HAZARDOUS HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTANTS

A National PerspectiveA National Perspective

HAZARDOUS HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTANTS

A National PerspectiveA National Perspective

Courtesy: Dr. B. Sengupta, Member Secretary, CPCB, New Delhi (2008)

1. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 19741. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

2. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977 2. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977

3. The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 19813. The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 19864. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

5. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification5. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification

6. The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989, 20036. The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989, 2003

7. The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 19887. The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1988

8. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 20008. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000

9. The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 20009. The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000

Major Environmental Major Environmental Acts/RulesActs/Rules

AIR POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION CONTROLCONTROL

METROS CITIES/URBAN AREASMETROS CITIES/URBAN AREAS

53 non-attainment cities53 non-attainment citiesDominant Sources: Vehicular Emissions, Small/Medium Scale Industries, Generator sets, Dominant Sources: Vehicular Emissions, Small/Medium Scale Industries, Generator sets, Biomass burning, etc.Biomass burning, etc.

Pollutants: NOPollutants: NOxx, SPM/RSPM & CO, SPM/RSPM & CO

CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREASCRITICALLY POLLUTED AREAS

24 critically polluted areas24 critically polluted areasDominant Sources: Industries-Power Plants, Refineries, Chemical Plants, etc.Dominant Sources: Industries-Power Plants, Refineries, Chemical Plants, etc.

Pollutants: NOPollutants: NOx ,x ,SPM/RSPM, SOSPM/RSPM, SO22 VOCs, PAHs, HAPs, etc. VOCs, PAHs, HAPs, etc.

RURAL AREASRURAL AREAS

Indoor air pollution: Use of Biomass, Coal, kerosene, etc. Indoor air pollution: Use of Biomass, Coal, kerosene, etc. Outdoor air pollution: Unpaved roads, Biomass burning, Gen-sets etc.Outdoor air pollution: Unpaved roads, Biomass burning, Gen-sets etc.Pollutants: SPM/RSPM, CO, etc.Pollutants: SPM/RSPM, CO, etc.

Air QualityAir QualityConcernsConcerns

Air QualityAir QualityConcernsConcerns

Control Strategies Adopted

Control Strategies Adopted

Air Quality Standards notified (1982 & 1994) and Air Pollution Control areas declared

Emission Standards notified for Industries, Vehicles (in-use & new), Gensets, etc.

Fuel quality improvements. (Coal, gasoline & diesel).

Relocation of polluting industries, phasing out older polluting vehicles, introduction of mass rapid transportation, etc.

Road map for control of emissions from new and in-use vehicles developed up to year 2010

Use of Alternate fuel (CNG, LPG, Ethanol Petrol, Bio-diesel, Hydrogen,etc.)

Gasoline Lead Phase-out Programme In India

Gasoline Benzene Reduction

Programme in India

1 % in NCT & Mumbai

Feb2000Unleaded

Country

5 %

April 1996

April 2000

3% in Metro cities

Nov. 2000 3 % in all India&1% in Major Metros

April. 2005

3 % in all India

April. 2010

June 1994

0.15 g/l (4 metro)

April 1995

Unleaded4 metros

Low leadedEntire Country

Jan1997

Jan1999

UnleadedNCR

Before 1996

No Specifications

Diesel Sulphur Diesel Sulphur Reduction Reduction

ProgrammeProgramme

Vehicle Vehicle Emission Norm Emission Norm Schedule In Schedule In IndiaIndia

1990

1st set norms notified

1995

Emission norms forcatalytic vehicles

1996

2nd set normsnotified

2000/01

Euro-I equivalent (Country)Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros)

2005

Euro-II (Country)Euro-III (11 cities)

2010

Euro-III (Country)Euro-IV (11 cities)

August 1997

Sulphur 0.25%Delhi & Taj

Sulphur 0.25%Metro cities

April 1998

Sulphur 0.25%Entire Country

April-2000

April 2000-04

Sulphur 0.05%11 cities

April 1996

Sulphur 0.50 % 4 metros & Taj

Sulphur 0.05%Entire Country& 0.035 (11 cities)

April-2005

April-2010

Sulphur 0.005% (11 cities) & 0.035%

(Entire Country)

EMISSION REDUCTIONS ROAD MAP FOR NEW PASSENGER CARS

EMISSION REDUCTIONS ROAD MAP FOR NEW (HDV)

