1948 Passenger Loading Standards Analysis Effect Rail Motor Coach Lines

8/20/2019 1948 Passenger Loading Standards Analysis Effect Rail Motor Coach Lines

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A . - DI SCUSS I OND8f i n i t i on o f L o adi ng St a ndar ds 1F undament a l Cons i der a t i o n 1Lac k o f Un i f o r m St andar ds 2A r b i t r a r y DAcision H a r mf u l 2Re l a t i o n t o Economics o f Operat ion 3U n i f o r m A p p l i c a t i o n N o t P r a c t i c a l 3A p p l i c a t i o n t o P r o f i t a b l e Op e r a t i o n 3Appl i cat i on t o Non- pr of i t abl e Oper at i on 4Aut omat i c Regul at i on of Loa di ng St andar ds 4L a n d F a c t o r Ap pl i e s No t On l y t o I n di v i d ua l Ve h i c l e 5

T er mi na l Ve r s us St r eet L oad i ng 5St andar ds Shoul d NQt Be Per manent 5P a s s e nger T u r n - o v e r 5Cur r ent Ef f or t s t o St andar di ze 6

B - SPECI F I C APPL I CAT I ONL o s An g8 l e s Me t r o p ol i t a n A r e a ) 6Ana l ys i s o f Pac i f i c El ec t r i c ' s P r obl e m 7Load i ng St andar dS }r es c r i bed by De c i s i o n 4115~ 9Load i ng St andar ds Des i r ed by Company under Pet i t i on

t o Modi f y and Amend Dec i s i on 41152 11.

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A N A N A L Y S IS O F P A S S E N G E R. . • .1 QA D I N G S T A NDA R DS I N T H E T R A NS ! T L ~DUS T RY

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DE F I NI T I ON OF L OA D I N G S T A NDA R DS

Lo a d i n g s t a n d a r d a s a p p l i e d t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f p a s s e n g e r s i n t h et r a n s i t i n d u s t r y i s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t we e n t h e n umbe r o f p a s s e n g e r s h a u l e do n a n i n di v i d ua l vehi c l e a nd t h e n umb er o f s ea t s ava i l ab l e . Co mmo nl y , t h i si s r e f e r r e d t o a s L oad Fa c t o r wh i c h i s t h e d i r e c t a r i t h me t i c a l r a t i o " be t ween

pas s enger s and s e at s e xpr e ss e d as a pe r c ent age . A l oa d f a ct o r o f l OU r epr es -e n t s a c o n d i t i o n wher e t h e r e a r e 100 pas s enge r s f o r ea ch 100 s ea t s . L oa df a c t o r s i n exc e s s o f 1 00 p er c e nt i n di c a t e s mo r e p as s e n ge r s t h an s e a t s .Us u a l l y t h es e s t a nd ar d s a r e e s t a b l i s h e d o n t h e bas i s o f a max i mmn aver ages t a n de e l o a d over a s pec i f i ed pe r i o d o f t i me b a s e d u po n t h e t o t a l n umb er o f pas s enger s a nd t o t a l n umb er o f s e at s on a l l ve h i c l e s p a s s i n g t h e ma x i mu m l o adpoi nt wi t h i n t h e pr e s c r i b e d p er i o d~ T he me as ur i ng i n t e r va l i s o r d i na r i l ya r b i t r a r y be i ng somet i me s 2 0 mi n u t e s , 3 0 mi n u t e s o r 6 0 mi n u t e s , d e pe n di ng upont h e t y pe o f s e r v i c e an d t he c h a r a c t e r o f l o a di n g. I t i s qu i t e c Ol l U T I . onl yt h epr act i c e t o es t ab l i sh some meas ur e of per mi s s i b l e e xc e s s o f p as s e n ge r s o ve rs e a t s d ur i n g t he peak t r a f f i c per i ods o f t h e d ay , a nd t o r e qu i r e t ha t on t heaver age dur i n g t h e o f f - p eak pe~i o d t h er e b e p r o vi d ed a t l e as t o ne s e at f o re a c h p as s e n g er d ur i n g a t i me i n t e r v a l u s u al l y l o ng e r t h an t h at a p pl i e d f o rpeak t r a f f i c .

L o ad i n g s t a nd ar d s h av e been i n t h e p as t l a r ge l y t h e r e s u l t o f a r b i t r a r yc ons i de r at i on wi t h l i t t l e un i f o r mi t y i n t he va r i o us c l as s i f i c a t i o nS o f t r a ns i toper a t i on. I t i s c ~! Unon k nowl edge t ha t t he s u b wa ys i n l a r ge c i t i e s , s uc h asNew Yor k , l a y par t i c ul a r s t r e s s i n d es i g ni ng t h e i r e qu i p me nt t o p r o v i de f or amaxi mu m a r ea f o r s t a ndi ng p a s s en ge r s a nd a mi n i mum n umb er o f s e a t s i n o r d ert h a t t h e e x ceedi ngl y h ea vy p ea k h our demands c an be met wi t h a r easonab l enumber o f vehi c l e s i n an expedi t e d s e r v i c e . St a n di ng o f p as s e ng er s ha s , s i n cet h e i nc ept i on o f t he t r a ns i t i ndu s t r y , b een r e c ogni z e d a s a n a bs o l u t e ne c es s i t y

and i n t hos e ar e as wher e ext r e mel y h ea vy c oncent r a t i o n o f t r a f f i c i s f o un d,t h er e has be en l i t t l e qu es t i on i n t he mi nds of p a s s enge r s as t o t h e n e c e s s i t yo f s u ch pr a ct i c e or as t o t h e pos s i bi l i t y o f t h e i r pe r s on al r i g ht s b ei n g i n -f r i nged upon. Dur i ng r e c ent year s , however , par t i cul ar l y i n t h e we s t , t h e r ehas been a gr o ' wi ng t e ndenc y o f pas s enger s t owa r d t h e t hought t h a t t h e f a r e t h eypa y ent i t l e s t h em t o a s eat . Thi s i s d ef i ni t el y not t h e c a s e and c ou l d n otp o s s i b l y be i nt r oduc ed as a s t a nda r d p r a c t i c e . The f ar e pa i d b y t he p as s e n-ge r s h ou l d be c o ns i der e d a s t he pur c h as e p r i c e o f a quan t u m o f s e r v i c e d es i gn-ed t o c a r r y h i m f r o m o ne p oi nt t o ano t h er . T he e xt e nt t o whi c h s t a n di n gpas s enger s s houl d be ca r r i e d i s o f c our s e dependent u po n a n umb er o f v ar i a bl e si n c l udi n g t he t ype o f equi p me n t , t h e c l as s i f i c a t i o n o f s e r v i c e, t h e t i me of


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d a y , t h e f r e q u e n c y o f o p e r a t i o n a n d t h e f i n a n c i a l r e q u i r e me n t s o f t h e c a r r i e r ,

I n d e t e r mi n i n g wh a t e l e me n t s s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e l o a d i n g s t a n d a r df o r mu l a t h e f i r s t i s n a t u r a l l y t h e e x t e n t o f h u ma n e n d u r a n c e . T h i s e l e me n ti s o r d i n a r i l y c o n v e r t e d i n t o a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f wh a t t h e p a s s e n g e r c o n s i d e r st o b e t h e s t a n d a r d o f c o mf o r t t o wh i c h h e i s e n t i t l e d . A l t h o u g h g e n e r a l l yp a s s e n g e r s wo u l d p r e f e r t o t r a v e l i n a s e a t , t h e r e a r e s o me wh o s t a n d b y} J r e i ' e r e n c € . ' l h i s c h s s o f p a s s e n g e r , h o we v e r , i s v e r y mu c h i n t h e mi n o r i t y .I n me a s u r i n g t h e e x t e n t o f h i s d i s c o mf o r t t h e a v e r a g e p e r s o n i s i n c l i n e d t oa p p l y d i f f e r e n t y a r d s t i c k s , d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e n a t u r e o f t h e a c t i v i t y i nwh i c h h e i s e n g a g e d . A s h o p p e r wi l l s p e n d s e v e r a l h o u r s o n f o o t t r a v e l i n g t oand f r om t he var i ous s t o r e s and s hoppi ng ce nt er s wi t hout any t h o ugh t wh a t -s oever t o di s c omf or t and c er t a i n c l a s s i f i ca t i ons o f empl o yment r equi r e s t a ndi n ga l l d ay . On t he ot h er hand, a pas s enger who i s r e qui r ed t o s t and on a t r ans-por t a t i o n vehi c l e , r e gar d l es s of how s h or t t h e i n t e r v al , i s i n c l i n ed t o f e e li l l - t r ea t ed a nd o v er c h ar g ed f or t he se r v i ce . Ac t ua l l y t he r e h av e b ee n i n-s t a n c e s wh e r e i r at e i ndi v i dua l s have pr o po s ed t h e t h ou gh t t hat t h e r e be adi f f e r e nt f a r e d ep endent upon whet he r o r not a s eat i s made ava i l ab l e . Th i s ,o f c our s e , i s ent i r e l y i mpr a c t i cal .

Ther e f o r e , i n o o i l i n g t h e ma t t e r d ow~ t o t he es s ent i a l e l ement s we mustt a k e i n t o c on s i d e r a t i o n t he pr a c t i c al as pec t s o f t he pr o bl e m. T he s e as pec t sc a n b e d i v i ded i n t o t wo c l a s s i f i c at i o ns . F i r s t , t he r ea c t i o n o f t h e pas s e n -ger as t o h i s c omf o r t and c o nv eni e nc e , and s ec ondl y , t h os e e l e ment s t hat appl yt o t he abi l i t y o f t he ca r r i e r t o pr ovi de a h i gh s t a ndar d o f s e r v i c e .

