.) Seiqmna swored im mizniT, rom aexsnaT is winareisto-riuli fonetikuri procesebi, romlebic konkretul indo-evropul dialeqtebSi ivaraudeboda amosavali tradiciulisistemis pirobebSi.

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saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciulad pos-tulirebuli sistemis Sefasebis mizniT, am sistemis mimarTempiriuli realobis kriteriumis gamoyenebis Sedegad aR-moCnda, rom aRniSnuli sistema, romelic klasikur indo-evropul enaTmecnierebaSi ganixileboda rogorc amosavali,sawyisi yvela istoriulad dadasturebuli enisaTvis, Sina-ganad winaaRmdegobrivia da ar Seesabameba sinqroniuli ti-pologiis monacemebs. ufro metic, igi ewinaaRmdegeba im uni-versalur enobriv kanonzomierebebs, romlebic dadgeniliauniversaliaTa lingvistikaSi. maSasadame, tradiciulad pos-tulirebuli saerTo-indoevropuli modeli ar SeiZleba Cai-Tvalos sivrcesa da droSi realurad arsebuli enis amsax-vel sistemad, enisa romelic SemdgomSi monaTesave indoevro-puli enebis sistemebad gardaiqmna. Sesabamisad, realuradar SeiZleba CaiTvalos agreTve is fonetikuri cvlilebebida gardaqmnebi, romlebic, rogorc klasikur indoevropulSedarebiT gramatikaSi iyo miCneuli, ganicada sawyismasistemam da romelTa Sedegad istoriulad dadasturebulindoevropul enaTa sistemebi Camoyalibdnen.

saerTo-indoevropuli enis konsonantizmis tradiciuladpostulirebuli sistemis SesabamisobaSi moyvana enobrivitipologiis rogorc sinqroniul, ise diaqroniul monace-mebTan moiTxovs aRniSnuli sistemis Zirfesvian gadasinj-vas, mis axleburad gaazrebasa da reinterpretacias.

axali Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, saerTo-indoevropul siste-maSi aRdgeba sami konsonanturi seria, romlebic daxasiaT-deba rogorc:

I. mkveTrebi (an yelxSulebi) _ p, t, k . . .II. mJRerebi (fSvinvierebi) _ b, d, g . . .III. yru (fSvinvierebi) _ f, T, q . . .


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maSasadame, saerTo-indoevropul sistemaSi ivaraudebadaaxloebiT im tipis xSuli Tanxmovnebi, rogoric dRevan-del qarTulSi gvaqvs da rogoric rekonstruirdeba saerTo-qarTvelurSi.

saerTo-indoevropuli xSulebis sami seriis amgvari in-terpretaciiT funqcionalur-fonologiuri axsna eZebnebaindoevropuli enobrivi struqturis mTel rig faqtebs, rom-lebic gaugebari da auxsneli iyo saerTo-indoevropuli kon-sonantizmis tradiciuli modelidan amosvliT.

axali Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, saerTo-indoevropulisistema ufro axlosaa im sistemebTan, romlebic tradici-ulad ganisazRvreba rogorc sistemebi `TanxmovanTa gadaw-evebiT~ (germanikuli enebi, somxuri, xeTuri), maSin roca kon-sonantizmis mixedviT saerTo-indoevropul sistemasTan ax-los myofad miCneuli sistemebi (pirvel rigSi _ Zvelin-duri) sawyisi enobrivi sistemidan rTuli fonemuri gardaqm-nebis Sedegad Camoyalibebulad unda ganvixiloT. amgvari re-konstruqciiT miiReba indoevropuli dialeqtebis preisto-riuli ganviTarebis suraTi, romelic sruliad sawinaaRmde-goa imisa, rac klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi iyomiCneuli. icvleba saerTo-indoevropuli xSuli fonemebisgardaqmnaTa tradiciulad miRebuli traeqtoriebi, rom-lebic saerTo-indoevropuli sistemis axali interpretaciisSuqze tradiciulis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebs iZenen.Sesabamisad, axleburad gaiazreba klasikuri indoevropulienaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi fonetikuri kanonebic~, rogori-caa grimis kanoni~, grasmanis kanoni~, barTolomes kano-ni~ da a.S., romlebic xSulebis indoevropuli sistemis axa-li interpretaciis pirobebSi gansxvavebul Sinaars iZenen.

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axalma Teoriam didi diskusia gamoiwvia rogorc CvenSi,aseve, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTis samecniero wreebSi. winare-indoevropuli enis am axleburad gaazrebul sistemas dasav-leTis mecnierebaSi `glotaluri Teoria~ ewoda, ramdena-dac amgvar sistemaSi amosavlad postulirebulia yelxSu-li~ anu `glotalizebuli~ fonemebi (p), t, k TanxmovanTatipisa.

indoevropuli winareenis es axali modeli, garkveuliazriT, axali indoevropuli aTvlis sistema~, aucilebladmoiTxovs, rom Zirfesvianad gadaisinjos klasikuri indo-evropuli enaTmecnierebis postulatTa mTeli sistema da,Sesabamisad, Seiqmnas indoevropuli enebis warmoqmnisa dapreistoriuli ganviTarebis axali suraTi.

mTeli kompleqsi kulturul-istoriuli monacemebisa,romlebic gamovlinda indoevropuli winareenisa da misi uZ-velesi dialeqtebis gamokvlevis, agreTve rekonstruirebu-li saerTo-indoevropuli leqsikis semantikuri analizisSedegad, aucilebels xdis isev daisvas indoevropuli`winaresamSoblos~ drosa da sivrceSi lokalizaciis prob-lema da moxdes misi axleburi regionaluri da kulturul-istoriuli gadawyveta. am uaxlesi monacemebis Suqze indo-evropulma winaresamSoblom~ unda gadainacvlos samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT da ganTavsdes winaaziuri area-lis farglebSi1.

imisda mixedviT, Tu sad ganTavsdeba ama Tu im fuZe-enazemolaparake tomTa `winaresamSoblo~, Tu romel geografi-1 ix. Т.В.Гамкрелидзе, В.В.Иванов, Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы.Реконструкция и историко-типологический анализ праязыка и протокультуры, тт. 1,2, Тбилиси 1984: «Издательство Тбилисского Университета» (inglisuri Targmani:Th.V.Gamkrelidze, V.V.Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. A Reconstructionand Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. With a «Preface» byRoman Jakobson. Engl. version by Johanna Nichols, 2 vols.: «Mouton de Gruyter »,Berlin _ New York 1994/95).


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ul regions miviCnevT am fuZe-enis gavrcelebis pirvandelteritoriad, dgindeba am tomTa preistoriuli migraciebis,anu gadasaxlebebisa da moZraobebis, suraTi `pirvelsac-xovrisad~ miRebuli teritoriidan im regionebis mima-rTulebiT, sadac Cven am tomebs da, Sesabamisad, savaraudofuZe-enis gviandel dialeqtebs istoriul xanaSi vadas-turebT. esaa erTgvarad im migraciebis traeqtoriebis aRdge-na, romlebsac aRniSnuli xalxebi uZveles dros TavianT is-toriul miwa-wyalze unda mieyvanaT an, ufro zustad, imenobrivi erTeulebis moZraobebisa da sivrceSi gadanacvle-baTa aRwera, romlebic Sesabamisi savaraudo fuZe-enisaganCamoyalibdnen am ukanasknelis calkeul dialeqtebaddaSlisa da difereciaciis Sedegad. amdenad, amgvari migra-ciebis suraTisa da dialeqtTa moZraobis traeqtoriis aRd-gena warmoadgens amave dros im xalxTa preistoriis Seswav-las, romlebic Sesabamis enaze metyvelebdnen, anu maTi eT-nogeneturi preistoriis rekonstruqcias.

indoevropuli, qarTveluri da semituri winareenobrivisistemebis leqsikuri nasesxobani da struqturul-ti-pologiuri msgavseba aSkarad mowmobs Zveli wina aziisgarkveul arealSi aRniSnul sam winareenobriv sistemasa damaTze molaparake xalxebs Soris mWidro urTierTobebisa dakontaqtebis arsebobas xangrZlivi periodis manZilze. amazemetyvelebs, upirveles yovlisa, samive enobriv sistemaSi da-dasturebuli saerTo leqsikuri erTeulebi. am mxriv uaR-resad sayuradReboa am enebSi `Rvinis~ aRmniSvneli saerTosityvebi:indoevrop. *wojno , semit. *wajn (Zv. ebr. jajin), qarT.*Rvino, rac mowmobs am fuZe-enebis teritoriul siaxlovesda maTze molaparake xalxebis urTierTobas meRvineobis saer-To kulturul arealSi istoriuli wina aziis farglebSi.

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indoevropelebi, qarTvelebi, semitebi iyvnen, maSasadame,IV_III aTaswleulSi is xalxebi, romlebic III aTaswleul-idan moyolebuli, sxvadasxva teritoriaze Soreuli Tu axlomigraciebis Sedegad, istoriulad cnobil indoevropelebad,qarTvelebad da semitebad Camoyalibdnen.

am daskvnebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs TviT saTanadosamecniero disciplinebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da srul-yofisaTvis. Tu Cven aqamde migvaCnda, rom qarTveluri enaT-mecnierebisaTvis da, saerTod, sxvadasxva dargis istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebisaTvis aucilebelia indoevropu-li da semituri enaTmecnierebis monacemebis gaTvaliswine-ba, axla Cven SegviZlia sruli uflebiT vamtkicoT, rom in-doevropuli da semituri enaTmecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTare-bisa da srulyofisaTvis aucilebelia qarTveluri enaTmec-nierebis monacemebis gaTvaliswineba: axali perspeqtivebi in-doevropul da semitur enaTmecnierebaSi warmoCindeba sworedqarTveluri enaTmecnierebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT,qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT-istoriuli Seswavlis Suqze.amiT ganisazRvreba is mniSvneloba da roli, rac qarTvelurenebs eniWebaT SedarebiT-istoriuli da, sazogadod, Teori-uli enaTmecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.

rac Seexeba saerTod istoriul da eTnogenetikur prob-lematikas, qarTvelebi (qarTveluri tomebi) istoriuli war-momavlobis TvalsazrisiT erT qronologiur sibrtyeze dge-bian indoevropelebTan da semitebTan wina aziaSi: qarTveluritomebi am kulturuli arealis uZvelesi civilizaciisxalxebs Soris eqcevian.

qarTveluri eTnogenetikuri problematikis ufro RrmadSeswavlis mizniT, qarTvel-qarTvelur tomTa preistoriu-li ganviTarebis adekvaturi suraTis aRsadgenad saWiroa,qarTveluri enebis mimarT Catardes imave xasiaTis samuSao,


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rac ukve Sesrulebulia indoevropul enaTa mimarT da gaanal-izdes saerTo-qarTveluri leqsika mis mier gamoxatuli re-aliebis TvalsazrisiT. es saSualebas mogvcems ufro sru-lad aRvadginoT saerTo-qarTveluri sulieri da materi-aluri samyaro, samyaro Cveni winaprebisa, romlebic saer-To-qarTvelur enaze metyvelebdnen. amgvari analizi Sesa-Zlebels gaxdis ufro zustad ganisazRvros saerTo-qarTve-luri enis pirvandeli gavrcelebis teritoria da dadgindesis migraciebi, romelTa Sedegad istoriuli qarTveluritomebi Camoyalibdnen.

winapar xalxTa uZvelesi materialuri da sulieri kul-turis suraTis rekonstruqcia lingvisturi gziT saSuale-bas mogvcems movaxdinoT garkveul regionebSi aRmoCeniliarqeologiuri kulturis ufro zusti identifikacia savara-udo saerTo-qarTvelur kulturasTan, rac ufro naTel dasrulyofil warmodgenas Segviqmnis qarTveli xalxis eT-nogenezisa da preistoriuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

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„aracnobieri~ da izomorfizmi genetikurkodsa da semiotikur sistemebs Soris*

enetikur da lingvistur kodebs Soris izomorfizmissakiTxi araerTi lingvistisa da semiotikaSi momuSavemecnieris interesTa sferos ganekuTvneboda. maT Soris

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos Cveni drois cnobili enaTmec-nieri roman iakobsoni, romelmac (da ara mxolod man) axalimecnieruli disciplinebis _ semiotikisa da molekuluribiologiis mijnaze wamoWrili am problemis saintereso gada-wyveta SemogvTavaza.

rogorc cnobilia, me-20 saukunis erT-erT udides aR-moCenad miiCneva 50-ian wlebSi molekuluri biologiisudidesi mecnieruli miRweva, romelmac Suqi mohfina memkvi-dreobiTobis meqanizms. gairkva, rom memkvidreobiTobas gan-sazRvravs is informacia, romelic Cawerilia qromosomebSi

g

* Sdr. Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, The “unconscious” and the problem of isomorphism be-tween the genetic code and semiotic systems: «Folia Linguistica», XXIII (1989).

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gansazRvruli tipis qimiuri alfabetis meSveobiT. nukle-otidebi anu qimiuri radikalebi~ asruleben am alfabetissawyisi elementebis _ `asoebis~ _ rols; es elementebikombinireben erTmaneTTan nukleomJavebis usasrulo wrfivmimdevrobebSi, rac qmnis genetikuri informaciis qimiurteqsts. frazis analogiurad, romelic garkveul segmentsSeadgens teqstSi (es ukanaskneli Seqmnilia sawyisi diskre-tuli erTeulebis _ asoebis an fonemebis _ wrfivi mimdevro-biT), individualuri genic Seesabameba gansazRvrul segmentsoTxi sawyisi qimiuri radikaliT Seqmnil nukleomJavebisgrZel jaWvSi. aseve, lingvisturi kodis analogiurad,romelSic sawyisi elementebi _ fonemebi _ Tavad mniSvnelo-bas arian moklebulni, magram maTi gansazRvruli kombina-ciebiT iqmneba mocemul sistemaSi garkveuli mniSvnelobismqone minimaluri mimdevrobebi, genetikur kodSic informa-cias atarebs ara sistemis calkeuli elementi, ara individ-ualuri qimiuri radikali, aramed am sawyisi oTxi nukleo-tidis specialuri samelementiani mimdevrobebi, e.w `trip-letebi~. ramdenadac samelemenetian mimdevrobebad am oTxisawyisi elementis yvela SesaZlo kombinaciaTa ricxvi Sead-gens 43 = 64-s, genetikuri leqsikonic Sedgeba 64 `sityvisa-gan~, romelTagan sami tripleti `funqcionalur markers~warmoadgens da gamoiyeneba nukleomJavebis grZel mim-devrobebSi frazis~ dasawyisisa da dasasrulis aRsaniSna-vad; danarCeni sityvebi~ Seesabameba 20 aminomJavas da, amde-nad, tripletebSi gamoiyofa sinonimuri sityvebi~, anu erTida imave aminomJavis Sesabamisi gansxvavebuli mimdevrobebi.

oTxi sawyisi elementisagan Sedgenil amgvar tripleteb-sa da aminomJavebs Soris Sesabamisobis dadgena da tripleteb-

105

is grZeli jaWvis gadayvana aminomJavebis cilovan mimdevrobaSi_ peptidebis jaWvSi _ faqtobrivad genetikur kodSi Cawe-rili memkvidreobiTobis informaciis deSifrirebas anu de-kodirebas niSnavs, rac analogiuria deSifrirebis procesi-sa, rodesac, magaliTad, morzes anbaniT Sedgenil Setyobine-bas nebismier sxva enaze vTargmniT1.

aSkaraa, rom dedamiwaze yoveli cocxali arseba flobs`codnas~ genetikuri kodis Sesaxeb im azriT, rom SeuZliasworad gaSifros genetikuri `sityvebi~, romlebic gene-tikuri informaciis Sinaarss qmnian da, Sesabamisad, moax-dinos cilovani mimdevrobebis sinTezireba. amave azriT, gene-tikuri kodi universaluria, dedamiwaze nebismierma cocxal-ma arsebam icis am kodis gasaRebi.

amgvarad, cocxal arsebaTa usasrulo mravalferovnebadaiyvaneba im grZel genetikur `SetyobinebaTa~ sabolooanalizamde, romlebic Seqmnilia genetikuri kodis elemen-tebis wrfivi mimdevrobis saxiT kombinirebis gansazRvruliwesebis safuZvelze. aq saocari struqturuli msgavseba Sei-niSneba lingvistur kodTan da SemTxveviTi araa, rom gene-tikuri kodis deSifrirebis dawyebis momentidan moyolebu-li memkvidreobiTobis meqanizmis kvlevis mTel Semdgom pe-

`aracnobieri~ da izomorfizmi genetikur kodsa da...

1 XX saukunis bolo aTwleulSi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aRmoCena Seemata mecniere-bas: gairkva, rom protonebi da neitronebi, romlebic atomis birTvis elementarulSemadgenlebad iyo miCneuli, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro elementaruli nawilakebisagan_ “kvarkebisagan” Sedgeba. am aRmoCenis avtori gaxldaT amerikeli fizikosi, nobelispremiis laureati gel-mani, romelmac Tavdapirvelad sul sami “kvarki” gamohyogansxvavebuli “SeferilobebiT” [“gemosa” (flavor) da “feris” (color) mixedviT].aRsaniSnavia, rom, am aRmoCenis mixedviT, rogorc cocxali, ise aracocxali samyarosabolood daiyvaneba sakmaod mcire raodenobis `sawyis elementebamde~, romlebicgarkveul kombinaciebsa da struqturebs qmnian. TviT saxelwodeba “kvarki” gelmanmaisesxa jeimz joisis arcTu mTlad gasagebi frazidan: “Three quarks for Muster Mark”(romanidan “Finnegans Wake”).

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riodSi molekuluri genetika farTod iyenebda lingvis-tikidan nasesxeb cnebebsa da terminebs2.

unda aRiniSnos, rom lingvistur kodSi, romelic bune-brivi enis safuZvels warmoadgens, sawyisi erTeulebis (fone-mebis) raodenoba SedarebiT didia (swored maTi kombinirebiTaigeba mniSvnelobis mqone minimaluri elementebi bgeriT ena-Si). aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli gvevlineba erT-erT im struq-turul Tvisebad, riTac lingvisturi kodi gansxvavdeba ge-netikuri kodisagan. swored mas ukavSirdeba enobrivi sistemi-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli siWarbe, rac SetyobinebaSi gareganifaqtorebiT gamowveuli `xmauris~ Sedegad daSvebuli Sec-domebis gasworebisa da sawyisi erTeulebis dadgenili mim-devrobebis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. genetikur kods esTviseba ar axasiaTebs, ramdenadac nukleotidebis wrfiv mim-devrobaSi calkeuli elementis nebismieri gadanacvleba anamogdeba iwvevs pirvandeli genetikuri informaciis damaxin-jebas.

or gansxvavebul informaciul sistemaSi _ genetikursada lingvisturSi dadasturebuli struqturuli izomor-fizmi, romelic sawyisi diskretuli elementebis wrfiv ko-mbinacias emyareba, fenomenologiur kiTxvas warmoSobsrogorc aRniSnuli sistemebis bunebis, ise amgvari struq-turuli izomorfizmis mizezebis Sesaxeb, rasac, Tavis mxriv,TvalsazrisTa sxvadasxvaoba ukavSirdeba.

2 Tavis mxriv, enaTmecnierebamac isesxa zogierTi cneba da termini moleku-luri genetikidan. ase, magaliTad, markirebis TeoriaSi `markirebis~ ierarqi-uli mimarTebis wevrebi _ adre iwodebodnen rogorc `aramarkirebuli~ ~`markirebuli~ (terminologia momdinareobs praRis lingvisturi skolidan,romlis mixedviTac, am binaruli mimarTebis wevrebi xasiaTdebodnen rogorcmerkmallos ~ merkmalhaltig), amJamad moixsenieba (maTi Sinaarsis Sesabamisad)rogorc `dominanturi~ vs. `recesiuli~, xolo `markirebis mimarTeba~ axaliformulirebiT warmoadgens `dominantobis mimarTebas~.

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am kuTxiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo polemika mecniereb-is ori sxvadasxva dargis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs _lingvist roman iakobsonsa da biolog-genetikos fransuaJakobs Soris: am or kods _ genetikursa da verbalurs _Soris gamovlenili izomorfizmi mxolod garegnulia, msgav-si informaciuli moTxovnebiT ganpirobebuli ubralo Tanx-vedris Sedegia, Tu igi momdinareobs im filogeneturi prin-cipidan, romlis mixedviTac lingvisturi kodi genetikurikodis modelebis Sesabamisad aigeba? iqneb aRniSnuli izo-morfizmis ganmsazRvrelia is faqti, rom lingvisturi mod-elebi zemodan daedo molekulur komunikacias da am uka-nasknelis principebis mixedviT ganxorcielda lingvisturimodelireba? es bolo varaudi wamoayena roman iakobsonma,xolo fransua Jakobi msgavsi funqciebis mqone gansxvavebu-li informaciuli sistemebis analogiur struqturirebasuWers mxars.

genetikur da lingvistur kodebs Soris struqturuliizomorfizmis iakobsoniseuli warmodgena gulisxmobs img-var evoluciur process, romlis drosac lingvisturi kodiuSualod zemodan daedo genetikur kods, xolo am ukanaskne-lidan struqturuli principebi gadmoiwera lingvisturkodSi da es procesi cocxal organizmSi mimdinareobda ge-netikuri kodis bunebisa da struqturis Sesaxeb aracnobiericodnis pirobebSi. aRniSnuli warmodgena, rom organizmiaracnobierad flobs informacias misi arsebiTi meqanizmisstruqturis Sesaxeb, mTlianad `aracnobieris~ sferosganekuTvneba da igi vlindeba ara mxolod enis meqanizmisgenetikuri kodis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebis filogeneturprocesSi; amgvari warmodgenis gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos,aseve, zogierTi gamoCenili pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi aqtivo-ba, romlebic informaciul (semiotikur) sistemebs ageben


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genetikuri kodis modelisa da principebis Sesabamisad,aSkarad maT Sesaxeb saTanado codnis gareSe3.

