17. Xa Hoi Tri Thuc - Quan Ly Kinh Doanh Xa Hoi Nha Nuoc

8/3/2019 17. Xa Hoi Tri Thuc - Quan Ly Kinh Doanh Xa Hoi Nha Nuoc

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T SCH SOS2

PETER F. DRUCKER

bn v

X hi Tri thc,Qun l

Kinh doanh,X hi v Nh nc


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PETER F. DRUCKER

bn v

X hi Tri thc,

Qun lKinh doanh,

X hi v Nh ncTuyn tp cc tiu lun

Nguyn Quang A tuyn chn v dch


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MC LC

Li Gii thiu ..................................................................................... 7Peter F. Drucker Bn v mt X hi Hot ng ............................. 9

Peter F. Drucker on a Functioning Society ........................................................... 9by Joseph A. Maciariello, Leader to Leader, No. 37 Summer 2005..................... 9Hnh trnh Tr tu ............................................................................................... 10Cc Cng ty: Cc nh ch To ra Ca ci ca X hi ....................................... 12T do v Trch nhim C nhn........................................................................... 14S Lnh o v Trch nhim .............................................................................. 16Mt X hi ca cc T chc a nguyn............................................................. 16Tm Li ch Chung trong mt X hi ca cc T chc a nguyn ....................18Vai tr ca nh Sinh thi hc X hi .................................................................. 19

Th d v Sinh thi Hc ca Drucker: X hi Tip theo..................................... 20Cng vic Tri thc, Ngi Lao ng Tri thc, v X hi Tri thc.................... 22Qun l Bn thn ................................................................................................ 23X hi l Khng ............................................................................................ 24Mt nh hng Khc thng............................................................................. 25

Thi i Bin i X hi.................................................................. 26Cu trc X hi b Bin i ................................................................................ 28

S Thng Trm ca Cng nhn C Xanh........................................................... 29S tng ln ca Ngi lao ng Tri thc............................................................ 36S Ni ln ca X hi Tri thc ........................................................................... 41


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Nhng Tri thc Hot ng Th no.................................................................... 45Mt Ngi lm cng l G? ................................................................................ 47Qun l trong X hi Tri thc............................................................................. 50Khu vc X hi................................................................................................... 52Trng hc nh Trung tm ca X hi............................................................... 58Chnh ph C th Hot ng Th no?............................................................... 60Nhu cu vi mi X hi v Chnh tr ............................................................ 66

C Ba Loi Nhm............................................................................. 69There's Three Kinds of Teams by Peter F. Drucker; from Managing in a Time ofGreat Change (1995) ......................................................................................... 69

Hnh th ca Cc thSp n: ...................................................... 75The Shape of Things to Come: An Interview with Peter F. Drucker; Leader toLeader, No. 1 Summer 1996............................................................................... 75

Vn minh ha th........................................................................ 89

Civilizing the City, by Peter F. Drucker; Leader to Leader, No. 7 Winter 1998 89Thc t v Cuc sng Nng thn........................................................................ 90Nhu cu v Cng ng........................................................................................ 92Cu tr li Duy nht............................................................................................ 94

Nhng Khung mu Mi ca Qun l............................................. 95Qun l vi t cch mt b mn......................................................................... 98Mn Qun l ....................................................................................................... 98

T chc ng Duy nht.................................................................................... 102a Cu trc T chc......................................................................................... 107Mt cch ng Duy nht? ................................................................................ 111Xa b cc Bin gii cng ngh ....................................................................... 117S Kt thc ca Ch huy v Kim sot ............................................................. 124B ci Quc gia ra khi a Quc gia ............................................................... 128a Th gii vo trong T chc....................................................................... 132

Vai tr ca Qun l Hng ngoi ..................................................................... 136V sao Qun l l Quan trng ........................................................................... 137Ch ngha a Nguyn Mi............................................................ 138

The New Pluralism, by Peter F. Drucker.......................................................... 138Nhn li vn tt.................................................................................................. 139V sao Chng ta Cn Ch ngha a nguyn ..................................................... 143S lnh o Vt qu cc Bc tng ............................................................... 145

Vt qu Cch mng Thng tin ................................................... 147ng St ......................................................................................................... 148My mc ha [Routinization]........................................................................... 152 ngha ca e-commerce .................................................................................. 154


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Luther, Machiavelli v c Hi .......................................................................... 157Qu ng i li Nh Cng ngh ....................................................................... 161Mua chuc Ngi lao ng Tri thc................................................................. 162

Qun l Tri thc C ngha l Qun l Bn thn......................... 165Managing Knowledge Means Managing Oneself, by Peter F. Drucker............ 165y s La chn............................................................................................... 166Bit Mnh.......................................................................................................... 167

Da vo cc Mt mnh ..................................................................................... 167Ci thin Nng sut........................................................................................... 168Vai tr ca Khu vc X hi .............................................................................. 169

X hi Tip theo ............................................................................. 171Tri thc l tt c ................................................................................................ 173Ch ngha bo h mi....................................................................................... 174Tng lai ca cng ty ....................................................................................... 175

Nhn khu hc Mi ......................................................................................... 177Lc lng lao ng Tip theo........................................................................... 185 Nghch l Ch to ............................................................................................. 194Cng ty s c sng st?..................................................................................... 201Con ng pha trc ....................................................................................... 218

Qun l v Kt qu, Lp k hoch cho sK tha ..................... 225Joseph Maciariello phng vn Peter F. Drucker.......................................... 225

Managing for Results, Planning for Succession An interview with Peter F.Drucker by Joseph Maciariello ......................................................................... 225Ngi iu hnh Phi NhG....................................................... 232

L thuyt Kinh doanh ....................................................................................... 233Qun l v S Hu hiu Kinh doanh................................................................. 237Doanh nghip C th Hc c G t Cc T chc Phi li nhun ................... 239X hi mi ca cc T chc ............................................................................. 243Thng tin cc Nh iu hnh Thc s Cn ...................................................... 246

Qun l Bn thn .............................................................................................. 248H khng phi l ngi lm cng, H l nhng Con Ngi ............................ 252Ci g khin mt Nh iu hnh Hu hiu........................................................ 254


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Li Gii thiu

Bn c cm trn tay cun th mi by* ca t sch SOS2, cun

Peter F. Drucker bn vX hi Tri thc, Qun l Kinh doanh, X hiv Nh nc gm mt s bi bo v tiu lun ca ng. Peter F.Drucker sng gn trn mt th k [19/11/1909 11/11/2005], cha ca mn qun l hin i, ng sinh Vienna o, sau khi hc xongng sang c lm vic v ly bng tin sLut quc t, nm 1933ng bc sang Anh, ri sang M nm 1937 v nh c hn .

ng vit 39 cun sch v qun l c dch ra hn 20 th ting vv s bi bo v phng vn.

Cun sch ny tp hp mt bi gii thiu Peter F. Drucker caJoseph A. Maciariello, 9 bi bo v tiu lun ca Drucker v 2 biphng vn ng. Ngoi bi gii thiu ca Joseph A. Maciariello, Gios v Qun l ti Trng Cao hc Qun l mang tn Peter F. Drucker

v Masatoshi Ito i hc Claremont, bn lu i v ng nghip

*Cc quyn trc gm:

1. J. Kornai: Con ng dn ti nn kinh tth trng, Hi Tin hc Vit Nam2001, Nh Xut bn Vn ho Thng tin (NXB VHTT) 2002.

2. J. Kornai:H thng X hi ch ngha, NXB Vn ho Thng tin 20023. J. Kornai- K. Eggleston: Chm sc sc kho cngng,NXB VHTT 20024. G. Soros: Gi kim thut ti chnh, sp xut bn5. H. de Soto: Sbn ca tbn, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, 2006 [S b n

ca Vn]6. J. E. Stiglitz: Ch ngha x hi i vu? sp xut bn7. F.A. Hayek: Con ng dn ti ch nng n, sp xut bn8. G. Soros: X hi M, sp xut bn9. K. Popper: SKhn cng ca Ch ngha lch s, sp xut bn.

10. K. Popper:X hi mv nhng k th ca n, I, Plato11. K. Popper:X hi mv nhng k th ca n, II, Hegel v Marx12. Thomas S. Kuhn: Cu trc ca cc cuc Cch mng Khoa hc, sp xut

bn13. Thomas L. Friedman: Thgii phng, Nh xut bn Tr, 200614. Mt nm Hi ngh Din Hng Hungary do Nguyn Quang A tuyn, dch,

bin son, sp xut bn

15. Kornai Jnos:Bng Sc mnh Tduy, tiu stthutc bit, sp xutbn16. Kornai Jnos:Bi hc chuyn i ng u, sp xut bn


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ca Peter Drucker, cc bi ca Druckerc sp xp theo th t thigian xut bn t 1994 n 2006. y l cc bi vit bn c c thtip cn c trn mng, c ngi dch tuyn chn v dch ra tingVit.

Peter F. Drucker c mt di sn s, tuyn tp ny khng th giithiu di sn ca ng m ch nhm gii thiu nhng suy nghca

ng v x hi tri thc, v nhng thch thc trong x hi tri thc, vqun l cc t chc t doanh nghip, cc t chc phi-v li n qunl cc cquan nh nc, c ng trnh by trong cc bi bo, v tiulun c vit trong 10 nm cui i ca ng. Peter F. Drucker cnh hng su rng trong th k 20 v chc chn cc tng ca ngcn c nh hng lu di.

Ti ngh cun sch rt b ch cho tt c mi ngi, t cc nhhoch nh chnh sch, cc nh kinh t hc, cc nh nghin cu khoahc x hi ni chung, cc nh bo, cc sinh vin ca mi trng ihc v cao ng, cc nh iu hnh cc t chc kinh doanh, x hi vcc cquan nh nc, cc nh qun l thuc mi cp v nhng ngilao ng trong cc t chc .

Ngi dch c ht sc lm cho bn dch c chnh xc vdc, song do hiu bit c hn nn kh th trnh khi sai st.Mi ch thch c nh bng scui trang l ca ngi dch.

Bn dch chc cn nhiu thiu st mong bn c thng cm, lngth, v ch bo; xin lin h theo a ch Tp ch Tin hc v i sng,66 Kim M Thng H Ni, hoc qua in [email protected] hay

[email protected] 05-2007Nguyn Quang A
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Peter F. Drucker Bn v mt X hi Hot ngPeter F. Drucker on a Functioning Society, by Joseph A. Maciariello, Leader toLeader, No. 37 Summer 2005

PETER F. Drucker ni ting nht v cngtrnh ca ng v qun l. Thng bo bo chca Nh trng ngy 21-6-2002, cng b rngDrucker s nhn Huy chng T do caTng thng tuyn dng Drucker nh

ngi tin phong nht th gii v l thuytqun l. Qu thc ng l vy. Th nhngtt c cng trnh c nh hng su rng vqun l ny xy ra khi Drucker theo uimi quan tm chnh ca mnh trong mt ch ln hn v thm ch c tm quan trng

rng ri hn.Bi bo ny c gng p dng mt vin cnhh thng i vi cc cng trnh ca Peter F.Drucker, sp xp cc tc phm ca ng vomt ci ton th nht qun, gip bn nh

v khi tri thc khng l m con ngi xutsc ny to ra trong sut 65 nm va qua.y khng phi l mt thch thc nh vcch tip cn ca ti ch l mt s khi u.