To da t e t h er e have been n o u ni f or m s t andar ds of l o a di ng es t a bl i shed f o rappl i c at i o n t o t he i n dus t r y gene r a l l y . I n r e cogn i t i o n o f t h e i mp o r t a n c e o f pr oper l o adi ng s t a nda r d s t he Amer i can T r ans i t As s o c i a t i o n, wh i c h i s a c e n t r a lso ur c e o f i n f o r mat i on f o r t he i r l d u s t r y a s a wh o l e , h a s a t t empt ed t o c ompi l ea l i s t o f a l l t he var i o us s t a n da r d s a ppl y i n g t o di f f er e nt oper a t o r s t hr o ughoutt he c oun t r y. The r e s ul t s o f t hat at t empt have been d i s appoi nt i ngu Ther e i sno uni f onni t y . I n s ome i ns t anc es r ul e s ar e e s t a bl i s h ed b y s t a t e r e gul a t or yau t hor i t i e s , i n o t h er s by t h e c i t i es i n whi c h t he o per a t i o ns a r e c onduct ed andi n o t h e r s b y t he c om; k l Di e s t h emsel ves i n r e c ogni t i o n o f t he i mpo r t an c e o f pr o v i d i n g t he h i g hes t pos s i b l e s t a ndar d o f s er v i c e i n t h e i nt er es t o f t he i rf i nanc i a l s t a t u s . As be t wee n t hos e r egul a t or y aut h or i t i es who have i ns t i t ut e d

s peci f i c s t a ndar d s t h er e i s g r e a t v ar i a nces as t o t h e met hod appl i e d an d t heper c ent a ges us ed.

I n T I i l i nyi n s t anc es wh er e r e ~ul at or y aut ho r i t i e s have es t a bl i shed s t a ndar dst h ey have l ar ge l y been devel oped u p on a n a r b i t r a r y ba s i s t a ki n g i n t o c ons i d -er at i o n as t he pr i mar y det er mi nat e o n l y t he r e ac t i On o f t he pub l i c , wi t houtgi vi ng due c ons i der a t i on t o t he eoonomi cal as pec t s o f t he pr o bl e m. Unf or t un-a t e l y , t he demands o f t h e publ i c i n c o nnect i on wi t h s e r v i c e s t a nda r d s a r e n ot


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a l w a y s c o n s i s t e n t wi t h t h e e c o n o mi c a l f e a t u r e s i n v o l v e d . T o a p p l y r e s t r i c t i v es t a n d a r d s , b a s e d l a r g e l y u p o n p u b l i c d e s i r e , c a n r e s u l t i n v e r y h a r mf u l e f f e c t su p o n t h e c a r r i e r s .

R E L A T I ON T O E CGNOM I C S OF OP E R A T I ON- - . • . . .• . . • . .I t c a n e a s i l y b e s e e n w i t h o u t e x t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h t h a t f r o f i lt h e C o mp a n y ' s

p o i n t o f v i e w a n d i n t h e l o n g r u n , t h e i n t e r e s t o ~ t h e p u b l i c i t s e l f . t h ee s t a b l i s h me n t o f l o a d i n g s t a n d a r d s i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r se n t e r i n g i n t o t h e e c o n o mi c f o r mu l a o f t h e carrier. T h e t wo c o n t r o l l i n g e l e me n t si n t h a t f o r mu l a a r e r e v e n u e s a n d e x p e n s e s ~ N i t h a g i v e n r e v e n u e p o t e n t i a l i t yand a t a f i x ed f a r e l e ve l t he ope r at i ng r a t i o i s d i r ec t l y a f f e c t e d by f l uc -t u a t i o ns i n t h e c o s t o f p r o vi d i n g s e r v i ce . T he c os t o f pr ovi d i ng s e r v i c e i sdepe nd en t u po n a va r i e t y o f i t ems mak i ng u p t h e var i ous t ypes o f oper at i ngexpe n s e s , i nc l udi ng as one o f t he maj or c o s t s t he p a y r o l l o f o p e r a t i n g per s onnel .

Ther e a l s o i s ano t her i n ~or t an t f ac t or , i n pr o per pr o v i s i o n f o r d e p r e c i a t i o nand amor t i z at i o n o f i n ves t me nt . I t i s ob v i o u s t h a t t o p r o v i d e s e r v i c e f or agi ven number o f pas s enge r s t h e c os t o f p er f o r mi n g t h at s e r v i c e wi l l be c ons i d-e r a bl y h i g her bo t h f r om t h e p oi n t o f v i e w o f payr o l l and ma i n t enance whenpr ovi di n g a s e at p er p as s e ng er t h an wh en p r o vi di n g s e r v i c e a t l e s s t h an a s e atper pa s s e nger . F or ea c h vehi c l e t h at c a n b e s f i v ed b y a pp l y i n g s t a nd ee f a c t or sa s av i ng c an be made i n t h e c os t o f oper at i o ns , t he ma i n t enance o f equ i pmentand i n as muc h as l e s s er number of vehi c l e s wi l l be r e qu i r ed , i n depr ec i a t i on.

I t i s f u r t h e r ev i dent t ha t no one un~l or m s e t o f l oad i n g s t a nd ar d s c anbe devel oped t h a t wi l l s a t i s f ac t o r i l y appl y t o a l l t ypes o f o per at i on, even i f s uc h oper a t i o ns a r e c onduc t ed o n a bas i s o f r e a s o n a b l e pr o f i t , i t b e i ng a s s u med,o f cour s e , t ha t s t ~ndi n g p a s s eng er s a r e i nher e nt l y r e q u i r e d i n c e r t a i n t ypeso f ur ba n heavy vo l ume movement s , I t i s i mpor t ant , howe ve r , t o mak e t hi s d i s -t i n ct i on be t ween t h e t wo t ypes o f c a r r i e r ; o n t h e one h a n d t he ca r r i e r who i soper at i ng pr of i t ab l y and on t he o t h e r h a nd t he c ar r i e r wh o i s n ot . Cons i der i ngt h e f i r s t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i t mi g ht b e a s s u me d t h at d i f f e r e n t l o a di n g s t a n da r d ss hou l d b e appl i c abl e t o pur e l y ur ba n l i nes a s d i s t i ngu i shed f r o m s u b ur b a n,i n t e r u r b a n a n d i nt e r c i t y s er v i c es . The r e o f c our s e mu s t b e s ome det e r mi nat i onl uade as t o t he m&x i mum r e a s on ab l e d i s t a nc e a pas s e ng er s h ou l d be r e qui r e d t os t and on l o ng h aul i n t e r c i t y s e r v i c e. I n be t wee n t h a t n a xi mum poi n t and 1 00%l o a d f a c t o r i s t h e f i e l d i n wh i c h i n t e r medi a t e s t andar ds mus t be es t abl i shed.

When c ons i d e r i ng a pr o per t y t h a t i s ea r n i n g a r e as onabl e pr of i t , d i f f e r -ent c ons i de r a t i o n s houl d be appl i ed t o t h e es t abl i s hment o f l oadi n g s t a n dar d st h an on one t ha t i s oper a t i n g a t a l o s s . I n s u c h f o r me r i n s t a nc e s a r e as on-abl e r e l a t i onsh i p n l u s t be e s t ab l i s h e d b e t we e n t h e c o mf o r t a nd c o nveni enc e o f t h e p as s e nge r a nd t h e f a r e h e i s r e qu i r e d t o pay. I f t he r evenue po t en t i a l i t i esa r e s u c h t ha t a pr o f i t c oul d be ear ned when pr ovi d i ng a s eat pe r pa s s enge r i na l l c as es , t h en t h e onl y c ont r o l wo ul d b e t h e pr a c t i c a l r e s t r i c t i o n s i mp o s e dby t he phys i c c _ l c apac i t y o f s t r e e t and r a i l f a c i l i t i es . I t i s ques t i onabl e ,howe ver , as t o whet h er i n any c as e o f ur ban, s ubur ba n or i n t e r u r ban oper a t i ons


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t h e f a r e s c o u l d b e r a i s e d t o t h e p o i n t wh e r e a s e a t c o u l d b e p r o v i d e d f o re v e r y p a s s e n g e r o n a c Omp e n s a t o r y b a s i s t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e p e r i o d o f t h ed a y . T h e f a r e wo u l d b e p r o h i b i t i v e . T h e r e f o r e , i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e s t a n -d a r d a r e a s o n a b l e me d i u m mu s t b e s e l e c t e d a n d t h e f a r e f i x e d t o p r o v i d e ar e a s o n a b l e d e g r e e o f c o mf o r t .

APP L I CATI ON TO NON- P ROFI TASL E OP ERATI ~

T h e p r o b l e m i s a n e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t o n e wh e n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e e s t a b -l i s h me n t o f l o a d i n g s t a n d a r d s f o r a p p l i c a t i o n t o a t r a n s i t o p e r a t i o n wh o s es e r v i c e s a r e a l r e a d y c o n d u c t e d a t a d e f i c i t . I n s u c h a n i n s t a n c e t h e f u n d a .me n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n c a n n o t b e e s c a p e d t h a t t h e c a r r i e r , i f r e q u i r e d t o c o n -

t i nue i n bus i n es s , i s ent i t l e d t o a r e a s o n abl e r e t u r n o n h i s i n vest ment a nds ho ul d no t be f o r c e d t o s ubs i d i z e t h e pub l i c . I f i t i s de t e r mi ned t ha t t hes er v i c es pr o v i ded by s uc h a c a r r i e r a r e e s s ent i a l an d c anno t be d i s pens ed wi t h ,t hen t h e v a r i ab l e s i nv ol v ed i n t he f i n a nc i a l f o r mu l a mu s t be a d j us t e d t o t heex ~e n t r e q ui r e d t o p r o v i d e t h e c a r r i e r wi t h a p r o f i t . L o ad i n g s t a nd ar d s r e p-r e s ent o ne o f t he i mpor t ant var i a bl es L~t h at f o r mu l a . I f t he c ar r i e r i s a l r e adyappl yi ng a s t a nd ee f a c t o r i n peak s er v i c e a n d i n c ur r i n g a d ef i c i t a nd a l lo t her mea ns o f ec o no my ha ve been expl or ed a n d f o u nd i n a de q ua t e , t h en t he l o ad i n gs t a nda r d s hou l d be dec r e a s ed. The a s s umpt i o n, o f c ou r s e , t h r o ug ho ut t hi s ent i r eana l y s i s i s bas ed upon t he f a ct t ha t t he s e r vi c e o f t he ca r r i e r i n q ues t i o n i si n d i s pens a bl e . UnQer s uc h c o nd i t i o n s a c t ua l l y t h e pr o v i s i o n o f any mea s u r e o f s ea t s bec o mes o f s ec onda r y i n~o r t a nc e .