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT unda gavixseniT glotogoni-uri procesis Teoria~, romelic ekuTvnis Tavisi droisgamoCenil lingvistsa da filologs niko mars. gasaocarimecnieruli intuiciis wyalobiT, garkveuli movlenis asax-snelad igi drodadro, sruliad moulodnelad, yovelgvarilogikuri dasabuTebis gareSe, swor mimarTulebas irCevda.

ase, magaliTad, enaTa istoriulad dadasturebuli mraval-ferovneba mas zustad oTx (sic!) sawyis elementamde dahyav-da, romlebic, SeiZleba ucnauric ki mogveCvenos, bgeraTagarkveul `tripletebs~ (sami bgerisagan Sedgenil mniS-vnelobis armqone mimdevrobebs) warmoadgenen: sal, ber, yon,rosh. niko maris azriT, msoflios nebismier enaze Seqmnilinebismieri sigrZis teqsti, analizis Sedegad, sabolood aR-moCndeba mxolod am oTxi sawyisi elementis _ romlebic,Tavis mxriv, arafers aRniSnaven _ kombinirebiT miRebuliwrfivi mimdevrobebis fonetikuri trasformi. swored es gan-sazRvravs niko maris azriT, glotogoniuri procesebis er-Tianobas.

niko maris glotogoniur Teorias araviTari racionalurisafuZveli ar gaaCnia; igi aralogikuria Tanamedrove Teori-uli lingvistikisa da zogadi enaTmecnierebis meTodolo-gis TvalsazrisiT; amitomac igi iracionaluria da, amdenad,irelevanturia lingvistikisaTvis. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,rom niko maris Teoria, romelic enis garkveul struqtu-

3 genetikuri kodis struqturis mecnieruli wvdoma adamians zust warmodge-nas Seuqmnis sakuTari genetikuri meqanizmis struqturis Sesaxeb da, amgvarad,codna dedamiwaze nebismieri cocxali arsebis struqturis Sesaxeb, struq-turisa, romelic impliciturad `CaSenebulia~ yovel cocxal organizmSi,`aracnobieridan~ `cnobieris areSi~ gadainacvlebs.

109

rul models warmoadgens, miaxloebuls genetikur kodTan,irelevanturi rodia mecnierebisaTvis da, zogadad,fsiqologiisaTvis. am Teoriis avtorSi SeiZleba davinaxoTgamorCeuli pirovneba, romelsac enis, rogorc informaciu-li sistemis, originaluri modelis Seqmnisas aracnobieri-dan amoaqvs Tavisi intuiciuri warmodgenebi genetikuri ko-dis struqturis Sesaxeb.

ra Tqma unda, genetikuri informaciuli sistemis amgvaristruqturis Sesaxeb gacnobierebuli, mkafio codna ar gaaCndaarc niko marsa da arc Zvel Cinel filosofosebs, romlebmacsami aTasi wliT adre Seadgines wigni I Ching (Cinuri `gar-dasaxvebis wigni~), romelSic warmoadgines oTxi binarulielementis gardasaxvaTa (transformaciaTa) specialurisistema; TviT es elementebi emyareboda `mamrobiT sawyiss~ian-sa (yang) da mdedrobiT sawyiss~ in-s (yin) da, amasTanave,dajgufebuli iyo `tripletebad~; saerTo raodenoba amg-vari samwevra mimdevrobebisa Seadgenda 64-s, genetikuri`tripletebis~ analogiurad. uZveles Cinur simbolursistemaSi cocxali samyaros mravalferovneba swored aRniS-nuli tripletebis~ meSveobiT aRiwereba. am konteqstSi gan-sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Cans ionielTa kosmogonia, romel-ic samyaros ganixilavs rogorc oTxelementian sistemas;aseve mniSvnelovania hipokrates Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixed-viTac adamianis sxeuli warmoadgens sistemas oTxi sawyisiSemadgenliT. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisebi, agreTve sxva siste-mebi kidev ufro ganamtkiceben im azrs, rom amgvari pirdapi-ri mimarTeba genetikur kodsa da ganxilul sistemebs Sorisemyareba Cvens aracnobier codnas aRniSnuli mimarTebis Sesa-xeb.

yvela es simboluri semiotikuri sistema (gansakuTrebiTki Cinuri gardasaxvebis sistema~ binaruli elementebiT ian-


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iTa [yang] da in-iT [yin], agreTve niko maris enobrivi modeli)gasaocar SesabamisobaSia, Tundac raodenobrivi parametre-bis mixedviT, genetikuri kodis struqturasTan. rogorc Cans,es ukanaskneli aRniSnuli sistemebis SemqmnelTaTvis aracno-bier samodelo safuZvels (substrats) warmoadgenda.

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Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis istoria rogorc«lingvistul paradigmaTa»

cvalebadoba drosa da sivrceSi*

ogorc cnobilia, enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebis gzazeicvleboda midgomebi enis Seswavlisadmi. Sesabamisad,enobrivi analizic sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT warmoebda,sxvadasxva doneebze da gansxvavebuli rakursiT.

evropuli da amerikuli enaTmecnierebis istoriaSesaZlebelia ganvixiloT rogorc `mecnierul paradigmaTa~1

erTgvari monacvleoba drosa da sivrceSi, rac sqematuradSemdegi mimdevrobiT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili:

I paradigma:a.arnosa da k. lanslos “universaluri gramatika”;

II paradigma:“SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba” (franc bopi,

karl brugmani da neogramatikosebi, antuan meie...)

* Sdr. Т.В.Гамкрелидзе, Об одной лингвистической парадигме («ВопросыЯзыкознания» 2005, №2, стр.3-6).1 `paradigmis~ cnrbis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi ix. Th. Kuhn, The structure os scientof-ic revolution, 2nd ed., Chicago, 1962-1970.

r

Tamaz gamyreliZe112

III paradigma:niko maris “iafeturi enaTmecniereba”;

IV paradigma:ferdinand de sosiuris “sinqoniuli lingvistika”:a) “struqturuli lingvistika” (nikoloz trubec-koi, roman iakobsoni);b) “deskrifciuli lingvistika” (leonard blumfil-di...);g) “enobrivi tipologia da lingvisturi universa-liebi” (jozef grinbergi, giorgi klimovi);

V paradigma:noam Comskis “transformaciul-warmomSobi”gramatika;

VI paradigma:“struqturul-tipologiuri komparativistika”(roman iakobsoni, osvald semereni, vinfrid lemani,pol hoperi, Tamax gamyreliZe/viaCeslav ivanovi);

VII paradigma:“nostratika da enobrivi makroojaxebi” (holger.pederseni, vladislav iliC-svitiCi, alan bomhardi,sergei starostini, jon grinbergi, meri ruleni).

niko maris `iafeturi Teoriis~ CarTva «lingvistulparadigmaTa» warmodgenil mimdevrobaSi gamarTlebuliaideologiur safuZvelze seqmnili `iafeturi enaTmecnierebis~miCneviT `fsiqosemiotur sistemad~, romelic daupirispirdaTanadroul `komaravistul paradigmas~...

113

zmnis `pirianoba~ da `valentoba~*

enobrivi sistema warmoadgens ori ZiriTadi donisaganSemdgar odenobas – Sinaarsisa da gamoxatulebisplanisagan, anu logikul-semantikuri da gramatiku-

li doneebisagan, romelTa Soris garkveuli Sesabamisoba ar-sebobs: semantikuri donis erTeulebi gamoixateba ama Tu imwesis saSualebiT gramatikul doneze, gramatikuli doniserTeulebi – morfologiuri elementebiTa Tu sintaqsurisaSualebebiT.

Sinaarsis planis, anu enis logikur-semantikuri donisiseTi erTeulebi, rogoricaa predikati P, subieqti S, obieq-ti O, anu moqmedebis, mdgomareobisa Tu Tvisebis (ufrozogadad: procesis an situaciis) gamomxatveli da am proce-sis an situaciis monawile odenobebi – subieqti da obieqti– universaluri kategoriebia, romlebic raRac saxiT, sxva-dasxva gramatikuli saSualebebiT gamoxatulia nebismier* ix. «saenaTmecniero krebuli». givi maWavarianis xsovnas. «mecniereba»,Tbilisi 1979.

e

Tamaz gamyreliZe114

enobriv sistemaSi. enebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan ara amkategoriaTa arseboba-ararsebobiT, aramed am universalurlogikur-semantikur kategoriaTa gamoxatviT garkveulimorfologiuri, sintaqsuri Tu leqsikuri saSualebebiT.maSasadame, gansxvavebebi, am TvalsazrisiT, enebs Soris SeexebaenaTa e.w. `zedapirul struqturebs~ da ara `siRrmiseulstruqturebs~, romlebic zogadobiTa da universalobiT xasi-aTdebian.

subieqti S da obieqti O, rogorc situaciis an procesismonawileni, warmodgenilia yvela enis Sinaarseul sistema-Si.

obieqti, rogorc semantikuri kategoria, SesaZlebeliadiferencirebul iqnes rogorc pirdapiri obieqti~ Od, anuobieqti, romelzedac uSualod gadadis subieqtis – Agens -is mier Sesrulebuli moqmedeba, an romelic am moqmedebisSedegs warmoadgens, da `iribi obieqti~ Olnd, anu obieqti,romelic sxvadasxva rols asrulebs processa an situacia-Si da SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes rogorc adresati1 OA, des-ignati2 OD, eqsekutori3 OExs., lokatiuri obieqti4 OL da sxv.5

2. aRniSnuli semantikuri erTeulebi gamoixateba enis gra-matikul struqturaSi zmna-predikatTan dakavSirebuli saxe-lebis Tu nacvalsaxelebis saSualebiT, romelTac SesaZle-belia garkveuli morfologiuri gaformeba hqondeT (spe-cialuri brunvis niSanTa saxiT).

1 iribi obieqtis es semantikuri funqcia gamoxatulia iseT qarTul winadade-baSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ‘bavSvi werils swers mamas~.2 Sdr. „deda werils uwers bavSvs~.3 Sdr. „deda werils awerinebs bavSvs~.4 Sdr. „deda quds axuravs bavSvs~.5 Sesablebelia gamoiyos iribi obieqtis, rogorc universaluri semantikurikategoriis, kidev ufro meti saxeoba. semantikur kategoriaTa amgvari zogadiklasifikacia universaluri gramatikis amocanaa, romelic Seiswavlis zogadsemantikur kategoriebs da maT gamovlenas enis „siRrmiseul struqturaSi~.

115

amgvarad, enis logikur-semantikuri struqturis yovelsemantikur erTeuls Seesabameba enis gamoxatulebis pla-nis, enis gramatikuli struqturis garkveuli erTeuli; se-mantikuri erTeulebi gamoxatulebis planSi Sesabamisileqsikur-gramatikuli erTeulebiT aris warmodgenili;logikur-semantikuri subieqti S, pirdapiri Od da iribiobieqti Oind enis gamoxatulebis planSi warmodgenilia Se-sabamisad gramatikuli subieqtiT {S} (anu qvemdebariT) dagramatikuli pirdapiri {Od} da iribi obieqtiT {Oind} (anupirdapiri da iribi `damatebiT~). semantikur erTeulTa esSesatyvisi gramatikuli {S}, {Od} da {Oind} erTeulebi mor-fologiurad saxels an nacvalsaxels warmoadgenen.

garkveul SemTxvevebSi pirveladi Sesabamisoba enislogikur-semantikuri da gramatikuli donis erTeulebsSoris SeiZleba dairRves da pirdapiri Sesabamisobis~ nacv-lad: S → {S}, O → {O}, rac damaxasiaTebelia `siRrmiseu-li struqturisaTvis~, garkveuli gardaqmnebis Sedegad enis`zedapirul struqturaSi~ gansxvavebuli saxis Sesabamiso-bas viRebT (magaliTad, Sebrunebul Sesabamisobas~: S →{O},O →{S}; Sdr. `inversiuli wyoba~, `pasiuri konstruqcia~da sxv.)6

3. saxelTan da nacvalsaxelTan dakavSirebiT, romlebicwarmoadgenen enis semantikuri donis erTeulTa – subieqti-sa da obieqtis – reprezentaciebs gramatikul doneze, dgebasakiTxi piris kategoriisa da am kategoriis gamoxatvis Sesa-xeb enobriv sistemaSi.6 Sdr., magaliTad, qarTulSi: (1) kaci daTvs klavs da (2) kacs daTvi mouklavs,sadac (1) winadadebaSi warmodgenilia semantikur-gramatikul elementTa`pirdapiri Sesabamisoba~: S O P

↓ ↓ ↓ {S} {O} {P}

xolo (2) winadadeba, sadac `Sebrunebuli Sesabamisoba~ gvaqvs, aris Sedegi`inversiuli trasformaciisa~.

zmnis ~pirianoba~ da ~valentoba~

Tamaz gamyreliZe116

piris kategoria erT-erTi universaluri semantikuri kate-goriaa, romelic sxvadasxva saxiT gamoxatulebas povebs eno-briv sistemaSi. igi uSualod gamomdinareobs enobrivi komu-nikaciis aqtidan da aRniSnavs am aqtis monawileTa damoki-debulebas enobrivi komunikaciisadmi.

enobrivi komunikaciis aqti gulisxmobs `metyvels~, anusametyvelo aqtis avtors, `msmenels~, sametyvelo aqtisadresats, da raRac mesame odenobas, rasac Seexeba sametyve-lo komunikacia, magram rac ar iRebs masSi uSualo monawi-leobas rogorc metyveli~ an msmeneli~. Cveulebriv, es samiodenoba sametyvelo komunikaciisa xasiaTdeba Sesabamisadrogorc pirveli, meore da mesame piri, rac berZnuli grama-tikuli tradiciidan momdinareobs: Sdr. πρόσωπoν πρωτoν,δεύτερoν, τρίτον. semantikurad dapirispirebul sam odenobas,sam `pirs~ Soris rTuli binaruli korelaciebi arsebobs,romlebic erTmaneTs faraven. erTi mxriv, metyveli~ anu pirve-li, `Cemeuli piri, ego upirispirdeba imas, rac `Cems~ gare-Sea – korelacia subieqturisa da arasubieqturis, xolo,meore mxriv, `metyveli~ da `msmeneli~, pirveli da meore,anu `Cemeuli~ da `Seneuli~ piri upirispirdeba imas, racarc `metyvelia~ da arc `msmeneli~ – korelacia persona-lurisa da arapersonaluris.

piris kategoria, rogorc universaluri semantikuri kate-goria, enobriv sistemaSi gamoixateba specifikuri nacval-saxelebis saxiT, romlebic ganarCeven minimum sam formas –pirveli, meore da mesame pirisa – Sesabamisad, sametyvelokomunikaciiT Sepirobebul sam odenobas.

piris kategoria urTierTkavSirSia subieqtisa da obieq-tis kategoriasTan im azriT, rom es kategoriebi enis seman-tikur doneze ar vlindeba cal-calke da yovelTvis erT-maneTTan kombinaciaSia mocemuli. ar arsebobs sazogadod S

~

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subieqti an O obieqti, aramed piris kategoriis Tval-sazrisiT gansazRvruli subieqti – S1, S2, S3 – da obieqti O1,O2, O3. am kategoriaTa gamomxatveli odenobebi enis grama-tikul doneze – Sesabamisad {S1}, {S2}, {S3} da {O1}, {O2},{O3} – sakuTriv saxelebs an nacvalsaxelebs warmoadgenen.kerZod {S1}, {S2}da {O1}, {O2} yovelTvis nacvalsaxelebia,xolo {S3} da{O3} nacvalsaxelTan erTad SesaZlebeliasakuTriv saxelis saxiT iyos gamoxatuli. amgvarad, saxeliSesaZlebelia mxolod S3 da O3 semantikur odenobebs war-mogvidgendes enis gamoxatulebis struqturaSi, maSin rode-sac S1, S2 da O1, O2 semantikuri kategoriebi mxolod pirvelida meore piris nacvalsaxelTa saxiT gamoixateba.

4. subieqtisa da obieqtis sxvadasxva saxeobaTa aRmniS-vneli saxelebi an nacvalsaxelebi garkveuli formiT ukav-Sirdebian procesis an situaciis gamomxatvel gramatikulerTeuls – zmna-Semasmenels – da qmnian sintaqsur er-Tianobas, romelsac SeiZleba winadadebis birTvi~ ewodos.maSasadame, winadadebis birTvi ganisazRvreba rogorc zmnuriforma masTan garkveuli wesiT dakavSirebuli subieqt-obieq-tur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebiT an nacvalsaxe-lebiT. imisda mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTisaa zmna, ra semantikuriSinaarsisa da subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveliaigi, zmnuri forma SeiZleba warmogvidges winadadebis birTvSiusaxelod (e.i. mas struqturulad araviTari saxeli ar See-wyos: Sdr. qarT. Tovs, wvims, quxs; laT. pluit da sxv.), an maserTi, ori an meti saxeli (resp. nacvalsaxeli) daukavSirdes,riTac iqmneba sintaqsuri struqturuli mTlianoba, rasac`winadadebis birTvi~ ewodeba. winadadebis birTvi, amdenad,SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc zmnuri forma gansazRvruliraodenobis carieli sintaqsuri ujredebiT, romlebic Sesa-Zlebelia garkveuli formis saxelebiT (resp. nacvalsax-


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elebiT) Seivsos gramatikulad swori winadadebis misaRe-bad.

winadadebis birTvis centralur sintaqsur elementad,am TvalsazrisiT, gvevlineba zmna-Semasmeneli, romelsac amaTu im formiT Seewyoba subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamom-xatveli odenobebi – saxelebi an nacvalsaxelebi.

zmnuri formis unars, Seiwyos winadadebis birTvSi subi-eqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebis (resp.nacvalsaxelTa) anu aqtantebis~ gansazRvruli raodenoba,SeiZleba zmnis `valentoba~ ewodos (L.Tesnière). maSasadame,mocemuli zmnuri formis `sintaqsuri valentoba~ gani-sazRvreba winadadebis birTvSi Tavisufal ujredTa raode-nobiT. amis mixedviT, zmna SeiZleba iyos nulvalentiani(`Tovs~), erTvalentiani (` wevs~), orvalentiani (` klavs~), samvalentiani (` swers~) da a.S.7

sintaqsuri ujredebis raodenoba winadadebis birTvSi gani-sazRvreba zmnuri formis struqturiT: Sdr., magaliTad, Sem-degi struqturis winadadebebi: qarT. Tovs, wevs, klavs, swers; rus. идёт, бьёт, даёт da misT. aqtualurad warmodgenil gramatikulad sworwinadadebaSi SeiZleba yvela sintaqsuri ujredi Sevsebulicar iyos saTanado saxelebiT (resp. nacvalsaxelebiT), magramyovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba amgvari sintaqsuri kon-struqciis Sevsebisa~ srul birTvamde.

7 qarTuli zmna valentobis TvalsazrisiT moTavsdeba diapazonSi 0...4, e.i. zmnu-ri forma qarTulSi SeiZleba iyos rogorc uaqtanto (Sdr. Tovs, wvims, quxsda sxv. – nulvalentiani zmnebi qarTulSi, ise rogorc sxva enebSi, ZiriTadadmeteorologiur movlenebs gamoxatavs), ise erT-, or-, sam- da oTxaqtantiani,anu maqsimaluri raodenoba subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxe-lebisa (resp. nacvalsaxelebisa), romlebic SeiZleba zmnur formas Seewyos wi-nadadebis birTvSi, aris oTxi.

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sxvadasxva transformaciuli wesebis SemoRebiT SesaZle-belia aRiweros enis sintaqsur konstruqciaTa gardaqmnebizmnuri formis valentobis gardaqmnisda Sesabamisad. ase, ma-galiTad, orvalentiani zmnuri forma (e.i. zmnuri konstru-qcia qvemdebariTa da pirdapiri damatebiT) qarTulSi gar-daiqmneba samvalentian zmnur konstruqciad zmnuri formistransformaciiT kauzatiuri an versiis (saTaviso, sasxvisoan sazedao)8 kategoriis mixedviT:

Tcaus(1) mama werils wers → mama bavSvs werils a-wer-in-eb-s {S} {Od} Vtr {S} {OExs.} {Od} Vcaus.

TVob(2) mama werils wers → mama bavSvs werils u-wer-s

{S} {OD} {Od} VVob. TVsup

(3) mama werils wers → mama werils misamarTs a-wer-s {S} {OL} {Od} Vsup

samvalentiani zmnuri forma (e.i. zmnuri konstruqcia qvem-debariTa da pirdapiri da iribi damatebiT) amave transfor-maciebiT gardaiqmneba oTxvalentian zmnur konstruqciadiribi obieqtis gamomxatveli saxelis brunvis SecvliT:

Tcaus(1) mama bavSvs werils swers → (1)’ mama dedas bavSvTan {S} {OA} {Od} Vtr {S} {OExs.} {OA}

werils a-wer-in-eb-s{Od} Vcaus.

8 qceva da situacia, rogorc calkeul struqturaSi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelikategoriebi, SeiZleba erTi saerTo kategoriis variantebad miviCnioT da ‘ver-siis~ kategoriaSi gavaerTianoT: subieqturi, obieqturi da sazedao (superesi-uli).


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TVob.(2) mama bavSvs werils swers → (2)’ mama dedas bavSvTan

{S} {OD} {OA}werils u-wer-s

{Od} VVob.amosavali konstruqciis OA kategoriis gamomxatveli iri-

bi damateba, romelic micemiT brunvaSia, transformirebul(1)’ da (2)’ sintaqsur konstruqciebSi Tandebulian brunvaSiwarmogvidgeba, xolo micemiTi brunvis formas konstruqci-is damatebiTi wevri iRebs. transformirebul konstruqci-ebSi iribi obieqtis gamomxatveli Tandebulbrunviani saxe-li, romelic amosavali konstruqciis Sesabamisi uTandebu-lo micemiTbrunviani saxelis gardaqmnas warmoadgens, wi-nadadebis birTvis iseTive aqtantad unda iqnes ganxiluli,rogoric amave konstruqciis zmnur formasTan dakavSirebu-li danarCeni uTandebulo wevrebia.

am TvalsazrisiT, inversiuli transformacia ar cvliszmnuri konstruqciis valentobas:

Tinv(3) mama bavSvs werils swers → (3)’ mamas bavSvisTvis {S} {OA} {Od} Vtr werili mi-u-wer-ia

inversiuli transformi (3)’ veRar gardaiqmneba qcevis ka-tegoriis mixedviT (msgavsad I da II seriis zmnuri formebi-sa), ramdenadac III seriis zmnuri paradigmebi warmoSobiT Iseriis sasxviso qcevis formebi unda iyos (e.i. I seriis zm-nur paradigmaTa sasxviso qcevis transformebi), romelTacdakarges versiis gageba da axali funqcionaluri SinaarsiTdaitvirTnen. amdenad, inversiuli transformacia warmoSobiT

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SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc I seriis zmnur konstruqciaTaobieqturi versiis transformacia.