Joseph A. Maciariello lGio sHorton v Qun lti Trng Cao hc Qunl mang tn Peter F.Drucker v Masatoshi Itoi hc Claremont. ngl bn lu i v ng

nghip ca Peter Drucker.ng cng tc viDrucker trong "DruckerHng ngy - The DailyDrucker," c xut bnma thu 2004. Gio sMaciariello dy kha hc"Drucker ni v Qun l "

cho cc sinh vin MBA vMBA iu hnh.

Mc tiu ca ti l mt s hiu r v ccphn ca cc cng trnh ca Drucker lin hvi nhau th no, hn l mt s m t v ccphn ring l. Tuy nhin, hiu cc phn tng tc vi nhau ra sao,


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ch t ta phi c s hiu bit no v bn thn cc phn tc l,nhng tc phm chnh ca Peter Drucker.

Hnh trnh Tr tu

DRUCKER trn thot ch ngha ton tr vi t cch mt thanh nin tr.

y l v sao trong chnh cun sch u tin ca mnh, S kt thcca Con ngi Kinh t-The End of Economic Man (1939), ng phntch cc nguyn nhn ca ch ngha ton tr v s bt an, s shi, ssuy thoi, v tht nghi p (cc con qu) nhng ci sinh ra mtkhong chn khng to ra cc iu kin cho s ni ln ca mt kcti. Ton b cuc i lm vic ca Drucker dnh ht cho vic m

bo chc chn rng iu khng bao gixy ra na. ng sangHoa K bi v chi m n mi cho v bi v cc nh ch ca HoaKc thit k thc y v bo v t do.

Mt s ngi c iu ny c th nghl gng go i ni rng tonbi hot ng ca Drucker dnh cho cuc u tranh chng ch

ngha ton tr. H c th hi mt cch c l ci g l s kt ni giacun sch u tin ca ng, The End of Economic Man, v cc tcphm mun hn nh Thc hnh Qun l -The Practice ofManagement (1954), Qun l v Kt qu - Managing for Results(1964),Nh iu hnh Hu hiu-The Effective Executive (1966), hayi mi v Tinh thn Nghi p ch-Innovation and Entrepreneurship

(1986)? Vic vit cc cun sch v qun l ngn chn ch ngha tontr th no? V sao cc cng ty quan trng n vy i vi Drucker?y l nhng cu hi rt hay, nhng cu tr li cho chng s ri sngln cc tc phm ca Drucker nh mt tng th.

Mt on chin lc trong cc tc phm ca Drucker, on lm r

mc ch cng vic ca ng v x hi v qun l, c thy trong lini u cho ln xut bn ba cng ca cun Qun l: Cc Nhim v,


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Trch nhim v Thc hnh - Management: Tasks, Responsibilitiesand Practices (1974, cc trang. ix v x):

X hi chng ta, trong vng mt thi k ngn l thng c nm minm, trthnh mt x hi ca cc nh ch. N tr thnh mt x hi a nguyn trong mi nhim v x hi ch yu c giao

ph cho cc tchc ln tsn xut cc hng ha v dch v kinh tn chm sc sc khe, tan sinh x hi v phc li n gio dc, ttm ti tri thc mi n bo v mi trng tnhin....

Nu cc nh chca x hi a nguyn gm cc nh chca chngta khng hotng trong sttr c trch nhim, chng ta skhng

c ch ngha c nhn v mt x hi trong c chi cho ngi dnpht huy ht nng lc bn thn. Thay vo chng ta sbt mnhphi chu stchc hon ton thnh on trong khng ai scphp ttr. Chng ta sc ch ngha Stalin hn l nn dn ch thamd, ni chi n st hn hoan lm vic ring ca mnh. Ch bongc l s la chn kh dduy nht i li cc nh ch mnh, hot

ng t tr[nhn mnh ca ti].

Drucker kt thc on ny bng cho bit rng chnh cc nh qun lv s qun l l ci khin cc nh ch hot ng. Squn l hotng, c trch nhim [ti nhn mnh] l s la chn kh di li ch bo ngc v l s bo v duy nht ca chng ta chng li n.

Vi on chin lc ny nh ci nn, tht r v sao cc cun sch vbi bo ca Drucker cp n cng ng, x hi, chnh th nhiuhn l chng cp n qun l. lnh hi ci ct li ca cc tcphm ca Peter Drucker, ta phi bt u vi cu hi,Phi lm g to ra cc nh cha nguyn, thc hin chc nng v hotng ca

mt x hi tdo?


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T ngay cun sch u tin ca ng nm 1939 n tn cun cui cngca ng nm 2004, Peter Drucker theo ui ch to ln, Chngta to ra nh th no mt x hi hot ng? Cu tr li ca ng:chng ta phi to ra cc nh ch hay cc t chc hot ng vic n lt n li dn n cu hi, Lm thno ngi ta to ra cc tchc hotng? V ri,Ngi ta khai thc thno cc nh qun l

nhng ngi to ra cc tchc hotng?

Khi bn c cc tc phm ca Drucker, bn s lin tc thy mt mchquan tm i vi tt c cc nh ch ca x hi, nhng trong TheConcept of the Corporation (1946), The New Society (1950), The Practice of Management(1954), Managing for Results (1964), The

Effective Executive (1966), v Management: Tasks,Responsibilities, Practices (1973, 1974), tiu im ca ngch yu, tuy chng h ring, v cc nh ch to ra ca cica x hi..

Qun l c trchnhim l s bov duy nht cachng ta chng lich bo ngc.

Cc Cng ty: Cc nh chTo ra Ca ci ca X hi

CC CNG TY v cc doanh nghip khc l cc nh ch to ca cica x hi. Khng c cc nh ch khu vc t nhn ny, th cc nhch khu vc cng v khu vc x hi s khng c ngun lc hotng. Chnh khu vc t nhn l khu vc cung cp cc ngun lc ti trcc nh ch khu vc cng v x hi. Chnh khu vc t nhn l

khu vc c trch nhim khi nghip kinh doanh quan trng nhm lmnh bt cc tc ng ca chu k kinh doanh v nhm trnh cc conqu tht nghip v suy thoi.

Drucker bt u vi cc nh ch to-ca ci cbn ny khi ng cvn ti mc ch to ra cc iu kin cho php cc nh ch ca x

hi hot ng tt. Vo gia n cui cc nm 1970, ng bt u dndn chuyn ch t qun l cc nh ch khu vc t nhn sang qunl cc nh ch khu vc x hi, ch yu l cc t chc phi li nhun.


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Tuy nhin, ng lun c mt s quan tm i vi cc nh chchnh ph v cc thch thc qun l ca chng. Mi quan tm ny ivi chnh phc bit ni bt trong Thi i Gin on - The Age ofDiscontinuity (1969), trong ng phn tch cn bnh chnh ph,nhng cng c trong cun sch sm hn Nhng Ct mc ca Ngymai - Landmarks of Tomorrow (1957).

Nhng ng l bt u vi vic xut bn cun Tng lai ca Conngi Cng nghip -The Future of Industrial Man (1942), ng btu cp n vn ,Lm thno c thduy tr c tdo c nhntrong mt x hi cng nghip di nh sng ca s thng tr caquyn lc qun l v ca cng ty? Qun l theo Mc tiu

(Management by objectives-MBO) gn vi t-ch (self-control) ltrit l qun l do ng kin ngh, u tin trong The Practice ofManagement(1954), gii quyt s cng thng gia t do c nhnv quyn lc c nhn phi nhng cho cng ty trong thi gian lmvic. Ngay c trong X hi Tri thc hin nay, MBO vi t-ch l cutr li tt nht m chng ta c cho th lng nan v lm th no

bo v t do c nhn trong cc t chc.

t t do trong cng ty v trong cc nh ch khc i hi trchnhim mi mc. MBO vi t-ch l mt trit l qun l hp nhtcc phng php ra mc tiu v gim st thnh tch bi mi n vt chc v bi mi c nhn. Qu trnh MBO, nu c thit k thch

hp, pht trin c trch nhim v t do cho cc c nhn trong cc tchc.

Mt c im then cht ca MBO l truyn thng hng ln trong mi ngi qun l lm r cc mc tiu ca cp trn ca mnh v sau t ra cc mc tiu m ngi qun l c tht c v ph

hp vi cc mc tiu ca cp trn. Tip n, cp trn r sot li tt ccc mc tiu v dn x p tha thun vi mi nh qun l thuc cptrong khi tm cch tch hp cc mc tiu ca thuc cp m mnh ph


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thuc vo thnh tch ca ngi . Trong qu trnh ny, cp trn tmcch t c s chp nhn nhit tnh v cam kt t mi nh qun li vi cc mc tiu tha thun. Nu cp trn thnh cng, th qutrnh truyn thng v tham gia ny s khuyn khch cc thuc cp tipthu cc mc tiu ny lm ca ring h.

Ti p sau, cp trn km c p, hng dn cc thuc c p nhm t ccmc tiu v tm cch loi b bt c ro cn c bit no i vi victhc hin v v thnh t cc mc tiu ca cc thuc cp. Cui cng,thng cp m bo rng cc thuc cp c thng tin kp thi v chnhxc nh gi s tin bn cc mc tiu v a ra hnh ngchnh sa m khng c bt c s can thip no t bn trn. Bc cui

cng ny hon thnh chiu t ch ca MBO.

Nhng MBO vi t-ch chng d thc hin cng chng phi tr vui.i vi Drucker, y l nhng ci l tng v ng sn lng tha nhnrng MBO c s dng rng ri hn t-ch. iu ny v nhiu khkhn thm trong vic t c t do ln trch nhim c nhn trong cc t

chc phi tit tr bt c nim tin no rng Drucker xut mt cchtip cn khng tng i vi thc hnh qun l, nh mt vi nging nhn cho l vy1.

Th nhng t do v trch nhim l cn thit i vi mt x hi v cct chc ca n hot ng mc thnh tch cao. V t do tht s

trong cc t chc i hi trch nhim v pha cc c nhn trong minh ch ca x hi.