l ~e a r e a l l f ami l i a r wi t h t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e l a s t Wor l d War upon t h et r a n s i t i n du s t r y . The t r e mendous l y i nc r e a s ed t r a f f i c b r o ug ht a bo ut by a c ce l -e r a t e d wa r t i me i n dus t r y c o mpl e t e l y o v er - t a x ed t he a v a i l a b l e f a c i l j , t i e s . •Dur i ng t hat pe r i o d i t wa s n ot a quest i on o f a ppr opr i a t e l oadi ng s t andar ds , i twas a qu es t i o n o f be i n g ab l e t o f i nd eno ugh veh i c l e s o f a ny t ype, r e ga r d l e s so f t h e i r a ge , cond i t i o n or c apac i t y , t o meet t h e r equ i r ement s o f t r a ns por L i ngpe r s o n s . Ev e r y e f f o r t wa s exe r t e d t o deve l op means o f c a r r yi n g t he l a r ges tnumber o f per s ons po s s i b l e i n eac h v ehi c l e . I n t h i s ques t f o r i nc r e as ed c apac -i t y t he " St and- s i t ll s eat waf ' deve l o ped whe r e i n modi f i e d benc hes wer e i n s t a l l edt o p r ov i d e t he ~s s e n g e r wi t h a dev i c e a ga i ns t whi c h he c ou l d l e a n r a t he r t ha ns i t . T hi s o nl y s er " . , r e st o d~r nons t I ' a t e t h e ext r e me meas ur es t ha t c a n be t a k enwhen t he nec es s i t y ex i s t s . Na t u r a l l y, i t i s t o t h e i nt e r es t o f t he c a r r i e rdu r i ng pea c e t i mes t o pr o v i d e t h e h i g h es t s t a nd ar d o f s e r v i c e t h at c an ber ea s o na bl y j us t i f i e d i n o r der t h a t p a t r o n age wi l l be s a t i s f i e d a nd addi t i unalt r a f f i c be i nduc ed.

T he f i x i n g o f l o a di ng s t a nda r ds o n a p r e de t e r mi ned bas i s does no t nec -es s ar i l y mean t hat t he c ar r i e r wi l l act ual l y enj oy t he adva nt ages t ha t o r d i n-ar i l y ~o ul d be ex pec t e d t o ac c r u e . A t e ndenc y ha s be en deve l o pi n g on t hepa r t o f p as s enge r s , p ar t i c u l a r l y on s ubur b an a nd i n t e r u r b a n l i nes , t o r e f us et o boar d v ehi c l e s i f no s ea t s a r e a va i l a bl e . T hi s i s a c o n d i t i o n o ve r whi c hne i t her t he c a r r i e r n o r t he r e gu l u t or y aut h o r i t i e s hav e c ont r o l . I t i s amani f es t a t i o n o f t he ex er c i s e o f p er s o na l r i g ht s o f t h e i n di v i d ua l p as s enger .

I t mi g ht be s a i d t h a t under s u c h c o nd i t i o ns t he v eh i c l e s hou l d be he l d unt i l


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a s t a n d i n g l o a d d o e s b o a r d . S u c h a p r a c t i c e , h o we v e r , i s n o t a s o l u t i o n t o

t h e p r o b l e m a s i t wo u l d a n t a g o n i z e t h e p a s s e n g e r s wi t h a c o r r e s p o n d i n g h a r m-f u l e f f e c t u p o n p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s a n d a f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n i n t r a f f i c v o l u me .I n o t h e r wo r d s , t o b e t r i t e , y o u c a n l e a d a h o r s e t o wa t e r b u t y o u c a n 1 tma k e h i m d r i n k . T h i s a t t i t u d e o n b e h a l f o f t h e p u b l i c i s o n e t h a t c a n p r o b -a b l y b e c o r r e c t e d o n l y t h r o u g h a p p l i c a t i o n o f a g g r e s s i v e a n d e f f e c t i v e p u b l i cr e l a t i o n me a s u r e s , t h a t wi l l e d u c a t e t h e t r a v e l i n g p u b l i c t o t h e p r o b l e ms o f t h e c a r r i e r s a n d c r e a t e a s y mp a t h e t i c a t t i t u d e .

L OA D F A C T OR A P P L I E S NO T O NL Y T O T H E I N D I V I D U A L V E H I C L E'Q I '

I n a p p l y i n g l o a d s t a n d a r d s wh e r e t h e y h a v e b e e n c a r e f u l l y d e v e l o p e d a n d

c an be appr opr i at e l y pl ac ed i n t o e f f e c t , c ons i de r at i o n mu s t b e g i v en no t o nl yt o t he number o f per s ons i n a n i nd i v i dua l vehi c l e wi t h r e l a t i o n t o t he numberof s eat s pr ovi d ed, out a l s o t o t he c ondi t i o n at t he p o i n t s o f l o ad c onc ent r a -t i o n a l ong t he r out e . Even t hough r e a s ona bl e l oadi ng s t a ndar ds mi g ht be ad~er e dt o by t h e ca r r i e r i t wo ul d s t i l l b e po s s i b l e t o pr o v i de a h i g h l y de f i c i en ts er v i oe by f a i l i ng t o pi c k up wai t i n g pa s s e nge r s wi t hi n a r ea s o na bl e l e ngt ho f t i me. At a hi g h l y c onc ent r a t e d l o adi ng a r ea e a c h v e hi c l e depar t l ng mi gh tc ar r y a l o ad wi t h i n t h e r e s t r i c t i o ns i mpos ed but not pr o v i d e . en ou gh veh i c l est o adec uat e l y di mi ni s h t he wa i t i n g c r owd.

Anot her c o ns i de r at i o n i s t he d i f f er enc e i n t he c har a c t e r o f pas senge r ' sr ea c t i o n be t ween l oadi ng a t t e r mi na l c oncen t r a t i on po i n t s a nd at s epa r a t e dpo i nt s enr o ut e . t he t endenc y f o r pa s s e nger s t o boar d a l o aded v eh i c l e i ns t r eet p i c k- up i s muc h gr eat er t ha n i t i s a t a t e r mi na l . Ref us a l o f pas s enge r st o b oar d a veh i c l e when a l l s ea t s a r e l o a ded i s much mor e gr e at l y i n ev i denc ea t t e nni n a l s t han i n s t r e et l o a di ng .

Al t hough under c ond i t i ons ex i s t i ng as o f a s pec i f i c t i me t h e phys i c a las pe c t s o f t h e p r o bl e m a nd t he ec onomi c e l ement s i nvo l ved ma y p r e s c r i be c er t a i ns pec i f i c l oad i n g s t a ndar ds , t h o s e s t anda r ds s h ou l d no t be c o ns i der e d as pe r -manent and a s t he m~xi mum a b o ve whi c h t h e c a r r i e r wi l l never b e per mi t t e d t o

; 0 . I n v i e w o f t h e f a c t t h ~t t h e f i n anc i a l f o r mul a i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o

l oad i n g s t a ndar d s , i t i s o bvi ous t hat as c hangi n g c ondi t i ons a l t er t he f i n an-c i a l p i c t u r e o f t h e c ar r i e r , r ev i s i o n o f t h e s t a ndar ds s hou l d be c o ns i der ed i nt h e s ame f a s h i on t h at r ev i s i o n i n t h e f a r e s t r u c t ur e i s o r d i n ar i l y c o ns i d er ed. T he t wo def i ni t e l y go t o get her .

I n es t a b l i s hi ng l o ad i n g s t a nda r d s bas ed upon an ar b i t r a r y ma x i mum l i mi to f s t and i n g t i me, t he f o r mu l a s h o ul d gi ve c o ns i der a t i o n t o t he f a c t t h a tal t houg h t he r e may be s t a n di n g p a s s enger s on a gi v en vehi c l e dur i ng a p er i od o f t i me exc eed~ng t he l i mi t e s t a bl i shed, t h i s do es not a l ways mean t h at a ny onei n di v i dual pa s s enge r has been r eyui r ed t o s t and i n exc es s o f t he t i me l Lni t .


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T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e i n a s e r v i c e wh e r e t h e r e i s a h e a v y t u r n o v e r o r

i n t e r e x c h a n ge o f p a s s e n g e r s e n r o u t e . . f he r e s uc h i s t he c a s e t he pa s s e ng e rwh o h a s b e e n s t a n d i n g f o r t h e l o n g e s t t i me wi l l h a v e a c c e s s t o a s e a t a so t he r pa s s e ng e r s d i s e mo a r k s o t h a t t h e a v e r a g e s t a n d i n g t i me o f t h e i n d i v i d u a lp e r s o n ma y b e c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s t h a n t h e t o t a l t i me du r i n g wh i c h t h e v e h i c l ec a r r i e s s t a nd i n g pa s s e n ge r s .

C U R R E r ' IT E F F C R T S T O S T A N D A R D I Z E

I n r ~c o gn i t i o n o f t h e i mpo r t a nc e o f l o a d i n g s t a n d a r d s t h e r e h a s b e e nr e c o n t l y i n i t i a t e d a mo v e me n t t o wa r d de v e l o p i ng un i f o r m l o a d i ng s t a nd a r d s f o ra p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e t r a n s i t i n d u s t r y a s a wh o l e , t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y . I t i s

hi g hl y i mpo r t a n t i n p r o c eed i ng wi t h t h i s d e ve l opmen t t h at c a r e f u l c o ns i d er a -t i o n be gi ven t o a l l o f t he ma ny e l eme n t s i n v ol v e d a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t o t h eequi t i e s o f t h e c a r r i e r s i n t hos e i n s t a n c e s wh e r e o p er a t i o n s a r e c o n du c t e dat a def i c i t o r a t a l e s s t h an r e as o n ab l e o pe r a t i n g r a t i o .