6. winadadebis birTvSi zmnasTan dakavSirebul saxelsa Tunacvalsaxels, subieqtisa an obieqtis gamomxatvels, Seu-Zlia zmnur formaSi Tavisi niSani gaiCinos, riTac es sintaq-suri kavSiri – koneqsia~ – zmnur da saxelur formebs Sorismaterialur gamoxatulebas iZens. es niSnebi zmnur formaSierTgvari reprezentantebi, eqsponentebia~ subieqt-obieqturmimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebisa an nacvalsaxelebisa,romlebic zmnas winadadebis birTvSi garkveuli formiT ukav-Sirdebian; e.i.{S}{O}V winadadebis birTvSi zmnuri struq-tura V SesaZlebelia Seicavdes {S} da/an {O} saxelis ga-momxatvel /S/ da/an /O/ niSnebs afiqsebis saxiT. amiT S da OkategoriaTa amsaxvel saxelebsa (resp. nacvalsaxelebsa) dazmnur formas Soris arsebuli sintaqsuri kavSiri – koneq-sia – morfologiur gamoxatulebas iZens.

subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa amsaxvel saxelTan annacvalsaxelTan dakavSirebuli amgvari /S/ da /O/ niSnebi zm-nur formaSi SesaZlebelia am erTeulTa sxvadasxva katego-rias gamoxatavdes:

1) nacvalsaxelis (resp. saxelis) pirs – aseT SemTxvevaSizmnur formaSi warmodgenili saxeluri niSnebi icvleba zm-nasTan dakavSirebuli nacvalsaxelis piris mixedviT cvlisSesabamisad;

2) saxelis (resp. nacvalsaxelis) klass – aseT SemTxveva-Si zmnur formaSi warmodgenili saxeluri niSnebi icvlebagarkveuli semantikuri jgufebis mixedviT klasificirebulsaxelTa Sesabamisad.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs zmnis sistema pirovani uRv-lilebiT;


Tamaz gamyreliZe122

meore SemTxvevaSi – zmnis sistema klasovani uRvlilebiT.9

SesaZlebelia mesame, Sereuli tipi – zmnis sistema piro-van-klasovani uRvlilebiT.

7. qarTuli enis zmnuri sistema warmoadgens struqtu-rul tips mkveTrad gamoxatuli pirovani uRvlilebiT. zm-nuri forma winadadebis birTvSi ara mxolod Seiwyobsgarkveuli raodenobis subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamom-xatvel saxelebs – rac ganisazRvreba zmnuri formis sin-taqsuri valentobiT, aramed warmogvidgens zmnur struq-turaSi am saxelTa reprezentant niSnebs, romlebic mocemu-li saxelebis (resp. nacvalsaxelebis) piris kategorias gamo-xataven.

zmna-SemasmenelTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul saxelTa-gan (resp. nacvalsaxelTagan) saTanado niSans zmnur formaSiaCens rogorc subieqtis, ise obieqtis gamomxatveli saxele-bi (resp. nacvalsaxelebi), e.i. {S}, {Od} da {Oind} – gramati-kuli subieqti (qvemdebare) da gramatikuli pirdapiri da(micemiT brunvaSi warmodgenili) iribi obieqti, romlebicpirebisda mixedviT cvlis niSans. Sesabamisad sam niSans gan-arCeven:

/S1/ → –-, /S2/ →x-; /S3/ →s;/O1

d/ → m-, /O2d/ →g-; /O3

d/ →x-//Ø-;/O1

ind/ → m-, /O2ind/ →g-; /O3

ind/ →x-.qarTuli zmnuri struqtura am mxriv gansxvavdeba mor-

fologiurad iseTi enebis zmnuri struqturisagan, rogori-caa, magaliTad, berZnuli, laTinuri, germanuli, rusulida sxv., sadac zmna-SemasmenelTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul9 Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom klasovani uRvlilebis enebSi ar aris gamoxat-uli piris kategoria. piris kategoria, romelic, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnu-li, universaluri semantikuri kategoriaa, gamoixateba am tipis enebSi zmnurformasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli nacvalsaxelebis saSualebiT, romlebicsami piris formas ganarCeven.

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saxelTagan (resp. nacvalsaxelTagan) saTanado niSans zmnurformaSi mxolod gramatikuli subieqti aCens, xolo grama-tikuli obieqti zmnaSi aRuniSnavi rCeba.10

am TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli zmna SesaZlebelia daxasiaT-des rogorc subieqt-obieqturi wyobis zmna, gansxvavebiT su-bieqturi wyobis zmnuri struqturisagan, romelic zmnurformaSi mxolod subieqtur niSans warmoaCens.

magram erT-erTi ZiriTadi struqturuli maxasiaTebelisubieqt-obieqturi wyobis qarTuli zmnisa is aris, rom arayvela saxeli (resp. nacvalsaxeli), winadadebis birTvSizmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli, avlens erTdrouladSesabamis morfologiur niSans zmnur formaSi. ramdeni sax-elic ar unda iyos warmodgenili winadadebis birTvSi zmnas-Tan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli (maqsimaluri raodenoba ase-Ti saxelebisa qarTulSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, oTxs udris– oTxvalentiani zmnis SemTxvevaSi), aqtualurad gamovle-nil morfologiur niSanTa raodenoba zmnur struqturaSiar aRemateba ors.

amgvarad, pirianobis~ TvalsazrisiT, e.i. zmnasTan sintaq-surad dakavSirebul saxelTa (nacvalsaxelTa) piris gamom-

10 am mxriv gansxvavebul struqturas gviCvenebs, magaliTad, Tanamedrove frangu-li, romelSic Camoyalibda rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi piris maCvene-beli prefiqsuli niSnebi zmnaSi. iseT konstruqciebSi, rogoricaa je le lui donne`me mas mas vaZlev~, je-le-lui- erTeulebi ar warmoadgenen damoukidebul nacval-saxelebs da zmnur konstruqciaSi saTanado subieqt-obieqturi aqtantebis marke-rebad gvevlinebian.

analogiuri struqtura gvaqvs agreTve ungrulSi, sadac zmnur formaSigamoxatulia masTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa)rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi niSani. Sdr. ungruli subieqturi da obieq-turi uRvlilebis struqturebi:

subieqturi obieqturi1. én lát-ok `me vxedav~ 1. én lát-om `me mas vxedav~2. te lát-sz `Sen xedav~ 2. te lát-od `Sen mas xedav~3. ö lát `igi xedavs~ 3. ö lát-ja `igi mas xedavs~


Tamaz gamyreliZe124

xatveli niSnebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT zmnur formaSi,qarTuli zmna SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc erTpiriani(`monopersonaluri~) an – garkveul SemTxvevaSi – orpiri-ani (`bipersonaluri~) struqtura.

arsebobs garkveuli struqturuli wesebi imisa, Tu zm-nasTan dakavSirebul saxelTagan (resp. nacvalsaxelTagan)konkretulad romeli erTeuli gamoavlens zmnur formaSiSesabamis morfologiur niSans da romeli erTeulebi rCebazmnaSi morfologiuri gamoxatulebis gareSe (a.SaniZe).1111 ar unda avrioT erTmaneTSi zmnis sintaqsuri `valentoba~, anu zmnuri for-mis unari Seiwyos winadadebis birTvSi subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxat-veli saxelebis (resp. nacvalsaxelebis) garkveuli raodenoba, da zmnis `piri-anoba~, anu zmnur formaSi am saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa) piris gamomxatvelimorfologiuri niSnis warmodgena.

is, rac `pirianobad~ gaigeboda, unda gulisxmobdes ara piris niSanTa gamov-lenas zmnur formaSi, aramed zmnuri formis sintaqsur unars, Seiwyos wi-nadadebaSi garkveuli raodenoba saxelebisa Tu nacvalsaxelebisa, romelnicsubieqt-obieqtur mimarTebebs gamoxataven, e.i. zmnis sintaqsur `valentobas~.

amas emyareba qarTuli zmnis daxasiaTeba rogorc `mravalpiriani~ (or-, sam-da oTxpiriani) zmnisa: mag., vaZlev me mas mas. magram am TvalsazrisiT, romelimerusuli даю, an germanuli gebe struqturebi, romel-omel-Tac subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli sami nacvalsaxeli Seewyoba(я-ему-то ; ich-es-ihm), daxasiaTdeboda agreTve rogorc ‘mravalpiriani~.

saqme isaa, rom yvela es zmnuri forma (rogorc qarTuli, ise rusuli dagermanuli) samvalentiania (zmnur formasTan subieqt-obieqturi mimarTebebisgamomxatvel aqtantTa Sewyobis TvalsazrisiT), magram erTpiriani (zmnur for-maSi piris niSanTa gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT). sazogadod, qarTuli zmna gansx-vavdeba rusulisa an germanulisagan ara imiT, rom qarTuli zmna mravalpiria-nia, xolo rusuli da germanuli – erTpiriani, aramed imiT, rom qarTuli zmnasubieqt-obieqturi wyobisaa (e.i. qarTul zmnur formaSi warmodgenilia erT-erTi piris niSani – subieqtisa an obieqtisa, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTx-vevaSi – orivesi erTad), xolo rusuli da germanuli zmna – subieqturi wyobis(e.i. zmnur formaSi warmodgenilia mxolod subieqtis niSani).

am TvalsazrisiT, zmnis `pirianoba~ da zmnis `valentoba~ arsebiTad gansx-vavebul struqturul maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen, romlebic asaxaven zmnurikonstruqciis Sesabamisad morfologiur agebulebasa da sintaqsur kavSirebs.magram am maxasiaTeblebs Soris garkveuli urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebobs,romlic gansazRvravs maT Soris Sesabamisobis xasiaTs sxvadasxva enis zmnursistemaSi.

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am TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia enaTa tipologiuri da-jgufeba movaxdinoT, kerZod, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor xdebaaqtantTa morfologiuri asaxva zmnur formaSi; am mxriv,SeiZleba gamoiyos subieqturi, subieqt-obieqturi da obieq-turi wyobis enebi (Sdr. zemoT).

subieqt-obieqturi wyobis enaTa jgufSi SesaZlebeliagairCes enaTa ramdenime qveklasi imis mixedviT, Tu ra Sesa-bamisoba arsebobs zmnis iseT urTierTdamokidebul kate-goriebs Soris, rogoricaa zmnis sintaqsuri valentoba~ dazmnis morfologiuri `pirianoba~ _ `nawilobrivia~ es Se-sabamisoba Tu sruli~.

nawilobrivia Sesabamisoba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ara yve-la potenciurad SesaZlebeli subieqt-obieqturi aqtantisniSania aqtualurad warmodgenili zmnur formaSi (Sdr.qarTuli enobrivi sistema);

srulia Sesabamisoba zmnis valentobasa da zmnis pirianobasSoris sazogadod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac winadadebis birTvSizmnasTan potenciurad dakavSirebuli yoveli saxeli (resp.nacvalsaxeli) Tavis warmomadgenel morfologiur niSansaCens formaSi.1212 enaTa aseT struqturul tips uaxlovdeba afxazuri, sadac winadadebis yovelipotenciuri aqtanti saTanado markeriT aris warmodgenili zmnur konstruqciaSi:Sdr. iseTi struqturebi, rogoricaa Á–u-z-là-s-ToÁt ‘mivcem~ (raRacas SenTvismas me); Á-u-z-là-r-ToÁt ‘miscemen~ (raRacas SenTvis mas isini) da misT.

aqtantTa gamomxatvel niSnebs afxazur zmnur formaSi Zirisa da erTmaneTis mi-marT mkacrad gansazRvruli adgili uWiravT, rac aisaxeba prefiqsul morfemaTarangobriv struqturaSi. erTi da igive fonemuri Sedgenilobis morfemebi sulsxvadasxva gramatikuli mniSvnelobisaa (subieqturi an obieqturi piris gamom-xatvelia), e.i. arsebiTad gansxvavebuli gramatikuli erTeulebia, prefiqsul mor-femaTa mimdevrobaSi maTi gansxvavebuli adgilisda Sesabamisad; maTi Sinaarso-brivi sxvaoba ZiriTadad gansxvavebul rangobriv struqturaSi gamoixateba. amde-nad, ‘morfema~ sazogadod unda ganisazRvros ara mxolod misi gramatikuli mniS-vnelobisa da fonemuri Semadgenlobis safuZvelze, aramed agreTve „rangobrivi~struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT. amgvar definiciebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWebaiseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac garkveul gramatikul mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli erTeule-bi emTxveva erTmaneTs fonemuri Sedgenilobis mxriv.


Tamaz gamyreliZe126

8. yoveli morfema zmnur struqturaSi mkacrad gan-sazRvrul adgils ikavebs zmnuri Zirisa da sxva morfemebismimarT, rac qmnis zmnuri formis morfemaTa rangobriv stru-qturas~.

zmnuri struqtura SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc zmnisZiri -R- gansazRvruli raodenobis carieli morfologiuriujredebiT Ziris win da mis momdevnod. TiToeuli aseTi ujre-di Seivseba mxolod erTi gansazRvruli prefiqsuli Tu sufiq-suri morfemiT, ris Sedegadac enis zedapirul struqtura-Si warmoiqmneba esa Tu is zmnuri forma sruli morfologi-uri gaformebiT.

piris prefiqsuli morfemebi Zveli qarTuli zmnis stru-qturaSi, rogorc wesi, mxolod erT ujreds ikaveben romel-ic moTavsebulia qcevis, kauzativisa da vnebiTis mawarmoebelprefiqsTa ujredis win.13 es imas niSnavs, rom prefiqsulipiris niSnebi struqturulad SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan pre-fiqsul morfemaTa mimdevrobaSi. ramdeni saxelic ar undadaukavSirdes sintaqsurad zmnas winadadebis birTvSi, mxo-lod erT-erTi maTganis niSani Cajdeba zmnur struqturaSipiris prefiqsul morfemaTaTvis gankuTvnil morfologiurujredSi. Zveli qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi SeiniSneba mkac-rad gansazRvruli ierarqia zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSire-bul saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa) prefiqsuli niSnebis aq-tualurad gamovlenisa; zmnur struqturaSi mxolod is aq-tantebi aCenen saTanado niSans, romlebic warmoadgenen wi-

13 qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi unda gamoiyos sami prefiqsuli ujredi R. pirveli ujredi aris ujredi versiisa da vnebiTis, agreTve kauzaciis

mawarmoebeli mawarmoebeli prefiqsebisa. meore ujredi piris niSnis ujredia,xolo mesame ujreds – e.i. yvelaze dacilebuls Zirisagan im SemTxvevaSi, Tupirveli da meore ujredi Sevsebulia – ikaveben preverbebi. Tu amgvar ujredebsganvsazRvravT rogorc morfemaTa rangebs, Sesabamisi morfologiuri erTeulebidaxasiaTdeba rogorc pirveli, meore da mesame prefiqsuli rangis morfemebi.

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nadadebis birTvSi Sesabamisad gramatikul subieqts, pirda-pir obieqts an irib obieqts (micemiT brunvaSi dasmuls).

micemiT brunvaSi warmodgenili iribi obieqti Tavisi fun-qciiT SeiZleba iyos adresati, designati, eqsekutori anlokatiuri obieqti. winadadebis birTvSi amave funqciiT nax-mari Tandebulbrunviani saxeli, romelic micemiT brunvaSiwarmodgenili iribi obieqtis transforms warmoadgens daaqtantad unda CaiTvalos, zmnur formaSi niSans ar aCens daamdenad, araviTar monawileobas ar iRebs zmnuri struqtur-is gaformebaSi. amitomaa, rom sam- da oTxvalentian zmnebSi,romelTa erT-erTi aqtanti Tandebulbrunvian formaSia war-modgenili, ivaraudeba mxolod im aqtantebis niSanTa kom-binireba, romlebic warmogvidgenen gramatikul subieqts,pirdapir obieqtsa da (uTandebulo) micemiT brunvaSi dasmulirib obieqts.

niSanTa kombinirebis es wesebi sqematurad Semdegi saxiTCamoyalibdeba:

A: orvalentian zmnur struqturebSi:(1) /S1//O2

d/ →/O2d/-R→g-R

(2) /S2//O1d/ →/O1

d/-R→m-R(3) /S2//O3

d/ →/S2/-R→x-R(4) /S3//O1

d/ →/O1d/-R-/S3/→m-R-s

(5) /S3//O2d/ →/O2

d/-R-/S3/→g-R-s(6) /S3//O3

d/ →/O3d/-R-/S3/→x-//∅-R-s

B: samvalentian zmnur struqturebSi:(1) /S1//O2

ind//O3d/ →/O2

ind/-R→g-R(2) /S2//O1

ind//O3d/ →/O1

ind/-R→m-R(3) /S2//O3

ind//O3d/ →/S2/-R→x-R

(4) /S3//O1ind//O3

d/ →/O1ind/-R-/S3/→m-R-s

(5) /S3//O2ind//O3

d/ →/O2ind/-R-/S3/→g-R-s

(6) /S3//O3ind//O3

d/ →/O3ind/-R-/S3/→x-R-s


Tamaz gamyreliZe128

amgvarad, zmnasTan dakavSirebuli aqtantebis piris niSan-Ta aqtualurad gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli zmna undadaxasiaTdes ZiriTadad rogorc monopersonaluri (erTpiri-ani) zmnuri struqtura. bipersonaluria (orpiriania) igi imSemTxvevaSi, Tu {S3} aqtanti, romelic sufiqsuri niSniT gam-oixateba, kombinirebs winadadebis birTvSi prefiqsuli niS-niT gamoxatul obieqtur pirTan, Sdr. (4), (5), (6) struq-turebi.

am SezRudviT SeiZleba vilaparakoT qarTuli zmnis pre-fiqsul monopersonalizmze~. am principis Sesabamisad zm-nasTan dakavSirebul aqtantTa potenciurad SesaZlebel pre-fiqsul niSanTagan zmnur formaSi aqtualurad gamovlinde-ba mxolod erTi niSani.

zmnur formaSi prefiqsul niSanTa mimdevrobidan garkveu-li prefiqsis aqtualurad warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT SeiZlebaSemovitanoT subieqt-obieqtur piris niSanTa `simZlavris~cneba.

am mxriv, gramatikuli subieqtisa da obieqtis gamomxatve-li prefiqsebi zmnur konstruqciaSi ganisazRvreba rogorcerTi da imave simZlavris~ mqone niSnebi, ramdenadac am niSanTakombinirebisas garkveul konstruqciebSi vlindeba mxolodsubieqturi piris niSnebi, xolo sxva konstruqciebSi – mx-olod obieqturi piris niSnebi ({O1} da {O2} aqtantTa sub-ieqtur {S1,2} aqtantTan kombinirebis SemTxvevaSi).

erTgvari gansxvaveba iCens Tavs simZlavris~ TvalsazrisiTpirdapiri da iribi obieqtis amsaxvel aqtantebsa da maT Se-sabamis prefiqsul niSnebs Soris. iribi obieqti am mxriv ufro`mZlavria~ pirdapir obieqtTan SedarebiT, ramdenadac maTikombinireba warmoaCens zmnur formaSi mxolod iribi obieq-tis prefiqsul niSans.

129

iseT sintaqsur struqturebSi, sadac O3d obieqtis amsax-

veli aqtanti kombinirebs O3ind obieqtis amsaxvel aqtantTan,

zmnis struqturaSi aisaxeba aqtualurad mxolod {O3ind} x-

prefiqsis saxiT, xolo /O3d/ niSani ar warmoidgineba:

/S3//O3ind//O3

d/ →/O3ind/-R-/S3/→ x-R-s.

amgvar konstruqciebs unda Seewyo xeli {O3d} niSnis (e.i.

mesame pirdapir-obieqturi /x-/ prefiqsis) nulTan gaTanabre-bisaTvis (/O3

d/→∅) iseT konstruqciebSic, sadac igi ar kom-binirebda mesame irib-obieqtur pirTan da sadac igi, amde-nad, kanonzomierad unda yofiliyo warmodgenili /x-/ pre-fiqsis saxiT. amiT dairRva manamde sistemaSi arsebuli stru-qturuli paralelizmi pirdapir- da irib-obieqtur mimarTe-baTa gamomxatvel aqtantebs Soris, romlebic pirvel, meoreda mesame piris formebSi maTTvis saerTo /m-/, /g/ da /x-/ pre-fiqsebiT gamoixateboda.

Zveli qarTuli zmnis im sistemaSi, romelic asaxulia`xanmet~ ZeglebSi, gabatonebul normad SeiZleba CaiTvalosukve {O3

d} aqtantis niSnad zmnaSi ∅–morfemis xmareba.magram Zveli sistema /{O3

d}→x- prefiqsiT / jer kidev TavsiCens garkveul konstruqciebSi.14

/x-/ prefiqsis odindeli arseboba mesame pirdapir-obieq-turi piris niSnad, rodesac /O3

d/→x- qarTuli zmnis struq-turaSi norma unda yofiliyo, SeiZleba davinaxoT i-niani~vnebiTis formebSi, romlebic pasiur transformebs warmoad-genen Sesabamisi aqtiuri konstruqciebisa mesame pirdapir-

14 amgvari evolucia pirdapiri obieqtis niSnisa (e.i. /O3d/x-→Ø), risTvisac

xeli unda Seewyo /O3d//O3

ind/ →/O3ind/-R konstruqciebs, ar Sexebia pirveli da

meore pirdapir-obieqturi piris /m-/ da /g-/ niSnebs, ramdenadac gamoricxu-li iyo struqturulad pirveli da meore piris SemTxvevaSi (gansxvavebiT mesamepirisagan) pirdapir- da irib-obieqtur niSanTa kombinireba (winadadebis birTv-Si zmnas ar ukavSirdeba erTsa da imave konstruqciaSi {O1

d} {O1ind} da {O2

d}{O2

ind} aqtantebi).