Tdo v Trch nhim C nhn T do khng phil tr vui a.

1 Ngy nay c s thng nht rng ri rng nhiu vn khng c li gii, ch cth c cc la chn khc nhau m thi (tt c cc ch thch l ca ngi dch).


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TRONG mt bi bo ban u ("T do ca Con ngi Cng nghip -The Freedom of Industrial Man," c ng trn Virginia QuarterlyReview, Thu nm 1942), Drucker lm r i hi v trch nhim cnhn nu t do phi t v c duy tr:

Tdo khng phi l tr vui. N khng ht nhhnh phc c nhn,

cng chng nhsan ton hay ha bnh hoc tin b. N l mt sla chn c trch nhim. Tdo khng phi l mt quyn m l mttrch nhim. Tdo thc skhng phi l tdo khi ci g ; iu s l scho php. Tdo l la chn gia lm hay khng lm cig , l hnh ng theo cch ny hay cch kia, l gimt nim tinhay ci ngc li.

Trong mt phng vn mi y (c tng thut trong cun sch caJack Beatty, Th gii theo Peter Drucker- The World According toPeter Drucker, tr. 79), Drucker cung cp mt nh ngha tuyt vi vtrch nhim c nhn:

Trch nhim mang c tnh bn ngoi ln bn trong. Vbn ngoi nhm trch nhim gii trnh i vi ai hay c quan no vtrch nhim gii trnh i vi thnh tch c th. Vbn trong n hm scam kt, tn ty. Ngi lao ng c Trch nhim khng ch lngi c trch nhim gii trnh i vi nhng kt qu c thm cngl ngi c quyn hn lm mi thcn thit nhm to ra nhng

kt qu ny v, rt cuc, l ngi cam kt, tn tm i vi nhng ktqu ny nhmt thnh tu c nhn.

y l loi trch nhim trong cc t chc ci s to cc iu kin ivi s t do ch thc cho cc c nhn trong cc t chc. N cng lloi trch nhim cn n lm cho MBO vi t ch c kt qu.


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SLnh o v Trch nhim

X HI hot ng i hi nhng ngi lnh o hu hiu. Mt quanim v s lnh o, c xut x trong iu khin hc, nhn mnh vaitr ca ngi cm li v nhim v ca ngi cm li l li mt

thc th. Vic li i hi thit lp tm nhn v cc mc ch, truyncm hng v thc y nhng ngi i theo t cc kt qu mongmun. V y l cch Druckernh ngha s lnh o. Slnh o lnhn trch nhim v nhng kt qu. Hn na, s lnh o i hi tnhnht qun, trc sau nh mt v nu gng cho nhng ngi khc i theo trong t chc (tnh nht qun l tiu chun,

l hn th ca s qun l). S lnh o khngphi l charisma, ti bm sinh thu ht qun chng!Drucker cung c p nhiu th d v cc nh lnh o xut sc nhngngi cc k chn ngt nhng rt hu hiu, v v nhiu nh lnho c ti li cun nhng ngi, do thiu tnh nht qun, lm ximn cc iu kin cho mt x hi hot ng.

S lnh o khngphil charisma!

Mt X hi ca cc Tchca nguyn

CNG VIC ca x hi c tin hnh thng qua cc loi t chc khcnhau, mi loi vi cc nhim v ring ca mnh. Ba loi khc nhauca cc t chc to thnh x hi ca cc t chc. Th nht, c cc tchc khu vc cng [public sector] trong cng vic ca chnhquyn lin bang, bang v a phng c tin hnh. Tip theo l cct chc khu vc tnhn [pivate sector], c thit lp tha mnnhng mong mun v nhu cu kinh t ca cng dn. V cui cng ccc t chc khu vc x hi [social sector] (i khi c nhc n nhphi li nhun [nonprofit]) lo cho cc nhu cu sc khe v phc lica cc cng dn khng c tha mn hon ton bi cc t chc khuvc cng hay khu vc t nhn.


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Drucker tin rng cho mt x hi hot ng tt, cc t chc ca nphi l cc nh ch c mc ch-duy nht. Th d, cc nh cha-mc ch, nh cc trng cng ca chng ta, trong cc nh giodc thng c trch nhim dy gio dc tnh dc, nng cao nhn thcv ma ty v ru, v cc k nng sng, khng thc hin tt v mthc thut nh cc trng gio x tp trung hn.

Nh mt kt qu, mi t chc, bt lun v li nhun hay phi linhun, phi t p trung vo mt nhim v duy nht cha tr ngibnh, gio dc tr em, v tha mn cc nhu cu kinh t. V mi tchc phi c qun l tt nu mun x hi hot ng mc cao.Nhng ai n li ch chung nu mi nh ch theo ui nhim v

hp ring ca n?

Trong nhiu cng trnh ca mnh, Drucker quan tm n mi nhchm nhim cc nhim v m n lm gii nht. Chnh ph thchh p nht vi vic cai tr v khng phi vi lm. Doanh nghipgii nht khi n tp trung cc ngun lc ca mnh v bn rn vi cc

hot ng to ra ca ci. Mt doanh nghip khng c kh nng [amhiu] m nhn trch nhim i vi nhng ci xu chnh ca xhi tr phi nhng ci xu ny c thc chuyn thnh cc chikinh doanh. Nhng, nh ng nhn ra trong The Concept of theCorporation (1946) v sau , trong x hi a nguyn ca cc tchc, ci g l tt cho Hoa K phi c bin thnh tt cho cc t

chc (nh General Motors), v khng phi ngc li.Mi t chc l mt cquan ca x hi. V khng cquan no cth sng lu hn c th n phc v. V th, trong khi tp trung vomt nhim v duy nht, mi nh ch cng phi n li chchung. Kinh doanh t do c th bin hc chmc n l ttcho x hi. Khc i, th trong mt x hi a nguynca cc t chc c mc ch ring bit s c ccnh ch lm yu cc iu kin ca mt x hi hot

Khng c quanno sng lu hnc th n phc v.


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ng.

Tm Li ch Chung trong mt X hi ca cc Tchca nguyn

DRUCKER t ra thut ng "ti t nhn ha" trong The Age ofDiscontinuity (1969) v ngh rng, v li ch ca x hi, chnh ph

chuyn giao cc hot ng trc y do gia nh thc hin cho ccnh ch khu vc x hi (tc l, phi li nhun) ang ni ln. Nh thng l ngi sm khuyn chnh ph v mun hn c doanh nghipi "outsourcing" [thu bn ngoi lm] ("Sell the Mailroom," 1989) cho cc nh ch ny c th t p trung vo cc nhim v chnh mchng c trch nhim hng u v nng lc [am hiu] duy nht.

Mi quan tm trong ti t nhn ha l tr li cho khu vc t nhn vkhu vc phi li nhun nhng hot ng c thc tin hnh huhiu hn , v cho chnh ph nhng vic m ch c chnh phmi c th lm. Chnh ph phi u tranh chng khng b v chnhph phi gii quyt mi trng t nhin. Mt khc, cc t chc khu

vc x hi, nh Girl Scouts [N Hng o], Salvation Army [iCu t], v Prison Fellowship [Hi Bn T] li hu hiu hn nhiutrong, th d, pht trin cc thiu n, bin nhng ngi b b ri,nhng ngi nghin ma ty phc hi sc khe thnh cc cng dn, vgim s ti phm ti trong cc nh t ca chng ta.

Mi lo ca Drucker rng cc nh ch ca x hi hot ng v li chchung dn ng i khi tr thnh ngi ph phn t p qun kinhdoanh v m nhn vai tr thuyt ging ca mt nh tin tri. Th d,mt s t l gia n b (thu nhp) ca cc nh iu hnh chp bu vthu nhp ca ngi lm tuyn u l cao hn 500 trn 1 trong danhsch Standard & Poors ca 1.500 cng ty (xem www.aflcio.org,Executive Paywatch). i vi Druckeriu ny l ng h thn vgi mt thng ip sai cho nhn vin v cho cng chng vo c,t cch ca ngi iu hnh. N th hin s thiu quan tm n phc


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li ca nhn vin v x hi. C cc cng ty i chng rt thnhcng trong cc thi k di cng duy tr, bng chnh sch hay tpqun, mt t l thp hn nhiu gia [thu nhp ca] nhng ngi chp bu v nhng ngi di y (xem Lasting Value-Gi tr lubn, 2000, ca ti).

Drucker phn i vic s dng rng ri quyn chn [mua] c phiu(stock options). Stock options thng khin cc nh iu hnh bntm vi gi c phiu ngn hn. Vic ny c th khuyn khch hkhng mt n nhng ci cn bn ca doanh nghip v tp trungvo lm bt c th g y gi c phiu cng ty ca h ln trn githc hin. Tuy nhin, Drucker c ng h cc

khuyn khch ng k nhm thc y i mi vsn phm, quy trnh, v dch v..

Drucker phn i

vic dng rng riquyn chn cphiu.

Vai tr ca nh Sinh thi hc X hi

KHI c hi, "ng phn loi mnh th no?" Peter Drucker tr li,

"Ti l mt nh sinh thi hc x hi." Mt nh sinh thi hc x hi lg?

Mc tiu cui cng ca sinh thi hc x hi l hnh ng, mt cchin hnh, ci thin s hot ng ca cc nh ch ca x hi. Vkha cnh ny, Alexis de Tocqueville hot ng nh mt nh sinh

thi hc x hi, v c l l tm gng lch s tt nht v mt nh sinhthi hc x hi, khi bng cch th hiu cc nh ch ca nn dn chHoa K ng tm cch ci thin hot ng ca cc nh ch Chu u cng nhHoa K.

Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca nh sinh thi hc x hii vi Drucker l nhn ra cc xu hng chnh ni ln ri nhngim cbn nhng vn cha lm cho tc ng ca chng cm nhnc trn cc nh ch ca x hi (tng lai ci xy ra ri). Mt


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khi cc xu hng ny c nhn din, sau Drucker phng chiuchng vo tng lai trc xa nhng ngi khc c bao ginhn rachng v cnh bo x hi v nhng chi v him nguy m cc xuhng ang ni ln ny to ra cho cc nh ch v cc c nhn. Bi vng nhn ra cc xu hng ny rt sm, c thi gian kim tra nhngkhm ph ca ng v tn dng trit cc xu hng ang ni ln,

trong khi phn bit cc xu hng quan trng khi nhng ci nht thi.Nh th ng tm cch cung cp cho cc nh iu hnh v cc nh lnho ca tt c cc nh ch ca x hi thng tin h cn nh hnhtng lai hn l trthnh cc nn nhn ca cc xu hng ny.