Air Quality Monitoring Air Quality Monitoring NetworkNetwork

ObjectivesObjectives

To determine status and trends of ambient air qualityTo determine status and trends of ambient air quality To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are

violated violated To Identify Non-attainment To Identify Non-attainment

Monitoring NetworkMonitoring Network Total number of operating Stations: 342 stations in 127 cities/towns in Total number of operating Stations: 342 stations in 127 cities/towns in

26 States and 4 UTs26 States and 4 UTs Data in CPCB website Data in CPCB website (www.cpcb.nic.in) through EDB: (www.cpcb.nic.in) through EDB: 326326 Monitoring Agencies: Monitoring Agencies: CPCB, SPCBs, PCCs, NEERICPCB, SPCBs, PCCs, NEERI Parameters: Parameters: (i) SO(i) SO22, NO, NO22, RSPM and SPM , RSPM and SPM

(ii) Benzene, Toluene & (ii) Benzene, Toluene & Xylene (BTX) , CO, Ozone, Ammonia, PAHs, PMXylene (BTX) , CO, Ozone, Ammonia, PAHs, PM2.5 2.5 are being are being monitored in Delhi and other selected locations.monitored in Delhi and other selected locations.

Data in CPCB Website (Data in CPCB Website (http://www.cpcb.nic.in) through Environmental ) through Environmental Data Bank (EDB)Data Bank (EDB)

CONTINUOUS MONITORING STATION OF CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD AT

BHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG (ITO), NEW DELHI

Parameter Monitored:

Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, Ozone, PM 10 and Meteorological parameters, Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Temperature and Relative Humidity

  Inside View of the CPCB Inside View of the CPCB Continous Monitoing Station at Continous Monitoing Station at

DCE, DelhiDCE, Delhi

Schematic Description of Air Quality Monitoring System

CALIBRATIONCalibration

ZERO GAS

SPAN GAS

Measuring Signal

• TEMPERAURE

• HUMIDITY

• WIND SPEED

• WIND DIRECTION

Station Computer

ANALYSERS

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Ozone (O3)

CA

LIB

RA

TIO

N

GA

S

Intercom 6

METEOROLOGIC AL

DATA

Central Computer

MODEM

HAPs CONTRIBUTING SECTORS IN INDIA

1.1.MAJOR INDUSTRY SECTORS:MAJOR INDUSTRY SECTORS: Bulk Drug & Pharmaceuticals Bulk Drug & Pharmaceuticals PesticidesPesticides Dyes & Dye IntermediatesDyes & Dye Intermediates Other Organic Chemicals, Other Organic Chemicals,

involving use of solventsinvolving use of solvents Coke OvensCoke Ovens Production of MetalsProduction of Metals AutomotivesAutomotives

2. OTHER SECTORS:2. OTHER SECTORS: Unorganized Waste BurningUnorganized Waste Burning Petrol / Diesel Filling StationsPetrol / Diesel Filling Stations Transport sector – Emission from Transport sector – Emission from

EnginesEngines Domestic Waste Landfill SitesDomestic Waste Landfill Sites Open Burning of Farm ResiduesOpen Burning of Farm Residues Laundry – Dry cleaningLaundry – Dry cleaning Photocopying machinesPhotocopying machines

24 PROBLEM AREAS IDENTIFIED IN THE COUNTRY

1.1. SingrauliSingrauli2.2. Kala AmbKala Amb3.3. ParwanooParwanoo4.4. Mandi GobindgarhMandi Gobindgarh5.5. Vapi Vapi 6.6. Ankleshwar Ankleshwar 7.7. Chembur Chembur 8.8. Tarapur Tarapur 9.9. Nagda-Ratlam Nagda-Ratlam 10.10. Pali Pali 11.11. Jodhpur Jodhpur 12.12. Korba Korba

13.13. Najafgarh Basin Najafgarh Basin 14.14. Manali Manali 15.15. North Arcot North Arcot 16.16. Bhadravathi Bhadravathi 17.17. Visakapatnam Visakapatnam 18.18. Patancheru - Bollaram Patancheru - Bollaram 19.19. Greater Cochin Greater Cochin 20.20. DurgapurDurgapur21.21. Howrah Howrah 22.22. Dhanbad Dhanbad 23.23. Angul- TalcherAngul- Talcher24.24. DigboiDigboi

MAJOR VOC-HAPs FOUNDIN CHEMICAL SECTOR

VOCsVOCs Sampling LocationsSampling LocationsUSEPA USEPA Region Region

66Screen-Screen-

ing ing LevelsLevels

Plant APlant A Plant BPlant B Plant CPlant C Plant DPlant D Plant EPlant ERange Range