Co nf i n i ng t he s c o pe o f a na l y s i s j u s t t o t h e L o s An ge l e s met r o po l i t a n a r e a ,t her e ar e ev i d enc es o f t he nee d f o r appl yl l l g di f f e r e nt c o ns i d er a t i o ns t o t h ev ar i o us c a~r i e r s s er vi ng t h e ar ea wh e n f i x i n g l o a di ng s t a n da r d s . T he p r i n c i p alma s s t r a ns i t o per a t o r s i n t h i s a r e a a r e t h e P a c i f i c E l e c t r i c Ra i l way Company,L os Ange l e s T r a ns i t L i nes and t h e L o s An ge l e s &o t o r Co ac h L i n es . T he g en er a lchar ac t e r o f s er vi c e o n a s y s t e m- wi d e b as i s i s d i f f e r e nt o n e ac h o f t h es e o pe r -a t i o ns a nd t a k i ng anyone oper at i o n, t her e ar e d i f f e r e n t c har act e r i s t i c s a p pl y -i n g t o t he s ever a l l i nes ope r a t e d by eac h. The pr l i uar y di f f e r e nc e i s t h a tP a c i f i c E l e c t r i c Ra i l wa y Co mp a ny i s c o n du c t i n g i t s o p er a t i o n s a t a h e av y f i n -a nc i a l l os s , whe r eas , t he o t h er t wo c a r r i e r s a r e i n a muc h mor e f avor ab l eear n i ng po s i t i o n.

Thi s be i ng t h e c as e , i n l i n e wi t h t he above di s c us s i o n, i t s ho ul d no t bec o ns i der ed a f o r e go ne c onc l u s i o n t h at l o ad i n g s t a nda r ds a ; p l i e d t o o ne ca r r i ers h o ul d be t he s ame a s t h o se a pp l i e d t o a no t h er c ar r i e r , ev e n t h o ug h f r o m ap r a c t i c a l p oi n t o f v i e w, a l l p hy s i c a l c o nd i t i o ns i n vo l v ed a r e e qu al . Eac h o f t h es e ca r r i e r s f i l l s &p a r t i c u l a r nee d f o r pas s enge r t r a ns p o r t a t i o n i n t he ar eas er v e d a n d eac h per f or ms a c l a s s o f s e r v i c e t ha t i s des i g ne d t o me e t t h a tpar t i cu l a r need. The es s ent i a l na t ur e o f eac h o f t h es e s e r v i c e s h as b ee ndemons t r at ed dur i ng r e c en t y ea r s b y t h e c on f u s i o n t h at h as e xi s t e d a s a r e s ul to f wo r k s t oppages ! No one o f t he o per a t i o ns c oul d be d i spensed wi t h c o mp l e t e l y.

i n connRct i on pith l a b or d i f f i cu l t i es .I t \ i o ul d of c o ur s e , be a n i d ea l c o nd l t i o n i f e ac h p as s e ng er o n e a c h

r o u t e o f eac h c ar r i e r c oul d be p r o v i ded ~i t h un i f o r mi t y i n a l l e l ement s o f t het r a n s p or t a t i o n h e r eq ui r e d , i n c l u di n g f a r e s , e qu i p me n t a nd s e r v i c e, bu t s u chi s n ot p os s i b l e .


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P a c i f i c E l e c t r i c h a s b e e n h a r d e r ; ' l i tf i n a n c i a l l y i n i t s f i g h t f o r s u r v i v a l t h a n

o t h e r t r a n s i t o p e r a t i o n s i n t h i s a r e a a n d ma n y o f t h o s e i n o t h e r a r e a s t h a t a r ep r i ma r i l y e n g a g e d i n u r b a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .

A l t h o u g h t h e r e h a v e b e e n a d v e r s e e l e me n t s a t wo r k wi t h r e s p e c t t o t h eu r b a n o p e r a t o r s , t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n i n h e r e n t c o n d i t i o n s t h a t ma k e u r b a n ma s st r a n s p o r t a t i o n mo r e h i g h l y e s s e n t i a l t h a n s u b u r b a n o r i n t e r u r b a n s e r v i c e . F o rt r a v e l b e t w e e n l o n g e r d i s t a n c e s , t h e p r i v a t e a u t o mo b i l € h a s a f f o r d e d mo r ee f f e c t i v e c o mp e t i t i o n t h a n i n t h e f i e l d o f s h o r t h a u l o f t h e t y p i c a l u r b a no p e r a t o r . I t ma y b e t r u e t h a t c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l l i n e s o f P a c i f i c E l e c t r i ca r e s i mi l a r i n c h a r t c t e r t o o t h e r l i n e s o f t h e l o c a l c a r r i e r , b u t i t mu s t b ek e p t i n mi n d t h a t t h e s e mi - u r b , m t y p e o f l i n e o n r J a c i f i c E l e c t r i c i s i n t h emi n or i t y a s c ompa. r ed wi t h t he s f s t e m t o t a l • .

The r e i s a ban d o f o ver l ap bet ween t h e t y pes o f s er vi c e pr ovi d ed byPac i f i c E l e ct r i c 2. n d Los Ange l e s T r ans i t L i nes wher e i n t he l i ne c ha r ac t e r i st i csa r e s o mewhat s ~ni l a r but on bo t h s i des o f t ha t ban d e a c h c a r r i e r pr o j e c t s i n t oa di f f e r e nt f i e l d o f s er vi c e and co r r es po n di n gl y i n t o d i f f e r ent f i e l ds o f ear n i n g c apa c i t y . l ak i ng t he t wo ext r emes t ha t wou l d i n c l u de f o r ex am) l e , oneof t he l o nger l i nes o f P a c i f i c E l e c t r i c a s c o mpa r ed wi t h o ne o f t h e shor t e rl i nes o f L os Anee l e s T r a ns i t L i nes , we f i nd c ondi t i o ns t hat ar e a t gr e atvar i anc e . On s o me o f t he Puc i f i c E l e c t r i c L i n es , t h er e a r e l o c a l o per a t i ngr e s t r i c t i ons v : h i ch a l mos t ent i r e l y pr ec l ude t h e f i na nc i a l ac i vant ages o f heav y t u r n - o ver o f pas s enger s . On t h e o t h er hand, t he l o c al l i nes hav e un-

l i mi t e d f r eedom i n t h i s r e s pec t and t h e t ur n- o ver o r i nt e r c ha nge o f p as s enger si s muc h gr ea t e r ~

An o t he r as pec t o f 1 0C: i . df c . . e t ort ha t i c gi v en ve r y l i t t l e i i f any, c on-s i de r a t i o n i s t he av er a ge d a i l y n umber o f t o t a l pas s enger s c a r r i e d as r e l a t e dt o t he t o t a l mm, ber o f s ea t s pr ovi ded on a mi l eage ba s i s . Deve l opment o f s uc ha f i g ur e woul d no doubt be hi g hl y i nt e r e s t i ng a nd mo s t r ev ea l i ng a s t o t he r ea lpr o bl e m c onf r o nt i ng paci f i c E l e ct r i c . ; h er e heavy v o l ume and l ar g e t ur n- ove rex i s t s On r e l a t i ve l y s hor t l i n es , i t i s pos s i b l e t o pr o v i de t he i nd i v i dua lpas s enge r wi t h t r a ns por t a t i on s er vi c e a t a l o ~er per t r i p f a r e t han c an bepr o v i ded on l onger i n t e r ur ba n t ype l i nes wher e t h e t ur n- ove r i s ver y s r r ~l l a ndt h e l e n gt h o f haul gr e at . Co r r e s pondi ngl y t he f a r e s per un i t o n t he l onge rl i nes mus t be h I gher t h a n on t he s h o r t e r o ne s . Th i s do es n ot mean, ho wever ,

t h at l o a d s t a ndar d s s houl d be mo r e l eni e nt o n t he s h o r t l i nes t han on t he l o ngo nes . Ac t u a l l y , t he r eve r SG mi g ht v er y wel l be t r u e a nd c an be l o gi c a l l ydemons t r a t e d.

I n pr o c e e di n g Di t h t h i s t ype o f ana l ys i s , a c o ns i de r abl e mea s u r e o f j us t i f i c a t i on c an be deve l oped f o r a pp l y i ng h i g her l oa d s t a nd ar d s o n o ne o f t wol i nes t h at may oper a t e i n par al l e l t h r o ugh c o nt i g uo us t e r r i t o r y, even t h ought her e ma y b e l i t t l e , i f any, d i f f e r enc e i n t he p hys i c a l c har a c t e r i st i c s o f t h e s er vi c e pr o v i d ed, o r t he d i s t a nc es t he pa s s enger s a r e t r a nspor t e d.


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l i n e s o f J.' a c i f i c E l e c t r i c i n a n e f f o r t t o de v e l o p t he e f f e c t s o f p r e s c r i be d

l o a d f d c t o r s a nd t h e r e s u l t s t h a t wo u l d be o b t a i n e d b y a pp l y i n g mo r e l e n i e n ts t a nd a r ds . Th e Co mpa ny i s no w c o n f r o n t e d w i t h a n e x t r e me l y s e r i o us f i na nc t a ld e f i c i t whe r e i n du r i n g 1 94 7 i t i n c u r r e d a ne t o pe r a t i n g l o s s , b e f o r e i n t e r e s to n b o n d s , o f mo r e t h a n '51,700,000, i n c l u d i ng f r e i g h t a nd pa s s e ng e r s e r v i c e ,Pa s s e ng e r o pe r a t i o ns we r e c o nd uc t e d a t a l o s s o f a pp r o x i ma t e l y ~2,800,000 :a nd r a i l s e r v i c e wa s pe r f o r me d a t a l o s s o f ,n ,400,OOO.

I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t s u c h a c o n d i t i o n c a n n o t b e p e r mi t t e d t o c o n t i n u e a n dt h a t r e me d i a l me a s u r e s mu s t b e t a k e n a t t h e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e t i me , Un d e rc o n d i t i o n s o f l o s s s u c h a s t h e s e , i t i s h i g h l y i n c o n s i s t e n t t h a t t h e Co mp a n ys h o u l d b e r e q u l r e d t o ma i n t a i n l o a d i n g s t a n d a r d s t h a t wi l l c r e a t e a n i n c r e a s ein these deficits.