Nhn ra tng lai ci xy ra ri l rt quan trng i vi Peter

Drucker. Mt mc tiu ch yu ca mt nh sinh thi hc x hi l gip thc yslin tc trong bo tn cc nh ch ca x hi (th d,gia nh, cc nh ch tn gio, v Ta n Ti cao) trong khi thc ysthay i trong cc nh ch gy bt n mt cch c hu ca mt xhi t do, c bit cc nh ch kinh doanh nhng c cc nh ch khuvc x hi v khu vc cng. Cc nh sinh thi hc x hi v th chng

l bo th cng khng l t do. ng hn, h tm cch thc y ccgi trng vng vi s th thch ca thi gian trong khi lun lunkch cc nh iu hnh ca cc nh chi mi, trthnh ccnh lnh o thay i, tn dng nhng thc t mi, v bng cch ythc y cc li ch ca x hi.

Th d vSinh thi Hc ca Drucker: X hi Tip theoMT MINH HA v cng vic ca Drucker vi t cch mt nh sinhthi hc x hi cha ng trong bi bo The Next Society-X hiTip theo, xut hin trong Economist, November 1, 2001, v trongcun sch Qun l trong X hi Ti p theo - Managing in the NextSociety (2002) ca ng. Bi bo v cun sch ny bng nhiu cchminh ha cng vic ca Drucker vi t cch mt nh sinh thi hc vgii thch l mt nh sinh thi hc x hi c ngha l g.


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Cc bin t p vin ca Economist gii thiu bi bo vi cc li thny: Tng lai l gn hn bn ngh. Peter Drucker gii thch n skhc hm nay th no, v cn lm g chun b cho n. Mt trongnhng cch x hi tip sau s khc hin nay l s ni ln ca tri thcnh ngun lc to ra ca ci ch yu. ng m t s ni ln y ca x hi tri thc v cc h ly ca n i vi tt c ba khu vc

cng, t, v x hi ca cc nc pht trin v i vi cc c nhn.Ci ng ch nhc ti, tuy vy, l Drucker thc s bt utheo di s ni ln ca ngi lao ng tri thc, ca nn kinh t trithc, v ca x hi tri thc gn na th k trc khi bi bo ny xuthin trnEconomist.

Drucker hiu rng vic thng qua d lut GI2

sau Chin tranh Thgii II s dn n s ni ln ca ngi c gio dc. T cc nm1950 tri ng bt u ni v vit v ngi lao ng tri thc (th d,trong Landmarks of Tomorrow, 1957) v v tm quan trng ca vnnm trong u chng ta v n s vt tm quan trng ca vn vt lnh th no. ng tip tc theo di cc s kin ny. Chng xut hin

chi tit trong The Age of Discontinuity (1969). Cc s kin ny sau c pht trin thm ch y hn trong cc cun sch ca ng:Thc tmi-The New Realities (1989), c bit X hi Hu-TbnCh ngha - Post-Capitalist Society (1993), v Nhng Thch thcQun L cho Th k 21 - Management Challenges for the 21stCentury (1999).3 By gi tri thc l tin ca vng quc, ti sn

then cht i vi cc c nhn, cc t chc, v quc gia.

2 D lut GI c thng qua thnh lut nm 1944 nhm h trcc cu chin binhsau Chin tranh Th gii II: cha bnh, nh , lp nghip v c bit l gio dc

(cu binh c chn vo hc trng m mnh thch, nu trng tuyn th khng phing hc ph. Sau 7 nm 2,3 triu ngi hc cao ng v i hc, 3,5 triu hc ngh, 3,4 triu c o to trong cng vic theo tinh thn ca lut GI).3 Cun ny c Nh Xut bn Trn hnh bng ting Vit, 2003, 2004.


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Nhn ra tri thc vi t cch vn t bn ang ni ln l mt th d vkh nng nhn thc su sc ca Drucker nhn thy tng lai ci xy ra ri v hiu v truyn t cc h ly ca n cho tt c ccbn trc xa khi n tr thnh mt thc t hng ngy. Nhiu c nhnv nh ch nm ly nhng chi ca x hi trithc ri.

Tri thc by gi l

tin ca vngquc.

Cng vic Tri thc, Ngi Lao ng Tri thc, v X hi Tri thc

TRI THC l ngun lc then cht trong cc t chc v x hi nh th

no, Drucker lp lun, cn quan trng hn bao giht rng ban qunl coi nhng ngi lao ng tri thc ca mnh nh cc ti sn phic pht trin hn l nh cc chi ph phi chi tiu. Hn na, mttrong nhng nhim v ch yu ca ban qun l l nng nng sut canhng ngi lao ng tri thc; mt nhim v khc ng k vi nngnng sut ca nhng ngi lao ng chn tay v dch v.

Trong cng vic tri thc, chnh ngi lao ng tri thc l ngi xcnh nhim v phi hon thnh, bi v rt thng xuyn l ngi laong tri thc bit v nhim v nhiu hn bt c ngi qun l no.Khng ging cng vic chn tay v dch v, ni nhim vc nhr, nhim v ca ngi lao ng tri thc phi c xc nh. Trongo lng v tng nng sut ca ngi lao ng tri thc, v vy, bcu tin phi l xc nh nhim v. Mt khi nhim v c xcnh, so lng thc s ca nng sut phi bao gm cht lng caslngu ra.

Cui cng, trong x hi tri thc, cc nh iu hnh phi tch hp cclnh vc tri thc khc nhau vo mt tng th hu cnhm tha mns mnh ca t chc. Vic ny n lt n li c ngha rng nhim vca ngi lao ng tri thc phi c xc nh bi ngi lao ng tri


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thc, cc nh iu hnh phi tch h p cng vic ca tt c nhngngi lao ng tri thc v phi chun y vic xc nh cc nhim v.

Qun l Bn thn

HT NHmt x hi hot ng ph thuc vo cc t chc t tr, hot

ng tt, cng th n ph thuc vo cc c nhn t tr, c trchnhim, thi hnh. Trong khi iu ny lun l nh th, by githmch cn quan trng hn rng trong th gii pht trin tri thc v nhngngi lao ng tri thc trthnh cc ti sn ch yu i vi cc tchc hot ng.

Nhng ngi lao ng tri thc s hu vn ca chnh h. Th mnhng ngi lao ng tri thc cn cc t chc lm cho tri thcchuyn dng ca h hot ng trong thit k sn xut ra cc sn phmv dch v hu ch. Nh thit k phn mm, chng hn, cn ngi vnhnh phn cng kim tra v dng phn mm . Nhng mi quanh gia ngi lao ng tri thc v t chc khng cn l mi quan h

ni ngi lao ng rt ph thuc vo t chc. Ngi lao ng tri thcc di ng ln hn nhiu v c trch nhim ln hn nhiu i vivic duy tr tri thc hin hnh so vi ngi lao ng chn tay. Hpng lm vic vi ngi lao ng tri thc c tnh qua li, h tnghn hp ng vi ngi lao ng chn tay, ngi ph thuc hnnhiu vo ngi s dng lao ng v s an ton.

Thay i l lin tc trong x hi tri thc. Tri thc rt d hng4. Ngilao ng tri thc phi hnh ng nh mt nh kinh doanh khi nghipv thc hin vic qun l c nhn. Nhng ngi lao ng tri thc phiquen vi qu trnh ph hy sng to. H phi trthnh nhng ngi

4

Perisable: d b ho, i, hng. Tuy kin thc c tch t, khi mt ngi dngn khng mt i v ngi khc vn dng c, song tri thc mt khi trthnhkin thc chung th kh c th mang li li ch kinh t cho ngi shu, v th nd hng.


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lnh o thay i, tch cc trong theo ui s thay i, hn l trthnh cc nn nhn ca s thay i. iu ny p ngi lao ng trithc tham gia hc tp lin tc. X hi tri thc l mt x hi di ngnhanh ln pha trn nhng n c a vo nhng ri ro ng k. Ngilao ng tri thc c th ln tt nh sm v trnn bun chn, v vth phi chun bi vi cc tnh hung c th xy ra bng pht trin

mt s nghip th hai hay song song.

Cui cng, Drucker khuyn chng ta, du min cng n th no,nh mt phn ca nhim v qun l bn thn, suy ngm v cc vn cbn lin quan n ngha ca s tn ti con ngi. ng t lmvic ny trong mt tiu lun rt mnh m v

Kierkegaard. S thay i l lintc trong x hi trithc

X hi l Khng

TIU LUN ca Drucker The Unfashionable Kierkegaard [Li thi],ban u c xut bn nm 1949 trong Sewanee Review v c in

li nm 1993 trong tp tiu lun The Ecological Vision-Tm nhn Sinhthi hc, l mt s th nhn rng d Drucker vit ch ring v ccch trong x hi, x hi l khng lo cho s tn ti conngi. Tiu lun ca ng v Kierkegaard l ci duy nht ng vitbn ngoi x hi, tr hai tiu thuyt ca ng.

V sao tm quan trng ca Kierkegaard? C mt chiu kch tn tihay tm hn i vi i ngi. Vi Drucker n c tha mn bngnim tin c trnh by trong cc tc phm ca Kierkegaard, v nimtin cho chng ta c mt l do sng trong x hi ln mt hy vngvo ci cht khi x hi trthnh khng quan trng.


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Mtnh hng Khc thng

BT Cc gng no ri sng vic cc cng trnh ca Peter Druckergn b vi nhau ra sao nht thit l tm thi, bi v ch c ng mi cth ni cho chng ta chng gn kt vi nhau th no. Mt iu l chcchn: s th hin ca ng, nu n xut hin5, s rt khc trnh by

ny. Th nhng ti hy vng vic vn dng vin cnh h thng ny ivi cng trnh ca ng thuyt phc bn tip tc theo ui su cc tcphm ca ng, nu bn cha lm nh vy. Mt cch thun tin lm vic ny l nghin cu su cunDrucker Hng ngy - The DailyDrucker(2004) v p dng cc hnh ng c lit k i vi milt c.

Mt nghin cu c h thng cc tc phm ca Peter Drucker s thuytphc bn rng con ngi ny c v tip tc c mt nh hng khcthng ln cc nh ch hot ng ca Hoa K v ca th gii phttrin. Quan trng hn, mt nghin cu nh vy s cho php bn cithin hot ng ca t chc ca mnh, d n l mt doanh nghip,

mt nh ch x hi phi li nhun, hay mt thc th chnh quyn.Cui cng, nu bn c 65 nm cng trnh ca ng, bn s thy mtcon ngi hin dng cho t do, cho cc nh ch hot ng, cho squn l, cho thnh tu c nhn, cho a v v chc nng x hi cnhn, cho cng ng, v cho cc gi tr m chng ta chia s rng ri

trong cc x hi t do. V nhng ng gp ca Druckeri vi hotng ca cc nh ch ca x hi chc chn tng cng t do. Nhth Huy chng V T do ca Tng thng tng cho Drucker thm chcn ph hp hn so vi c nhc n trong tuyn dng ca NhTrng.

