(18) Monera
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Transcript of (18) Monera
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Kingdom Monera(Bacteria)
The Kingdoms of Life-Forms(Traditional Classification)A-cellular
VirusesCellular (5 Kingdoms)
(1) Monera(2) Protista(3) Fungi(4) Plantae(5) Animalia
Knox: Chap 33 (Monera)Chap 34 (viruses)Margulis: Chap 1 (Bacteria)
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Kingdom Monera(Bacteria)
Kingdom or superkingdom?Morphology (shape & size)Evolutionary historyChemical processes
Bacteria & atmosphereNutritional typesFunction in ecosystemsBeneficial bacteriaHarmful bacteria
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Three Super-Kingdoms(RNA & DNA Analysis)
Knox Fig 33.3 (p. 786)
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Kingdom Monera(bacteria)
Smallest form of cellular life Saccharomyces (yeast) 8 m
E. coli (bacterium) 2 m
Staph . aureus (bacterium) 0. 8 m
R ickettsia (small bacterium) 0.4 msmallpox (large virus) 0.2 m
influenza virus 0.1 m
polio virus 0.03 mtobacco mosaic virus 0.3 m
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Knox Fig 33.1 p.783
1 m = 10 -6 m or 1 millionth m
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Kingdom Monera(bacteria)
Smallest form of cellular life
Prokaryotesno nucleino organelles
Single celledThin-walled
Nitrospina gracilisrod- shape d bacte riu m
Kn ox p 78 4
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K Monera (bacteria)
Simple shapes (Knox p. 784)
G emella haemolysans
spheres (cocci)
Anabaenachains (p. 789)(forms toxic blooms)
Nitrospina g racilis rod Spiroplasma sp. spiral
Streptomyces sp. filaments
P seudomonas putida
5 flagellae 5-7 m long
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Bacteria: evolutionary history
4.6 billion b.p. Formation of earth
3.5 billion b.p. Earth cools enough to form liquid water (100 o C)seas still v. hot and v. salineintense solar radiation (no ozone, O3)
Primeval atmosphere (reducing)anaerobic (no free oxygen, 0 2)very little atmospheric water (H 20)oxygen as oxides, carbonates (rocks)Composition of atmosphereH2 hydrogenNH3 nitrogen as ammoniaH2S hydrogen sulphide
C0 2 carbon dioxide
BACTERIA RULE
Earliest life-forms on Earth
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Bacteria: chemical processes
Primitive Bacteria(had to function without oxygen or water in the
atmosphere)
e.g. methanogenic bacteria
4H 2 + C0 2 -> CH 4 + 2H 20
e.g. anoxygenic photosynthesis
12H 2S + 6CO 2> C 6H12 06 + 12S +6H 20Light Chlorophyll
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Bacteria: chemical processes
Primitive Bacteria(had to function without
oxygen or water in theatmosphere)
many of these primitivebacteria still exist inhigh temperature,saline, low oxygenenvironments e.g.sulphur springs of
Yellowstone, deep seavolcanic vents )
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Bacteria & atmosphere
2.5 billion years b.p.
ancestors of cyanobacteria (b.g. algae)oxygenic (modern) photosynthesis
C0 2 + H20 > CH 20 + 0 2light
blue-green & purple bacteria
incl. ancestors of chloroplast?
APPEARANCE OF FREE OXYGEN O 2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Respiration (aerobic) - heterotrophic organisms
CH 2O + O2 > CO 2 + H 2O + energyincl. ancestors of mitochondrion?
0.6 billion b.p. multicellular organisms appear
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Kingdom Monera(bacteria)
Ubiquitous(all ecosystems)
soil
water volcanoesoceansskin & gut of other
organisms
Escherichia coli (E. coli )Gut of humans
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Bacteria: classification by nutritional type
AUTROTROPHSproduce own food (organic molecules)
Photoautotrophs (plants, b.g. bacteria)use light energy (normal p.s.)
C0 2 + H20 > CH 20 + 0 2light
Chemoautotrophsuse chemical energye.g. methanogenic bacteria
4H 2 + C0 2 -> CH 4 +2H 20
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Bacteria: classification by nutritional type
HETEROTROPHSacquire organic molecules from other sources
PhotoheterotrophsCH 20 + H 2S -> H 2S0 4 + C0 2
light
Chemoheterotrophse.g. anaerobic respiration
CH 20 -> C0 2 + ethanol
e.g. normal respiration
CH 2O + O2 > CO 2 + H 2O + energy
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Bacteria: ecosystem functions
natural chemical factories
maintain oxygen atmospherecyanobacteria (b.g. algae)as chloroplasts in plants
soil nitrogen fixation(nitrogen cycle)
N2 + 8H -> 2NH 4
R oo t nodul e of A cacia silvestrisC o nta in N -fixi ng bacte ri aKn ox p . 797
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Bacteria: ecosystem functions
carbon, sulphur, phosphorus cycles
e.g. sulphur reducing bacteria
S + H 20 -> H 2S (rotten egg gas)loss of soil sulphur
humus formation chemoheterotrophsaerobic & anaerobic respiration
break down dead organismsCH 20 -> C0 2 + ethanolCH 2O + O2 > CO 2 + H 2O + energy
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Beneficial Bacteria
Food production & technology Yoghurt L actobacillusCheese, Salami
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Waste recyclingsewage (breakdown of o.m.)chemoheterotrophs (respiration)methane from organic waste(methane producing bacteria)4H 2 + C0 2 -> CH 4 +2H 20
L actobacillus forming yoghurt
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Beneficial Bacteria
Medicine (Antibiotics)
Streptomycin (antibiotic directly produced)genetic engineeringStreptomyces DNA replaced withP enicillium (fungus) DNAP enicillium DNA takes over bacterial cell tomass-produce penicillin
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Harmful Bacteria
Problems caused by Bacteria
Spoilage of Foodssulphur reducersanaerobes
Food poisoningSalmonellaCampylobacter
L actobacillus sake(meat spoilage)
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Harmful Bacteria
Human diseases
typhoid Salmonella typhi tetanus, gangrene Clostridiumcholera Vibrio
TB, leprosy Mycobacteriumanthrax Bacillus anthraci meningococcal disease Meningococcusbubonic plague Yersinia pestis
Bacillus anthraci
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Harmful Bacteria
Problems caused by Bacteria
Animal diseases (TB, mastitis, abcesses)Plant diseases (wilt, damping off)Industrial problems
corrosion of steel & concrete(acid producing bacteria)contamination of fuels & oils
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Harmful Bacteria
Water Pollution
A nabaena (Annie)Microcystis (Micky)
A phanotheca (Fanny)
Fanny
Annie
Micky
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Possible Quiz Questions
Long:Bacteria are capable of carrying out adiverse range of chemicaltransformations. Describe how this can
be beneficial or harmful to humans, givingexamples.
Long:
Should there be five kingdoms of life-forms? Explain your answer, using adiagram.