In addition to these losses, the Companyis confronted with an increaSE;:

in payroll th&t will become effective within a V8ry short time, that dill

amount to approximately l~ million dollars annually. There are only a very

small number of sources from which that added cost can be obtained and from

which relief can be had with resp~ct to the deficit already incurred~ Either

the revenue has to be increased proportionately or expenses must be reduced.

Revenues c",.nbe increased materially only through an increase in fares, and

there is tho grave possibility that the present faro structure may be near

the point of diminishing returns, This, then leaves only the possibility of

affecting reductions in the costs of operation.

The effect of load factors has a direct bearing upon the extent of oper-

ating expenses. Application of more drastic loading standards increases the

actual cost of operations through increased payroll, maintenance and service

expenses, increases the number of vehicles that must be purchased to perform

the service at pd ces higher than ever before, and will increas


11/43

o f r e l i e f t h a t c a n 00 r e a l i z e d i mme d . i a t e : l yt h r o u g h a p p l i c a t i o n o f mo r e l e n i e n t

l o &d i n g s t a n d a r d s . A f t e r t h e s y s t e m- v v i d e s u r v e y h a s b e e n c O l n p l e t e d a n d af i n a l p r o g r a m f o r t h G f u t u r e h a s b e e n p l d c e d i n t o e f f e c t , t h e n wo u l d b e t h e, - - p p r o p r i a t et i me t o r e v i e w t h e ma t t e r o f l o a d . i n g s t a n d a r d s a n d s p e c i f y l o a df a c t o r s f o r a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e r e v i s e d s y s t e m.

I n De c i s i o n No . 4 1 1 5 2 t h e P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s C o mmi s s i o n o r d e r e d t h a t t h el o ~d i n g s t w1 d a r d s p r e s c r i b e d b y r ~c o n ®e n d a t i o n No . 6 i n E x h i b i t 3 2 b e p l a c e di n t o e f f e c t wi t h i n 6 0 d a y s f r o m t h e d a t e o f t h e Or d e r . T h a t r e c o mme n d a t i o n

i n t u r n r e f e r r e d t o t h e l o a d i n g s t a n d a r d s a s s p e c i f i e d i n Ch a p t e r I V o f t h eExhi bi t , whi c h c over s 7 4 pages o f t h e r epor t i n whi c h ea ch l i ne o f t he sys t emi s ana l y z ed i n c ons i der abl e det a i l . Al t hough t he r epo r t does no t c ont a i n ac onc i s e s umwar y o f t he var i ous l oad s t nndar ds o r c o nd i t i o ns as t h ey a pp l y t oi ndi v i dua l l i n es , t he Comp an y h as c a r e f ul l y ana l yz ed a l l da t a c o n t a i ned t he r e i q.t o get her wi t h o t her cons i der a t i o ns and det e r mi ned t ha t t he l oa d i ng s t a ndar dsdes i r o d by t he Co ~~i s s i o n wer e pr i mar i l y s unl f f i a r i z odon page 14 of E xhi b i t 32,and s pec i f i c a l l y as f ol l ows : .

P ~a k Per i ods

I nt e r ur ban and l onger s ubur ban l i n es - P r ov i de s eat per pas s enger •. 9 i t y l i nes - St a ndees a l l o wed ac c or d i n g t o f o l l o wi ng s t a ndar ds

f o r var i ous t ypos o f Pac i f i c E l ec t r i c equ i p ment :

Seat i ngCa paci t y

L oadi ngSt a ndar d

6c O- 700- c l a s s r a i l c ar s100- c l as s r a i l c ar s5000 ( P Cc ) r a i l car sVa r i o us - Mot o r Coaches

6 54 0S9

4 4 - 4 5

L o s Ange l e s - P a s a de na v i a Oak K nol lL os Ange l e s - P as a de na v i a Sho r t L i n eL o s Ange l e s - Ba l d wi n P a r kL o s Ang e l e s - Ar ca di a- j " i onr ovi a- Azu s a- Gl endo r a

Si e r r a k a d r e L i n eL os An ge l e s - L ong Be ac h


12/43

L o s An g e l e s MSa n P e d r oL o s An ~e l e s - Sa n t a AnaL o s An g e l e s - Ne wp o r t Be a c hL o s An ge l e s - Gl en da l e - Bur bank , f r om San Fer nando Ro ad t o e nd

of line.

V e n i c e S h o r t L i n e .

P a s a d e na - A l h a mb r a - So u t h e r n P a c i f i c S t a t i o nL o s A n g e l e s - A l h a mb r a - T e mp l e C i t y - A r c a d i aL o s A n g e l e s - B a l b o a

L o s Ange l e s - S unl andL o s An ge l e s - Sa nt a Ana, i . n c l udi n g ' i Vhi . t t i e rBoul e var d L oca l .L ong B ea c h - Pa sa denaLong Beach- R i ver s i dePa sa dena- PomonaL os Ange l e s - E l Mont e - Pomona- S a n Be r n a r d i n o- Ri ve r s i d e ,

i n c l u di n g Va l l e y Boul e va r d L oc a l and Gar v e y Avenue L oc a l .Lo s A nge l e s - No r t h Hol l yvr ood- Van NuysL os Ange l e s - S a nt a Moni c ~, v i a Be ver l y Hi l l sL os Ange l e s - Re do nd o Be ac hL o s Ange l e s - Beve r l y - Suns et Bo ul eva r d- Un i ver s i t y

Wat t s - S i e r r a Vi s t aL o s Angel es - Van I J U :i T S Ra i l L i n eS a nt a E o ni c a Bo ul e var d L i neL 0 3 Angel e~, - Gl en da l e - Bur b : mk , f r om Subway Ter mi na l t o

Sa n F e r na ndo Road.Hol l Y ' ~o o d Bo u l e v ar d L i n esVeni c e Boul eva r d- S an Vi c ent e L i neEc ho P a r k Av en ue L i neL ong Beac h- Sa~ Pedr o L i neL o s An ge l e s - Sant a L l o ni c a v i a Ai r L i ne

Gar f i e l d Av en ue- Hi ghl a nd Par kAr l i ngt on- Ri ver s i d e- S an Be r n ar di no- Redl andsL ong Beac h- Hunt i ngt o n Par kHol l ywood- Be ve r l y Hi n s - Un i ve r s i t y1f ves t er n- Fr a nk l i nEmer y Par kNo r t h Ho l l y woodVa n Nuys - Canoga Par kVan Nuys - S an F er n andoVan Nuys - Bi r mi n gham Hos p~t a lGl enda l e - L ont r o s e- Ve r d ug o Ci t y - L a CanadaHol l ywood- Vent ur a Boul eva r dNo r t h Ho l l yv r o od- St ud i o C i t y- Sher man Oaks


13/43

L O A D n~ G 3T A ; . J D A ~ tD SD E S Iil li D B Y C O M P A N YU N D . S J . P E T IT I O N T O 1 U D IF YAND A1 ~ND DECI SI ON NO. 4 1 1 5 2 .

( F o r a p p l i c a t i o n t o r e g u l a r s e r v i c e . )

I n r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e l a c k o f i n f o r ma t i o n a p p l y i n g t o t h e v i t a le l e me n t s o f l o a d i n g s t a n d a r d j e t e r mi n a t i o n s , a c a r e f u l a n d e x t e n d e d a n a l y s i sh a s b e e n ma d e by P a c i f i c S l e c t r i c f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f d e t e r mi n i n g wi t h i nt h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y p o s s i b l e , t h e r e a l n a t u r e o f t h e e q u i t i e si n v o l v e d i n s o f a r a s t h e y a p p l y t o t h e o p e r a t i o n s o f t h i s c o mp a n y ~ L o a d i n gs t a n d a r d s a r e i n ma n y c a s e s b a s e d u p o n a r b i t r a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f t h ep h y s i c a l a s p e c t s i n v o l v e d a n d d e s i r e s o f t i l e public« rJhen the f inancia li n t e g r i t y o f t h e c a r r i e r i s a t s t a k e , t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s mu s t b e s u p p l e -n e n t e d by a mo r e c o n c r e t e d e v e l o p me n t o f f a c t s i n v o l v e d a n d a r e l a t i o n s h i p

mus t be es t a bl i s hed bet wee n l oadi ng s t andar ds and t he c ompa ny' s f i nanci a ls t a t us . T hi s a na l y s i s has been c on du c t e d u po n t hat pr emi s e and i t i s f e l tt hat t he di s c us s i o n her e t of or e r e nder ed i s s ubs t a nt i a t e d c o n c l us i vel y byt he r e s ul t s obt a i n ed.

The l o adi n g s t andar ds whi c h a . r e s et f o r t h her e i n as r epr e s ent i ngwhat i s c ons i d er e d t o be pr oper and equi t a bl e f r o m t he c ompany' s po i nt o f v i e w h av e not be en i n f l a t e d i n t he ho pe or e xpec t a t i on t hat s omet hi ng l es st h a n a s k ed f o r mi e ht be gr ant ed. The s t a nd ar d s a r e c o ns i der ed t o b e t h epr o per and not hi nG l e s s wi l l adequat e l y meet t h e ex i g e nc i e s o f t he f i na nc i a lc r i s i s c onf r ont i ng t h i s company.

The c ont e nt o f t he ana l y s i s as i nc l u ded i n t h i s r epor t i s c o n -

s i d er ed as c onc l u s i v e ev i de nc e t ha t t he s t andar ds appl i e d f o r a r e notunr e as onabl e under t he c i r cu ms t ance s and s houl d be pl a c ed i nt o e f f ec ti r r unedi at e l y end per mi t t e d t o r e mai n a t l eas t unt i l ~mch t i me as t he f i nalr e - a r r a n gement o f t he c ompany' '3 pr o per t i es a nd f ac i l i t i e s have be en pl a c edi nt o e f f ec t .