5 Bi bo ny xut hin vo ma h 2005, v ma ng nm y Drucker mt, nnkh nng ny khng cn.
http://www.leadertoleader.org/knowledgecenter/L2L/summer2005/maciariello.htmlhttp://www.leadertoleader.org/knowledgecenter/L2L/summer2005/maciariello.html


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Thi i Bin i X hi

Peter F. Drucker, The Age of Social Transformation,The Atlantic Monthly,November 1994, Volume 274, No. 5; pages 53-

80.

Mt tng quan vk nguyn btu vo u thk ny, v mt phn

tch vnhng biu th gn y nht ca n: mt trt tkinh ttrong tri thc, chkhng phi lao ng hay nguyn liu th hay vn, lngun lc then cht; mt trt tx hi trong sbt bnh ng datrn tri thc l mt thch thc ln; v mt chnh th trong chnhph khng thc mongi gii quyt cc vn x hi v kinht.

hng th k no trong lch s thnh vn li tri qua nhiu bini x hi v nhng bin i trit n vy nh th k th hai

mi. Chng, ti gi , c th ha ra l nhng s kin quan trngnht ca th k ny ca chng ta v di sn lu di ca n. Trong ccnc th trng-t do pht trin chim t hn mt phn nm dn

s th gii nhng l mt m hnh cho phn cn li lao ng v lclng lao ng, x hi v chnh th, tt c, trong thp nin cui cath k ny, v mt s lng v cht lng l khc khng ch vi ci l trong cc nm u ca th k ny m cng khc vi ci tnti bt c thi k no khc trong lch s: v cc cu hnh ca chng,v cc qu trnh ca chng, v cc vn ca chng, v v cu trc

ca chng.

K


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Nhng thay i x hi nh hn nhiu v chm hn nhiu trong ccthi k trc gy ra cc cuc ni chin, cc cuc phin lon, vcc cuc khng hong tr tu v tinh thn. Nhng bin i x hi ttbc ca th k ny hu nh khng gy ra bt c s no ng no.Chng din tin vi mt s va chm ti thiu, vi nhng binng ti thiu, v, qu thc, vi s ch ti thiu t cc hc gi, cc

chnh tr gia, bo gii, v cng chng. Khng th ph nhn, th kny ca chng ta c thng l tn bo nht v hung d nht tronglch s, vi cc cuc chin tranh th gii v ni chin ca n, vinhng tra tn hng lot, cc cuc thanh trng sc tc, cc ti ditchng, v nn tn st ngi Do Thi ca n. Nhng tt c nhng vicgit chc ny, tt c nhng iu khng khip ny ging xung nhn

loi bi nhng k git ngi c sc thu ht qun chng ca th kny, ch l: nhng s git chc v ngha, nhng s khng khip vngha, m thanh v s gin d, chng c ngha g6. Hitler, Stalin, vMao, ba tai ha ch thc ca th k ny, ph hy. H chngto ra ci g c.

Qu thc, nu th k ny c chng minh mt th, th l s v tchs ca chnh tr. Ngay c ngi tin gio iu nht vo ch ngha ttnh lch s cng kh gii thch nhng bin i x hi ca th k nynh do cc s kin chnh tr ni bt nht gy ra, hay gii thch nhngs kin chnh tr ni bt nht nh do nhng bin i x hi gy ra.Nhng chnh nhng bin i x hi, ging nh cc dng hi hu su di b mt bin b bo khuy ng, l ci c tc ng lu di,thc ra, thng xuyn. Chng, hn l tt c bo lc ca b mt chnhtr, lm bin i khng ch x hi m c nn kinh t, cng ng, vchnh th m chng ta sng trong . Thi i ca s bin i x his khng kt thc vi nm 2000 n thm ch s khng ln n nhvo lc .

6 sound and fury, signifying nothing th d ly t Macbeth ca Shakespeare.


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Cu trc X hi bBin i

Trc Chin tranh Th gii ln th Nht, nng dn to thnhnhm ln nht duy nht trong mi nc. H khng cn cu thnhdn cmi ni, nh h to thnh t bui u ca lch s cho ncui cc cuc Chin tranh Napoleon, mt trm nm trc . Nhng

nng dn vn to thnh gn-a s ti mi nc pht trin tr Anhv B - ti c, Php, Nht Bn, Hoa K - v, tt nhin, tt c ccnc cha pht trin. Vo thi gian trc Chin tranh Th gii lnth Nht c coi l tin hin nhin rng cc nc pht trin Hoa K v Canada l nhng ngoi l duy nht s ngy cng phida vo thc phm nhp khu t cc khu vc phi cng nghip, cha

pht trin.

Ngy nay, trong cc nc th trng-t do pht trin ch yu, chNht Bn l nc nhp khu nhiu thc phm. (Khng c l do, v syu km ca Nht Bn vi t cch nh sn xut thc phm, ch yul kt qu ca mt chnh sch trcp la go li thi, cn trnc

Nht pht trin mt nn nng nghip hin i, hiu qu). V tt ccc nc th trng-t do, k c Nht Bn, nng dn ngy nay ti achim nm phn trm dn c v lc lng lao ng tc l, mtphn mi t l ca tm mi nm trc. Thc ra, nng dn sn xutch chim t hn na dn c trang tri, hay khng hn hai phn trmca lc lng lao ng. V cc nh sn xut nng nghip ny khngcn l nng dn theo ng ngha ca t; h kinh doanh nngnghip, mt ngnh c cho l cn nhiu vn nht, nhiu cng nghnht, v nhiu thng tin nht. Nhng ngi nng dn truyn thnggn tuyt chng ngay cNht Bn. V nhng ngi cn li trthnh loi c bo v, c gi sng ch bng cc khon tr cpkhng l.

Nhm ln th hai trong dn c v lc lng lao ng ca mi ncpht trin vo khong nm 1900 l nhng ngi i . [S phn


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ca] h cng c coi l mt quy lut t nhin nh [ca] nhngngi nng dn. Phn loi iu tra dn s ca thi nh nghamt gia nh tng l p trung lu di l gia nh thu t hn bangi , v t l phn trm ca lc lng lao ng ti gia tng un cho n Chin tranh Th gii th Nht. Tm mi nm saunhng ngi i ti gia hu nh chc chn khng tn ti cc nc

pht trin. t ngi sinh ra t sau Chin tranh Th gii ln th Hai tc l, t ngi di nm mi tui nhn thy bt c ngi notr trn sn khu hay trong phim c.

Trong x hi pht trin ca nm 2000 nhng ngi nng dn l ti nhng l cc i tng luyn tic, v nhng ngi i ti gia thm

ch cn khng c th.

Th m nhng bin i to ln ny trong tt c cc nc pht trin hon thnh m khng c ni chin v, thc ra, trong s im lng hunh hon ton. Ch by gikhi dn c nng dn ca h co li gns khng th ngi Php th hon ton mi to ting i rng nc

h phi l mt nc nng thn vi mt nn vn minh thn qu.SThng Trm ca Cng nhn CXanh

Mt l do (qu thc, l do chnh) v sao nhng bin i gy ra tno ng n vy l, vo 1900 mt giai cp mi, cng nhn cxanh trong ngnh ch to nhng ngi v sn ca Marx trnn chi phi v mt x hi. Nhng ngi nng dn ln ting th trng t ng cc v nhiu a ngc hn, nhng h t ch .Nhng ngi i ti gia r rng l tng lp b bc lt nht. Nhngtrc Chin tranh Th gii ln th Nht khi ngi ta vit v vn x hi, h hiu l cc cng nhn cng nghip c xanh. Cng nhncng nghip c xanh vn l mt thiu s kh nh ca dn c v lclng lao ng ngay n tn 1914 nhiu nht h ch chim mtphn tm hay mt phn su- v v s lng vn km xa cc tng lp


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truyn thng thp hn ca nng dn v nhng ngi i . Nhng xhi u th k hai mi b m nh bi nhng cng nhn c xanh, tp trung vo h, b h lm cho m mn.

Nhng ngi nng dn v ngi i c mi ni. Nhng vi tcch mt giai cp, h l v hnh. Nhng ngi i sng v lm

vic bn trong cc gia nh ring l hay nhng trang tri ring ltrong cc nhm nh v bit lp gm hai hay ba ngi. Nhng nginng dn cng vy, b phn tn. Quan trng hn, cc tng lp truynthng thp hn ny khng c t chc. Qu thc, h khngthc t chc. Cc n lc s dng trong khai m hay sn xuthng ha ni lon thng xuyn trong th gii c xa tuy lun

khng thnh cng. Nhng khng c nhc n trong bt c cunsch no m ti tng c v mt cuc biu tnh duy nht hay mtcuc tun hnh phn khng duy nht no ca nhng ngi i ti giabt c ni no, bt c thi gian no. c rt nhiu cuc ni lonnng dn. Nhng tr cc cuc ni dy Trung Quc trong th kmi chn Phin lon Thi Bnh vo gia th k, v Ni lon Ngha

Ha on, cui th k, c hai cuc ko di nhiu nm v ngn vic lt ch - tt c cc cuc ni lon nng dn trong lchsu tht bi sau vi tun m mu. Nhng ngi nng dn, lch scho thy, l rt kh t chc v khng chu b t chc l v saoh b Marx khinh thng.

Giai cp mi, cng nhn cng nghi p, cc k d nhn thy. y lci lm cho nhng cng nhn ny thnh mt giai cp. H tt yu sng trong nhng cm dn cng c v trong cc th - St.Denis, bn ngoi Paris; Wedding ca Berlin v Ottakring caVienna; trong cc th trn dt ca Lancashire; trong cc th trn thpca Thung lng Monongahela ca M; v Kobe ca Nht Bn. Vmau chng h t ra c thc t chc mt cch xut sc, vi cccuc nh cng u tin xy ra hu nh ngay khi h l cng nhn nhmy. Chuyn au lng ca Charles Dickens v xung t lao ng


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cht ngi, Thi bui Kh khn -Hard Times, c xut bn nm1854, ch su nm sau Marx v Engels vit Tuyn ngn Cng sn.

Vo khong nm 1900 trnn kh r l nhng cng nhn cngnghip s khng trthnh a s, nh Marx tin on ch vi thpnin trc. V th h s khng p o cc nh t bn bng s lng

rt ng ca h. Th nhng nh vn cp tin Php c nh hng nhtca giai on trc Chin tranh Th gii ln th Nht, nh cu-Marxist v ngi theo ch ngha cng on cch mng, GeorgesSorel, thy s ch p nhn rng ri i vi lun nm 1906 cang rng nhng ngi v sn s lt ch hin hnh v nmquyn bng t chc ca h v thng qua bo lc ca tng nh cng.