(Average)(Average)RangeRange

(Average)(Average)RangeRange

(Average)(Average)RangeRange

(Average)(Average)RangeRange

(Average)(Average)

Benzene Benzene 0-20 (13)0-20 (13) 0-142 (63)0-142 (63) 17-19 (18)17-19 (18) 31-48 (37)31-48 (37) 42-57 (48)42-57 (48) 0.2500.250Chloroform Chloroform 33-39 (35)33-39 (35) 61-86 (70)61-86 (70) 23-34 (29)23-34 (29) 43-78 (57)43-78 (57) 56-99 (78)56-99 (78) 0.08400.0840

TolueneToluene 40-11540-115(81)(81)

83-1247 83-1247 (622)(622)

0-660-66(37)(37)

40-254 40-254 (126)(126)

84-537 84-537 (253)(253)

400400

Methylene Methylene chloridechloride

133-269 133-269 (218)(218)

291-381 291-381 (327)(327)

56-22956-229

(139)(139)

217-335 217-335 (291)(291)

253-459 253-459 (353)(353)

4.094.09

Total VOCsTotal VOCs 311-591 311-591 (455)(455)

483-1791 483-1791 (1149)(1149)

198-586198-586(417)(417)

417-2123 417-2123 (1183)(1183)

435-1512 435-1512 (999)(999)

-- Note: The concentration is expressed in µg/m3; Note: The concentration is expressed in µg/m3; USEPA Region 6 Screening Levels : USEPA Region 6 Screening Levels : EPA EPA region 6 Screening Level is calculated for residential exposure. The levels are based region 6 Screening Level is calculated for residential exposure. The levels are based on a 1 in a million cancer risk or a ‘hazard quotient’ of 1 for non-cancer effects. These on a 1 in a million cancer risk or a ‘hazard quotient’ of 1 for non-cancer effects. These screening levels are not legally enforceable.screening levels are not legally enforceable.

PREDOMINANT VOCs FOUND AROUND PREDOMINANT VOCs FOUND AROUND A CHEMICAL ESTATEA CHEMICAL ESTATE

S.S.NoNo Location & Date of Air Sampling Location & Date of Air Sampling

(Pollutants in micro gram / cubic meters)(Pollutants in micro gram / cubic meters)

VOCs ConcentrationVOCs Concentration

11

Premises of Mahaveer Traders, Shanti Nagar, Premises of Mahaveer Traders, Shanti Nagar, Rajpipla Road, (Residential / commercial area) in Rajpipla Road, (Residential / commercial area) in the North-East direction.the North-East direction.03/03/0803/03/08

311311(18:20 Hrs - (18:20 Hrs - 22:20Hrs)22:20Hrs)

436436(01:10 Hrs - (01:10 Hrs - 05:10 Hrs)05:10 Hrs)

591591(11:15 Hrs - (11:15 Hrs - 15:15Hrs)15:15Hrs)

22Premises of Asian Paints Colony, (Residentialarea) Premises of Asian Paints Colony, (Residentialarea) in the south Direction of Industrial area.in the south Direction of Industrial area.03/03/200803/03/2008

11731173(12:45 Hrs - (12:45 Hrs - 16:45Hrs)16:45Hrs)

483.5483.5(00:30 Hrs - (00:30 Hrs - 04:30Hrs)04:30Hrs)

17911791(09:30 Hrs - (09:30 Hrs - 13:30Hrs)13:30Hrs)

33Premises of Meghmani Organics Limited, 5001/B, Premises of Meghmani Organics Limited, 5001/B, GIDC (almost in the center of industrial area).GIDC (almost in the center of industrial area).03/03/0803/03/08

586586(17:20 Hrs - (17:20 Hrs - 21:20Hrs)21:20Hrs)

467467(01:45 Hrs - (01:45 Hrs - 05:45Hrs)05:45Hrs)

198198(10:45 Hrs - (10:45 Hrs - 14:45Hrs)14:45Hrs)

4.4.