The s pec l I l c 1 0a di n3 s t andar ds t h at a r e r ec or r unended f o r appl i ca -t i o n t o t h e l i n es o f Pac i f i c E l e c t r i c Ra i l wa y Compa ny ar e as f ol l o ws :

At Max i mum Lo a d Po i n t s :Pr ov i d e on aver aGe, s ea t per pas s enge r .

Iit 15ax i mum Load Po i n t s :Ra i l Car s - 150 pa ~c ent l o a d f a c t o r .Mot o r Coac hes - 150 per cent l o ad f a c t o r , appl i ed t o

vehi c l e c apac i t y mi n us 5.

2 ho u r s mor n i ng, 7: 0 0 a. m. - 9: 00 a. m.2 hour s eveni ng, 4: 00 p ~m. - 6: 00 p . m.

Eodi f i c a t i o n on S a t u r days t o meet s hi f t o f peak an d o n i n di v i d uall i nes as may be aut hor i z ed t o meet unus ua l c ondi t i ons .


14/43

Ma x i mum St a nd i n* T i me

T r a f f i c Ch e c k P e r i o d s)

3 0 mi nu t e s o n f r e qu e nt s e r v i c e .6 0 r r i n u t e s o n i n f r e q u e n t s e r v i c e .

T o be subject to adjus'tment u pon ap plication to the PublicUtilities Commission.


15/43

~mTHOD OF p a u C~DURE

I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a u p o n wh i c h t o b a s e c o n c l u s i o n s r e l -a t i v e t o p r o pe r l o a d i ng s t ~1d a r d s , de t a i l e d t r a f f i c c he c k s we r e ma de o n v a r i o usr a i l a n d mo t o r c o a c h l i n e s a n d c a r e f u l s c h e d u l e a n d c o s t a n a l y s e s c o mpu t e d . Thet r a f f i c c h e c k d a t a wa s s e t u p o n c h a r t s wh i c h a r e a p p e n de d t o t h i s r e p o r ti nd i c a t i ng t he c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t r a v e l a nd l o a d i ng a t v a r i o us po i n t s a l o ng e a c hl i n e . T h e p r i ma r , r p u r p o s e o f t h e d e t a i l e d a n a l y ~~~ h a ~ b e ~n t o d e t e r mi n e t wot h i n g s . F i r s t , t h e l e n g t h o f t i me t h a t p a s s e n g e r s wo u l d be r e qu i r e d t o s t a nd i f t h e l o a d f a c t o r we r e i n c r e a s e d a n d t h e n umbe r o f v e h i c l e s b y wh i c h t h e l i n ea s s i gnme n t c o u l d be r e du c e d c o r r e s po nd i ng l y . To t h i s a na l y s e s e s t i ma t e s we r e

ma de o f t h e s a v i n gs t h at wo ul d b e p os s i b l e i n o pe r a t i n g e xp en s e s b y r e as o n o f mo r e l e n i e n t l o a di n g s t a n da r d s . T h e f o l l o wi n g c h e c k p r o v i d e s a g e n er a l s u mma -t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s o bt a i n ed a nd s u bs e qu en t c h ec k s a r e d ev ot e d t o t h e d et a i l e da na l y s es a s a pp l i e d t o e ac h i n d i v i d ua l l i n e s t u di e d. On l y r e pr e s e nt a t i v e l i n eswe r e s e l e c t e d f o r ana l y s i s a s a b as i s f o r e s t a bl i s h i n g t h e t h eo r i e s i n vo l v ed . I twa s n ot c o ns i d er e d n ec e s s ar y t o c a r ~J o ut d et a i l e d s t u di e s o n e ac h l i n e o f t h es y s t e m a s t h e wo r k ~~u l d b e l a r g e l y r e p et i t i o u s a n d wo u l d p r o b ab l y n o t a l t e r t h ege n er a l f i n d i n gs .

~v h i l e t he Pa c i f i c E l ec t r i c ' s o b j ec t i v e i s t o p r o v i de t he ma x i mum se r v i c e

pr act i cabl e J t h e r e a r e e c o n omi c l i mi t a t i o n s a n d r e s t r i c t i o n s d e pe n di n g u po n t h ep e ak c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d v o l u me o f t r a f f i c d e r r ~n d wh i c h mu s t b e g i v e n c a r e f u lc o ns i d er a t i o n. Af f e c t i n g t h e s i t u at i o n t o a ma j o r e xt e nt i s t h e p r o bl e m o f p r OVi d i n g f o r ~e ak s e r v i c e . Un de r p r e s e nt o pe r a t i n g c o nd i t i o ns i n e xc e s s o f 2 0p er c e nt o f t h e t o t a l d ai l y i n bo un d p as s e ng er l o ad d ur i n g t h e f J e ak h ou r a nd 4 0p e r c e n t o f t h i s ma x i mu m h o ur l y l o a d d ur i n g a 2 0~n i n ut e i n t e r v a l o f t h e p e akhour . A. p pr o xi ma t e l y S p er c e nt o f t h e t o t a l d ai l y i n bo un d l o ad i s d ev el o pe d i n2 0 Qi n ut e s . S L ~i l a r c h ar a c t e r i s t i c s p r e va i l f o r t h e o ut b ou nd p as s e n ge r l o ad .

d i mu l t a n eo u s s e r v i c e d e ma n ds o f t h i s c h a r a c t e r r e qu i r e t h e u ne c o n omi c u s eo f a l a r g e n umb er o f v eh i c l e s wh i c h c a n o nl y b e u t i l i z e d f o r a s i n gl e r o un d t r i pe ac h d ur i n g t h e e nt i r e d ay . I t i s we l l r e c og ni z e d t h at t h e c o s t o f p r o vi d i n gp e ak s e r v i c e i s mu c h g r e a t e r t h an t h at o f p r o vi d i n g b as e o r n oml a l s e r v i c e wh er e

t h e e qu i p me nt a nd ma n- h ou r s c a n b e e c on omi c a l l y s c h e du l e d. I t wo ul d t h us s e e mr e as o na bl e t o e xp 8c t t h at t h i s h i g h c o s t o f l J r ov i d i ng exces s i ve } J eak demands e r v i c e s h o u l d j u s t i f y s o me mo d i f i c a t i o n o f t h E: e s t a b l i s h e q l o a di n g s t a n da r d s f o ra c ce pt e d n on na l o r b as e s e r v i c e J a t l ea s t du r l l l g t he ex t r eme ~ea k i n t e r v a l s .

The modi f i ed s t a ndar ds s houl d be es t a bl i s hed and c hec k ed, on t h e bas i s o f t h e n on na l s c h e du l e d o pe r a t i o ns s o a s t o a v oi d c o nd i t i o ns o f s h i f t i n g p at t e r nr e s u l t i r l g f r o m u nu s u a l t r a f f i c c o n ge e t i o n o r a c c i d e nt s , t h e r e b y c r e a t i n g l o a d-i ng s i t ua t i o ns wh i c h o t he r wi se wo u l d be i n c o n f o r mi t y wi t h t he p r e sc r i bedst andar ds .


16/43

I n g e n e r a l i t c o s t s i n e x c e s s o f $ 2 6 ~OO p e r d a y o n a n o u t - o f - p o c k e t b a s i s( i n c l u d i n g d e p r e c i a t i o n ) t o o p e r a t e a mo t o r c o a c h i n s i n g l e r o u n d t r i p s e r v i c e .O n a f u l l c o s t b a s i s t h e o p e r a t i o n wo u l d c o s t a t l e a s t ~3 7 . 0 0p e r u n i t . I n e v e r yi n s t a n c e s t u d i e d wh e r e t h e e q u i p me n t i s o p e r a t e d o n l y o n e s i n g l e r o u n d t r i p p e rd a y , t h e s e u n i t s we r e o p e r a t e d a t a l o s s a s i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o c a r r y a c o m-p e n s a t o r y l o a d a t p r e s e n t a v e r a g e f a r e s , e v e n o n a n o u t - o f . . . p o c k e t b a s i s . A s a . ne x a mp l e , t h e L o s A n g e l e s - A l h a mb r a - T e mp l e C i t y Mo t o r C o a c h L i n e o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e S1 2 c o a c h e s wh i c h c a n o n l y b e u t i l i z e d f o r o n e r o u n c i t r i p p e r d a y .

T h e e s t i ma t e d o u t - o f ~p o c k ~t c o s t ~e r u n i t o p e r a t e d i n t h i s s e r v i c e i s~2 6 . 8 6 p e r d a y , wh i c h wo u l d r e q u i r e , o n t h e b a s i s o f a s e a t - p e r - p a s s e n g e r a t t h ema x i mu m l o a d p o i n t , a f a r e o f 30 c e n t s i n s t e a d o f p r e s e n t a v e r a g e f a r e o f 18 .55c e n t s On a f u l l c o s t b a s i s i t wo u l d r e q u i r e a f a r e o f 4 3 c e n t s t o b e f u l l yc o mp e n s a t o r y .

For motor coach o peration it is r ecommended that a load factor of 1 5 0 % of seating ca pacity be ad o pted after ded ucting f ive seats, d ur ing an average half

hour interval, which would per mit a partial reduction in the number of peak unitsreq uir ed and some incr 8ase in individual line ear :1ings.

For passenger r ail operations it is recommend edt hat a load ing standard

equivalent to 150~ be per mitted for a stand ing time of 30 minutes from the limitof the ma jor loadinG areas.

In the d emand f or public transpor tation the "time element" is the pass-

enger's f ir st consideration and rather than wait for a f ollowing vehicle, even if

in sight, experience indicatest r~t-~if possible to f ind room) the passenger will

crowd into a fully seated and standing load r ather than wait.

