2- Body Tissues

8/2/2019 2- Body Tissues

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TheThe TissueTissueLevel ofLevel of

OrganizationOrganization


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4 Tissues of the Human Body4 Tissues of the Human BodyEpithelial

Connective

Muscular

Nervous/Neural

Tissues are collections of cells & cellTissues are collections of cells & cellproducts that perform specific, limitedproducts that perform specific, limitedfunctionsfunctions


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Epithelial TissueEpithelial TissueCoversCovers exposed surfacesexposed surfaces

LinesLines internalinternalpassagewayspassageways

FormsForms glandsglands


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Characteristics of EpithelialCharacteristics of Epithelial

TissueTissue1.1. CellularityCellularity((cell junctionscell junctions) (pg. 109)) (pg. 109)

2.2. PolarityPolarity((apicalapical && basalbasal surfaces) (pg.surfaces) (pg.108)108)

3.3. AttachmentAttachment ((basal laminabasal lamina))

4.4. AvascularityAvascularity(lack blood vessels)(lack blood vessels)5.5. RegenerationRegeneration (short life)(short life)


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Functions of Epithelial TissueFunctions of Epithelial Tissue

1.1. ProvideProvidephysical protectionphysical protection

--Move fluidsMove fluids overoverthe epithelium (protection)the epithelium (protection)

2.2. ControlControlpermeabilitypermeability--Move fluidsMove fluids throughthroughthe epitheliumthe epithelium

(permeability)(permeability)

3.3. ProvideProvide sensationsensation

4.4. Produce specializedProduce specialized secretionssecretions


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Figure 41

POLARITYPOLARITY

Organelles areOrganelles arenot evenlynot evenlydistributeddistributed

apicalapical&&basolateralbasolateral

(basal)(basal)surfacessurfaces


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Increasing Surface AreaIncreasing Surface Area

MicrovilliMicrovilliincreaseincrease

absorption orabsorption orsecretionsecretion

Cilia

Cilia (ciliated(ciliatedepithelium)epithelium)

move fluidsmove fluids


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Classes of EpitheliaClasses of Epithelia Based on shape & layers (Pg. 111)Based on shape & layers (Pg. 111)

SquamousSquamous: flat: flat

CuboidalCuboidal: square: square

ColumnarColumnar: tall: tall

1 layerof cells

2 + layerof cells


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Squamous EpitheliaSquamous Epithelia

Simple SquamousSimple Squamous

EpitheliaEpithelia::

Examples:Examples:

MesotheliumMesothelium::

lines body cavitieslines body cavities

EndotheliumEndothelium::

lines heart & bloodlines heart & bloodvesselsvessels

Stratified SquamousStratified Squamous

EpitheliaEpithelia

Examples:Examples:

Skin, lining of throat, anus,Skin, lining of throat, anus,vaginavagina


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Cuboidal EpitheliaCuboidal Epithelia

Simple cuboidalSimple cuboidal

epithelia:epithelia:

Examples:Examples:

Kidney tubules, thyroidKidney tubules, thyroid

glandgland

Stratified cuboidalStratified cuboidalepithelia:epithelia:

Examples:Examples:

Sweat glands, mammarySweat glands, mammary

glandsglands


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Transitional EpitheliumTransitional Epithelium

Functions:Functions:Allows forAllows for expansionexpansion && recoilrecoil after stretchingafter stretching

Examples:Examples:

Urinary bladderUrinary bladderFigure 44c


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ColumnarColumnar

EpitheliaEpithelia Simple columnarSimple columnar::

Examples:Examples:

Intestinal liningIntestinal lining

PseudostratifiedPseudostratifiedciliatedciliated

columnarcolumnar::

Functions:Functions: cilia movementcilia movement

Examples:Examples:

TracheaTrachea

Stratified columnarStratified columnar::

Examples:Examples:

Salivary gland ductSalivary gland duct

Figure 45b


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Glandular EpitheliaGlandular Epithelia

EndocrineEndocrine glands:glands: Release hormones into interstitial fluidRelease hormones into interstitial fluid

ExocrineExocrine glandsglands

Produce secretions onto epithelialProduce secretions onto epithelialsurfaces through ductssurfaces through ducts

Figure 46

Figure 47


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Epithelial Tissue WarmEpithelial Tissue Warm--upup

What are the 3 shapesWhat are the 3 shapesof ET?of ET?

What kind of tissue isWhat kind of tissue isin the picture to thein the picture to theright?right?

What function wouldWhat function wouldthis ET have for thethis ET have for thebody?body?