Khng ch Lnin l ngi bin lun ca Sorel thnh nn tngca s xt li ch ngha Marx ca ng v xy dng chin lcca ng quanh n nm 1917 v 1918. C Mussolini ln Hitler - vMao, mi nm sau xy dng chin lc ca mnh theo lun ca Sorel. Quyn lc ny sinh t nng sng ca Mao hu nh lmt trch dn trc tip t Sorel. Cng nhn cng nghi p tr thnh

vn x hi ca 1900 bi v h l giai cp thp u tin trong lchs c thc t chc v chu b t chc.

Khng giai c p no trong lch s tng ni ln nhanh hn cngnhn c xanh. V khng giai cp no trong lch s tng xung dcnhanh hn n.

Nm 1883, nm Marx cht, nhng ngi v sn vn l mt thiu skhng ch trong dn c m c trong nhng ngi lao ng cngnghi p. Trong cng nghi p khi a s l nhng cng nhn lnhnghc cc xng th cng nh s dng, mi xng c nhiu nhthai mi hay ba mi cng nhn. Trong s cc nhn vt phn dinca tiu thuyt v sn hay nht th k mi chn, Cng chaCasamassima, ca Henry James - c xut bn nm 1886 (v chcchn ch Henry James c tht ci tn nh vy cho mt chuyn v


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nhng k khng b thuc giai cp lao ng!) mt l mt thngsch c tay ngh cao, v nhn vt khc l mt dc scng kho tayngang th. Vo qung 1900 cng nhn cng nghip tr thnhng ngha vi ngi ng my v hm vic lm mt nh mycng vi hng trm nu khng phi hng ngn ngi. Nhng cngnhn nh my ny qu thc l nhng ngi v sn ca Marx khng

c a v x hi, khng c quyn lc chnh tr, khng c kh nngkinh t hay kh nng mua.

Cng nhn ca thi 1900 v thm ch ca nm 1913 khng clng hu, khng c ngy nghc hng lng, khng c tin lmngoi gi, khng c tr thm cho lm vic Ch nht hay ban m,

khng c bo him y t hay tui gi (trc), khng c trcptht nghip (trAnh sau 1911); chng c sm bo vic lmno. Nm mi nm sau, trong cc nm 1950, cng nhn cng nghip tr thnh nhm ln nht duy nht mi nc pht trin, v cngnhn cng nghip tham gia nghip on trong ngnh sn xut hnglot (khi p o mi ni) t mc thu nhp ca tng lp trung

lu bc trn. H c m bo vic lm rng ri, lng hu, nhngngy ngh di c hng lng, v bo him tht nghip ton dinhay vic lm sut i. Trn ht, h t quyn lc chnh tr. TiAnh cc nghip on lao ng c coi l chnh ph thc t, viquyn lc ln hn Th tng v Quc hi, v cng th ng nhng ni khc. CHoa K na nhc, Php, v ccnghip on lao ng ni ln nh lc lng chnh tr hng mnhnht v c t chc tt nht ca t nc. V Nht Bn, trong cct bi cng Toyota v Nissan ca cui cc nm 1940 v u cc nm1950, h n gn vic lt h thng v t chim quyn.

Ba mi lm nm sau, vo 1990, cng nhn cng nghip v nghipon ca h rt lui. H tr thnh khng ng k v s lng.Trong khi nhng cng nhn cng nghi p, ngi lm hay di chuyncc th, chim hai phn nm lc lng lao ng M trong cc nm


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1950, vo u cc nm 1990 h ch chim t hn mt phn nm tcl khng nhiu hn mc h chim vo nm 1900, khi s ni lnnh sao bng ca h bt u. Ti cc nc th trng-t do phttrin khc s xung dc u tin chm hn, nhng sau 1980 btu tng tc st mi ni. Vo nm 2000 hay 2010, trong mi ncth trng-t do pht trin, cng nhn cng nghip s ch chim

khng nhiu hn mt phn tm lc lng lao ng. Quyn lc nghipon cng st dc nhanh nh th.

Khng ging nhng ngi i ti gia, cng nhn cng nghip skhng bin mt khng hn nhng ngi sn xut nng nghip bin mt hay s bin mt. Nhng ht nh ch trang tri nh truyn

thng trthnh ngi nhn trcp hn l mt nh sn xut, cngnhn cng nghip truyn thng cng s trthnh mt ngi lm cngph. Ch ca anh ta b thay th bi nh cng ngh mt ngino lm vic c bng tay ln bng kin thc l thuyt. (Th d cck thut vin my tnh, k thut vin X-quang, nh vt l tr liu, cck thut vin phng th nghim y khoa, k thut vin phi, v v.v.,

nhng ngi cng nhau to thnh nhm tng nhanh nht trong lclng lao ng M t 1980). V thay cho mt giai cp mt nhmc kt, c th nhn din, xc nh, v t gic cng nhn cngnghip c th mau chng trthnh ch mt nhm p lc khc.

Nhng ngi chp bin nin s v s tng ln ca cng nhn cngnghip thng nu bt cc tnh tit bo lc c bit nhng ng gia nhng ngi nh cng v cnh st, nh trong cuc nh cngPullman ca M. L do c l l, cc nh l lun v cc nh tuyntruyn ca ch ngha x hi, ca ch ngha v chnh ph, v chngha cng sn bt u vi Marx v tip tc n Herbert Marcusevo cc nm 1960 khng ngt vit v ni v cch mng vbo lc. Trn thc t s tng ln ca cng nhn cng nghip lphi bo lc mt cch r rt. Bo lc tn c ca th k ny cc cucchin tranh th gii, thanh trng sc tc, v v.v. tt c l bo lc


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t bn trn hn l bo lc t bn di; v n khng lin quan nnhng bin i x hi, d l s teo i ca nng dn, s bin mt canhng ngi i ti gia, hay s tng ln ca cng nhn cng nghip.Qu thc, thm ch chng cn ai th gii thch nhng chn ng lnny nh mt phn ca cuc khng hong ca ch ngha t bn na,nh thut hng bin chun Marxist ch mi ba mi nm trc.

Ngc vi nhng tin on Marxist v nghip on ch ngha, s leoln ca cng nhn cng nghip khng gy mt n nh x hi.Thay vo n ni ln nh s pht trin x hi to n nh nhtca th k. N gii thch v sao s bin mt ca nng dn v ngi ti gia li khng gy ra khng hong x hi no. C s b chy khi

ng rung ln s b chy khi dch v ni tr l t nguyn.Nhng ngi nng dn v nhng ngi y t khng b y rahay b thi ra. H i lm thu trong cng nghi p cng nhanhcng tt. Vic lm cng nghip khng i hi cc k nng m hkhng c, v khng i hi thm tri thc. Thc ra, xt mi mt,nhng ngi nng dn c nhiu k nng hn k nng cn l

mt ngi ng my trong mt nh my sn xut hng lot vnhiu ngi i ti gia cng th. Khng th ph nhn, cng viccng nghip c tr cng ti cho n Chin tranh Th gii ln thNht. Nhng n c tr kh hn cng vic ng ng hay vic nitr. Thi gian lm vic ca cng nhn cng nghip Hoa K cho n1913 v mt s nc, k c Nht Bn, cho n Chin tranh Thgii ln th Hai di. Nhng thi gian lm vic ca h ngn hnca nng dn v ca ngi . Hn na, h lm vic vo nhng gic nh r: phn cn li trong ngy l ca h, iu chng ng cvi cng vic ng ng ln cng vic ni tr. Cc sch lch s ghichp s bn thu ca ngnh cng nghip ban u, s ngho i cacng nhn cng nghip, v s bc lt h. Cng nhn qu thc sngtrong bn thu v ngho kh, v h b bc lt. Nhng h sngkh hn nhng ngi trang tri hay gia nh, v nhn chung ci x tt hn.


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Bng chng ca vic ny l t l t vong tr em st ngay khinhng ngi nng dn v nhng ngi i ti gia chuyn sang lmvic cng nghip. V mt lch s, cc th cha bao gi ti tochnh mnh. duy tr chng phi ph thuc lin tc vo nhngngi mi n t thn qu. iu ny vn ng vo gia th k mi

chn. Nhng vi s lan rng ca vic lm nh my, thnh ph trthnh trung tm ca s tng trng dn c. Mt phn iu ny l ktqu ca cc bin php y t cng cng mi: lm sch nc, thu gomv x l rc, kim dch chng cc dch bnh, tim chng chng ccbnh. Cc bin php ny v chng c hiu qu ch yu thnhph - chng li, hay ch t kim ch cc mi nguy ca s tp hp

ng c ci lm cho th truyn thng l mt mnh t sinh sicho bnh dch hch. Nhng yu t ln nht duy nht cho s gim theohm s m ca t l t vong tr em khi cng nghip ha lan rng chc chn l s ci thin v cc iu kin sng do nh my mang li.Nh v dinh dng trnn tt hn, v cng vic nng nhc vcc tai nn gy tn hi t hn. S st gim t l t vong tr em v

vi n l s tng bng n dn s - tng quan ch vi mt s phttrin: cng nghip ha. Nh my ban u qu thc l Nh my satng - Satanic Mill ca bi th v i ca William Blake. Nhngthn qu chng l ng xanh du dng ca nc Anh m Blakeca ngi; n l mt khu nh chut gy n tng nhng thm chsa tng hn.

i vi nhng ngi nng dn v ngi i , cng vic cng nghip l mt chi. Thc ra, n l chi u tin m lch s x hi cho h ci thin mnh mt cch ng k m khng phi di c.Trong cc nc th trng-t do pht trin qua 100 hay 150 nm vaqua mi th h c kh nng mong i khm kh hn ng k sovi th h trc . L do chnh l nhng ngi nng dn v y t c th v trthnh nhng cng nhn cng nghip.


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Bi v nhng cng nhn cng nghip c tp trung vo cc nhm,nghin cu c h thng v nng sut ca h l c th. Bt utrong nm 1881, hai nm trc khi Marx cht, nghin cu c hthng v cng vic, cc nhim v, v cc cng c nng nng sutlao ng chn tay v ch to v di chuyn cc th tng ln ba n bnphn trm tnh g p trung bnh hng nm i vi mc tng nm

mi ln vu ra trn cng nhn qua 110 nm. Tt c li ch kinh tv x hi gia tng ca th k ny da vo iu ny. V ngc vi cimi ngi u bit trong th k mi chn khng ch Marx m ttc nhng ngi bo th na, nh J. P. Morgan, Bismarck, vDisraeli hu nh tt c nhng li lc ny dn cho cng nhncng nghip, mt na s dng thi gian lm vic gim t ngt

(vi s ct gim t 40 phn trm Nht n 50 phn trm c), vmt na dng tng hai mi lm ln lng ca nhng cng nhncng nghip, nhng ngi ch to hay di chuyn cc th.