In general any reduction in equipment assigned to any liJ18 r esulting f rom

the increase in number of passengers permitted to be carr ied over a half -hour interval would be made during peak period s and would not affect the baseschedules.

r:.;stimated annual r ed uction in out-of -po-eket o per ating expenses because of

r ed uction in eq ui pment operated based on r esults of d etailed stud ies of four major cOd .chlines is ;])390,000, computed as follows:

Motor Coaches Req uired

Pr esent Proposed

Alhambr a Line •••••.••••••••••••

Valley Boulevar d ., •••••• ~••••.•

L. A. -\If nittier •.••••••••••••••••

L. A.-Sant a l\lonica••••••••• , •..••

332 93736

135

2 6252 927

107

The above indicates a 21% reduction in units to be operated. However ,a p plying only a 15 ,6 Nduction to all system serVices which would IJrobably beaffected by the proposed incr ease in loading stand ards, which would con~ensate


17/43

f or differ~nt seating capacities of coc.ches, the reduction in equipment would be5 0 u n i t s , O n t h e b a s i s o f &1 a v e r a g e s a v i n g o f $ 2 6 , 0 0 p e r c o a c h f o r 3 0 0 d a y s ,the total saVillt; would amount to ~3 9 0 , OOO annually.

It is ~stiff iated that an application of the a bove rail car stand ards tosystt;;;f\1opE;ro.tioi1s would pe:lI,it an immed iate daily reduction of at least 33 pass-0ngl;;f f a.il units. On the basis of u m in i l l l tu n out-of-pock d saving of ~21•.00 pt;r unit f or 300 d ays pt-r y~arth(;) saving would amount to ~207,900 annually, Of at o t a l for both rail and motor c Od c h oper ations of ~5 9 7 J O OO.


18/43

Lond c hp ck outbound peak 4:00 P.}1. - 6:00 P.~,~, T h u : r s d 1 .Y 1 Sppt pm hp r 2, 1q4 A(a) - 29 coaohes, 1255 sR ata, prov1dP.d to en rr y m nx imum load (at SiAm Vista)

o f 1 2 1 0 p a s s R n g A T s ,(b) - 1 jTithin an additional distance o r 1.4 ml1ps, or in an av pra gp. olnpspd

tim p lntprval of 6 minutps. thp. total numbor of pass pngpr s --onth e > ~u n i t s h a d d r o p p A d t o 9 0 0 ,

( 0 ) - During the p.ntir e peak, slight overloads occurr ed only o V P o 1 " thrP.e uvprageh a l f - h o u r i n t ~r v a l s a s f o l l o ws ( o n a b a s i s o f S R o t p e r p ~s s ~n g e r ) :

PllSgr • O v p , r -Ovp r - l oad

L oc at i on . Ti~ P 5 ) s g r s . ~ . Y Di t ~ b Olld f~r Uni t( 1 ) L i nco l n Par k - SP-

. . Cr os s i ng , • . 5 : 00- 5 : 29 P~1 407 . 390 . , 17 2-( 2) Si e r r a Vi s t a • • ~4: 30- 4 : 59 PM 29 7 29 6 7 1(3) S i er r a Vi s t a • • . 5: 00- 5: 29 PM 38 1 3 46 e 3 5 4 1 '

Bpcaus e of t he e xt r pme pe a k r equi r f ' ment s a t t he pr ps ent t i mp, t her e o r e 12c oac h un i t s vn i ch m ake but o ne r o~nd t r i p p er d ay i n t h i s s e r v i c e , a nd b eQf l US eof t he t i me oper a t e d c an no t b e u t i l i ze d f o r addi t i o na l t r i p s o n t h i s l i ne o ra n y o t h er s e r v i c e.

Out - of . poc ket c os t ( i nc l udi ng depr Aci at l on) t o oper at A eonch i n s i ngl Br ound t r i p s~r v i c e i s o . pp r oxi mat p. l y~· · 2? ; . . OOper uni t per day.

~n or der t o · e a r n o n l y t he f a r e out - o f - po c ket c os t pa c h un i t woul d have t oc or r y a t 6 t Ql of 14 0 p a s s ~nge r s pe r r o und t r i p - based ~n pr P sent avp. r age one-way f a r e o f 18. 55 c ent s , o r 70 p ns s p ngp r s p er s i n gl e t r i p - an e q ui v al ent l oadf a c t o r of 155% f Or a 45 pas s e nger c oach.

On t he bas i s of a s pat per pas s enger a t max i mum l oad p oi nt , an aver a ge f a r eof ~26 . 86 / 90 ~ $ , 3 0 ( 3 0 c ent s ) wo u l d ha vA t o be o b t a i ne d, a n i nc r e a s e o f 62%t o br enk even on an out - of - poc k et bas i s . On a f ul l c os t bas i s an equ i va l e ntf a r e of appr ox i mat e l y 43 cent s wou l d be r equi r ed.

On a b a s i s o f a per mi s s i b~p . l o a di ng of 60 pas s en ge r s p er u ni t ( 4 5 c a paci t y)du r i ng a n a v pr a ge hal f - hour i n t e r v al , a r Aduc t i o n of 7 uni t s Goul d be made ~ta n e qu i v al ent ~avi n g o t ( : 188 . 00 pe r da y du r i ng t he p ea k p er i o d o r ( : 56 , 400 per

a nnum c o u l d be r ea l i z pd on t h i s oper at i on.

C O S T T O O P ERilTf: C O A C H - O N E R OU ND T R I PPEfl D A YRout e mi l e s •• ~ • " •• . •• « ••. L ••.•. ~ •••.•••• , . 1 7. 45ROund t r i p r out e mi l e s . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . ••• , . 34 , 90Av er age uni t c o s t - mo t o r c o ac h ••• a ••. 4 •• , • • • • • ~17, 500Annual depr e c i a t i o n • . .10- year l i f e •. . ••• ~ , • . • . • 0. • ." 1/ 750Number o f da ys pe ak c oac h oppr a t es ( es t i mat e ) ~ ~ ~ ~ • • • « 30 0Av er o. ge dep: t ' 8 ' C i at i onper day •. f q ..., .••••• ~ ,. • " r • $5. 83AW' l r age equi vol e nt c r ew pa y hOUl ' s - s i ng l e peak r ound t r i p _ . %Dai l y r a t e 9 t hour s @Cl . 4 7 ( new r at e e f f e ct i ve Oct . 16, 1948) 13. 97


19/43

E q u i p me n t Ma i n t A n n n e e • • • • • ~ . • ,,• • • !t •Op p r n t o r 1 s ~:!iges • • • • a • ·. . - . . . , . • • . . • •Tires• • • • • • • • t • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • • t • • •F u r l n n d L u b r i c a t i o n • • • • • . . e l . • . . • • • • • •

S e r v i c i n g • • • • • , • , • • • • • • , ~ • " ItDe p l " P c i a t i o n e • • • • • • 4 1 « / I ~ • 1,• • • • • •Taxes • • • • • • • • • • • • t . . I • • • • • • • •

( E s t i mn t ~d Co s t s Ba s p d o n J u l y 1 9 4 2oper ations)

j ? e r D g xi0.93

13.910.402.001.175.832,56


20/43

L . A . - V A L L E Y B OU L E V A R D L OC A L MOT OR C OA C H L I N E; , , ~l

Load check out bound peak 4,OO}'.!il. - 6:00 P,ll." Hednesday .itugust 4,1948,

L,lI.-El !-!onte Local G9§ct}es ~ Li~ted. to. Garqel? ~U'enue

(a) 15 cOEches, 650 seats proviq ed _ to carry maximum.load (at Garfield A v e n u e ) o f 6 9 2 p a s s e n g e r s . F o r t h e e n t i r e p e r i o d p a s s e n g e r s s t o o db e t we e n L i n c o l n f a r k a n d Ga r f i e l d ~v e nu e , w i t h a t o t a l a v e r a g e r u n n i n gt i me f r o m L i n c o l n P a r k t o Ga r f i e l d h v e n u e o f 1 5 mi n u t ~s an d a d i s t a n c eof 5 .3 5 miles.

( b ) T h e p 8 s s e n g e r l o a d d r o p p e d v e r y r a p i d l y a f t e r l e a v i n g Ga r f i e l d h v e n u e ,and wi t h i n 5 mi n u t e s aver a ge r unni ng t i met t he t o t a l l oad was gr eat l ybel ow c oac h s eat i n g ca pac i t y.

(0) Ove r l o ads o n bas i s o f s e at pe r pas senger ~ec ur r e d ove r 6 a v . e r a ge ha1f -hQur i nt e r v a l s . f 8SSgt . Ov~r l oad

1- as s - over r a rL o c a t i on nme enge r s Se5t s Uni t § l o ad Un i t

L i n co l n Par k ••••4: 00 - 4t 29 }. ~~ 1 3 5It II 4(30 ..• .4~59 P .M . 200II " 5:00 .....5:29t,lu. 215It It 5 : . J , O- 5 : 5 9 l- . •~i. 122

Eas t e r n &Va l l e y4 : 30 - 4~59 P . M, 185If If 5: 3 0 . • . .5: 59 1-. M. 105

1 2 61 7 3205

851 7 3

85

( d ) On e a ddi t i o na l c oach~oul d be ~equi r ed t o pr bv i de a s eat pe r p as s e n gerar r i v i ng a t maxi i huml . . \ ' >adpoi nt ~

L . A. - Gar f i e l d Loc 91 Ser v i ce

( a ) 14 c o ac he s , 589 s e a t s p r o v i d ed t o oar r y maxi mum l oad o f 664 pa s s e nge r so n a r r i v al a t L i n c o l n P a ~k t en o v e r l o a d o f 75 pa s s enger s . The equi ~v a l e n t o f t wo a ddi t i o na l c oaches w. u1d be r equ i r ed t o pr o v i de a s ~tp er p as senger a r r i v i ng a t t h e max i mum l o a d po i n t . b t t e n t i t n i sdi r ec t ed however , t hat t he l o ad begi ns t o di sc har ge s oon a f t e r l e av i n gL i nco l n ~a r k a nd i s r educ ed t o a s e c t e d l oad by t h e t i me o f a r r i v al a t