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CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE

Basal LaminaBasal Lamina= connects= connectsepithelium to the rest of bodyepithelium to the rest of body

BoneBone = structure= structure

FatF

at = storage of energy= storage of energy BloodBlood= transports materials= transports materials


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Connective tissue characteristicsConnective tissue characteristics

Extracellular components ofExtracellular components ofconnective tissues (connective tissues (fibersfibers && groundground

substancesubstance):): matrixmatrix

Makes up majority of cellMakes up majority of cellvolumevolume

NotNot ex

posed to outside environmentex

posed to outside environment Highly vascularHighly vascular with many sensorywith many sensory

receptorsreceptors


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Classification of Connective TissuesClassification of Connective Tissues

Connective tissue proper (CTP)Connective tissue proper (CTP)::(fat/tendons)(fat/tendons)

connect & protectconnect & protect Fluid connective tissuesFluid connective tissues: (blood/lymph): (blood/lymph)

transporttransport

Supportive connective tissuesSupportive connective tissues::(cartilage/bone)(cartilage/bone)

structural strengthstructural strength


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Connective Tissue Proper (CTP)Connective Tissue Proper (CTP)(Pg. 119)(Pg. 119)


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8 Cell Types of CTP8 Cell Types of CTP FibroblastsFibroblasts

MacrophagesMacrophages

AdipocytesAdipocytes

MesenchymalMesenchymalcellscells

MelanocytesMelanocytes

Mast cellsMast cells

LymphocytesLymphocytes

MicrophagesMicrophages

Divide the back of your CTP diagram intoDivide the back of your CTP diagram into 1212even spaceseven spaces1 line vertically down the center & 51 line vertically down the center & 5

lines horizontally across

lines horizontally across


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FibroblastsFibroblasts Most abundant cell type:Most abundant cell type:

found in all CTPfound in all CTP

secrete proteins &secrete proteins & hyaluronanhyaluronan (cellular(cellular

cement)cement)

Large, amoebaLarge, amoeba--like cells of the immunelike cells of the immunesystem:system:

eat pathogens & damaged cellseat pathogens & damaged cells--fixed macrophagesfixed macrophages -- stay in tissuestay in tissue

--free macro ha esfree macro ha es -- mi ratemi rate

MacrophagesMacrophages


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AdipocytesAdipocytes

Fat cells:Fat cells:

each cell stores a single, large fateach cell stores a single, large fatdropletdroplet

Stem cellsStem cells that respond to injury orthat respond to injury orinfection by differentiating intoinfection by differentiating into fibroblastsfibroblasts,,macrophagesmacrophages, etc, etc..

Mesenchymal CellsMesenchymal Cells


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MelanocytesMelanocytes

Synthesize & store the brown pigmentSynthesize & store the brown pigmentmelaninmelanin

Mast CellsMast Cells StimulateStimulate inflammationinflammation after injury or infection:after injury or infection:

releaserelease histaminehistamine && heparinheparin

BasophilsBasophils are mast cells carried by bloodare mast cells carried by blood


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LymphocytesLymphocytes

Specialized immune cells in lymphaticSpecialized immune cells in lymphaticsystem:system:

e.g.,e.g.,plasma cellsplasma cells which producewhich produce

antibodiesantibodies

MicrophagesMicrophages

Phagocytic blood cells that respond toPhagocytic blood cells that respond tosignals from macrophages & mast cellssignals from macrophages & mast cells

e.g.,e.g., neutrophilsneutrophils && eosinophilseosinophils


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Fibers in CTPFibers in CTP

CollagenCollagen fibers:fibers:

most common fibers in CTPmost common fibers in CTP

long, straight & unbranchedlong, straight & unbranchedstrong & flexiblestrong & flexible

resists force inresists force in 11

directiondirectione.g.,e.g., tendonstendons &&

ligamentsligaments


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ReticularReticular fibers:fibers:network of interwoven fibers (stroma)network of interwoven fibers (stroma)

strong & fle

xiblestrong & fle

xible

resists force inresists force inmany directionsmany directions

stabilizes functionalstabilizes functional

cells & structurescells & structurese.g.,e.g., sheaths aroundsheaths around

organsorgans


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ElasticElastic fibers:fibers:

containcontain elastinelastin

branched & wavybranched & wavy

return to originalreturn to original

length after stretchinglength after stretchinge.g.,e.g., elastic ligamentselastic ligaments of vertebraeof vertebrae


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Ground SubstanceGround Substance

Ground substanceGround substance::

Clear, colorless & viscousClear, colorless & viscous

Fills spaces between cells & slowsFills spaces between cells & slowspathogenspathogens


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LooseLooseConnective TissuesConnective Tissues

Packing materialsPacking materials

of the bodyof the body

3 types in adults:3 types in adults:

areolarareolar

adiposeadipose

reticularreticular


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Tissue WarmTissue Warm--upup What are the 4 major tissuesWhat are the 4 major tissues

of the body?of the body?

Give a specific example orGive a specific example orlocation of Connectivelocation of Connective

Tissue?Tissue? Muscular Tissue?Muscular Tissue?