Premises of Jai Glass Fibre, 7521/1, GIDC, (corner Premises of Jai Glass Fibre, 7521/1, GIDC, (corner of the industrial area) in the South – East direction of the industrial area) in the South – East direction of industrial area.of industrial area.03/03/0803/03/08

21232123(15:45 Hrs – (15:45 Hrs – 19:45Hrs)19:45Hrs)

417.5417.5(00:05 Hrs – (00:05 Hrs – 04:05Hrs)04:05Hrs)

1007.51007.5(10:20 Hrs – (10:20 Hrs – 14:20Hrs)14:20Hrs)

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING ANALYSIS REPORT (ANKLESHWAR)

Contd…Contd…

S.S.NoNo Location & Date of Air Sampling Location & Date of Air Sampling

(Pollutants in micro gram / cubic meters)(Pollutants in micro gram / cubic meters)

VOCs ConcentrationVOCs Concentration

55

Premises of Durga Traders (Bhavna Premises of Durga Traders (Bhavna Farm),Near ONGC Colony (Residential Area) Farm),Near ONGC Colony (Residential Area) in the North – West direction of industrial in the North – West direction of industrial area.area.03/03/0803/03/08

15121512(13:15 Hrs (13:15 Hrs – – 18:15Hrs)18:15Hrs)

435435(12:45 Hrs – (12:45 Hrs – 16:45Hrs)16:45Hrs)

10521052(11:35 Hrs – (11:35 Hrs – 15:35Hrs)15:35Hrs)

A A Q M Stations in A A Q M Stations in down wind direction down wind direction : Asian Paints Colony : Asian Paints ColonyA A Q M Stations in A A Q M Stations in up wind directionup wind direction : Mahaveer Traders : Mahaveer TradersA A Q M Stations in CrossA A Q M Stations in Cross wind direction wind direction : Jai Glass Fibres, Durga Traders and : Jai Glass Fibres, Durga Traders and

Meghmani Organic Ltd Meghmani Organic Ltd

Land Use ClassificationLand Use Classification Industrial ZoneIndustrial Zone

Sky ConditionsSky Conditions Sunny SkySunny Sky

Ambient TemperatureAmbient Temperature 3434ooC to 37C to 37ooCC

Predominant Wind DirectionsPredominant Wind Directions North East to South West North East to South West

Analytical Methodology Adopted: EPA TO-17Analytical Methodology Adopted: EPA TO-17

VOCs ↓VOCs ↓ Sampling LocationsSampling Locations

Hotel Hotel Sanman Sanman

Solvay Solvay Speciality Speciality

LtdLtd

Cheminova Cheminova Indstires Indstires

(Intermediate)(Intermediate)

Public Public School School Kharod Kharod

Niranjan Niranjan SalesSales

Range Range (Average)(Average)

Range Range (Average)(Average)

Range Range (Average)(Average)

Range Range (Average)(Average)

RangeRange(Average)(Average)

Methylene Methylene chloridechloride

162-264 162-264 (212)(212)

230-230-426(324)426(324)

0-332(219)0-332(219) 193-193-425(271)425(271)

0-134 (89)0-134 (89)

Chloroform Chloroform 38-313(132)38-313(132) 56-794 (306)56-794 (306) 0-504(179)0-504(179) 42-75 (62)42-75 (62) 26-32 (29)26-32 (29)

ChlorobenzeneChlorobenzene 0-30 (20)0-30 (20) 32-38 (35)32-38 (35) 0-30 (10)0-30 (10) 24-39(34)24-39(34) 0-16 (10)0-16 (10)

TolueneToluene 0-30 (10)0-30 (10) 0-32 (17)0-32 (17) 0-70 (29)0-70 (29) 18-66(39)18-66(39) 9-25 (16)9-25 (16)

BenzeneBenzene 0-73 (34)0-73 (34) 0-45 (29)0-45 (29) 32-35 (33)32-35 (33) 0-46 (15)0-46 (15) 0-18(12)0-18(12)

OthersOthers (12)(12) (96)(96) (0)(0) (9)(9) (10)(10)

Total VOCsTotal VOCs 254-704 254-704 (420)(420)

391-1546 391-1546 (807)(807)

35-877 35-877 (470)(470)

322-598 322-598 (430)(430)

85-226 85-226 (166)(166)

PREDOMINANT VOCs AT PANOLIPREDOMINANT VOCs AT PANOLI

Target CompoundsTarget Compounds ConcentrationsConcentrations

Wastewater – Inlet to CETP Wastewater – Inlet to CETP (at Equalization Tank) (at Equalization Tank)

(µg/lit)(µg/lit)

AAQM AAQM (near Equalization (near Equalization

Tank) (µg /m3)Tank) (µg /m3)