Eas t e r n Avenue or wi t h i n a di s t a nc e o f 1 . 75 r n i l es and an aver ager unni n g t i me of 5 mi nut es ~( b ) Over l o ads e n ba s i s o f s e a t p e r p a s s e nger oc cur r ed over 6 aver age hal f -

hour i n t e r v a l s .( c ) One add i t i nna l coac h woul d be r equ i r ed t o pr ov i de 8 s e a t per pas s enger

ar r i v i ng a t maxi mum l oad po i nt . Pas sgr . Over l oad.t'DSS- over fer

L oc at i on T i me enger s 5eat s Uni t s l oe d Uni t

( 1 ) L i ncol n Pa r k •••• 5 : 00- 5: 29 l: . m. 205 176 4 29 7 1 -( 2) Eas t er n & Va l l e y 5' 0 0" ' 5: 29P .!V i. 210 176 4 34 8 1 -( 3 ) F r e mont & Va l l ey 5 : 00- 5: 29 P. M. 205 176 4 29 7 1 -( 4) Gar f i e l d &Val l ey 4 : 0 0 - 4 t 2 9 p~ 180 175 4 5 11-

11 II

4~30- 4: 59 P ~j,••

215 211 5 4 1-"

II 5:00 •.•5:29 r ~~l. 205 176 4 29 . 7 1 -

- 18-


21/43

Be c a u s e o f t h D e x t r e me pen k r e q u i r e me n t s a t t h e p r e s e n t t i me , t h e r ea r e 7 c o e c h u n i t s wh i c h ~a k e b u t o n e r o u n d t r i p p e r d a y i n t h ~ a b o v e

s e r v i c e s ) a n d b e c a u s e o f t h e t i me o p e r a t e d c a n n o t b e u t i l i t z e d f o r a d d i -t i o n a l t r i p s o n t h i s l i n e a r my o t h e r s e r v i c e , T o me e t ' f u l l s e e t ~ p e r -p a s s e n g e r t Gq u i r e ma n t s a t f f i 8 x i mu ml o a d p o i n t wo u l d r e q u i r e t wo a d d i t i o n a lc o a c h e s wh i c h wo u l d ma k e b u t o n e r o u n d t r i p p e r d o Y ~

Ou t - o f - p o c k e t c o s t ( i n c l u d i n g d e p r e c i a t i o n ) t o o p e r a t e c o a o h i n s i n g l er o u n d t r i p s e r v i c e i s a p p r o x i ma t e l y $ 2 5 . 0 0 p e r u n i t p e r d a y . I n o r d e rt o e a r n t n l y t h e b a r e o u t - o f - p o c k e t c o s t , e R c h u n i t wo u l d h a v e t o c a r r y at o t a l o f 1 6 0 p a s s e n g e r s p e r r o u n d t r i p b a s e d o n p r e s e n t a v e r a p e e s t i ma t e d- f a r e o f 1 6 c e n t s , o r 8 0 p a s s e n g e r s p e r s i n g l e t r i p , t n e q u i v 8 1 e n t l o a dfa ctor of 1 7 8 % for a 45- passe~r coach~ O r . . • •n the basis of < 9 seat-per -

pas s e n ger at maxi mum l o ed poi n t . • 8n Dver c ge f p r . e of ~25~12/ 90 - ~ . 28( 28 ce nt s ) woul d h~ve t o be obt a i ned, 3n i n er e~s e o f 7 5% t o br eak e v e n. n 3n e, ut - of - pock et bas i s . On a f u l l c o s t ba s i s an e q ui v a l e nt f a r e of appr ox i mat el y 40 c ent s woul d be r equi r e d.

On a bas i s o f a per mi ss i b l e l oad i n g of 6 0 p a s s e nge r s p er uni t ( 45~c apac i t y) dur i ng a ny cver a ge hal f - hour i n t e r val , a t o t a l r educ t i o n o f 4uni t s i n t he combi n ed s er v i c es c oul d be mede a t Dn equi v a l e nt s 8vi n g ,r ~10 0 . 00 per day dur i n g t he peak per i od or ~30, 000P er a nn um, c oul d ber eal i z ed on t h i s par t i cul a r oper a t i on.

Route miles •.••..• . e : • • • , • . • . • • • • • , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.__30)R d t i t ' l 2~ 60) 'hver Egeoun r p rou e m~ es •• .".......•......• ,.••.. ~. . . . . .... . _~'. J wer age uni t c os t - mot o r c . o ac h .q •••••••••••••••••• ni 17 · . 500~nnu&l depr ec i a t i o n - 10 y e ar l i f e ••••••• ~, •••••••. • . 1, 750No. d eys p ea k c Of ' c h oI Er a t e - ( eBt . ) •••••••••••. • ••.~. 30 0~v e r a go depr ec i a t i o n per day ••••••• ~. , •••••••••••••• ~5. 831Av er C J g e e qui va l e nt e r ey pay hour s - s i n gl e peak R. T \ . . • 92Dai l y r a t e 9 ~ h, ur s @~1. 47 •• ~. ~•• . • ••. •• . ••••••••••• ~13. 9 7

Unit CostCents

l - ' e rwi J p l - ' e rDay

Equi pment ~a i nt endnc e ~••••••••••••. • ~••. ••••. •O p e re tor' s v V a ge s ••..•..• ,:I t .• -..... ••• • • • • • • , ~ ,. • ., • • • • •••Tires ~..... II •••.••••.•••.•.• , ••.••••••••••••••.•••••••••Fuel & Lubrioation •• 4 ••.• -•.•••• ~_ ••••• , •••••••••

Servi cing •.•.....•.• "........•.••.......•.....•..De preci ation ~.~ ~. ~ . ••. . _ •. •.. .. ~ .. •• •• t •••••••

Taxes .•.•.4 ! ' • • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • . . • I t ' • ~ • •• S I • •• , •• . • • • • ••• •

6.53

l.16

5. 1 83 . 3 4

7 . 3 4

4 1 1 1 .4 8

1 3 . 9 7. 2 6

1. 17. 7 5

5 . 8 31..66-


22/43

L . A . - B E V E B L Y H I L L S - S A NT i 1 MONI C A MOT OR COA CH L I NE

"L o a d c h e c k o u t b o u n d , p e a k mo v e me n t b e t we e n 4 : 0 0 P a M. - 6 ~0 0 P . 1 4 . , F r i d a y ,A u g u s t 6 , 1 9 4 8 .( a ) 3 6 cO G c h e s , 1 4 9 5 seats, provided to carry mBx im~ lO B d (at Feirf £lx

Av e n u e ) o f 1 , 522 pa s s e ng e r s .( b ) h t B e v e r l y Hi l l s , a d i s t a n c e o f 2 . 7 mi l e s f r o m F a i r f a x Av e n u e , a n

a v e r a g e t i me i n t e r v a l e f 1 2 r r J n u t e s , t h e l o a d h a d d r o p p e d t o 1 , 2 1 6 pessenger s~ .

( c ) Du r i n g t h e e n t i r e p e a k , o v e r l o e d ~ o c c u r r e d o n l y o v e r t h r e e a v e r a g eh a l f - h o u r i n t e r v ~l s a s f o l l o ws ( o n a b a s i s o f s e n t p e r p a s s e n g e r ) :

Y a s s - Ov e r -enger l o ad

P8SS- Over - P e rL oc 2t i o n T i me e ng er s S ea t s Un i t s 10 8ds llil!L-( 1 ) v J e s t e r n & Ol ympi c 5 ; : ) 0- 5: 59 l - 'M ; 0 0 2 9 5 7 5(2) F a i r f ax &Ol ympi c 4:30-4:59 P ~i 50 8 461 11 47 4 1 -(3) 1 1 I t 5 : 3 0- 5 : 59 PJ.,i 322 295 7 27 4

At t he pr e se nt t i me b e cau s e o f t h e e x t r e ma p e e k r e qu i r e mt ; n t s t h e r ea r e 17 uni t s o per at ed on t h i s l i ne wh i ch nwke but o ne r ound t r i p pe r da y.Es t i met o d o ut - o f - p o c k et c os t ( i nc l udi n g d e pr e c i a t i on) t o oper a t e a c oac hi n s i n gl e r o und t r i p s er v i c e, i s i n e xc es s of $27. 0 0 per uni t pe r day.

I n o r d er t o e ar n o ny t he ber e out - of - poc ~et c os t , eac h uni t wo u l d have t oc ar r y a t o t a l o f 166 pas s e n g e r s pt r r o un d t r i p , b0s ed on p r e s ent aver agef a r e o f 16, 1 8 c ent s , o r 8 3 p f 1 s s e n ger s per s i ngl e t r i p, an equi vc l ent l o~df Get o r o f 18 4 % f o r D 45- p es s e ng er c o ac h .

On t h e bas i s o f C l s e , : t pe r pas s enger a t t he max i mum l oad po i nt , 8naver age f e r e of $27/ 90 - ~ . 30 ( 30 c ent s ) wou l d h av e t o be obt a i ned, ani n c r e as e o f 85% t o br e ak ev en o n 8n out - o f - p ock et bas i s . On 8 f u l l c os tbDs i s an equi va l e nt f C l r e tll' app r ox i mat e l y 43 c ent s woul d be r equi r ed . .

On t h e b as i s o f c per mi s s i b l e l oadi ng o f 60 pas s enger s p er u ni t ( 4 5-cap aci t y) dur i ng any Eve r a ge h~l f - h ~ur i n t e r v a l , D r e duct i o n o f 9 uni t scou l d be r o nd e a t nn e qu i v al e nt s avi ng o f $247. 00 per day du r i n g t he p ee k

per i o d o r $ 74 , 1 00 p er annum c o ul d b8 r e a l i z ed on t h i s pa r t i cu l c : r oper a t i on.

Route mil,es •••••••• 0.' •••.•••• ,.................... 17.85Round t r i p r o ut e mi l es • • . • • • • • •• • • • . • • . • • • •• • • • • • •• • 35. 7 0Aver ege uni t c os t - mot or c oac h • • • • • • •• • • • • • • ••• • ~ 17, 500l , nnua l depr e c i a t i on - 10 ye , : r l i f e • • • • •• • . •••••• . • 1, 750No .

1948 Passenger Loading Standards Analysis Effect Rail Motor Coach Lines

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Transcript of 1948 Passenger Loading Standards Analysis Effect Rail Motor Coach Lines