Nh th c cc l do xc ng v sao s tng ln ca cng nhncng nghip yn bnh hn l d di, ni chi n cch mng.

Nhng ci g gii thch cho s xung dc ca cng nhn cng nghipcng din ra yn bnh ngang vy v hu nh hon ton khng cs phn khng x hi, s chn ng, s trc trc nghim trng no,ch t Hoa K?

Stng ln ca Ngi lao ng Tri thc

S tng ln ca giai cp tip sau cng nhn cng nghip khng phil mt c hi cho cng nhn cng nghi p. N l mt thch thc.Nhm chi phi ang mi ni ln l nhng ngi lao ng tri thc.Chnh t ny khng c bit n bn mi nm trc. (Ti t ra n trong cun schNhng Ct mc ca Ngy Mai -Landmarksof Tomorrow, xut bn nm 1959). Vo cui th k ny nhng ngilao ng tri thc s chim mt phn ba hay hn ca lc lng laong Hoa K - ln nh t l cng nhn ch tc tng chim, tr


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thi k chin tranh. a s h sc tr cng ch t cng kh nh,hay kh hn cng nhn ch tc tng c tr. V cc vic lm mito ra nhng chi ln hn nhiu.

Nhng v y l mt ch nhng ln tuyt i a s vic lm mii hi trnh chuyn mn m cng nhn cng nghip khng c hay

chc trang b ti kim. Chng i hi rt nhiu gio dc chnhquy v kh nng kim v p dng hiu bit l thuyt v gii tch.Chng i hi mt cch tip cn khc i vi cng vic v mt npnghkhc. Trc ht, chng i hi mt thi quen hc tp lin tc.Nh th cng nhn cng nghip b thi ra khng thn gin chuynsang cng vic tri thc hay dch v theo cch m nng dn v ngi

b thi ra chuyn sang vic lm cng nghip. t nht h phi thayi thi , gi tr v nim tin cbn ca h.

Trong cc thp nin kt thc ca th k ny lc lng lao ng cngnghip co li nhanh hn v thm na Hoa K so vi bt c nc pht trin khc no trong khi sn xut cng nghip tng ln

nhanh hn bt c nc pht trin no tr Nht Bn.S thay i lm trm trng vn c nht v kh x l ca M:a v ca nhng ngi da en. Trong nm mi nm k t Chintranh Th gii ln th Hai a v kinh t ca nhng ngi M gc Phi c ci thin nhanh hn s ci thin ca bt c nhm dn ckhc no trong lch s x hi M - hay trong lch s x hi ca bt cnc no. Ba phn nm nhng ngi da en ca M leo ln tngln c thu nhp trung lu; trc Chin tranh Th gii ln th Hai cons mi l mt phn hai mi. Nhng na nhm leo ln tnglp thu nhp trung lu v khng phi ln tng lp c vic lm trunglu. T Chin tranh Th gii ln th Hai ngy cng nhiu ngi daen chuyn thnh cng nhn c xanh trong ngnh sn xut hnglot c nghip on ha tc l, nhng vic lm c tr lngtng lp trung lu hay tng lp trung lu lp trn trong khi khng i


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hi gio dc cng chng i hi k nng. Tuy nhin, y chnh xc lnhng vic lm bin mt nhanh nht. Ci gy sng st khng phi lnhiu ngi da en n vy khng kim c mt s gio dc ml nhiu ngi n vy kim c. iu duy l v mt kinh tivi mt thanh nin da en nc M hu chin tranh khng phil li trng v hc; m l b trng cng sm cng tt v kim

mt trong rt nhiu vic lm sn xut-hng lot. Kt qu l, s xungdc ca cng nhn cng nghip lm tn thng nng ngi M daen mt cch khng tng xng v mt s lng, nhng v mtcht lng thm ch cn nhiu hn. N lm cn ci l vai mutiu biu c sc thuyt phc nht trong cng ng da en M: cngnhn cng nghip c tr lng kh vi m bo vic lm, bo him

sc khe, v lng hu c m bo nhng vn khng c k nngcng chng c gio dc nhiu.

Nhng, tt nhin, nhng ngi da en l mt thiu s ca dn c vlc lng lao ng Hoa K. i vi tuyt i a s - ngi datrng, nhng c ngi Latino v chu na s xung dc ca cng

nhn cng nghip gy ra t v mt cch ng kinh ngc vchng c g c thc gi l mt s chn ng. Ngay c trong cccng ng mt thi hon ton l thuc vo cc nh my sn xuthng lot, nhng nh my b loi ra hay ct gim mnh viclm (cc th thp ty Pennsylvania v ng Ohio, chng hn, haycc th t nh Detroit v Flint, Michigan), t l tht nghip ivi ngi trng thnh khng da en trong vng vi nm rtxung mc khng my cao hn t l trung bnh ca Hoa K - v t l c ngha l mc khng cao hn my mc cng n vic lm y ca Hoa K. Ngay c trong cc cng ng ny cng khng cs qu khch no ca cng nhn c xanh M.

Gii thch duy nht l, i vi cng ng c xanh khng da en spht trin n khng nh s ngc nhin, du n c th kh chu,au n v e da n th no i vi c nhn nhng ngi lao ng


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v gia nh h. V mt tm l hc nhng c l v mt gi tr hn lv mt xc cm cng nhn cng nghip M hn c chun b chp nhn nh s dch chuyn ng v thch ng ti nhng viclm i hi gio dc chnh quy v tr cng cho tri thc hn l chocng vic chn tay, bt lun c k nng hay khng c k nng.

Hoa K s dch chuyn v cbn hon tt vo nm 1990 haykhong . Nhng cho n nay mi ch xy ra Hoa K. cc ncth trng-t do pht trin khc, ty v bc u v Nht Bn,n va mi bt u trong cc nm 1990. Tuy nhin, k t nay n chcchn din ra nhanh cc nc ny, c l nhanh hn n xy ra banu Hoa K. S xung dc ca cng nhn cng nghip trong cc

nc th trng-t do pht trin s cng c mt tc ng ln bnngoi th gii pht trin. Cc nc ang pht trin khng cn cth k vng t cscho s pht trin ca h trn li th so snh cah v lao ng tc l, trn lao ng cng nghip r.

Ngi ta tin rng ri, c bit l cc quan chc cng on, rng s

xung dc ca cng nhn cng nghip c xanh cc nc pht trinch yu, nu khng phi hon ton, do vic chuyn sn xutoffshore sang cc nc c cung d d v lao ng khng c knng v lng thp gy ra. Nhng iu ny khng ng.

c ci g tin ba mi nm trc. Nht Bn, i Loan, HnQuc qu thc (nhc gii thch kh chi tit trong cun sch 1993ca ti X hi Hu-Tbn Ch ngha - Post-Capitalist Society) nhn c li th ban u ca h trn th trng th gii, hu nhtrong mt sm mt chiu, bng cch kt hp pht minh ca M vhun luyn cho nng sut y vi chi ph lng vn l chi phlng ca mt nc tin cng nghip. Nhng mo ny chng hhot ng na t 1970 hay 1975.


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Trong cc nm 1990 ch mt t l phn trm khng ng k cc mthng ch tc c nhp khu vo Hoa K l c sn xut ncngoi bi v chi ph lao ng thp. Trong khi tng nhp khu ca nm1990 chim khong 12 phn trm thu nhp th c nhn M, nhpkhu t cc nc vi chi ph lng thp ng k ch chim t hn baphn trm v ch na s l cc sn phm ch tc. V th hu nh

chng c cht no trong s xung dc v vic lm ch tc M, tkhong 30 hay 35 phn trm lc lng lao ng xung 15 hay 18phn trm, c thc cho l do chuyn vic lm sang cc nc clng thp. S cnh tranh chnh i vi ngnh ch tc M - th d,t, thp, v my cng c - n t cc nc nh Nht Bn v c,ni chi ph lng t lu bng, nu khng phi cao hn chi ph

Hoa K. Li th so snh m by gic tnh n l v p dng trithc th d, v qun l cht lng ton b ca Nht, quy trnh chtc thon ln, uyn chuyn [lean: khng c ph liu], giao kp thi, vtnh chi ph da vo gi, hay v dch v khch hng m cc cng tyk thut cva ca c hay Thy Scung cp. iu ny, tuy vy, cngha rng cc nc ang pht trin khng cn c th k vng t c

scho s pht trin ca h da vo lng thp na. H cng phi hc da vo vic p dng tri thc ng lc khi hu ht trong s h(Trung Quc, n , v nhiu nc M-Latin, ni chi n Chu Phien) s phi tm vic lm cho hng triu thanh nin khng c giodc v khng c k nng, nhng ngi t c trnh tr vic lmcng nghip c xanh ca ngy hm qua.

Nhng i vi c cc nc pht trin na, s chuyn dch sang cngvic da vo tri thc cng gy ra nhng thch thc x hi to ln. Btchp nh my, x hi cng nghip vn cbn l mt x hi truynthng trong cc quan h sn xut cbn ca n. Nhng x hi angni ln, x hi da vo tri thc v nhng ngi lao ng tri thc, thkhng. N l x hi u tin trong nhng ngi bnh thng viu c ngha l hu ht ngi dn khng kim c ming cmhng ngy bng m hi trn lng my h. l x hi u tin trong


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cng vic lng thin khng c ngha l bn tay chai sn. Ncng l x hi u tin trong khng phi mi ngi lm cng vic,nh trng h p khi tuyt i a s l nng dn hay, u s trthnh nhng ngi ng my nh c v chc th mi bn mi hayba mi nm trc.

iu ny nhiu hn mt s thay i x hi rt nhiu. l mt sthay i v thn phn con ngi. N c ngha g cc gi tr, nhngcam kt, cc vn ca x hi mi l g chng ta cha bit. Nhngchng ta bit rng nhiu th s khc i.

SNi ln ca X hi Tri thc

Nhng ngi lao ng tri thc s khng l a s trong x hi tri thc,nhng trong nhiu nu khng phi hu ht cc x hi pht trin h sl nhm dn c v lc lng lao ng ln nht duy nht. V ngay cni cc nhm khc vt h v s lng, nhng ngi lao ng trithc s mang li cho x hi tri thc ang ni ln c trng ca n, s

lnh o ca n, chn dung x hi ca n. H c th khng l giai cpcai tr ca x hi tri thc, nhng h l giai cp lnh o ca n ri. Vtrong cc c trng, a v x hi, cc gi tr, v nhng k vng cah, mt cch cn bn h khc bt c nhm no trong lch s tngchim a v lnh o.

