KINGDOM MONERA Chpt. 18 “Bacteria”. Kingdom Monera Commonly called bacteria All monerans are...
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Transcript of KINGDOM MONERA Chpt. 18 “Bacteria”. Kingdom Monera Commonly called bacteria All monerans are...
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KINGDOM MONERAKINGDOM MONERAChpt. 18Chpt. 18
““Bacteria”Bacteria”
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Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera
Commonly called bacteriaCommonly called bacteria
All monerans are unicellularAll monerans are unicellular
All monerans are prokaryotesAll monerans are prokaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotes: : Single-celled organisms Single-celled organisms surrounded by a membrane and cell wall surrounded by a membrane and cell wall that LACK membrane bound organellesthat LACK membrane bound organelles
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Prokaryote CellProkaryote Cell
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Characteristics of MoneraCharacteristics of Monera
Monera can be divided into two main Monera can be divided into two main groups:groups:
1) Archaebacteria1) Archaebacteria
- “ancient” bacteria- “ancient” bacteria
- live in extremely harsh conditions- live in extremely harsh conditions
2) Eubacteria2) Eubacteria
- “true” bacteria- “true” bacteria
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Archaebacteria (ancient)Archaebacteria (ancient)
Can be divided into 4 groups:Can be divided into 4 groups:
1. Methanogens “methane producers”1. Methanogens “methane producers”
2. Thermoacidophiles “heat and acid lovers”2. Thermoacidophiles “heat and acid lovers”
3. Chemosynthesizers “make own chemicals”3. Chemosynthesizers “make own chemicals”
4. Extreme Halophiles “salt lovers”4. Extreme Halophiles “salt lovers”
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MethanogensMethanogens
Produce methaneProduce methane
Live where there is Live where there is no oxygenno oxygen
Found in intestines Found in intestines of many mammalsof many mammals
Found in swamps – Found in swamps – causes the “rotten causes the “rotten egg” smellegg” smell
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ThermoacidophilesThermoacidophiles
Live in extremely Live in extremely hot and acidic hot and acidic waterswaters
Often found in hot Often found in hot springssprings
Ex. Yellowstone Ex. Yellowstone National ParkNational Park
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ChemosynthesizersChemosynthesizers
Use inorganic compounds as Use inorganic compounds as source of energy (instead of source of energy (instead of sun)sun)
Inorganic = compounds Inorganic = compounds containing sulfur, iron, containing sulfur, iron, nitrogen (not carbon!)nitrogen (not carbon!)
Process called oxidationProcess called oxidation
Use energy to change carbon Use energy to change carbon dioxide into organic food dioxide into organic food moleculesmolecules
Live in harsh environments Live in harsh environments (e.g. hot sulfur vents on ocean (e.g. hot sulfur vents on ocean floor)floor)
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Extreme HalophilesExtreme Halophiles
““salt loving”salt loving”
Live in water upLive in water up
to ten times saltier thanto ten times saltier than
sea watersea water
Found in places likeFound in places like
the Dead Seathe Dead Sea
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ARCHAEBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA
MethanogensMethanogens Live in oxygen free environments, Live in oxygen free environments, produce methane (CHproduce methane (CH44). ).
ThermoacidophilesThermoacidophiles Live in water than is very hot and acidic Live in water than is very hot and acidic (pH 2 to 4), line the edges of hot springs (pH 2 to 4), line the edges of hot springs
ChemosynthesizersChemosynthesizers Make carbohydrates using inorganic Make carbohydrates using inorganic compounds as energy source, live in hot compounds as energy source, live in hot sulfur vents on ocean floorsulfur vents on ocean floor
Extreme HalophilesExtreme Halophiles Live in extremely salty places, grow in Live in extremely salty places, grow in water up to ten times saltier than the water up to ten times saltier than the oceanocean
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EubacteriaEubacteria
Divided into three groups:Divided into three groups:
1. Gram-positive Bacteria1. Gram-positive Bacteria
2. Gram-negative Bacteria2. Gram-negative Bacteria
3. Cyanobacteria3. Cyanobacteria
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Gram-positiveGram-positive
Have thick cells walls.Have thick cells walls.
Turn purple when put Turn purple when put
through a special series through a special series of stains called “gram-of stains called “gram-staining.”staining.”
Includes a wide variety of Includes a wide variety of bacteria such as those bacteria such as those causing strep throat and causing strep throat and tetanus (lockjaw).tetanus (lockjaw).
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Gram-negativeGram-negative
Have an extra layer Have an extra layer of fat outside cell of fat outside cell wall.wall.
Appear pink after Appear pink after gram-staining.gram-staining.
Includes bacteria Includes bacteria such as E.coli and such as E.coli and the bacteria that the bacteria that causes whooping causes whooping cough.cough.
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Gram-positive vs. Gram-positive vs. negativenegative
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CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria
Perform plant-like Perform plant-like photosynthesis.photosynthesis.
Release oxygen.Release oxygen. Used to be called Used to be called
“blue-green” algae “blue-green” algae (still commonly (still commonly
called that!).called that!). Toxic to animalsToxic to animals..
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EUBACTERIAEUBACTERIA
Gram-positive BacteriaGram-positive Bacteria Have thick walls made of protein-sugar Have thick walls made of protein-sugar complex, turn purple when stainedcomplex, turn purple when stained
Gram-negative Gram-negative BacteriaBacteria
Have extra layer of lipid outside cell Have extra layer of lipid outside cell wall and turn pink after stainingwall and turn pink after staining
CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria Gram-negative monerans that perform Gram-negative monerans that perform photosynthesis (like plants) and release photosynthesis (like plants) and release oxygenoxygen
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Classifying BacteriaClassifying Bacteria
3 main shapes:3 main shapes:
1. 1. Bacilli Bacilli (rod-shaped)(rod-shaped)
2. Cocci 2. Cocci (sphere-shaped)(sphere-shaped)
3. Spirilla 3. Spirilla (corkscrew-shaped)(corkscrew-shaped)
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Why learn about Why learn about Bacteria?Bacteria?
Some cause serious diseases:Some cause serious diseases: Pneumonia, tuberculosis, lyme disease, Pneumonia, tuberculosis, lyme disease,
bubonic plague, food-borne illnessesbubonic plague, food-borne illnesses
Most are beneficialMost are beneficial Intestinal bacteria (digest food and make Intestinal bacteria (digest food and make
vitamins)vitamins) Break down dead organisms (decomposers)Break down dead organisms (decomposers) Industry: make cheese, yogurt, antibioticsIndustry: make cheese, yogurt, antibiotics
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KINGDOM MONERA
ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA
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* *
Methanogens:
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Thermoacidophiles:
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Chemosynthesizers:
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Extreme Halophiles:
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Gram-positive:
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Gram-negative:
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Cyanobacteria:
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