Epithelial Tissue?Epithelial Tissue?

What is a major function ofWhat is a major function ofE

pithelial Tissue?E

pithelial Tissue? What are the 3 subcategoriesWhat are the 3 subcategories

of CT?of CT?

Cartilage is an example ofCartilage is an example ofwhich subcategories of CT?which subcategories of CT?


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Areolar TissueAreolar Tissue

Least specialized (Least specialized (found in manyfound in manyplaces of bodyplaces of body))

Open frameworkOpen framework

Viscous ground substanceViscous ground substance

Elastic fibersElastic fibers

Holds blood vessels &Holds blood vessels &

capillary beds:capillary beds:e.g.,e.g., under skinunder skin

(subcutaneous layer)(subcutaneous layer)

Shots are given in this areaShots are given in this area


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Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue

Contains manyContains manyadipocytesadipocytes (fat cells)(fat cells)

Energy storage, heat/insulation, padding underEnergy storage, heat/insulation, padding under

epithelial tissue & around organsepithelial tissue & around organs

Figure 410a


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Reticular TissueReticular Tissue

Provides supportProvides support Complex, 3Complex, 3--dimensional networkdimensional network

Supportive fibers (Supportive fibers (stromastroma):):

Reticular organs:Reticular organs:

spleen, liver, lymph nodes & bone marrowspleen, liver, lymph nodes & bone marrow

Figure 410b


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DenseDenseConnective TissueConnective Tissue Aka: dense fibrous tissueAka: dense fibrous tissue

Has high quantity of collagen fibers within theHas high quantity of collagen fibers within the

matrix

matrix

Forms strong, ropeForms strong, rope--likelike

structures such as tendons &structures such as tendons &ligamentsligaments

TendonsTendons: Attach skeletal: Attach skeletalmuscle to bonesmuscle to bones

LigamentsLigaments: Connect bones: Connect bonesto bones at jointsto bones at joints


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FluidFluidConnective TissuesConnective Tissues

bloodblood&& lymphlymph

waterywaterymatrix ofmatrix of

dissolveddissolvedproteinsproteins


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Fluid Tissue Transport SystemsFluid Tissue Transport Systems

Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system(blood):(blood):

arteriesarteriescapillariescapillaries

veinsveins

venulesvenules

Lymphatic systemLymphatic system(lymph):(lymph): lymphatic vesselslymphatic vessels


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SupportiveSupportiveConnective TissuesConnective Tissues Support soft tissues & bodyweight:Support soft tissues & bodyweight:

CartilageCartilage:: gelgel--type ground substancetype ground substance

for shock absorption &for shock absorption &protectionprotection

Bone (Osseous tissue)Bone (Osseous tissue)::

calcifiedcalcified (made rigid by(made rigid bycalcium salts, minerals)calcium salts, minerals)

combo ofcombo ofosteocytesosteocytes(bone cells)(bone cells)

for weight supportfor weight support


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BoneBone

Also calledAlso called osseous tissueosseous tissue::

strong (strong (calcifiedcalcified: calcium salt deposits: calcium salt deposits))

resistsresistsshatteringshattering((flexibleflexible

collagencollagenfibersfibers))


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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Specialized for contractionSpecialized for contraction

Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, & walls of holloworgansSkeletal muscle, heart muscle, & walls of holloworgans

3 Types:3 Types:

SkeletalSkeletal musclemuscle::

large body muscleslarge body musclesresponsible for movementresponsible for movement

CardiacCardiac musclemuscle::

found only in the heartfound only in the heart

SmoothSmooth musclemuscle::

found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (bloodfound in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood

vessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive andvessels; urinary bladder; respiratory, digestive andreproductive tracts)reproductive tracts)

http://apps.uwhealth.org/health/adam/graphics/images/en/19917.jpg

(See page 133(See page 133))


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Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle Striated, voluntary & multinucleatedStriated, voluntary & multinucleated

Skeletal muscle cells:Skeletal muscle cells:

are long & thinare long & thin

are usually calledare usually called muscle fibersmuscle fibers

do not dividedo not divide newfibers arenewfibers are

produced byproduced bystem cellsstem cells

((satellite cellssatellite cells))

Figure 418a


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Cardiac Muscle TissueCardiac Muscle Tissue Striated, involuntary & single nucleusStriated, involuntary & single nucleus

Cardiac muscle cells:Cardiac muscle cells:

are calledare called cardiocytescardiocytes

form branching networks connected atform branching networks connected at intercalated disksintercalated disks

are regulated byare regulated bypacemaker cellspacemaker cells

Figure 418b


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Smooth Muscle TissueSmooth Muscle Tissue Nonstriated, involuntary & single nucleusNonstriated, involuntary & single nucleus