Tamaz gamyreliZe130

obieqturi piris gamomxatveli /x-/ perfiqsiT. i-niani vnebi-Tis konstruqciebSi es x- prefiqsi (warmoSobiT mesame pirda-pir-obieqturi piris gamomxatveli niSani) ar gauTanabrdanuls, ramdenadac /O3

d/x-→∅- procesis ganxorcielebisdros aqtiur konstruqciebSi morfologiuri kavSiri i-ni-ani vnebiTis garkveul formebsa da Sesabamisi moqmedebiTigvaris pirdapirdamatebian konstruqciebs Soris gawyvetiliunda yofiliyo; aqtiur konstruqciebSi /O3

d/x- →Ø proce-sis dawyebisaTvis Sesabamis pasiur konstruqciaTa /x-/ pre-fiqsi aRar gaigeboda rogorc /O3

d/ niSani.9. subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli aqtanteb-

isa da maT Sesabamis niSanTa Sepirispireba Zveli qarTulizmnis struqturaSi saSualebas gvaZlevs kidev erTi Sinaganirekonstruqcia movaxdinoT struqturaTa unificirebul ti-pebze dayvaniT. am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi Seexeba subieqt-obieq-tur mimarTebebs pirveli subieqturi piris gamomxatvel or-da samvalentian zmnur struqturebSi.

Zveli qarTuli zmnis prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis prin-cipi, romelic gatarebulia uciloblad zmnuri struqtur-is yvela paradigmuli erTeulis mimarT, irRveva zog iseTzmnur formaSi, sadac winadadebis birTvSi mesame obieqturipiris amsaxveli saxeli ukavSirdeba pirvel subieqtur pirs.aseT SemTxvevaSi orive es aqtanti saTanado aqtualurad ga-movlenili prefiqsuli niSniT aris warmodgenili zmnurformaSi: Sdr. `xanmeti~ formebi Se-x-–-abT, aR-x-–-marTeda misT.

am formebSi warmodgenilia, winaaRmdeg `prefiqsulimonopensonalizmis~ principisa, rogorc {S1}, ise {O3}aqtantTa gamomxatveli prefiqsuli elementebi /-–/ da /x-/,rac /x-–-/ mimdevrobas gvaZlevs: /O3//S1/.

131

amgvari struqturuli Seusabamobis eliminireba da uZve-lesi qarTuli zmnuri struqturis subieqt-obieqtur niSanTaaqtualurad gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT unificirebul tipzedayvana SesaZlebeli xdeba /x-–-/ mimdevrobis erTian morfe-mad ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi, saxeldobr, /x–-/ elementad, ro-melic unda ganixilebodes rogorc pirveli subieqturi pirisgamomxatveli /S1/ niSani. maSasadame, mimdevrobebi /S1//O3

d/ da/S1//O3

d//O3ind/, ise rogorc mimdevrobebi /S2//O3

d/ da /S2//O3d//

O3ind/ (ix. zemoT), unda gamoxatuliyo aqtualur struqtur-

aSi – Tanaxmad prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis~ principisa– mxolod subieqturi piris /S1/ da /S2/ niSnebis saxiT.

amgvari daSvebis Sedegad zmnur formaSi miviRebT pirisniSanTa aqtualurad gamovlenis Semdeg sqemas, romelSicsrulad aisaxeba zmnis `prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis~principi:

A:/S1//O2

d/ →/O2d/-R→g-R /S1//O3

d/ →/S1/-R→x–-R/S2//O1

d/ →/O1d/-R→m-R /S2//O3

d/ →/S2/-R→x-R

B:/S1//O2

ind//O3d/ →/O2

ind/-R→g-R/S1//O3

ind//O3d/ →/S1/-R→x–-R

/S2//O1ind//O3

d/ →!/O1ind/-R→m-R

/S2//O3ind//O3

d/ →/S2/-R→x-R

amgvarad, pirveli subieqturi piris gamomxatveli /S1/niSani uZvelesi qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi aRdgeba Sina-ganad rogorc /x–/ da ara/*–-/) prefiqsi (iv.javaxiSvili). igiSemdgom daiSala /x-/ da /–-/ niSnebad, e.i. gagebul iqnarogorc {O3} da {S1} aqtantTa gamomxatveli niSnebi zmnaSi,riTac dairRva qarTuli zmnuri struqturisaTvis Tavdapirve-


Tamaz gamyreliZe132

lad damaxasiaTebeli prefiqsuli monopersonalizmi, romel-ic jer kidev `xanmet~ ZeglebSi asaxuli Zveli qarTulisdoneze uciloblad gatarebulia yvela danarCen subieqt-obieqtur pirTa kombinirebisas.15

preqarTulisaTvis, e.i. qarTuli enis ganviTarebis im etapi-saTvis, romelic win uswrebs uZveles werilobiT ZeglebSiasaxul enobriv mdgomareobas, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT pre-fiqsuli monopersonalizmis Sesabamisi zmnuri struqturapirveli subieqturi piris /S1/→*x–- markeriT.

enis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze unda momxdariyo amg-var struqturaTa pirveli subieqturi piris /x–/- R formisgaazreba rogorc zmnuri formisa, romelSic gamoxatuliaagreTve mesame obieqturi piri O3/x-/ prefiqsis saxiT;1. *mi-x–-ec- ~ 3. *mi-x-c-a tipis paradigmebSi xdeba *mi-x–-ec formis daSla *mi-x-–-ec struqturad; warmoSobiT er-Tiani pirveli subieqturi piris /*x–-/ prefiqsi reinterpre-tirebul iqna rogorc O3

ind/x-/ da S1/–-/ prefiqsTa kombina-cia.

romelime *mi-x–-ec struqtura (winadadebis birTvi:{S1}{O3

ind}{O3d} V) mesame obieqturi piris *mi-x-c-a struqtu-

ris gavleniT, sadac kanonzomierad warmodgenilia O3ind/x-/

prefiqsi, gaazrebul iqna rogorc mi-x-–-ec struqtura, e.i.rogorc iseTi zmnuri forma, romelSic /*x–-/ prefiqsis/*x-/ elementi miCneulia {O3} saxelis (resp. nacvalsaxelis)gamomxatvel niSnad, msgavsad /x-/ prefiqsisa mi-x-c-a tipisstruqturebSi, sadac igi kanonzomierad {O3} saxelis (resp.nacvalsaxelis) gamomxatvelia. amiT erTgvarad dairRva zm-

15 Sdr. agreTve Sinaganad rekonstruirebuli S1 /*x–-/ niSnis fonemuri mimarTe-ba S2 /*x-/ niSanTan, romelic analogiuria O2

pl /*g–-/ niSnis fonemuri mimarTe-bisa O2 /* g-/ niSanTan, e.i. S1: *x–-klav ~ S2: *x-klav da O1

pl: *g–-klav ~O2

: *g-klav.

133

nur formaTa prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis absoluturixasiaTi Zveli qarTuli zmnis sistemaSi.

pirveli subieqturi piris /*x–-/ prefiqsis amgvar gaazre-bas mesame piris obieqtur-prefiqsian formaTa gavleniT, mismiCnevas O3 /*x-/ elementis Semcvel mimdevrobad, unda gamoe-wvia Tavdapirveli S1/*x–-/ prefiqsis /*–-/ prefiqsad gamar-tiveba im paradigmebSic, sadac ar iyo warmodgenili mesamesubieqturi piris formaSi obieqtis gamomxatveli O3

ind/x-/prefiqsi (e.i. erTvalentian subieqturi wyobis zmnebSi,agreTve, nawilobriv, orvalentian zmnebSi pirdapiri obieq-tis amsaxveli saxeliT); *x–-ar tipis struqturas undamoeca *–-ar, xolo x–-klav tipis struqtura unda gardaqm-niliyo S1: *–-klav formad.

/S1/ prefiqsis amgvari gamartiveba /*x–-/→/*–-/ aRniSnulparadigmebSi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc /-x-/ elementis`morfologiuri dakargva~ Tavdapirvelad erTiani /*x–-/prefiqsis gaazrebis gamo garkveul struqturebSi rogorc/O3/ /S1/→ /*x-*–-/ prefiqsTa mimdevrobisa.16 es etapi qarTu-li zmnis ganviTarebisa asaxulia ukve `xanmeti~ ZeglebisenaSi, sadac {S1} nacvalsaxelis gamomxatveli niSani zmnisstruqturaSi regularulad v/–- prefiqsis saxiT vlindeba,xolo prefiqsuli /x-–-/ warmoadgens /O3/ /S1/ niSanTa mim-devrobas zmnur formaSi.

16 analogiuri dakargva g- elementisa O1pl */g–-/ prefiqsSi O2 /g-/ prefiqsis

gavleniT ar unda momxdariyo imis gamo, rom O1 da O2 obieqtebi ver SeewyobaerTmaneTs saerTo predikatTan da, amdenad, gamoiricxeba {O1} da {O2} nacval-saxelTa niSnebis zmnur formaSi kombinirebis SesaZlebloba.


Tamaz gamyreliZe134

damwerlobis tipologia, berZnuli anbani daanbanur damwerlobaTa warmoSoba qristianul

aRmosavleTSi*

1. damwerloba rogorc semiotikuri sistema

amwerloba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc garkveuli sax-is urTierTdakavSirebul niSanTa simravle, romelic Si-nagani struqturis mqone erTianobas warmoadgens. amg-

vari interpretacia damwerlobisa, rogorc semiotikurisistemisa, mas analogiuri humanitaruli sistemebis gver-diT ayenebs da, amdenad, damwerlobis Teoria, romelsac Tan-amedrove enaTmecnierebaSi gramatologias uwodeben, SeiZlebaganvixiloT rogorc nawili semiotikisa (semiologiisa), anuzogadi Teoriisa niSanTa sistemebis Sesaxeb.

* daibeWda krebulSi: «Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner AsianLinguistics», edited by D.A.Holisky, K.Tuite, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2003:John Ben-jamins Publishing Company.Sdr. Tamaz gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba.anbanuri weris tipologia da warmomavloba (akaki SaniZis redaqciiTa da wina-sityvaobiT): «Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba», Tbilisi, 1989.

d

135

amgvarad, SesaZlebeli xdeba weris sistemebis mimarT gamo-viyenoT is operatiuli cnebebi, romlebic SeimuSaves sxvasemiotikur disciplinebSi, upirvelesad ki enaTmecniereba-Si. amgvar SesaZleblobas ganapirobebs ara mxolod mWidrokavSiri enasa da damwerlobas Soris _ es ukanaskneli, gar-kveuli azriT, TiTqos zemodanaa dadebuli enaze _ arameddamwerlobis sistema TavisTavad, romelic mniSvnelovanstruqturul msgavsebas avlens enobriv sistemasTan. damwer-lobis ganxilva rogorc niSanTa sistemisa saSualebas iZ-leva ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT mis ontologiur bunebas. amg-vari warmodgenis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia Camoyalibdesdamwerlobis zogadi tipologia da ganisazRvros damwer-lobis roli adamianis kulturul ganviTarebaSi (Sdr.gamyreliZe 1990).

2. gamoxatulebisa~ da `Sinaarsis plani~ damwerlobaSi

rogorc semiotikuri sistema, damwerloba Sedgeba niSnisbunebis mqone vizualuri simboloebisagan. es imas niSnavs,rom yoveli grafikuli niSani-simbolo warmoadgens orpla-nian erTeuls, anu sistemur erTeuls, romelsac aqvs orimxare: gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsisa. grafikuli niSnisgamoxatuleba, anu misi aRmniSvneli (signans), aris is fizi-kuri substancia, romlis meSveobiTac niSnis vizualuri war-modgena xorcieldeba. es reprezentacia SeiZleba iyos naxati,geometriuli niSani an figura. grafikuli simbolos Sinaar-si, anu misi aRsaniSni (signatum), aris yvelaferi is, rac amg-varad dawerili simboloTi gamoixateba, yvelaferi, rasacmocemuli simbolo ukavSirdeba. es SeiZleba iyos garkveulicneba, idea, ricxvi, sityva, marcvali an calkeuli bgera.weriTi sistema, Tu mas ganvixilavT rogorc niSanTa siste-

damwerlobis tipologia, berZnuli anbani da anbanur damwerloba

Tamaz gamyreliZe136

mas, xasiaTdeba ori planiT _ gamoxatulebisa da SinaarsisplaniT _, romlebsac maTi dualuri bunebis gamo, garkveu-li weriTi sistemis grafikuli niSnebi ukavSirdeba.

weriTi sistemis amgvari dualuri buneba iZleva damwer-lobis tipologiuri klasifikaciis SesaZleblobas gamoxat-ulebis planis maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, rac, Tavis mxriv,saSualebas mogvcems erTmaneTs SevudaroT sxvadasxva tipisdamwerlobani maTi Sefasebis kriteriumis gamomuSavebismizniT. vfiqrobT, es aseve aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom naTe-li moefinos damwerlobis warmoSobis sakiTxs da gani-sazRvros damwerlobis filogeneturi ganviTarebis1 Ziri-Tadi doneebi. Sinaarsis planis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyosori ZiriTadi tipologiuri klasi: (a) semasiografia anuideografia da (b) fonografia.

semasiografia weriTi sistemebis im klass gansazRvravs,romlebSic grafikuli niSani aRniSnavs ara konkretuli enisfonetikur mxares (calkeul sityvebs, marcvlebs an bgerebsmocemul enaSi), aramed konkretul cnebebs da zogjer _mTlian situaciasac. amgvari niSnebi uSualod ukavSirdebaenis Sinaarsis plans. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, semasi-ografiul weriT sistemebSi Sinaarsis plani, romelicmocemuli enis sityvebiTa da frazebiT gamoixateba, pirda-pir aisaxeba niSnebSi; es ukanasknelni imgvar erTeulebadwarmogvidgebian, romlebic, iseve rogorc konkretuli si-tyvebi da sityvaTa kombinaciebi, aRniSnaven abstraqciis sxva-dasxva donis universalur cnebiT kategoriebs. ideografi-uli (semasiografiuli) sistemebis niSnebs, romlebic dakav-1 damwerlobis filogeneturi ganviTareba (filogenezi) gulisxmobs damwer-lobis evolucias sazogadod, mis ganviTarebaSi Tanmimdevruli doneebis gamoyo-fas, romlebic iwyeba semasiografiiT da mTavrdeba fonografiis anbanuri doniT.damwerlobis ontogeneturi ganviTareba (ontogenezi) aris calkeuli weriTisistemis warmoSoba da mis ganviTarebaSi garkveuli Tanmimdevruli safexurebisgavla, dawyebuli Seqmnidan da damTavrebuli misi SeswavliT.

137

Sirebulia garkveul cnebebTan, magram moklebulia konkret-uli enis sityvaTa fonetikur garss, erTnairad igeben dasworadac kiTxuloben sxvadasxva enis is warmomadgenlebi,romlebic icnoben am niSnebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom isinifloben codnas am niSnebsa da cnebebs Soris arsebuli mima-rTebebis Sesaxeb. ideografiuli sistemis niSnebisa Tu sim-boloebis Sesabamisi Sinaarsis amgvari codna emyareba an aRm-niSvnelis identifikacias realuri samyaros obieqtTan, rocaniSani ikonuri asaxvaa am obieqtisa, an pirobiTad miRebulmimarTebas, romelic arsebobs weriTi sistemis konkretulniSnebsa da semantikur konceptualur aRsaniSnebs Soris.2

aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebisplanTan dakavSirebiT. ideografiul weriT sistemebSi niSne-bi SeiZleba grafikulad msgavsi iyos realuri samyaros imobieqtebisa, romlebsac Sesabamisi cnebis meSveobiT ukavSir-debian. sistemaSi amgvari ikonuri msgavseba grafikul niSan-Ta aRsaniSnebsa da Sesabamis obieqtebs Soris mocemul wer-iT sistemas axasiaTebs rogorc piqtografiuls, anu rogorcikonur weriT sistemas. rodesac ideografiuli sistemissimboloebi garegnulad ar hgvanan realuri samyaros imobieqtebs, romlebsac ukavSirdebian Sesabamisi cnebiTi kate-goriebis meSveobiT (Sdr., magaliTad, ricxvebis aRniSvna),weriTi sistema SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc pirobiTi (kon-vencionaluri).

fonografiulia is weriTi sistemebi, romlebSic aRmniS-vneli ukavSirdeba enis ara universalur konceptualur kate-goriebs (romlebic kulturuli ganviTarebis garkveul done-

2 ideografiis elementebi gvxvdeba rogorc uZveles, ise Tanamedrove weriTsistemebSi (Sdr., magaliTad: ricxvis aRniSvna weriT sistemaTa umravlesoba-Si; iseTi tipis simboloebi, rogoricaa &, e.g., cf.; maTematikur niSanTa siste-ma da a.S.). uwyveti ideografuli weriTi sistemebi damaxasiaTebelia damwer-lobis filogeneturi ganviTarebis uZvelesi safexurebisaTvis.


Tamaz gamyreliZe138

ze yvela enobriv sazogadoebaSia warmodgenili), aramed amaTu im enis konkretul fonetikas. amgvar sistemebSi konceptebiar gvevlineba garkveul niSanTa aRmniSvnelebad, am rolsasruleben konkretuli bgeriTi Sedgenilobis mqone sityve-bi an ufro dabali donis enobrivi erTeulebi: calkeulimarcvlebi da/an bgerebi. weriTi sistemis codna, rodesac essistema fonografiulia, gulisxmobs winaswar codnas immimarTebisa (es mimarTeba ZiriTadad pirobiTia), romelicarsebobs niSansa da mocemuli enis konkretul fonetikursityvas an ufro dabali donis bgeriT segments (marcvals,bgeras) Soris.

sakuTriv wera ZiriTadad gulisxmobs (yovelgvari dasa-buTebis gareSe) Canawers fonografiuli sistemis gamoyenebiT,maSin roca ideografia damwerlobis filogenetur ganviTare-baSi garkveul pirvelad safexurs warmoadgens.

amgvarad, fonografiul sistemaSi wera ukve metyvelebasukavSirdeba da enis fonetikuri forma amgvari sistemis Si-naarsis plans Seadgens, anu garkveuli bgeriTi segmentebi(fonetikuri sityvebi, marcvlebi an calkeuli bgerebi)grafikuli niSnebis aRsaniSnebi xdeba.

fonografiuli weriTi sistema, romelSic grafikuli niS-nebi konkretuli enis calkeul leqsemebs gamoxataven, ganixi-leba rogorc logografiuli da amgvar sistemaSi niSnebiwarmoadgenen logogramebs. fonografiuli sistema, romel-Sic niSnebi marcvlebs gamoxataven, ganixileba rogorc si-labografiuli da amgvari sistemis niSnebs silabogramebsuwodeben. dasasrul, fonografiuli sistema, romelSicgrafikuli niSnebi calkeul bgerebs (bgeriT erTeulebs)gamoxataven, ganixileba rogorc anbanuri. damwerlobis ti-pologiaSi anbanuri sistema umaRles dones ganekuTvneba.igi yvelaze ekonomiuria rogorc metyvelebis SedarebiT sru-

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lyofilad CawerisaTvis (saWiro niSanTa raodenobis Tval-sazrisiT), ise informaciis grZel manZilze gadacemis Tval-sazrisiTac. swored amitom anbanuri damwerlobis Seqmna ni-Snavda udides miRwevas kacobriobis bunebriv ganviTareba-Si. anbanuri weris formiT kacobriobam SeiZina metyvelebisCawerisa da misi sivrcesa da droSi gadacemis martivi da efeq-turi saSualeba.3

Tavis mxriv, anbanuri sistema iyofa fonologiur da fone-tikur tipebad. fonologiur sistemaSi grafikuli niSnebiTmxolod enis fonemuri erTeulebi aRiniSneba, fonemis bgeriTivariantebi araa gaTvaliswinebuli miuxedavad imisa, fone-tikurad ramdenad mniSvnelovania gansxvaveba maT Soris. faq-tobrivad, fonologiuri damwerloba warmoadgens enis bgeri-Ti formis xelovnur Canawers im fonologiuri (fonemuri)erTeulebis terminebSi, romlebic specialuri lingvisturikvlevis Sedegad gamoiyofa. weris fonetikur sistemaSi gam-oixateba enis calkeuli bgeriTi erTeulebi, miuxedavad maTifonemuri statusisa enobriv sistemaSi. istoriulad dadas-turebuli anbanuri sistemebi fonetikuri xasiaTisaa, TumcamaTSi xSirad SeimCneva fonologiuri principis impliciturirealizacia da gamoixateba is fonetikuri gansxvavebebi, rom-lebic distinqciuri anu funqcionaluri mniSvnelobis mqo-nea.

3 ideografiis elementebi nebismier anbanur sistemaSi SeiZleba iyos warmod-genili. mxolod pirobiTad Tu vilaparakebT anbanuri sistemis srulyofile-baze ideografiul sistemasTan SedarebiT. anbanuri damwerlobis `srulyo-fileba~ unda gavigoT im azriT, rom igi qronologiurad SedarebiT daSore-buli safexuria damwerlobis filogenetur ganviTarebaSi, rac gulisxmobsideografiuli, logografiuli da silabografiuli safexurebis Tanmimdevrulgavlas sakuTriv anbanuri damwerlobis warmoSobamde. TumcaRa, aRsaniSnavia,rom anbanuri damwerlobis ganviTarebaSi aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac xdeba mi-bruneba ideografiis principebisaken da Cndeba ideografiuli niSnebi (Sdr.,magaliTad, ideografiuli elementebi Tanamedrove inglisur damwerlobaSi).