Methylene ChlorideMethylene Chloride 3661.003661.00 741741

ChloroformChloroform 199.00199.00 6262

1,2-dichloroethane 1,2-dichloroethane 9836.009836.00 658658

BenzeneBenzene 1.001.00 00

TolueneToluene 3996.003996.00 12041204

O-XyleneO-Xylene 175.00175.00 5454

4-Chlorotoluene 4-Chlorotoluene 1111.001111.00 ----

Total VOCTotal VOC 18979.0018979.00 27192719

VOCs CONCENTRATION AT CETP, ANKLESHWAR

VOCs CONCENTRATION AT CETP, PANOLI

Target CompoundsTarget Compounds ConcentrationsConcentrations

Wastewater – Inlet to CETP Wastewater – Inlet to CETP (at Equalization Tank) (at Equalization Tank)

(µg/lit)(µg/lit)

AAQM (near AAQM (near Equalization Tank)Equalization Tank)

(µg /m3)(µg /m3)

Methylene ChlorideMethylene Chloride 324.00324.00 346346

ChloroformChloroform 68.0068.00 148148

1,2-dichloroethane 1,2-dichloroethane 794.00794.00 541541

TolueneToluene 1906.001906.00 894894

ChlorobenzeneChlorobenzene 20.0020.00 4444

O-XyleneO-Xylene 46.0046.00 4040

4-Chlorotuene 4-Chlorotuene 27.0027.00 ----

BenzeneBenzene ---- 8282

Total VOCTotal VOC 3185.003185.00 20952095

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR GENERATION OF HAPs

Poor Solvent Recovery in Chemical IndustriesPoor Solvent Recovery in Chemical Industries

Improper practices for production of chemicals, Improper practices for production of chemicals, metals and other goods - particularly in small & metals and other goods - particularly in small & Medium scale unitsMedium scale units

Open burning of wastes / other materials Open burning of wastes / other materials

Haphazard dumping of wastesHaphazard dumping of wastes

Inefficient operation of vehicles Inefficient operation of vehicles

Improper Quality of Fuels used in Domestic and Improper Quality of Fuels used in Domestic and Transport sector Transport sector

CPCB’S INITIATIVES ON HAPs

1.1. Assessment of HAPs in priority industry Assessment of HAPs in priority industry categoriescategories

Bulk Drug & Pharmaceuticals Bulk Drug & Pharmaceuticals

Pesticides Pesticides

Dyes & Dye IntermediatesDyes & Dye Intermediates

Coke OvensCoke Ovens

2.2. Development of Monitoring ProtocolDevelopment of Monitoring Protocol VOCs, PAHs & AlcoholsVOCs, PAHs & Alcohols

PesticidesPesticides

Aldehydes & KetonesAldehydes & Ketones

In-organics & MetalsIn-organics & Metals

3.3. Development of Standards:Development of Standards:

a.a. Source (Industry Category):Source (Industry Category):

Petrochemicals Petrochemicals

Oil RefineriesOil Refineries

PesticidesPesticides

Coke OvensCoke Ovens

b.b. Ambient Air Quality Ambient Air Quality

S.S.NoNo

Parameter, unitsParameter, units Averaging TimeAveraging Time Analysis MethodAnalysis Method

1-hr1-hr 8-hr8-hr 24-24-hr hr

AnnualAnnual

11 Benzene (CBenzene (C66HH66), ),

µg/mµg/m33

-- -- 15 15 55 Online gas chromatographyOnline gas chromatography Activated carbon/tenex Activated carbon/tenex

adsorption and GC analysisadsorption and GC analysis

22 Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide (CO), µg/m(CO), µg/m33

40004000 2000 2000 -- -- Non Dispersive Infra Red Non Dispersive Infra Red

(NDIR), spectroscopy(NDIR), spectroscopy

33 Formaldehyde Formaldehyde (HCHO), µg/m(HCHO), µg/m33

80 80 45 45 -- -- Absorption in MBTH and Absorption in MBTH and

spectrophotometer analysisspectrophotometer analysis

44 Polyaromatic Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons (PAH), (PAH), Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) (particulate (BaP) (particulate phase only), phase only), ng/mng/m33

-- -- 5 5 1 1 Solvent extraction followed by Solvent extraction followed by analysis on GC/HPLC/GCMSanalysis on GC/HPLC/GCMS

55 Arsenic, ng/mArsenic, ng/m33 -- -- 20 20 6 6 AAS/ICP Method after AAS/ICP Method after sampling on EPM or sampling on EPM or equivalent Filter paperequivalent Filter paper