Smooth muscle cells:Smooth muscle cells:

are small & taperedare small & tapered

can divide &can divide &

regenerateregenerate

Figure 418c


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Neural TissueNeural Tissue Carries electrical signals from 1 part of the body toCarries electrical signals from 1 part of the body to

anotheranother

Also calledAlso called nervousnervous oror nerve tissuenerve tissue::

specialized for conducting electrical impulsesspecialized for conducting electrical impulses rapidly senses internal or external environmentrapidly senses internal or external environment

process information and controls responsesprocess information and controls responses


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Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

Neural tissue is concentrated in theNeural tissue is concentrated in the centralcentralnervous systemnervous system::

brainbrainspinal cordspinal cord

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/64910.JPG


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2 Kinds of Neural Cells2 Kinds of Neural Cells

1.1.N

euronsN

eurons::

nerve cellsnerve cells

perform electricalperform electrical

communicationcommunication Parts of a Neuron:Parts of a Neuron:

Cell bodyCell body::

contains the nucleus & nucleoluscontains the nucleus & nucleolus

DendritesDendrites::

short branches extending from the cell bodyshort branches extending from the cell body

receive incomingreceive incoming signalssignals

AxonAxon ((nerve fibernerve fiber):):

long, thin extension of the cell bodylong, thin extension of the cell body

carries outgoingcarries outgoing electrical signals to their destinationelectrical signals to their destination

http://www.mindcreators.com/Images/NB_Neuron.gif


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2 Kinds of Neural Cells2 Kinds of Neural Cells

2.2. NeurogliaNeuroglia::

support cellssupport cells

repair & supply nutrients torepair & supply nutrients toneuronsneurons


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Nerve TissueNerve Tissue LetLets make sense ofs make sense ofwhat you saw!what you saw!

Spinal cord ganglionSpinal cord ganglion

Motor nerve tissueMotor nerve tissue

Gray matterGray matter ==cell body &cell body &dendritesdendrites

White matterWhite matter ==axonsaxons


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Tissue Injuries & RepairTissue Injuries & Repair

Tissues respond to injuries to maintainTissues respond to injuries to maintainhomeostasishomeostasis

Cells restore homeostasis with 2Cells restore homeostasis with 2processes:processes:

inflammationinflammation trauma (physical injury)trauma (physical injury)

infection (the presence of harmfulinfection (the presence of harmfulpathogens)pathogens)

regenerationregeneration


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InflammationInflammation

The tissueThe tissues first response to injurys first response to injury

Signs ofSigns ofinflammatory responseinflammatory response include:include:

swellingswelling

rednessredness

heatheat

painpain

http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat2/notes/Image448.gif


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Steps for Inflammation ResponseSteps for Inflammation Response1.1. Damaged cells releaseDamaged cells release

chemicalchemical signalssignalsintointosurroundingsurroundinginterstitial fluid:interstitial fluid: prostaglandinsprostaglandins

proteinsproteins

potassium ionspotassium ions

2.2. As cells break down:As cells break down: lysosomeslysosomes releaserelease

enzymesenzymes destroy the injured celldestroy the injured cell

attack surrounding tissuesattack surrounding tissues((necrosisnecrosis)) necronecro -- deathdeath

3.3. Necrotic tissues & cellular debris (Necrotic tissues & cellular debris (puspus) accumulate in wound) accumulate in wound


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Steps for Inflammation ResponseSteps for Inflammation Response4.4. Injury stimulatesInjury stimulates Mast cellsMast cells to release:to release:

histaminehistamine heparinheparin

prostaglandinsprostaglandins

dilate surrounding blood vesselsdilate surrounding blood vessels

5.5. DilationDilation of blood vessels:

of blood vessels:

increases blood circulation inincreases blood circulation inareaarea

causes warmth & rednesscauses warmth & redness

brings more nutrients & Obrings more nutrients & O22 toto

areaarea removes wastesremoves wastes

6.6. PlasmaPlasma diffuses into the area:diffuses into the area:

causing swelling & paincausing swelling & pain

7.7. Phagocytic white blood cells:Phagocytic white blood cells:

clean up the areaclean up the area


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RegenerationRegeneration When the injury or infection is cleaned up:When the injury or infection is cleaned up:

healing (healing (regenerationregeneration) begins) begins FibroblastsFibroblasts move into necrotic area:move into necrotic area:

lay downlay down collagen fiberscollagen fibers

to bind the area together (to bind the area together (scar tissuescar tissue))

Newcells migrateNewcells migrateinto area or areinto area or areproduced byproduced byMesenchymal cellsMesenchymal cells

NotNot all tissues canall tissues can

regenerate:regenerate: epithelia &epithelia &

connective tissuesconnective tissuesregenerate wellregenerate well

cardiac cells &cardiac cells &neurons do NOTneurons do NOT

regenerateregenerate

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