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rac Seexeba gamoxatulebis plans, fonografiul siste-maSi grafikuli niSnebi, aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns SorismimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorcpiqtografiulica da rogorc pirobiTic. amgvaria viTarebalogorafiul sistemebSi, sadac niSnebi SeiZleba iyos rogorcpiqtogramebi, ise pirobiTi grafikuli simboloebi. am Tval-sazrisiT, silabografiuli da anbanuri damwerlobebisaTvismxolod pirobiTobaa damaxasiaTebeli, ramdenadac am siste-mebSi grafikul simboloTa aRsaniSnebi, Tavis mxriv, ar war-moadgenen niSnebs da moklebulni arian Sinaarss. swored amisgamo, aRsaniSnebi amgvar sistemebSi arafriT ar SeiZleba hgav-dnen Sesabamis aRmniSvnelebs. grafikul simbolosTan dakav-SirebiT piqtografiaze aq mxolod istoriuli aspeqtiT TuvisaubrebT, anu realuri samyaros garkveuli obieqtebisad-mi SesaZlo msgavsebis (Tu amgvari ram dasturdeba) Tval-sazrisiT. nebismieri aseTi msgavseba mosalodnelia, rom asa-xavdes mocemuli simbolos warmomavlobasa da mis gamoyenebassemasiografiuli (logografiuli) funqciiT garkveularaanbanuri tipis damwerlobaSi.

amgvarad, damwerlobis Sinaarsis plani warmoadgens sx-vadasxva donis enobrivi erTeulebis (bgerebis, marcvlebis,sityvebis, ricxvebis da a.S.) erTobliobas, romlebic sxva-dasxva weriT sistemaSi gansxvavebuli grafikuli simboloe-biT gamoixateba da romelTa konkretuli simravle SeadgensSesabamisi weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis plans.4

4 am azriT, tradiciuli paleografia ganixileba rogorc gramatologiis dargi,romelic upiratesad Seiswavlis weriTi sistemis `gamoxatulebis plans~, anugarkveuli grafikuli niSnebis meSveobiT specialuri mniSvnelobis gamoxatvisTaviseburebas da amgvari niSnebis droSi grafikul transformaciasTan dakav-Sirebul sakiTxebs. ramdenadac aseTi problemebi ganixileboda rogorc kav-Siri gansxvavebul damwerlobebs Soris, gasagebia, rom tradiciuli paleogra-fia, romelic ZiriTadad weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis planiT iyo dain-teresebuli, am sistemis niSnebs Soris grafikuli msgavsebis garegan aspeqte-bze amyarebda Tavis daskvnebs da ar iTvaliswinebda im Sida struqturul Tavise-burebebs, romlebsac sistemis `gamoxatulebis planisa~ da `Sinaarsis pla-nis~ urTierTkavSiri gansazRvravda.

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konkretuli sistemis grafikuli simboloebis speci-fikuri saxelebi, iseve rogorc weris mimarTuleba, weriTisistemis gamoxatulebis plans ukavSirdeba.

3. damwerlobis paradigmatika~ da sintagmatika~

weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis planiscnebebTan erTad enaTmecnierebidan gramatologiaSi, rogorcsemiotikur disciplinaSi, unda gadmovitanoT paradigma-tikisa da sintagmatikis cnebebi.

damwerlobis paradigmatika gulisxmobs damwerlobiselementebis (grafikuli simboloebis) urTierTmimarTebebssistemaSi da maT Tanmimdevrul (wrfiv) dalagebas erTmane-Tis mimarT garkveuli fiqsirebuli rigis saxiT. damwerlo-bis paradigmatika warmoadgens struqturas, romelsac mar-Tavs sistemaSi grafikuli simboloebis gansazRvruli rig-iT dalagebis wesebi da maTi reprezentacia konkretul wr-fiv mimdevrobaSi. yovel damwerlobas sakuTari gansakuTre-buli paradigmatuli struqtura axasiaTebs, anu igi ele-mentTa specifikuri rigiT, grafikuli simboloebis sakuTarigansakuTrebuli mimdevrobiT xasiaTdeba.5

damwerlobis sintagmatika gulisxmobs mimarTebebs dam-werlobis elementebs (grafikul simboloebs) Soris, roca

6 grafikuli simboloebis amgvarad dalagebuli rigi, ganmsazRvreli sistemisparadigmatuli struqturisa, SeiZleba motivirebuli iyos sxvadasxva faqtoriT,gansakuTrebiT ki mniSvnelovania simboloTa grafikuli msgavsebisa da am niS-nebiT gamoxatul bgeraTa fonetikuri siaxlovis faqtori. Zveli semiturisistemis paradigmatikas umTavresad swored es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs. xSiradderivaciul weriT sistemaSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, nasesxebia garkveuli weri-lobiTi wyarodan da Seqmnilia am ukanasknelis modelis mixedviT, grafikulsimboloTa paradigmatika (aramotivirebuli mocemuli sistemis TvalsazrisiT)SeiZleba asaxavdes prototipuli sistemis niSanTa rigs (magaliTad, ZveliberZnuli sistemis paradigmatika Zvel semiturTan SedarebiT).


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isini warmodgenilni arian teqstSi garkveuli mimdevrobissaxiT erTi sityvis sazRvrebSi, sityvaTa mimdevrobaSi Tusintagmaturi planis ufro did erTeulebSi.

paradigmatuli da sintagmaturi planis eqspliciturigamijvna, rac f. de sosiuris lingvistur moZRvrebaSia war-modgenili, unda gaxdes aucilebeli principi weriTi siste-mebis analizisas damwerlobis zogad TeoriaSi anu grama-tologiaSi.

4. uZvelesi berZnuli rogorc anbanuri damwerlobis yve-laze adreuli nimuSi

Tu gvsurs gavarkvioT klasikuri berZnulis warmodgeni-li anbanuri damwerlobis warmomavloba da, sazogadod, an-banuri damwerlobis tipologia, unda gavaanalozoT Zvelisemituri damwerloba.

Zveli semituri, an ufro zustad, proto-semituri damw-erloba, romlisganac damwerlobis sami ZiriTadi saxeoba _finikiuri, qanaanuri da arameuli _ iRebs saTaves, unda aRi-weros rogorc konsonantur-silaburi weriTi sistema (daara rogorc sakuTriv konsonanturi). amis mizezi is gaxlavT,rom Zveli semituri damwerloba erTdroulad damwerlo-bis orive tips ganekuTvneba: rogorc konsonanturs (para-digmatulad, e.i. sistemis SigniT), ise silaburs (sintag-maturad, e.i. teqstSi). amgvarad, igi ormagi bunebis siste-mas warmodgens da damwerlobis tipologiaSi mas ganixilavenrogorc gardamaval, damakavSirebel safexurs mkacrad si-labursa (rodesac damwerloba silaburia rogorc paradig-matulad, ise sintagmaturad, magaliTad, berZnuli B xazo-vani damwerloba) da sakuTriv anbanur weriT sistemebs Soris(klasikuri berZnulis tipisa).

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Zveli berZnuli damwerloba


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Zveli semituri konsonantur-silaburi damwerloba,romelic 22 grafikuli niSnisagan Sedgeba, xasiaTdebagarkveuli paradigmatuli struqturiTa da grafikul sim-boloTa mkacrad gansazRvruli rigiT. swored paradig-matikaSi vlindeba Zveli semituri damwerlobis konsonan-turi buneba, rasac gansazRvravs urTierTcalsaxa myari Se-sabamisoba grafikul simboloebsa da enis Tanxmovan fone-mebs Soris.

weris sintagmatikaSi igive simboloebi asruleben sila-buri niSnebis funqcias da axasiaTebT struqtura: Tanxmo-vani plus romelime xmovani mocemuli enisa (an xmovnis ar-qona), rac damokidebulia im sityvis morfologiur struq-turaze an sityvaTa (morfemaTa) kombinaciis im tipze, romel-ic grafikul simboloTa konkretuli sintagmaturi mimdevro-biT gamoixateba. sakuTriv silaburi weriTi sistemisagan gan-sxvavebiT, romelSiac grafikuli simboloebi xasiaTdebianstruqturiT: Tanxmovani plus gansazRvruli xmovani, racerTnairad vlindeba mocemuli sistemis rogorc sintagma-tikaSi, ise paradigmatikaSi, konsonantur-silabur sistema-Si grafikul niSnebs axasiaTebT struqtura: Tanxmovani plusmocemuli enis romelime xmovani (an xmovnis arqona) mxolodsintagmatikaSi, xolo paradigmatikaSi grafikuli niSnisstuqtura warmodgenilia oden TanxmovniT.

damwerlobis tipologiaSi konsonantur-silaburi damw-erloba ganixileba rogorc ufro metad srulyofili siste-ma silaburTan an (kidev ufro metad) silabur-logografi-ul damwerlobasTan SedarebiT. paradigmatulad igi ufroekonomiuria, adekvaturad asaxavs enis fonetikur mxares Se-darebiT naklebi raodenobis grafikuli niSnebis meSveobiT(maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT Seesabameba Tanxmovan fonemaTaraodenobas). gasagebia, rom konsonantur-silaburi damwer-

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lobis Seqmna iTvleba udides miRwevad, ramdenadac damwer-lobis ganviTarebaSi igi warmoadgens axal safexurs, romel-ic gzas ukvalavs damwerlobis Tvisebrivad axal tips, sax-eldobr, anbanur damwerlobas. am ukanasknelis upirvelesnimuSad gvevlineba klasikuri berZnuli damwerloba, romel-Sic Zveli semituridan gadmoRebuli grafikuli simboloe-bi (grafemebi) gamoxatavdnen calkeul bgerebs (Tanxmovneb-sac da xmovnebsac) rogorc paradigmatikaSi, ise sintagma-tikaSi. arqaul berZnulSi es SesaZlebeli gaxda zogierTisemituri konsonanturi niSnis vokalur niSnad gadaqcevissafuZvelze, riTac faqtobrivad Seiqmna Tvisebrivad axaliweriTi sistema _ anbani, saidanac saTaves iRebs yvela Semdgo-mi dReisaTvis cnobili anbanuri tipis damwerloba.

5. qristianuli aRmosavleTis anbanuri damwerlobani

anbanuri weriTi sistemis gansakuTrebul tipologiurklass Seadgens qristianul anbanur damwerlobaTa erTijgufi, romelic aerTianebs kopturs, goTurs, klasikur somx-urs, Zvel qarTulsa da Zvel slavurs. yvela am damwerlo-bisaTvis klasikuri berZnulis weriTma sistemam Seasrulamodelis, prototipuli damwerlobis roli.

koptur da goTur weriT sistemebSi, iseve rogorc ZvelqarTulSi, daculia klasikur berZnul prototipul siste-masTan paradigmatuli damokidebulebis principi. am Tval-sazrisiT, aRniSnuli sistemebi gansxvavebulia klasikurisomxurisagan, sadac es damokidebuleba gamiznulad arisdarRveuli.

berZnuli sistemis paradigmatuli rigi mTlianad aisaxaZvel qarTul anbanSi, iseve rogorc koptursa da goTurSi;berZnuli prototipis yvela _ 27-ve aso (9 x 3 = 27), Ti-


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Toeuli Tavisi fonetikuri da ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT, imaveTanmimdevrobiT iqna gadmotanili aRniSnul anbanur damw-erlobebSi, Sesabamisi fonetikuri da ricxviTi mniSvnelobe-biT. berZnuli `episemonebi~ imave funqciiT gardaisaxa (anurogorc mxolod garkveuli ricxviTi mniSvnelobis mqonesimboloebi; Sdr. kopturi asoebi `6~-isa da `900~-is mniS-vnelobebiT, aseve, goTuri asoebi 90~-isa da 900~-is ricx-viTi mniSvnelobebiT), an axal sistemaSi maT miiRes mocemu-li sistemisaTvis specifikuri fonetikuri mniSvnelobani.

modelad aRebuli sawyisi weriTi sistemis paradigmatikisSenarCunebas ganapirobebs prototipuli sistemis yoveligrafikuli simbolos Sesabamisad gadmotana Tu fonetikuriCanacvleba~ axlad Seqmnili damwerlobis asoTa rigis sa-Tanado adgilebSi. am gziT prototipuli sistemis paradig-matika srulad gardaisaxeba axlad Seqmnili damwerlobisasoTa rigze.

goTurSi berZnuli prototipuli sistemis paradigmatikisamgvari gardasaxva ganxorcielda ise, rom ar SeqmnilasaWiroeba daematebinaT specifikuri fonetikuri mniSvnelo-bis mqone aso-niSnebi. amgvari specifikuri fonetikuri mniS-vnelobebi mTlianad ganTavsda berZnuli prototipis para-digmatikaSi garkveuli fonetikuri Canacvlebebis Sedegad.amitomac aris, rom goTuri anbani imave raodenobis (9 x 3 =27) grafikul simbolos Seicavs, rasac berZnuli prototi-pi. rac Seexeba ricxviT mniSvnelobebs, pirveli cxra simbo-lo am anbanuri mimdevrobidan aRniSnavs erTeulebs, Semdegicxra _ aTeulebs, xolo anbanuri rigis bolo cxra simbo-lo _ aseulebs.

goTursa da Zvel qarTulSi mas Semdeg, rac Zveli berZnu-li prototipuli sistemis paradigmatikis mTliani gardasax-va moxda axlad Seqmnili sistemis asoTa rigze (zogan fone-

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tikuri CanacvlebebiT), darCa garkveuli raodenobis speci-fikuri bgeriTi erTeuli grafikuli gamoxatulebis gareSe.am specifikuri~ bgerebis aRmniSvneli grafikuli simboloe-bi daemata asoTa rigis ZiriTad~ nawils, erTgvarad Seavsoigi da masSi amgvarad aisaxa sawyisi prototipuli sistemisparadigmatika. Tuki prototipuli sistema 9 x 3 = 27grafikul simbolos aerTianebda, damatebiTi aso-niSnebiTSesaZlebeli gaxda Zvel qarTul anbanSi gamoexataT `aTa-seulebic~.

klasikuri somxuri anbani efuZneba radikalurad gansx-vavebul paradigmatul princips, romelic tipologiuradupirispirdeba kopturis, goTurisa da Zveli qarTulis wer-iT sistemebs. klasikuri somxurisaTvis anbanTrigis SeqmnisprocesSi yvela `episemoni~ (e.i. berZnuli asoebi mxolodricxviTi mniSvnelobiT) Tavidanve amoiRes berZnuli pro-totipuli sistemidan da aseve amoiRes im specifikuri berZnu-li bgerebis aRmniSvneli grafikuli somboloebi, romlebicar axasiaTebda somxurs. rogorc Cans, klasikuri somxuri-saTvis anbanis Seqmnis procesSi berZnulis specifikur fone-tikur mniSvnelobebs ar Canacvlebia sakuTriv somxuri bgere-bi (rogorc es xdeboda kopturi, goTuri da Zveli qarTulidamwerlobebis Seqmnisas); amis sanacvlod berZnuli anbaniSemWidrovda da misgan miviReT anbanTrigi, romelic Seicavdamxolod somxuri bgerebis korelatebs da romlebic grafiku-lad Taviseburi niSnebiT gamoixateboda. amgvarad miRebuliberZnuli paradigmatuli rigi (e.i. berZnuli prototipulisistemidan miRebuli somxurisaTvis ucxo fonetikuri mniS-vnelobebis amogdebiT) warmoadgenda fonetikuri mniS-vnelobebis im sawyis birTvs, romelsac daeyrdno klasikurisomxuri anbani da rogorc mTliani sistema igi CamoyalibdaaRniSnul birTvze somxurisaTvis specifikuri bgeriTi er-


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Teulebis damatebiT, romlebic specialuri grafikuli sim-boloebiT gamoixateboda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom specifikuri somxuri mniSvnelobebi aragrZelebda uwyvetad anbanTrigis ZiriTad~ nawils, romelicnawilobriv mainc asaxavda berZnul paradigmatikas, miuxe-davad imisa, rom am ukanasknelis SemWidroebul saxesxvaobaswarmoadgenda. somxur anbanSi `damatebiTi~ nawilis sim-boloebi gafantulia ZiriTadi~ nawilis simboloebs Soris,ris Sedegadac darRveulia berZnuli prototipiT motivire-buli sawyisi paradigmatika da, Sesabamisad, amosavali berZnu-li modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ricxviTi mniSvnelobe-bis sistemac moSlilia.

axlad Seqmnil weriT sistemaSi prototipuli damwer-lobis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis SenarCunebis principi,romelic mkacradaa daculi koptur, goTur da Zvel qarTuldamwerlobebSi, mTlianad uaryofilia klasikuri somxurianbanis Semqmnelis mier, romelic berZnul damwerlobas mx-olod imisaTvis iyenebs, rom Sesabamisobis gziT moaxdinoszogierTi somxuri bgeriTi erTeulis identifikacia. sworedamiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli is faqtic, rom klasikurisomxuri anbanis Semqmneli, romlisTvisac models berZnu-li damwerloba warmoadgenda, ar iTvaliswinebda berZnuli-saTvis specifikuri bgerebis gamomxatvel, magram somxuribgeriTi sistemis TvalsazrisiT Warb grafikul simboloebs;aseve ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli episemonebi _ niSnebi, rom-lebic moklebulia raime fonetikur mniSvnelobas. amis ga-moa, rom berZnuli anbanis birTvs, romelsac klasikuri somx-uri sistema eyrdnoba, Seadgens simboloTa mimdevroba A–λφα-dan (somx. ayb) X χι-mde (somx. khē), saidanac gamoricx-ulia asoebi specifikuri berZnuli mniSvnelobebiT.klasikuri somxuri anbanis am specifikur asoebs Sorisaa

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ganTavsebuli _ ZiriTadi~ nawilis grafemebis alternative-bis gamoyenebiT ramdenime gasxvavebul adgilas _ yvela dama-tebiTi simbolo, rac mTlianobaSi qmnis klasikuri proto-tipuli berZnuli sistemisagan gansxvavebul sruliad axalparadigmatikas klasikur somxur damwerlobaSi. amis gamomTlianad dairRva Sesabamisoba prototipul berZnul daklasikur somxur damwerlobebs Soris urTierTSesabamisigrafikuli simboloebis mier ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis gamox-atvis TvalsazrisiT. amgvarad, klasikuri somxuri damwer-loba radikalurad gansxvavebulia kopturi, goTuri da Zve-li qarTuli weriTi sistemebisagan, romlebic, zemoT aRniS-nuli TvalsazrisiT, erT tipologiur klasSi erTiandebian.

berZnul damwerlobaze dafuZnebul qristianuli perio-dis anbanebs Soris, istoriuli urTierTmimarTebebis Tval-sazrisiT, unda ganvixiloT Zveli slavuri damwerlobebi _kirilica da glagolica, romlebic Zveli weriTi sisteme-bis aRniSnul tipologiur klass ganekuTvnebian. Zveli sla-vuri glagolica aSkarad efuZneba paradigmatuli damoki-debulebis imave princips axlad Seqmnil damwerlobasa daberZnul prototipul sistemas Soris, romelic daculiakoptur, goTur da Zvel qarTul anbanebSi.

Zveli qarTuli damwerloba da Zveli slavuri glagoli-ca, garda msgavsebisa paradigmatul struqturaSi, sxva saer-To principiTac xasiaTdebian, kerZod, grafikuli simboloe-bis moxazuloba am axlad Seqmnil damwerlobebSi daSore-bulia prototipuli sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moxa-zulobisagan. rogorc Cans, es principi im mizniT gatarda,rom axlad Seqmnili sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yo-filiyo yvela Tviseba damoukidebeli erovnuli damwerlo-bisa~ da saerTod gamoricxuliyo garegani msgavseba maTTanadroul romelime sxva sistemasTan.


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klasikuri somxuri damwerloba (grafikulad absolu-turad gansxvavebuli berZnuli prototipisagan), romlisSemqmnelad mesrop maStoci gvevlineba, aRniSnul principsdidi simkacriT icavs. klasikuri somxuri damwerlobis Se-qmnisas mesrop maStoci mTlianad emyareboda berZnul wer-iT sistemas, Tumca man totalurad Secvala prototipulisistemis grafika da axlad Camoyalibebul damwerlobaSiSesabamisi niSnebis moxazuloba sruliad gansxvavebuli te-qnikiT Seqmna. am gziT TiTqos moiSala yovelgvari gareganimsgavseba berZnul prototipTan da Seiqmna STabeWdileba, romCamoyalibda damoukidebeli da originaluri axali damwer-loba.

Zveli qarTuli anbanis Semqmnelic gamiznulad, imave gan-zraxviT, cvlis berZnul prototipul sistemas, Tumca esaraa berZnuli grafikis totaluri cvlileba: axali siste-mis avtori axdens prototipuli sistemis ama Tu im niSnisarqaizacias, an zogjer _ garkveul grafikul modifikacias.am gziT Zveli qarTuli anbanis avtori aRwevs sasurvelSedegs _ qmnis originalur erovnul damwerlobas, sworediseve, rogorc maStocma berZnuli prototipuli moxazulo-bis mTlianad SecvliT Seqmna originaluri klasikuri somx-uri erovnuli damwerloba.

aRmosavleT qristianul kulturul samyaroSi amgvarmatendenciebma, romlebic nakarnaxevi iyo rogorc politikuri,ise religiuri TvalsazrisiT, Sedegad gamoiRo ramdenime ga-regnulad gansxvavebuli weriTi sistemis Seqmna, romlebicberZnul damwerlobas efuZnebodnen da, amave dros, TavianTigrafikuli moxazulobiT berZnuli prototipuli sistemisa-gan damoukideblobas avlendnen.

am TvalsazrisiT, Zveli qarTuli damwerloba, klasikurisomxuri da Zveli slavuri glagolica erT tipologiur

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klasSi erTiandebian, kopturi da goTuri damwerlobebis sa-pirispirod, aseve, sapirispirod kirilicasi, romelTagrafikuli gamoxatuleba maTi Tanadrouli berZnuli damwer-lobis moxazulobis amsaxvelia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom, amavdroulad, Zveli qarTuli damwer-loba (iseve rogorc Zveli slavuri glagolica) mTlianadgansxvavdeba klasikuri somxuri anbanisagan damwerlobisSinagani, paradigmatuli struqturiT. berZnul prototipulsistemasTan paradigmatuli damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT,Zveli qarTuli damwerloba (iseve rogorc Zveli slavuriglagolica) tipologiurad erTiandeba qristianuli damw-erlobis iseT uZveles nimuSebTan, rogoricaa kopturi dagoTuri weriTi sistemebi.