66 Lead, µg/mLead, µg/m33 -- -- 1 1 0.5 0.5

Ambient Air Quality Standards (proposed)

Contd…Contd…

77 MercuryMercury(1)(1) (total), (total), ng/mng/m33

-- -- 15 15 -- Particulate: same as for lead Particulate: same as for lead aboveaboveVapour - Activated carbon or gold Vapour - Activated carbon or gold coated sand adsorption followed coated sand adsorption followed by analysis on AAS/ICPby analysis on AAS/ICP

Particulate phase, Particulate phase, ng/mng/m33

-- -- 3 3 --

Vapour phase¸ Vapour phase¸ ng/mng/m33

-- -- 1212 --

88 Nickel, ng/mNickel, ng/m33 -- -- 25 25 -- AAS/ICP Method after sampling AAS/ICP Method after sampling on EPM or equivalent Filter paperon EPM or equivalent Filter paper

99 Vanadium, ng/mVanadium, ng/m33 -- -- 200 200 --

1010 Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide (NO(NO22) General ) General Area, µg/mArea, µg/m33

200 200 -- 80 80 40 40 Jacob & Hochheiser Modified Jacob & Hochheiser Modified MethodMethod

ChemiluminescenceChemiluminescenceNitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide (NO(NO22) Sensitive ) Sensitive AreaArea(2),(2), µg/m µg/m33

-- -- -- 30 (3-30 (3-months months

Average)Average)

1111 Ozone (OOzone (O33), µg/m), µg/m33 180 180 90 90 -- -- UV Photometric technologyUV Photometric technology

ChemiluminescenceChemiluminescence

1212 Particulate matter Particulate matter (PM(PM1010), µg/m), µg/m33

-- -- 100100 60 60 Approved Particle size cutoff Approved Particle size cutoff

sampler sampler Gravimetric analysis Gravimetric analysis

Particulate matter Particulate matter (PM(PM2.52.5), µg/m), µg/m33

-- -- 60 60 40 40 Contd…Contd…

1313 BSF/TSF BSF/TSF (benzene/toluene (benzene/toluene soluble fraction), soluble fraction), µg/mµg/m33

-- -- 20 20 -- ASTM D4600-87,1990ASTM D4600-87,1990

1414 Sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide (SO(SO22) General ) General

Area, µg/mArea, µg/m33

262600

-- 80 80 50 50 ASTM D4600-87,1990ASTM D4600-87,1990 Improved West and GaekeImproved West and Gaeke Ultraviolet FluorescenceUltraviolet Fluorescence

Sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide (SO(SO22) Sensitive ) Sensitive

Area Area (2)(2), µg/m, µg/m33

20 (3-20 (3-months months AveragAverage) e)

1515 Ammonia (NHAmmonia (NH33), ),

µg/mµg/m33

-- -- 40400 0

100100 ChemiluminescenceChemiluminescence Indophenol- blue methodIndophenol- blue method

(1)(1) Whenever measurement of vapour mercury cannot be done, standard for particulate Whenever measurement of vapour mercury cannot be done, standard for particulate mercury only is applicablemercury only is applicable

(2)(2) For sensitive area, more stringent standards will be applicable for NO2 and SO2; For sensitive area, more stringent standards will be applicable for NO2 and SO2; standards for other parameters remain unchangedstandards for other parameters remain unchanged

Notes:Notes:(a) (a) Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements taken twice a week 24 hourly Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements taken twice a week 24 hourly

at a uniform interval should not exceed the annual standard.at a uniform interval should not exceed the annual standard.(b) (b) 1-hour/24-hourl/8-hourl values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% 1-hour/24-hourl/8-hourl values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2%

of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

Identification & Inventorization of Identification & Inventorization of Potential HAPs in Indian contextPotential HAPs in Indian context

Assessment of such HAPs through Monitoring at selected Assessment of such HAPs through Monitoring at selected sources including development of necessary instruments for sources including development of necessary instruments for

HAP monitoringHAP monitoring

Study of International practices for Study of International practices for prevention and control of HAPsprevention and control of HAPs

Development of Standards, Norms & Strategies for controlDevelopment of Standards, Norms & Strategies for control

Estimation of emission from HAPs, based on Estimation of emission from HAPs, based on secondary data and available literaturesecondary data and available literature

STRATEGY FOR ABATEMENT OF HAPs

Monitoring Compliance & Efforts for Prevention of HAPsMonitoring Compliance & Efforts for Prevention of HAPs