6. anbanuri sistema _ saboloo safexuri damwerlobisganviTarebaSi?

bevr originalur anbanur sistemaSi, romlebic enis fone-tikuri mxaris adekvaturad gamoxatvis mizniT Seiqmna, si-tyvaTa daweriloba ukve aRar asaxavs srulad maT realurwarmoTqmas, rac met-naklebad ukavSirdeba fonetikuri siste-mis mniSvnelovan transformaciebs. enaSi bgeriTi sintagma-tika SeiZleba daSordes grafikul sintagmatikas, romelicasaxavs Sesabamisi sityvebis fonetikur ier-saxes anbanuriweriTi sistemis Seqmnis periodSi, misi ganviTarebis adreulsafexurze, roca fonetikuri ier-saxe sityvebisa jer kidevSenarCunebuli iyo maT dawerilobaSi.

amgvar gviandel anbanur sistemebSi calkeuli sityvisgrafikuli struqtura misi fonetikuri mxaris gamomxat-vel erTgvar pirobiT niSans warmoadgens. am sistemebSicalkeuli grafikuli simbolo sintagmatikaSi SeiZleba Seg-


Tamaz gamyreliZe152

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vxvdes ara rogorc romelime bgeris an fonemis aRmniSvne-li, aramed rogorc mTeli sityvis fonetikuri aspeqtis ga-momxatveli garkveuli sintagmaturi agregatis grafikulielementi (Sdr., magaliTad, calkeul sityvaTa dawerilobaniTanamedrove inglisursa da frangulSi).

enis fonetikuri aspeqtis ganviTarebasa da damwerlobisZvel sintagmatikas Soris amgvari Seusabamobis logikuriSedegi SeiZleba gaxdes anbanuri warmoSobis damwerlobisSecvla kvazi-logografiuli sistemiT, sadac calkeuli asoan asoTa garkveuli sintagmaturi jgufi gamoxatavs mTelsityvas (asoebis fonetikur mniSvnelobasa da mocemuli si-tyvis Semadgenel bgerebs Soris sruli Seusabamobis pirobeb-Si). am SemTxvevaSi damwerlobaSi irRveva yvela adre arsebu-li kavSiri enis fonetikur mxaresTan da igi iqceva enisagandamoukidebel sistemad, romelic garkveuli raodenobisgrafikul simboloebs Seicavs da xasiaTdeba Zveli fone-tikuri sintagmatikis amsaxveli specialuri wesebiT. damw-erlobis avtonomiur~ bunebaze mxolod am azriT SeiZlebalaparaki.

qarTuli damwerloba gadaurCa anbanuri sistemidan da-Sorebis am process qarTuli fonetikis gansakuTrebuli kon-servaciis faqtis wyalobiT, romelmac sintagmaturi fone-tikuri formebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, xelSeuxeblad Semogvi-naxa werilobiT dafiqsirebuli TiTqmis 1500-wliani istori-is manZilze.


Tamaz gamyreliZe166

`kulturis ekologia~1

ermini ekologia~ Tavisi etimologiuri SinaarsiT ni-Snavs mecnierebas `sacxovreblis~, `garemos~,`garemocvis~ Sesaxeb. TviT garemocvis~ cnebas azri aqvs

garkveuli centris, im centraluri wertilis daSvebisSemTxvevaSi, romelSic adamiani imyofeba.

`ekologiis~ amgvari gansazRvrisas unda davadginoT, Tura xasiaTis `garemosTan~, `garemocvasTan~ gvaqvs saqme: ad-amianisaTvis es garemo aris fizikuri da biologiuri, TusakuTriv adamianuri _ kulturul-socialuri. Sesabamisad,saWiroa gavarCioT adamianis fizikur-biologiuri ekologiada ekologia kulturul-socialuri, romelic ganixilavs`ekologiis~ humanitarul aspeqtebs da romlisTvisac SeiZ-leboda kulturis ekologia~ gvewodebina.

1 gamoqveynda krebulSi «oCxari», julieta ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri,istoriuli da filologiuri Ziebani: `mematiane~, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 113_115.

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`kulturis ekologia~ ganixilavs adamians ara rogorcbiologiur obieqts, romelzedac zemoqmedebas axdens fizi-kuri garesamyaro, aramed rogorc socialur-kulturulobieqts, romelic garkveul urTierTobebs amyarebs adamia-nur garemosTan da romelzedac zemoqmedebas axdens esa Tuis socialuri garemo.

`ekologiisadmi~ miZRvnil Sekrebebze Cven mTel yura-dRebas mivapyrobT xolme fizikur-biologiur ekologias daTiTqmis mTlianad ugulebelvyofT kulturis ekologiis~problemebs, maSin rodesac mTeli msoflios xalxebs, da gan-sakuTrebiT mcirericxovan erebs, fizikuri garemos siwmin-dis dacvaze aranakleb mwvaved awuxebT erovnuli kulturi-sa da enis gadarCenis, TavianT esTetikur da eTnikur faseulo-baTa dacvis sakiTxebi _ da yovelive es totaluri globali-zaciis epoqaSi.

amgvar enaTa da kulturaTa mospoba-gadaSeneba iseTivekatastrofaa kulturul-ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT,rogoric garesamyaros dabinZureba _ fizikur-biologiuriekologiis TvalsazrisiT.

Cven `wiTel wignSi~ Segvaqvs im cxovelTa da mcenareTasaxelebi, romelTac gadaSeneba emuqrebaT da amiT vafrTxi-lebT kacobriobas, magram xSirad gvaviwydeba TviTon adami-ani da misi kultura, rodesac gulgrilad SevcqeriT xalxe-bisa da maTi enebis gadaSenebas, xalxebisa, romlebic Tavadwarmoadgenen kacobriobis istoriisa da sakacobrio kul-turis nawils.

aseTi xalxebisa da enebis dakargviT kacobrioba ufroRaribi da erTgvarovani xdeba; kacobrioba kargavs raRac naw-ils Tavisi istoriuli mexsierebisa, rom aRaraferi vTqvaTim xalxebis erovnul grZnobebze, romelTac istoriulma bed-ma arguna gamxdariyvnen cocxali mowmeni TavianTi erovnuli

~kulturis ekologia~

Tamaz gamyreliZe168

enebisa da erovnuli kulturebis SebRalvisa, zogjer ki _sruli gadaSenebisa did saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebaTa far-glebSi.

xSirad swored es iwvevs gareSe damkvirveblisaTvis gauge-bar erovnul mRelvarebas, romelsac Tavisi intensivobiT verSeedreba veraviTari ukmayofileba, mZime socialur-ekonomikuri Tu sxva pirobebiT gamowveuli.

Tanamedrove samyaros saerTo-erovnuli kulturul-eno-brivi faqtori gansazRvravs `kulturis ekologiis~ prob-lemaTa kompleqss. saWiroa saswrafod SevqmnaT dakargvissaSiSroebis winaSe myofi enebisa da xalxebis `wiTeli wig-ni~ da dauyovnebliv miviRoT samecniero-organizaciuli zome-bi am enebisa da xalxebis gadasarCenad.

yvela es problema Sedis swored kulturis ekologiis~sferoSi da aucilebelia am sakiTxebze farTo diskusiebisgamarTva, kulturul-ekologiuri problemebis ganxilvasaerTaSoriso masStabiT, raTa Camoyalibdes `kulturisekologiis~ mecnieruli safuZvlebi. es ukanaskneli fizi-kur-biologiur ekologiasTan~ kompleqsSi Seqmnis erTianekologiur disciplinas, romelsac SeiZleba sazogadod ad-amianisa da sazogadoebis ekologia~ ewodos.

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`transkavkasia~ Tu ‘samxreT kavkasia~?geopolitikuri nomenklaturis

dazustebisaTvis*

mierkavkasias~ dasavlur enebze, Cveulebriv, `tran-skavkasias~ uwodeben, rac rusul Закавказье~-s Targ-mans warmoadgens, laTinuri trans-~ TavsarTis gamoy-

enebiT rusuli `за~- prefiqsis Sesabamisad. transkavkasia~_ Закавказье~, maSasadame, niSnavs kavkasiis qedis, kavkasiismiRma teritorias~, rac qarTulad rogorc imierkavkasia~gadmoiTargmneba.

kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT mdebare teritoriis trans-kavkasia~ _ Закавказье~ (e.i. imierkavkasia~) terminiT aRniS-vna gulisxmobs saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanismomcveli am teritoriis danaxvas da saxeldebas Crdilo-eTidan, `kavkasiis~ samxreTi nawilis Sefasebas Crdiloelidamkvirveblis TvaliT, ris gamoc es termini garkveul poli-tikur, ase vTqvaT, koloniur~ Seferilobas iZens.

* daibeWda Tavdapirvelad gazeT “Свободная Грузия”-Si, 1997.

“Aa

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kavkasiis regioni anu `kavkasia~, romelic moicavs teri-torias kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT, am qedisberZnul `kaukasos~ saxels ukavSirdeba. Tavad berZnuli`kaukasos~ termini Zveli iranuli `kapkah~ saxelwodebisa-gan unda momdinareobdes, rac did mTas~ niSnavs.

amgvarad, kavkasia~ geografiulad warmodgens garkveulteritorias Sav zRvasa da kaspiis zRvas Soris, romelsackavkasionis qedi or nawilad yofs _ CrdiloeT kavkasiad dasamxreT kavkasiad. `kavkasiis~ samxreT nawils Cven savsebiTbunebrivad amierkavkasias~, anu kavkasiis qedis aqeT~, ami-er~ mdebare regions vuwodebT.

amisgan gansxvavebiT, rusul da dasavlur sityvaxmarebaSiCrdiloeT kavkasias `Северный Кавказ~-s uwodeben, xolosamxreT kavkasias logikurad mosalodneli da geografiu-lad gamarTlebuli `Южный Кавказ~-is nacvlad garkveu-li politikuri orientaciis mqone `Закавказье~ _ `tran-skavkasia~ (e.i. imerkavkasia~) terminiT aRniSnavdnen.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, termini transkavkasia~ _`Закавказье~ mizanSewonilia am enebSi Seicvalos poli-tikurad neitraluri da geografiulad zusti terminebiT`Crdilo kavkasia~ _ `Северный Кавказ~, `North Caucasus~da samxreT kavkasia~ _ Южный Кавказ~, South Caucasus~;qarTulad samxreT kavkasia~ terminis paralelurad trad-iciuli `amierkavkasiac~ SeiZleba vixmaroT (saqrTvelos,somxeTisa da azerbaijanis momcveli teritoriis aRsaniSna-vad).

es sakiTxi araerTxel dasmula sxvadasxva saerTaSorisosamecniero-politikur konferenciebze kavkasiis Sesaxeb dadadebiTad iqna aRqmuli aRniSnuli forumebis monawileTamier.

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amasTanave unda iTqvas, rom tradiciuli terminebi trans-kavkasia~ _ `Закавказье~ imdenad fexmokidebulia saerTa-Soriso sityvaxmarebaSi, rom amaT nacvlad termin samxreTkavkasiis~ damkvidrebas albaT garkveuli dro dasWirdeba.yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven mudam unda SevaxsenoT da mivuTiToTCvens dasavlel da Crdiloel kolegebs `kavkasiis~ mimarTamgvari terminologiuri cvlilebebis aucileblobaze, Se-sabamisad unda Seicvalos ucxour organizaciaTa amierkavka-siasTan dakavSirebuli proeqtebis terminologia: transkav-kasia~ _ `Закавказье~ terminis nacvlad unda ixmarebodestermini samxreT kavkasia~, Южный Кавказ~, South Cauca-sus~, qarTulad agreTve _ amierkavkasia~.

termini transkavkasiuri~ (magaliTad, transkavkasiurimagistrali~) darCeba mxolod mTels samxreTkavkasiaSi~ gam-avali, gamWoli gzis, `derefnis~ aRsaniSnavad aRmosavleT-dasavleTis (an dasavleT-aRmosavleTis) mimarTulebiT (laT-inuri windebuli trans-~ garda imier-~ mniSvnelobisa, rus.`за-~, gamoxatavs agreTve mniSvnelobebs `-Si~, `gaswvriv~,rus. через~, сквозь~; Sdr. terminebi transatlantikuri~,`transcimbiruli~ da sxv.).

`transkavkasia~ Tu ~samxreT kavkasia~?

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`mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologiisaTvis*

Ον οÍ hοÂ φιλου σιν ‘aποhνήσkει νέος – `vinc RmerTebs uyvarT,axalgazrda kvdeba~. menandres es sityvebi SesaniSnavad esa-dageba givi maWavarians _ brwyinvale mecniersa da araCveu-lebriv adamians, romelmac waruSleli kvali datovaqarTul da saerTaSoriso enaTmecnierebaSi. me piradad mqon-da bedniereba masTan erToblivi mecnieruli muSaobisamravali wlis manZilze; swored man Semiyvana me qarTvelurienaTmecnierebis saocar samyaroSi; swored masTan erTadSeiqmna qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi Seswavlis is suraTi,romelic Tavis droze faqtobrivad qarTveluri SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis axal paradigmas warmoadgen-da. es patara statiac me minda mivuZRvna Cveni dauviwyarimegobrisa da kolegis givi maWavarianis xsovnas.

idronimi mtkvari~ qarTul wyaroebSi dasturdeba uZ-veles hagiografiul da istoriul ZeglebSi mtkuar-i/ mtkur-is[a] formiT, sadac u niSani (digrafi) umarcv-

$ ~

* «enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi» 4(16). eZRvneba givi maWavarianis dabadebis 75wlisTavs, Tbilisi, 2002 w.: «iv.javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversiteti».

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lo [–] bgeras unda gadmogvcemdes, e.i. gvqonda xmovanmo-nacvle mtk–ar-/mtk–r- fuZe:...xolo queyanasa amas Sina arianmdinareni udidesni mtkuari da Woroxi (qarTl. cx. IV, 661,9_10); amier erTeulni mtkurisani (qarTl. cx. IV, 83, 17) dasxv.

`mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologizaciis cda bolo drosmocemuli aqvs prof. v.sergias, romelic mas laz. mtkori(“tyiuri”) adieqtivs ukavSirebs da lazuridan momdinaredmiiCnevs: lazuri ‘mtkori’ // qarTuli mtkvari, e.i. “tyiani,Zlieri, daudgromeli” (v.sergia, mtkvris etimologiisaTvis_ `saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe~, t. 146, №2,1992, gv. 221_228); aqvea mocemuli mravali sxva avtoris ufroadrindeli mosazrebebi `mtkvari~ hidronimis warmomavlo-basTan dakavSirebiT: n.mari, arn. Ciqobava, v. struve, l. meli-qseT-begi, s. jiqia, z. WumburiZe, a. axundovi, ...).

qarT. `mtkvari/mtkvris~ hidronimis amgvari etimologi-zacia gaWirdeba ukve imis gamo, rom lazuri mtkori~ formasakmaod gviandelia (meoreuli Tavkidura #m- TanxmovniT daty- // tk- gadasvliT: Sdr. megr. tyari “tyiuri”) da ver CaiTv-leba amosavlad qarT. mtkvari hidronimisaTvis (Sdr. agreTveamgvari dakavSirebis SemTxvevaSi laz. -o- // qarT. -va- gadasv-lis daSveba, rasac paraleli ar unda moepovebodes, romaRaraferi vTqvaT amgvari dakavSirebis semantikur sirTu-leebze).

analogiuri formalur-semantikuri sirTuliT xasiaTdeba`mtkvari~ hidronimTan dakavSirebuli yvela sxva warmodge-nili etimologizacia.

sul sxva suraTi gveqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mtkvar- hidron-ims ganvixilavT rogorc warmoSobiT participialur for-mas: qarT. `mtkvari/mtkvris~ saxeli aSkara kavSirs avlenswarmoebis mxriv m- _ -ar- prefiqs-sufiqsian participialur

~mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologiisaTvis

Tamaz gamyreliZe174

(mimReobur) formebTan, Zv. qarT. mdinari ≈ m-din-ar-i tipisa:Sdr. ...wyali aRmomcenare, mdinari da Suenieri~ (zarzm. 324,17).

m-din-ar-i formis paraleluri participialuri formaaZvel qarTulSi m-din-ar-e: Sdr. ...cremlni, viTarca mdinareniwyalni~ (sas. w. II 5, 7) (amgvari paraleluri warmoebisaTvisSdr. agreTve Zv. qarT. m-Zin-ar-i da m-Zin-ar-e).

mimReoba m-din-ar-e ukve Zvel qarTulSi gasubstantivebu-lia da ixmareba arsebiTi saxelis mniSvnelobiT, rogorc Tana-medrove qarTulis mdinare.

analogiur gasubstantivebul participialur warmoebasgviCvenebs Zv. qarT. m-kud-ar-i, ax. qarT. mkvdari, sityva, ro-melic *k–ed- “kvdoma” zmnuri Ziris nulsafexurian *kud-/*k–d- formas warmoadgens.

swored msgavsi mimReoburi warmoeba Cans hidronim`mtkvari~ formaSic, e.i. m-tkv-ar-i, sadac gamoiyofa parti-cipialuri m- _ -ar- cirkumfiqsi da uxmovno tk–- Ziri, rom-lis srulsafexuriani forma iqneboda *tek–- (Sdr.nulsafexuriani participialuri m-k–d-ar-i forma, sapir-ispirod srulsafexuriani k–ed- zmnuri formisa).

es savaraudo srulsafexuriani *tek–- Ziri emTxveva saer-To-indoevropul *tekw- zmnur Zirs, romelic mraval isto-riul indoevropul enaSi “dinebis”, “swrafad moZraobis” se-mantikas gamoxatavs: Sdr. Zv. ind. tákti “iswrafvis”, “miedine-ba”, slav. (rus.) течь “dineba”, Zv. slav. teko , rus. теку “gavr-bivar, mivedinebi”, toq. cake “mdinare”, Zv. iranuli (avesturi)tačaiti “miedineba”, tači-pā “mdinare wyali” (Sdr. Zv. qarT.“mdinareni wyalni”).

maSasadame, m-tkv-ar-i Tavdapirvelad “dinebis” gamomxatve-li participialuri forma unda yofiliyo da formaluradda semantikurad m-din-ar-i // m-din-ar-e mimReoburi warmoe-

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bis analogs warmoadgenda; gasubstantivebuli mtkvari si-tyva TandaTan ukve konkretuli mdinaris sakuTar saxeladaRiqmeba da sakuTriv hidronimis statuss iZens.

savaraudo *tek–- zmnuri Ziri, romelic indoevropulidanmomdinared miiCneva da “dinebis” mniSvnelobas unda gamoxatav-des, ar Cans produqtiuli sakuTriv qarTulSi da mxolodmtkvar- saxelSi unda dasturdebodes [Tu egeve Ziri ar vi-varaudeT qarT. mtknar- < *m-tk–-n-ar- ( ?) formaSi, e.i. “mdi-nari”: Sdr. Zv. qarT. sisxli mtknari, an “mtkvriseuli” = “mdi-nariseuli”: Sdr. mtknari wyali “gamdinari, umarilo wya-li”]. amitom participialuri m-tk–-ar- formis warmoeba,yovel SemTxvevaSi, saerTo qarTul-zanur doneze unda vi-varaudoT, rodesac indoevropulidan momdinare *tek–- zmnu-ri Ziri “dinebis” mniSvnelobiT sxva konstruqciebSic undagvqonoda, rac cal-calke ukve megrul-lazursa da qarTulSiaRar dasturdeba (Tu aseTad ar CavTvliT zemoT ganxilulmtknar- formas).

am TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa (aseve indoevroulidan mo-mdinare) uZvelesi din- Ziri, romelic produqtiuli rCebaTviT Zvelsa da Tanamedrove qarTulSi (Sdr. din-eb-a, mi-e-din-eb-a, m-din-ar-e, s-di-s, den-i, dn-ob-a da sxv.: Sdr. ind.-evr. *dhen- “dineba” ; “mdinare” , “wyaro”: Zv. spars. danuvatiy“miedineba”, toq. tsän- “dineba”, laT. fōns/fontis “wyaro”, av-est. dānu- “mdinare”, osur. don “mdinare”, “wyali” da sxv.).

qarTuli m-tk–-ar- formis siZveles, yovel SemTxvevaSiqarTul-zanur qronologiur doneze arsebobas, mxars uW-ers “mtkvris” aRmniSvneli berZnuli hidronimi Ku÷roς, romel-ic amosavlad swored zanur *(m)tkur- formas unda gulisx-mobdes (Sdr., erTi mxriv, qarT. cxvari/cxvris da megr. Sxur-, laz. Cxur- “cxvari” da, meore mxriv, qarT. mtkvari/mtkvrisda savaraudo zan. *(m)tkur-, romlisganac bunebrivad gam-

~mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologiisaTvis

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oiyvaneba am hidronimis Zv. berZnuli varianti). savaraudozan. *(m)tkur- formaSi berZnulisaTvis uCveulo #mtk- ko-mpleqsis #tk→ k bunebrivi gamartivebiT viRebT istoriulberZnul formas Κu÷ρος “mtkvari” (aqedan unda momdinareob-des ukve “mtkvris” aRmniSvneli saxelebi, Turqul-azer-baijanuli kur, rusuli Кура, dasavluri Kura da sxv.).

yovelive es gvavaraudebinebs indoevropulidan momdinare*tek–- zmnuri Ziris qarTvelurSi odindel produqtiulo-bas “dinebis” mniSvnelobiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi im qro-nologiur doneze, romelic win uswrebda qarTul-zanurierTianobis daSlas (am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia zemoTganxiluli den-/din- < i.-e. *dhen- Ziris produqtiulobaqarTulSi).

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`qarTu~ _ “kartu” rogorc qarTvelis~,`qarTvelTa qveynis~ aRmniSvneli uZvelesi

qarTveluri saxeli∗

egrul-lazuri qorTu `qarTveli~ eTnonimi qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTianobis epoqisaTvis *qarTu sityva-formas unda gulisxmobdes `qarTvelis~, `qarTvelTa

qveynis~ mniSvnelobiT.uZveles qarTulSi *qarTu forma ar dasturdeba, magram

gvaqvs –el- bolosarTiT (sufiqsiT) nawarmoebi qarTu-el-i~ qarTÍ-el-i ~ qarTvel-i (u/Í sonantis qarTulSi v-TanxmovanSi gadasvlis Sedegad), rac ufro adreul epoqaSiswored amgvari sityva-formis arsebobas gvavaraudebinebs.

maSasadame, qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTianobisaTvis undadavuSvaT *qarTu saxelis arseboba qarTvelis~, qarTvelTaqveynis~ mniSvnelobiT, romelmac megrul-lazurSi mogvcakanonzomierad qorTu `qarTveli~ forma (zanurixmovanTgadawevis Sedegad), xolo sakuTriv qarTulSi -el-bolosarTis darTviT miviReT istoriulad dadasturebuliqarTv-el-i forma.∗ daibeWda gazeTSi `24 saaTi~, 2006 wlis 8 aprili.

m

Tamaz gamyreliZe178

Tavis mxriv, qarTul-zanuri *qarTu Sedgenili forma undaiyos *qarT- Zirisa da u- bolosarTis saSualebiT, racnaTlad Cans qarTl-i toponimis arsebobidan qarTulSi,romelic nawarmoebia qarT- Zirze _l- bolosarTis darTviT.

amave *qarT- Zirze -ul- bolosarTis darTviT viRebdiT*qarT-ul- formas, romelmac qarTulSi mogvca kanonzomi-erad qarT-ul-i, xolo megrulsa da lazurSi qorT-ul-iformebi (lazurSi _ qliavis specifikuri jiSis~ mniSvnelo-biT). es Tavdapirveli qarTveluri *qarT- Ziri toponimismniSvnelobiT SesaZlebelia davinaxoT agreTve svanur qarTformaSi qalaq Tbilisis~ mniSvnelobiT.

maSasadame, qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTianobis epoqaSiunda gvqonoda *qarT- Ziri, romelzedac -u- sufiqsis darT-viT viRebdiT *qarT-u formas qarTvelis~, qarTvelTa qvey-nis~ mniSvnelobiT, xolo -l- sufiqsis darTviT – specifikurtoponims qarT-l-i qarTvelTa qveyana~; ukve qarTul-zanurienobrivi erTianobis epoqaSi (e.i. jer kidev xmovanTa zanurgadawevamde~) unda vivaraudoT qarTvelur tomTa saxelwode-bebSi garkveuli arealuri sxvaobebi: aq warmodgenili undayofiliyo formebi *qarTu da *zan-. es ukanaskneli *zan-fuZe mxolod svanurs SemorCa mÊzçn megreli~, zçn samegre-lo~ formebis saxiT, xolo sakuTriv megrulsa da lazurSiigi Seicvala *megrel- [margal, e.i. `egris mobinadre~, Sdr.qarTuli m-egr-i] eTnonimiT.

amgvarad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: qarTul-zanuri enobrivierTianobis epoqaSi arsebobda qarTvelTa~ aRmniSvneli sax-eli *qarTu, romelic megrulsa da lazurSi gardaiqmnakanonzomierad qorTu formad `qarTvelis~ mniSvnelobiT,xolo sakuTriv qarTulSi -el- sufiqsis darTviT mogvcaistoriulad dadasturebuli qarTv-el-i eTnonimi.

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eiforia Tu euforia | | evforia?*

Revandel qarTulSi xSirad ismis sityva eiforia~, racniSnavs àRtkinebas~, àRtacebas~, àmaRlebul ganwy-obilebas~.

berZnuli warmomavlobis es sityva farTodaa gavrcelebu-li sxvadasxva evropul enaSi (Sdr. rus. эйфория, ingl. eu-phoria, frang. euphorie da sxv.).

berZnuli sityva eujforiva ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: euj- da-foriva, mniSvnelobebiT _ kargi, keTili, baraqiani~ da tare-ba~, rac mTlianobaSi gvaZlevs mniSvnelobas `baraqianoba~,`nayofiereba~, kargi mosavali~ da a.S.

euj- kargi, keTili~, rogorc Semadgeneli nawili, mravalsxva sityvaSic iCens Tavs Zvel berZnulSi: Sdr. eujv-genhvß,`keTilSobili~ (aqedan sakuTari saxeli èvgeni~), eujv-ephvς`kargad mosaubre~, euj-grafhvß“kargad naweri~ (Sdr. sakuTarisaxeli evgrafi~), euj-fhmovς “keTilis mTqmeli~, euj-fhmismovς`kargad Tqmuli~, Sdr. evfemizmi~ da mravali sxva.* daibeWda gazeTSi `saqarTvelos respublika~, 2007 wlis 9 agvisto.

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Tamaz gamyreliZe180

berZnuli euj- `keTili, kargi~ qarTulSi gadmoicema,rogorc wesi, eu-/ev- mimdevrobiT, garda zemoT ganxiluliSemTxvevisa, e.i. garda sityvisa eiforia, romelic rusuliэйфория formis gavlenas amJRavnebs; ufro zustad – rusu-li эйфория kanonzomieri asaxvaa berZnuli eujv-foriva sityvi-sa, ramdenadac berZnuli euj- gadmoicema rusulSi эй- dif-TongiT (Sdr. agreTve berZn. neu÷ron `myesi, nervi~ da rus.нейрон `neironi~), da es rusuli эйфория gadmotanil iqnaqarTulSi eiforia~-s saxiT.

amdenad, qarTulisaTvis ufro kanonzomieri iqnebodaberZnuli warmomavlobis es friad gavrcelebuli sityva araeiforia formiT gvexmara (Sdr. rus. эйфория), aramed qarTu-lisaTvis ufro bunebrivi da kanonzomieri euforia (anevforia) formiT.

TviT neironi terminic qarTulSi rusulidan aris Semo-suli (Sdr. нейрон); ufro kanonzomieri iqneboda misi neuron/nevron formiT xmareba berZnuli neu÷ron sityvis Sesabamisad(es forma kanonzomierad aris warmodgenili nevrologiaterminSi). amdenad, ufro marTebuli iqneboda qarTulisaTvisara neiroqirurgia (rac rusuli нейрохирургия-s imeorebs),aramed nevroqirurgia; rac Seexeba imave semantikis mqone qarT.nerv-i sityvas da rusulsa da sxva enebSi gavrcelebul Se-sabamis terminebs, isini laTinur nervus nervi~ formas asaxa-ven da saTanadod gadmoicemian xsenebul enebSi.

didi

qarTveli

enaTmecnierebi

akaki SaniZegiorgi axvledianiarnold Ciqobavagiorgi wereTeli

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akaki SaniZe _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebisfuZemdebeli

arTuli mecnierebis istoriaSi akaki SaniZe gansakuTre-bul movlenas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom maspeterburgis universitetSi klasikuri Teoriul-

lingvisturi momzadeba ar gauvlia (igi ufro rogorc far-To profilis filologosi gadioda momzadebas, vidresakuTriv lingvisti-Teoretikosi), akaki SaniZe, mis mier Se-qmnili qarTuli gramatikuli sistemis wyalobiT, enaTmec-nierebaSi faqtobrivad im Teoriul-lingvisturi mimdinare-obis winamorbedi aRmoCnda, romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdesrogorc struqturul-funqciuri; miuxedavad imisa, rom akakiSaniZes ar moucia Tavisi lingvisturi koncefciisa da meTo-dologiis mTliani formulireba, enisadmi (am SemTxvevaSiqarTuli enisadmi) mTeli Tavisi mecnieruli midgomiTa daenobrivi analizis gamoyenebuli xerxebisa da meTodebis mixed-viT, akaki SaniZis lingvisturi Teoria unda ganvixiloTrogorc struqturul-funqciuri da enaTmecnierebis isto-riaSi igi im mimdinareobebs SevadaroT, romlebic Semdgomferdinand de sosiuris sinqroniuli Teoriisa da praRis

q

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saenaTmecniero skolis struqturalizmis saxiT Camoyali-bdnen.

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sakmarisia davasaxeloT enob-riv elementTa dapirispirebis, `opoziciis~ cneba, romel-sac, rogorc enobrivi analizis safuZvels, ase farTod iye-nebs akaki SaniZe; swored lingvisturi opoziciis principze

akaki SaniZe _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdebeli

Tamaz gamyreliZe184

aigeba arsebiTad struqturul-funqciur mimarTulebaTaZiriTadi koncefciebi Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi.

akaki SaniZis mier Seqmnil gramatikul sistemaSi winadade-bis centrs, mis struqturul RerZs warmoadgens zmna, rom-lis garSemoc Tavs iyris winadadebis yvela danarCeni wevrida mas garkveuli Sinagani kavSiriT erwymis; zmna gansazRvravswinadadebis Sinagan struqturas, arsebiTad, enis mTel gra-matikul wyobas. amgvari gageba winadadebisa yalibdeba aka-ki SaniZesTan sakmaod adre, qarTuli zmnis analizis pirvelicdebisTanave, rac bunebrivad nakarnaxebi iyo TviT qarTulizmnis struqturuli xasiaTiT, misi mravalpirianobiT, riTacigi gansxvavdeba sxva cnobil enaTa zmnuri struqturebisa-gan.

es koncefcia martivi winadadebis struqturaSi zmnis cen-traluri adgilis Sesaxeb evropul mecnierebaSi formdebagacilebiT ufro gvian, XX s. 30-ian wlebSi, frangi mecni-eris tenieris struqturuli sintaqsis~ Teoriis saxiT.

qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi es principebi mwyobr koncefciadsakmaod adre Camoyalibda, rac dRes amerikisa da evropisenaTmecnierebis aseT did interss iwvevs qarTuli enisa daqarTuli enaTmecnierebis mimarT da rac akaki SaniZis namoR-vawars am interesis centrSi ayenebs. qarTvelma mecniermaqarTuli enis gramatikuli struqturis Tanmimdevruli ana-lizisa da Seswavlis procesSi empiriuli gziT faqtobrivadCamoayaliba im meTodologiis ZiriTadi principebi, romelicufro gvian Teoriul safuZvels uqmnis zemoT dasaxelebulmimdinareobebs enaTmecnierebaSi. amdenad, akaki SaniZem qarTu-li enis mwyobri gramatikuli sistemis CamoyalibebiT iseTienaTmecnieruli Rirebulebani Seqmna, romlebic mniSvnelo-vania ara marto qarTul-qarTveluri enebis Seswavlis Tval-sazrisiT, aramed Teoriul-enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiTac

185

sazogadod da lingvistur TeoriaTa da enaTmecnierebis is-toriis TvalsazrisiT _ gansakuTrebiT.

XX s. saukunis dasawyisSi, ufro zustad _ ocian wleb-Si, enaTmecnierebaSi, iseve rogorc mecnierebis sxva dargeb-Si, iwyeba fenomenologiuri analizis periodi, rodesac sa-ganTa da movlenaTa istoriul Seswavlas cvlis maTi siste-muri analizi, saganTa da movlenaTa gaazreba Sinagan struq-turul mimarTebaTa gamovlenisa da Seswavlis gziT. meocesaukunis mecnierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia istorizmis,evolucionisturi Tvalsazrisis erTgvari Sesusteba da mTe-li yuradRebis gadatana movlenaTa da mimarTebaTa Sinagansinqroniul analizze.

swored es principebia damaxasiaTebeli am saukunis pirve-li naxevris Teoriuli enaTmecnierebisaTvis; igive principe-bi daedo safuZvlad, ZiriTadad, qarTuli enis akaki SaniZ-iseul analizs.

aq eZleva dasabami swored axal qarTul enaTmecnierebas.`axal qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi~ da axal qarTul mecniere-baSi~ sazogadod me vgulisxmob qarTul samecniero dargebs,romlebic Camoyalibda Cveni universitetis daarsebis Semdegda romlebsac wina periodSi niadagi moumzada qarTuli uni-versitetis damaarsebelTa, pirvel rigSi ivane javaxiSvilis,samecniero Sromebma. swored am Sromebma Cauyara safuZveliaxal qarTul mecnierebas sazogadod, romelSic sapatio ad-gili akaki SaniZis saenaTmecniero memkvidreobas ukavia.

am periodamde qarTuli ena, qarTuli enis gramatikulistruqtura ar iyo sakmaod Seswavlili da Seicavda mravalbundovan da gaurkvevel problemas. qarTuli enis SeswavlamniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda sxva civilizebuli erebis enaTaSeswavlas. am CamorCenis likvidacia da qarTuli enis grama-tikisa da qarTuli enis, rogorc qarTveli xalxis erovnu-


Tamaz gamyreliZe186

li enis, Seswavlis mecnierul niadagze damyareba akaki Sani-Zis didi da ucilobeli damsaxurebaa. iq, sadac struqtu-ruli qaosi da gaurkvevloba sufevda, akaki SaniZem araCveu-lebrivi sicxade Seitana da struqturuli wesrigi daam-yara. amiT man mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli axali qarTulienaTmecnierebis farTo asparezze gamosvlas da akaki SaniZesaerTaSoriso wreebSi erTxmad aRiares kavkasiuri enaTmec-nierebis patriarqad.

dRes qarTveli xalxis warmoCineba, sazogadod, da saer-TaSoriso asparezze _ gansakuTrebiT, swored qarTuli mec-nierebis, qarTuli kulturis meSveobiT unda xdebodes, amcnebaTa farTo gagebiT. es erTgvari erovnuli TviTmyofadobisganmtkiceba unda iyos qarTveli xalxisa msoflio sazoga-doebriobis TvalSi.

ama Tu im xalxis sayovelTao aRiarebis safuZvels mxo-lod mis mier Seqmnili obieqturi, namdvili da gauzviadebe-li mecnieruli Tu kulturuli Rirebulebebi qmnis, rom-lebic saboloo angariSiT am xalxis mudmiv Rirebulebebadiqceva da romelTa mixedviTac fasdeba misi wvlili da adg-ili sakacobrio civilizaciaSi. swored amgvari WeSmaritimecnieruli da kulturuli Rirebulebani unda gaxdes Cvenixalxis TviTdamkvidrebis upiratesi safuZveli.

amgvar gardauval Rirebulebad iqca swored Cveni kul-turisaTvis akaki SaniZis samecniero memkvidreoba; sworedamgvar mudmiv Rirebulebas warmoadgens Cveni erisaTvis aka-ki SaniZe.

es Cveni didi mamuliSvili unda iqces qarTuli mecnierebis,mTeli qarTuli kulturis maradiul simbolod.


187

giorgi axvlediani _ axali qarTulienaTmecnierebis klasikosi*

iorgi axvledianis saxeli mWidrod ukavSirdeba axa-li enaTmecnierebis Camoyalibebasa da damkvidrebas. manakaki SaniZesTan erTad safuZveli Cauyara axal saenaT-

mecniero azrovnebas saqarTveloSi. giorgi axvlediani daakaki SaniZe arian qarTuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdeblebi da,maSasadame, klasikosebi am mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT.

giorgi axvlediani ekuTvnis axali qarTuli mecnierebisaRorZinebasTan dakavSirebul mecnierTa im mcirericxovanjgufs, romelsac didi ivane javaxiSvili meTaurobda. axa-li qarTuli mecnierebis es aRorZineba Tan mohyva Cveni erovnu-li universitetis daarsebas, risi erT-erTi aqtiuri monawi-le giorgi axvledianic iyo. ivane javaxiSvilis sityvebiT:`tfilisis universitetSi enaTmecnierebis dargis Seqmna samipiris: profesor ioseb yifSiZis, profesor akaki SaniZis da

* ix. «enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi», 2002: iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisi saxelm-wifo universiteti.

g

Tamaz gamyreliZe188

profesor giorgi axvledianis Rvawls Seadgens. pirveli maT-ganis, samwuxarod, udrood gardacvalebis gamo udidesitvirTi ors ukanasknels daawva~.

es `udidesi tvirTi~ did mecnierebsa da sazogado moR-vaweebs _ giorgi axvlediansa da akaki SaniZes _ SaravandediTmosavs da mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis istoriaSi Rirseul

189

adgils miakuTvnebs _ rogorc qarTuli sulieri kultur-is brwyinvale warmomadgenlebs.

saocrad farToa giorgi axvledianis mecnieruli intere-sebis sfero; Znelia dasaxelebul iqnes enaTmecnierebis iseTidargi, romelSic mas Tavisi mniSvnelovani wvlili ar Seeta-nos. giorgi axvlediani aris Teoriuli enaTmecnierebissafuZvlebis Camyreli saqarTveloSi; igi saTaveSi Caudga zoga-di enaTmecnierebis kaTedras Tbilisis universitetSi da nax-evar saukuneze metxans ganagebda mas; man waikiTxa pirvelisauniversiteto kursi da Seqmna saxelmZRvanelo am dargSi_ enaTmecnierebis Sesavali~ (1918_19), romelic, amave dros,Tbilisis universitetSi Seqmnili da aq gamocemuli pirve-li saxelmZRvaneloa sazogadod.

amrigad, giorgi axvlediani axali saenaTmecnieroazrovnebis pioneria saqarTveloSi, da Tu dRes CvenSi Teori-uli enaTmecniereba aseT maRal donezea, es upirvelesadgiorgi axvledianis mecnierul moRvaweobas unda mieweros.

giorgi axvledianis `enaTmecnierebis Sesavali~ didi is-toriuli faqtia qarTuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi, ramdena-dac am wignSi pirvelad qarTul enaze ganimartazogadlingvisturi cnebebi da pirvelad CaerTo am wignissauniversiteto kursSi qarTuli enis monacemebi TeoriulienaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi problemebis sailustraciod.

magram `enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis~ mniSvneloba da Rire-buleba ar amoiwureba mxolod zemoT moyvanili aspeqtebiT.am naSroms, iseve rogorc ufro gvian gamosul mis gamokv-levebs _ mkveTri xSulni qarTulSi~ (1922 w.), qarTul Tanx-movanTa gandaseba~ (1926 w.), `zogadi da qarTuli fonetikissakiTxebi~ (1938), `bgeraTmonacvleobis zogierTi sakiTxiqarTulSi~ (1948 w.), sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobaaqvs ara marto qarTuli enaTmecnierebisaTvis, qarTuli enis

giorgi axvlediani _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis klasikosi

Tamaz gamyreliZe190

bgeriTi Sedgenilobis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, aramed zo-gadenaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiTac, ramdenadac aq giorgiaxvlediani enis bgeriTi sistemis Sesawavlis axal princi-pebs ayalibebs da fonologiis _ anu funqcionaluri fone-tikis erT-erT pionerad gvevlineba.

fonologiam _ funqcionalurma Tvalsazrisma enis bgeri-Ti Sedgenilobis SeswavlaSi _ rac dasrulebuli saxiT Camo-yalibda praRasa da Semdgom venaSi didi rusi enaTmecnieris_ nikoloz trubeckois mier XX saukunis ocdaaTian wleb-Si, sruliad axali perspeqtivebi gadaSala enaTmecnierebiswinaSe.

giorgi axvledianis dasaxelebul naSromebSi aSkaradvlindeba funqcionaluri Tvalsazrisi enis bgeriTi Sedge-nilobis analizSi da, Tumca aq jer ara gvaqvs diferencial-uri niSnis~ cneba, Semotanili mecnierebaSi ufro gvian romaniakobsonisa da nikoloz trubeckois mier, magram ukve aSkar-ad iCens Tavs dapirispireba konkretul bgerasa da fonemasrogorc enis funqcionalur erTeuls Soris.

es iyo im droisaTvis udidesi miRweva, erT-erTi yvelazeadrindeli nimuSi enaTmecnierebis itoriaSi enis bgeriTi er-Teulis ganxilvisa funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT. giorgiaxvlediani dasaxelebul naSromebSi ikvlevs qarTul fone-maTa mimarTebebs sistemasa da teqstSi, adgens qarTuli enisparadigmatul da sintagmatur struqturebs.

enobriv movlenaTa ganxilva amgvari sistemur-funqciona-luri TvalsazrisiT, rac giorgi axvledianis jer kidevadrindel nawerebSi iCens Tavs, SesaZlebelia misi maswavle-blis _ SCerbas da saerTod imdroindeli rusuli enaTmec-nierebis gavlenas mieweros, romlis brwyinvale tradicieb-is gamgrZeleblad saqarTveloSi giorgi axvlediani mogvev-lina, xolo TviT ruseTSi, samwuxarod, Cakvda axali saenaT-

191

mecniero moZRvrebis~ moZalebis gamo. swored am tradicieb-ma mogvca Semdgom e.w. `praRis skolis~ fonologiurimoZRvreba, romelic safuZvlad daedo Tanamedrove fo-nologiur Teoriebs.

giorgi axvledianis mier gatarebuli funqcionaluriTvalsazrisi am brwyinvale tradiciebis asaxvas warmoad-gens, gadmotanils qarTul-kavkasiur enobriv samyaroSi. amiTgiorgi axvledianis Rvawli da naazrevi scildeba sakuTrivqarTuli enaTmecnierebis farglebs da TvalsaCino adgilsimkvidrebs msoflio enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi. dabejiTe-biT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom giorgi axvlediani, sxva gamoCenilenaTmecnierebTan erTad, fonologiuri Teoriis erT-erTi yve-laze adrindeli warmomadgenelia da mis mier Tanamedrovefonologiis CamoyalibebaSi Setanili es mniSvnelovani wvli-li saTanadod unda Sefasdes enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi.

qarTuli enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis analizma funqciona-luri TvalsazrisiT saSualeba misca giorgi axvlediansdaedgina mTeli rigi enobrivi kanonzomierebani, romelTacarsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT qarTveluri enebis Sesaswavladsinqroniul Tu diaqroniul aspeqtSi. mTel rig fonetikur-fonologiuri xasiaTis SromebSi, romlebic qarTuli enisbgeriTi Sedgenilobis aRweras mieZRvna, giorgi axvledian-ma gamoikvlia TanxmovanTSeerTebis wesebi, ris safuZvelze-dac man Semdgom Camoayaliba aqcesiur-decesiurobis~ Teo-ria, daadgina qarTuli `abruptivebisa~ da `mJReri xSule-bis~ fonetikur-fonologiuri buneba, gaarkvia kombinatoru-li xasiaTis bgeraTa cvalebadobis meqanizmi qarTulSi damravali sxva, rasac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs ara martoqarTuli enis aRwerisa da Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, aramedzogadi enaTmecnierebis TvalsazrisiTac, rogorc enobrivisistemis fonetikur-fonologiuri kvlevis brwyinvale ni-


Tamaz gamyreliZe192

muSebs. aqve Camoyalibebulia funqcionaluri xmovanTmonacv-leobis _ àblautis~ (apofoniis) ZiriTadi saxeebi da gan-sazRvrulia misi roli qarTul enobriv sistemaSi.

giorgi axvledianis Teoria àqcesiuri~ da `decesiuri~kompleqsebis Sesaxeb, romelic man qarTveluri enebis mo-nacemebis safuZvelze SeimuSava, zogadlingvisturi xasia-Tisa aRmoCnda, ramdenadac aq dadgenili kanonzomierebaniTanxmovanTa SeerTebisa damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo ena-Ta didi umravlesobisaTvis. rogorc bolo xanebSi gairkva,àqcesiur-decesiurobis~ Teoria efeqturi saSualebaaagreTve indoevropul enaTa mTeli rigi istoriuli kanon-zomierebis gamosavlenad da asaxsnelad, rac am Teorias in-doevropuli enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli SeswavlissamsaxurSi ayenebs da, amdenad, giorgi axvledianis saxelsindoevropuli enaTmecnierebis istoriaSic TvalsaCino ad-gils umkvidrebs.

giorgi axvledianis fonetikur-fonologiuri naazrevi Se-jamebulia mis cnobil `zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebSi~,romelic 1949 wels gamoica da romelic samagido wignadiqca zogadi da qarTuli fonetikis sakiTxebiT dainterese-bulTaTvis; igi ramdenime wlis win xelaxla daistamba.

magram giorgi axvledianis es didi Rvawli Teoriuli enaT-mecnierebis winaSe, samwuxarod, naklebadaa cnobili saer-TaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis.

Cveni wminda movaleobaa farTod gavacnoT giorgi axvle-dianis es naazrevi da mas saTanado, mis mier damsaxurebuliadgili mivuCinoT msoflio enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi. esgaxlavT adgili erT-erTi pionerisa iseT enaTmecnierul mim-dinareobaSi, rogoricaa enis fuqcionalur-fonologiurianalizi, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada sazogadod enis

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rogorc sakomunikacio sistemis adekvaturi aRwera da Ses-wavla.

dRes enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis funqcionaluri analiziukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da gavrcelebuli meTodia damsoflio samecniero sazogadoebriobam unda icodes, rom amsaenaTmecniero mimdinareobis saTaveSi qarTveli enaTmecnie-ric dgas.


Tamaz gamyreliZe194

arnold Ciqobava _ didi qarTveli swavlulida sazogado moRvawe*

kademikosi arnold Ciqobava gansakuTrebuli movlenaaqarTuli mecnierebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis is-toriaSi. mis saxelTan dakavSirebuli iberiul-kavka-

siuri Teoria~ wminda enaTmecnieruli Rirebulebis gardadRemde ganixileba rogorc kavkasieli xalxebis erT-erTidamakavSirebeli da gamaerTianebeli faqtori.

terminebSi iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi~ da iberiul-kavka-siuri enaTmecniereba~ mkvlevrebi dRes gansxvavebul mniS-vnelobebs deben.

paleokavkasiuri (anu kavkasiis araindoevropuli, arasemi-turi da araTurquli) enebis jgufis genetikur erTianobasjer kidev niko mari amtkicebda; Semdgom ivane javaxiSvilmauZRvna am Teziss vrceli gamokvleva. magram es debulebacalke koncefciis saxiT da `iberiul-kavkasiuri Teoriis~saxelwodebiT swored arnold CiqobavasTan Camoyalibda.*sityva, warmoTqmuli arn.Ciqobavas dabadebis 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebul saze-imo sxdomaze; daibeWda «evropis lingvisturi sazogadoebis aqtebSi».

a

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amave dros, qarTul saenaTmecniero skolaSi es koncefciaemyareba calkeuli Crdilokavkasiuri enis aRwerasa da sin-qroniul Seswavlas. am skolis udides damsaxurebad undamiviCnioT swored is, rom SesaZlebeli gaxda Seswavliliyo

praqtikulad yvela Crdilo-kavkasiuri ena da Seqmniliyocalkeuli enebis aRweriTi gramatikebi, enebisa, romelTa

Tamaz gamyreliZe196

Soris, amave dros, naTesauri, genetikuri kavSirebi iqna pos-tulirebuli da Crdilo-kavkasiuri enebi samxreT kavkasiur(qarTvelur) enebTan saerTo iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojax-Si~ iqna gaerTianebuli.

mecnierTa sxva jgufi `iberiul-kavkasiur enebs~ ganixi-lavs rogorc saerTo arealur-tipologiur jgufSi SemavalCrdilo da samxreT kavkasiur enebs, romelTa Soris mniS-vnelovani fonetikur-fonologiuri da struqturul-ti-pologiuri msgavseba vlindeba, rac maT saerTo kulturularealSi istoriul urTierTobasa da kavSirebs mowmobs mrava-li saukunis manZilze. orive es Tvalsazrisi iberiul-kavka-siur enebs~ Soris arsebul xangrZliv kulturul-istori-ul kavSir-urTierTobebs gulisxmobs. am mxriv es enebi um-didres masalas awvdis Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebas istori-ul-genetikuri Tu istoriul-tipologiuri kvlevisaTvis.udidesi Rvawli am Teoriuli kvlevis safuZvlebis Seqmnisaswored arn. Ciqobavas ekuTvnis im skolis Camoyalibebisa dadamkvidrebisaTvis, romelic dRes qarTvel kavkasiologTaskolis~ saxelwodebiT aris mTel msoflioSi cnobili.

iseve rogorc iv. javaxiSvilis mier Tbilisis erovnuliuniversitetis daarseba iyo ara mxolod umaRlesi ganaTlebiskeris aRorZineba saqarTveloSi, aramed umniSvnelovanesierovnuli aqti axali qarTuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo-saTvis maRali mecnierul-kulturuli donis uzrunvelsayo-fad, aseve arn.Ciqobavas mier `iberiul-kavkasiuri skolis~Seqmna da misi warmatebiT funqcionireba aris winapirobadRes mravali sazogadoebriv-politikuri aqtis realizaci-isa, maT Soris e.w. `saerTo kavkasiuri saxlis~ Seqmnisa, imumniSvnelovanesi ideis ganxorcielebisa da saboloo dam-kvidrebisa, rasac mSvidobiani kavkasia~ da kavkasiaSi kul-turaTa dialogi~ ewodeba; es idea ganixileba dRes msofli-

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oSi rogorc erTgvari antiTeza dasavleTSi farTod gavrcele-buli koncefciisa civilizaciaTa Setakebis~ Sesaxeb msof-lios sxvadasxva regionSi, maT Soris kavkasiaSic; swored esfaqtorebi gansazRvraven, arsebiTad, dRes ìberiul-kavka-siuri Teoriis~ sazogadoebriv-politikur da mecnierul-politikur mniSvnelobas.

arsebobs enaTmecnierebis kidev erTi dargi _ SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba, romlis Cvens qveyanaSiaRorZinebasa da damkvidrebaSi arn. Ciqobavam gadamwyvetiroli Seasrula. es moxda niko mariseuli enis Sesaxeb axa-li moZRvrebis~ winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis Sedegad.

niko mari gansakuTrebuli movlena iyo mecnierebaSi sa-zogadod da, kerZod, kavkasiologiaSi; es iyo sruliad gan-sxvavebuli ganzomileba~ mecnierebis istoriaSi; igi scilde-ba imdroindeli mecnierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel raciona-listur farglebs da Semoaqvs axali, intuitur doneze dam-yarebuli mecnieruli `paradigma~ (am terminis Tomas kuni-seuli gagebiT).

me mqonda SemTxveva specialurad ganmexila mariseuliìafeturi Teoriis~ oTxelementiani analizi sxva oTxele-mentovan sainformacio sistemebTan kavSirSi da aRmeniSna, romniko maris oTxelementovani sistema~ alogikuria lingvis-turi analizis TvalsazrisiT, da am mxriv, arn. Ciqobavas mZaf-ri kritika aRniSnuli meTodikisa _ metyvelebis e.w. pale-ontologiuri analizisa _ savsebiT kanonzomieri da gama-rTlebuli iyo; magram mariseuli òTxelementovani siste-ma~, amisda miuxedavad, Rrma Sinaarsis matarebelia zogad-Teoriuli da zogadfsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, rogorckidev erTi cda mecnierebis istoriaSi sinamdvilis aRwerisaòTxelementovani~ simboluri sainformacio sistemis sa-SualebiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, rogorc gairkva, safuZvlad

arnold Ciqobava _ didi qarTveli swavluli da sazogado moRvawe

Tamaz gamyreliZe198

udevs genetikuri kodis~ struqturas (maSasadame, yovelive`cocxals~) da romlis codna, rogorc Cans, adamianSi qvec-nobierad aris mocemuli.

amaSi vxedav me niko maris genialur intuiciasa da gan-Wvretis unars, miuxedavad imisa, rom man amiT imdroindeliSedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba, romelsac dasavleT-Si ukve klasikuri Sedegebi hqonda mopovebuli sxvadasxvajgufis _ da gansakuTrebiT indo-evropuli enebis _ isto-riuli Seswavlis dargSi, faqtobrivad CixSi moaqcia da Caax-So kidevac garkveuli `ideologiuri~ argumentebis moSve-liebiT.

arn. Ciqobavas udides damsaxurebad enaTmecnierebis is-toriaSi unda CaiTvalos is, rom igi Tavidanve win aRudgamariseul `axal moZRvrebas~ da TviT ioseb stalinis mec-nierul polemikaSi CarTviT SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmec-niereba mTeli imdroindeli kavSiris~ masStabiT normaluri,mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli gziT warmarTa.

mxolod ormocdaaTiani wlebidan, enaTmecnierebis sakiT-xebze cnobili diskusiis Semdeg, daiwyo CvenSi SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis aRmavloba, ramac arsebiTad xeliSeuwyo mTeli Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis Semdgom ganviTare-bas.

dRes saqarTveloSi SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniere-ba ukve umaRles donezea ayvanili da garkveul dargebSi TviTgansazRvravs ama Tu im disciplinis ganviTarebis dones msof-lio masStabiT.

yovelive amis sawyisi arn. Ciqobavas mecnierul moRvaweobasada saqmianobaSi unda veZioT, amiT ganisazRvreba swored arn.Ciqobavas istoriuli roli da wvlili, romelic man msof-lio enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebaSi Seitana.

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magram es srulebiT ar akninebs niko mars rogorc didqarTvel mecnier-filologsa da moazrovnes.

Tu Cven arnold Ciqobavas ganvixilavT rogorc SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis amaRorZinebels yofili sabWo-Ta kavSiris sivrceSi, pirvel rigSi _ ruseTsa da saqarTvelo-Si, da iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis~ Semqmnels, xoloivane javaxiSvils _ rogorc sazogadod axali qarTuli mec-nierebis fuZemdebelsa da sulisCamdgmels, niko mari undadavayenoT am did qarTvel mecnierTa saTaveSi, rogorc im-droindel ruseTSi moRvawe didi qarTveli mecnieri-filol-ogosi, romelmac sanqt-peterburgis universitetsa da ruse-Tis saimperatoro mecnierebaTa akademiaSi safuZveli Cau-yara XX saukunis damdegs qarTul-kavkasiur kvleva-Ziebas,dasabami misca im droisaTvis mowinave qarTul-kavkasiurfilologiur da istoriul mecnierebasa da Seqmna brwyin-vale kavkasiologiuri skola, sadac mravali gamoCeniliqarTveli mecnieri aRizarda.

swored amas mohyva Semdgom Cvens qveyanaSi xsenebuli darge-bisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli disciplinebis gansakuTrebu-li aRmavloba da ganviTareba; swored am niadagze aRmocendaufro gvian niko maris upirvelesi mowafis _ didi ivane java-xiSvilis mier qarTuli universitetis daarsebis Semdeg,qarTvel mecnierTa brwyinvale pleada, romelTa Soris akade-mikosi arnold Ciqobava erT-erT yvelaze gamorCeul da Tval-saCino adgils imkvidrebs.

arnold Ciqobava _ didi qarTveli swavluli da sazogado moRvawe

Tamaz gamyreliZe200

* gamoqveynda Tavdapirvelad JurnalSi `qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi~,19.., # 3_4, Tbilisi, gv. 220.

saqveynod aRiarebuli swavluli*

avida Cvengan qarTveli swavluli, saqveynod aRiarebu-li enaTmecnieri - kavkasiologi. arnold Ciqobava faq-tiuri iniciatori da ZiriTadi ganmaxorcielebeli iyo

ormocdaaTian wlebSi im gadatrialebisa~, romelic moxdamTeli sabWoTa enaTmecnierebis wiaRSi. amis Sedegad gaxdaswored SesaZlebeli is didi miRwevebi msoflio enaTmec-nierebis TvalsazrisiT, rac dRes sabWoTa da, kerZod, qarTulenaTmecnierebas aqvs. SesaZlebelia, zogi ram, rac amisSemdgom gakeTda, arnold CiqobavasaTvis mecnierulad miuRe-belic yofiliyo, magram es ar aris am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTida mTavari.

CemTvis piradad uaRresad mniSvnelovania is, rom erT-erTibolo wignTagani, romlebsac igi sicocxlis ukanaskneldReebSi ecnoboda, Cveni wignic iyo indoevropelebis Sesa-xeb. aqac, albaT, misTvis sakamaTo bevri ram iqneboda, magramerTi ram udavoa: arnold Ciqobava yoveli CvenganisaTvis iyoerTgvari Sinagani cenzori~, romelic akontrolebda~ yove-live imas, rasac vqmnidiT; yoveli avtori cdilobda TavisinaSromisaTvis arnold Ciqobavas TvaliT Seexeda... albaT, bevrenaTmecniers moakldeba axla baton arnoldis Tvali~, romaraferi vTqvaT mis mier Seqmnil iberiul-kavkasiur skolaze,romelsac amieridan misi mravalricxovani mowafeebi undaCaudgnen saTaveSi...

w

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akademikosi giorgi wereTeli∗

(dabadebis 100 wlisTavis gamo)

amoCenil qarTvel mecniers, qarTuli aRmosavleTmcod-neobis erT-erT fuZemdebels, farTod cnobil arabist-sa da semitologs, akademikos giorgi wereTels 2004

wlis 21 oqtombers dabadebidan 100 weli Seusrulda. mec-nieri-filologisaTvis arcTu xangrZlivi sicocxlis man-Zilze (igi gardaicvala xanmokle, magram mZime avadmyofo-bis Semdeg 1973 wlis 9 seqtembers) giorgi wereTelma udidesisamecniero Sedegebi moipova da saxeli gaiTqva saerTaSorisomecnierebaSi rogorc umaRlesi rangis mkvlevarma-aRmosav-leTmcodnem, romelmac mniSvnelovani naSromebi SesZinafilologiur mecnierebasa da aRmosavleTmcodneobas da miTdaimkvidra didi mecnieris saxeli msoflio mecnierebaSi.

ganuzomlad farTo iyo akademikos giorgi wereTlis samec-niero interesebis sfero. igi moicavs arabul enaTmecniere-∗ gamoqveynda gazeTSi `24 saaTi~, 2004, 23 oqtomberi, SabaTi, № 252; ix.agreTve: Tamaz gamyreliZe, akademikosi giorgi wereTeli (1904-1973), Tbilisi2004: «ena da kultura».

g

Tamaz gamyreliZe202

basa da folklors, ebraistikasa da arameistikas, axlo aR-mosavleTis Zvel enebsa da damwerlobaTa istorias, qarTve-lur enaTmecnierebas, qarTuli da SedarebiTi leqsTwyobissakiTxebs, Teoriuli lingvistikis problemebs... TiToeulam dargSi man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana da misma SromebmaRirseuli adgili daimkvidra Cveni humanitaruli mecniere-bis saganZurSi.

mravalmxrivma da Rrma erudiciam, maRali klasis mecnier-ulma naSromebma, amave dros, araCveulebrivma organiza-torulma unarma damsaxurebuli avtoriteti moupova msof-lio mecnierebaSi giorgi wereTels da mis mier SeqmnilsaenaTmecniero skolas, xolo giorgi wereTlis iniciati-viT daarsebuli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmo-savleTmcodneobis instituti, romelic amJamad mis saxelsatarebs, misi xelmZRvanelobiT msoflio orientalistikiserT-erT mniSvnelovan centrad iqca.

Tavis erT-erT gamosvlaSi maSindeli sakavSiro akademiisprezidenti mstislav keldiSi aRniSnavda:

`...saqarTvelos respublikis mecnierebaTa akademia Zaliandid samecniero dawesebulad gaizarda. amasTanave unda aRiniS-nos, rom aq Camoyalibda msoflioSi ganTqmuli, saerTaSorisomniSvnelobis mTeli rigi samecniero skolebi...

es gaxlavT maTematikuri skola, romelic Tavis sawyissakademikos niko musxeliSvilisagan iRebs, skola fiziologi-is dargSi, romelsac safuZveli ivane beritaSvilma Cauyara,saaRmosavleTmcodneo skola, romelsac akademiis wevrigiorgi wereTeli udgas saTaveSi~.

giorgi wereTlis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis dasturi iyois, rom igi arCeul iqna didi britaneTisa da irlandiis same-fo saazio sazogadoebis sapatio wevrad da agreTve sapatiowevrad poloneTis orientalitTa sazogadoebisa.

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1968 w. giorgi wereTels, ukve msoflio saxelis mqone mec-niers, mecnierebis winaSe didi damsaxurebisaTvis irCeven ma-Sindeli sakavSiro akademiis namdvil wevrad. giorgi wereT-

lis arCeva sakavSiro akademiis akademikosad farTo samecni-ero sazogadoebriobam miiCnia misi mravalmxrivi mecnierulida pedagogiuri moRvaweobis samarTlian aRiarebad.

akademikosi giorgi wereTeli

Tamaz gamyreliZe204

giorgi wereTlis rogorc mecnieris sidiade ganisazRvre-ba ara gamoqveynebul SromaTa raodenobiT, aramed mis mierSeqmnil gamokvlevaTa xasiaTiT, romelTagan TiToeuli Tavise-bur aRmoCenas warmoadgens da waruSlel kvals tovebserovnuli da msoflio mecnierebis saTanado dargebSi.

giorgi wereTeli Tavis TavSi aerTianebda faqtobrivad ram-denime samecniero dargis specialistsa da Rrma mcodnes,rac mas saSualebas aZlevda axleburad, Taviseburi Tval-TaxedviT Seexeda TiToeuli am dargisaTvis; igi iyo saqvey-nod aRiarebuli semitologi, ubadlo iranisti da qarTvelo-logi; igi iyo brwyinvale filologosi da enaTmecnieri,romelic yovelTvis idga msoflio filologiisa da lingvis-tikis uaxles miRwevaTa doneze da xSirad Tavisi gamokvleve-biT TviT gansazRvravda am dones...

giorgi wereTeli ganekuTvneba im qarTvel mecnierTa damoRvaweTa rigs, romelTac mecnierebaSi gadalaxes sakuTriverovnuli sazRvrebi, TavianTi Semoqmedebis zogadmecnieru-li Rirebulebisa da mniSvnelobis wyalobiT farTo asparezzegavidnen da miT erovnul mecnierebas saerTaSoriso mecniere-baSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daumkvidres da sayovelTao aRi-areba moupoves...

swored aseTi pirovnebebi uTqvamen saqveynod saxelsqarTul erovnul mecnierebasa da kulturas, mTel qarTvelxalxs da mas msoflios TvalSi Tanamedrove civilizebulida kulturulad mowinave erebis rigSi ayeneben, swored esaris giorgi wereTlis didi damsaxureba qarTveli xalxisada qarTuli kulturis winaSe.

dRes qarTveli xalxis warmoCineba saerTaSoriso asparez-ze upiratesad qarTuli mecnierebisa da qarTuli kulturismeSveobiT Tu SeiZleba moxdes. ama Tu im xalxis sayovelTaoaRiarebis safuZvels mxolod mis mier warmoqmnili mecnie-

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ruli Tu kulturuli Rirebulebani qmnian, romelTa mixed-viTac fasdeba am xalxis wvlili da adgili sakacobrio civi-lizaciaSi.

erT-erTi aseTi mecnierTagani, romelTac saxeli gauTqvesmsoflioSi mTel qarTul mecnierebas, romelTa mixedviTacmsoflio samecniero sazogadoebriobas warmodgena eqmnebaqarTuli mecnierebisa da kulturis umaRlesi saerTaSorisodonis Sesaxeb, swored akademikosi giorgi wereTeli gaxldaT.

giorgi wereTlis sicocxle moulodnelad Sewyda im dros,rodesac igi jer kidev aRsavse iyo axali mecnieruli idee-biT, axal-axali samecniero wamowyebebiT. am ideebis ganxor-cieleba mas aRar dascalda; magram is, risi Seqmnac manmoaswro, samudamod Seva qarTuli da saerTaSoriso mecniere-bis saganZurSi.

madlierma qarTvelma xalxma Tavis sasiqadulo Svilsmudmivi adgilsamyofeli daumkvidra qarTuli mecnierebistaZarSi, erovnuli universitetis miwaze, sxva gamoCenilqarTvel mecnierTa da moRvaweTa gverdiT...

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