Trc ht, nhng ngi lao ng tri thc tip cn c n vic lmv a v x hi thng qua gio dc chnh quy. Rt nhiu cng vic trithc i hi k nng chn tay rt cao v ko theo cng vic ng kbng bn tay ca mnh. Mt th d cc oan l gii phu thn kinh.Nng lc thc hin ca nh gii phu thn kinh da vo gio dcchnh quy v hiu bit l thuyt. Thiu k nng bng tay khin ngita khng t cch lm mt nh phu thut thn kinh. Nhng rings kho tay, bt lun kho n u, s chng bao gicho php bt cai trthnh mt nh phu thut thn kinh. S gio dc cn thit cho


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phu thut thn kinh v cho cc loi cng vic tri thc khc c thkim c ch qua hc chnh quy trng. Khng th kim c quahc ngh.

Cng vic tri thc bin i rt ln v s lng v loi tri thc chnhquy cn n. Nt s vic lm c nhng i hi kh thp, v nhng

vic lm khc i hi loi hiu bit m nh phu thut thn kinh cc. Nhng ngay c nu bn thn kin thc l kh th s, ch cgio dc chnh quy mi c th cung cp.

Gio dc s trthnh trung tm ca x hi tri thc, v trng hc lnh ch ct yu ca n. Mi ngi phi c kin thc g? Ci g l

cht lng trong hc v dy? Nhng iu ny s tt yu tr thnhcc mi quan tm ch yu ca x hi tri thc, v cc vn chnh trtrung tm. Qu thc, vic thu c v phn phi kin thc chnh quyc th chim v tr trong chnh tr ca x hi tri thc m vic thu cv phn phi ti sn v thu nhp chim trong hot ng chnh trca chng ta trong hai hay ba th k m chng ta gi l Thi k

Ch ngha T bn.R rng, trong x hi tri thc ngy cng nhiu kin thc, v c bitkin thc tin tin, s thu c sau tui i hc chnh thc nhiu v, cl, ngy cng thng qua qu trnh gio dc khng t p trung votrng hc truyn thng. Nhng ng thi, thnh tch ca cc trnghc v cc gi tr cbn ca cc trng hc s l mi quan tm ngycng tng i vi ton x hi, hn l c coi nh vn nghnghip c th ph mc mt cch an ton cho cc nh gio dc.

Chng ta cng c th tin on vi s tin cy rng chng ta snhngha li mt ngi c gio dc c ngha l g. V mt truynthng, v c bit trong 300 nm qua (c l t 1700 hay khong ,

ch t phng Ty, v t khong thi gian cNht Bn na),mt ngi c gio dc l ai c mt khi kin thc chnh quy


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c quy nh. Ngi c gi kin thc ny l allgemeine Bildung-Hc thc chung, v ngi Anh (v, i theo h, l ngi M th kmi chn) gi n l liberal arts-khoa hc x hi nhn vn. Mtngi c gio dc ngy cng s l ai ngi hc c phi hcnh th no, v l ngi tip tc hc, c bit bng gio dc chnhquy, sut i mnh.

C nhng mi nguy him hin nhin i vi iu ny. Th d, x hid dng thoi ha vo vic nhn mnh n cc bng cp chnh thchn l n nng lc thc hin. N c th l nn nhn ca cc quan linh nho v ch - mt nguy cm i hc M rt d mc. Nt khc, nc th nh gi qu cao kin thc thc hnh, c th dng c

ngay v nh gi qu thp tm quan trng ca nhng ci cbn, vca s sng sut ni chung.

Mt x hi, trong nhng ngi lao ng tri thc p o, be dat mt xung t giai cp mi: gia thiu s ln ca nhng ngi laong tri thc v a s ngi dn, nhng ngi s kim sng theo

cch truyn thng, hoc bng cng vic chn tay, bt lun c k nnghay khng, hoc bng lm vic dch v, bt lun c k nng haykhng. Nng sut ca cng vic tri thc vn v cng thp s trthnh thch thc kinh t ca x hi tri thc. V th cnh tranh so snhca mi nc, ca mi ngnh, ca mi nh ch bn trong x hi sph thuc vo n. Nng sut ca ngi lao ng phi tri thc, dch vs trthnh thch thc x hi ca x hi tri thc. Kh nng ca x hitri thc em li thu nhp t t, v vi n l phm gi v a v, chonhng ngi lao ng phi tri thc ph thuc vo n.

chng c x hi no trong lch s phi i mt vi cc thch thcny. Nhng cng mi ngang vy l cc chi ca x hi tri thc.Trong x hi tri thc, ln u tin trong lch s, kh nng lnh o s

c m ra cho tt c mi ngi. Cng vy, kh nng thu c trithc khng cn ph thuc vo vic c c mt s gio dc c


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quy nh mt tui cho trc. Hc s tr thnh cng c ca cnhn sn c cho c nhn bt c tui no phi chi bi vnhiu k nng v tri thc n vy c th thu c bng phng tinca cc cng ngh hc mi.

Mt h ly khc l, mt c nhn, mt t chc, mt ngnh, mt nc

thu nhn v p dng tri thc kho th no s tr thnh yu t cnhtranh ct yu. X hi tri thc khng th trnh khi s trnn cnhtranh hn bt c x hi no, m chng ta tng bit, rt nhiu vl do n gin l, vi tri thc trnn c th tip cn c mt cchph qut, s khng c li bo cha no cho vic khng c kt qu. Skhng c nc ngho no. S ch c cc nc dt nt. V cng

ng th cho cc cng ty, cc ngnh, v cc t chc thuc mi loi.N cng sng i vi cc c nhn na. Thc ra, cc x hi phttrin trnn v cng cnh tranh hn ri i vi cc c nhn so vicc x hi ca u th k ny, ni chi n cc x hi trc .

Ti ang ni v hiu bit, tri thc, kin thc (knowledge). Nhngmt thut ng chnh xc hn l nhng kin thc knowledges, biv kin thc ca x hi tri thc s khc cbn vi ci c coi lkin thc trong cc x hi trc y v, thc ra, khc cbn vi civn c coi mt cch rng ri l kin thc. Kin thc caallgemeine Bildung ca ngi c hay ca liberal arts ca dnAnglo-Saxon-M t lin quan n cng vic ca i mt ngi.N tp trung vo c nhn v vo s pht trin c nhn hn l vobt cng dng no nu, qu thc, n khng, ging liberal artsca th k mi chn, t ho v khng h c bt c tnh hu dngno. Trong x hi tri thc, phn ln kin thc ch tn ti trong ngdng. Chng ci g m nhn vin k thut X-quang cn bit li c thp dng cho nghin cu th trng, chng hn, hay cho dy lch strung c. Lc lng lao ng chnh trong x hi tri thc v th bao

gm nhng ngi c chuyn mn ha rt cao. Thc ra, l mt sailm i ni v nhng ngi a khoa, tng qut-generalists. Ci


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chng ta s ngy cng mun ni vi thut ng l nhng ngi hc c lm th no thu c thm nhng chuyn mn mt cchnhanh chng chuyn t mt loi vic lm ny sang mt loi khc th d, t nghin cu th trng sang qun l, hay t lm y t sanglm hnh chnh bnh vin. Nhng nhng ngi tng qut-generalists theo ngha m chng ta vn quen ni v h sc

coi l nhng k ti t hn l nhng ngi c gio dc.

Ciu ny na cng l mi. V mt lch s, nhng ngi lao ngl nhng ngi tng qut. H lm bt c ci g cn phi lm - trang tri, trong h gia nh, xng th cng. iu ny cng ng vi cng nhn cng nghi p. Nhng nhng ngi lao ng tri

thc, bt lun tri thc ca h l th shay tin tin, bt lun c t hayrt nhiu, theo nh ngha s phi l ngi c chuyn mn ha. Trithc c p dng l hu hiu ch khi n c chuyn mn ha.Thc ra, cng c chuyn mn ha, n cng hu hiu. iu nyng i vi cc k thut vin bo qun my tnh, my x-quang, hayng cmy bay chin u. Nhng n cng p dng ngang th chocng vic i hi kin thc tin tin nht, bt lun l nghin cu v ditruyn hc hay nghin cu v vt l thin vn hay a mt voperami ra trnh din ln u.

Hn na, chuyn t tri thc n nhng tri thc to ra nhng chi toln cho c nhn. N lm cho mt ngh vi t cch l mt ngi laong tri thc l c th. Nhng n cng gy ra rt nhiu vn vthch thc mi. Ln u tin trong lch s n i hi rng nhngngi vi tri thc nhn trch nhim lm cho nhng ngi khngc cng cstri thc hiu c mnh.

Nhng Tri thc Hotng Thno

Rng tri thc trong mt x hi tri thc phi c chuyn mn ha cao l hu ch ko theo hai i hi mi: nhng ngi lao ng tri thc


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lm vic trong cc nhm, v nu nhng ngi lao ng tri thc khngl nhng ngi lm cng (nhn vin), h t nht phi c lin ktvi mt t chc.

Nhng ngy ny ngi ta ni rt nhiu v cc nhm v cng vicnhm- teamwork. a s bt u vi mt gi thit sai c th l,

trc y chng ta cha tng bao gilm vic theo nhm. Thc rangi ta lun lun lm vic trong cc nhm; rt t ngi tngc th lm vic mt cch hu hiu mt mnh. Ngi nng dn cmt b v, v b vnng dn phi c mt ngi chng. Hai ngi lm vic nh mt nhm. V c hai lm vic nh mt nhm vinhng ngi lm thu ca h, cc t in. Th th cng cng c

mt b v, m ng ta lm vic vi nh mt nhm ng lo v cngvic ngh th cng, v b lo v cc khch hng, nhng ngi hcvic, v ton b cng vic kinh doanh. V c hai lm vic nh mtnhm vi cc ph nh v nhng ngi hc vic. Ngy nay nhiu tholun gi thit rng ch c mt loi nhm. Thc ra c kh nhiu loi.Nhng cho n ngy nay s nhn mnh l v c nhn ngi laong v khng phi v nhm. Vi cng vic tri thc ngy cng huhiu khi n ngy cng c chuyn mn ha, cc nhm trthnh nv lm vic hn l bn thn c nhn.

Nhm m by gic ni n - ti gi n l nhm ban nhc-jazz-ch l mt loi nhm. N thc ra l loi nhm kh nht c t tpln khin n hot ng c hiu qu, v l loi i hi thi gian dinht t nng lc thnh tch. Chng ta s phi hc s dng ccloi nhm khc nhau cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Chng ta s phihc hiu cc nhm v y l ci g m cho n nay rt t cch . S hiu v cc nhm, kh nng thnh tch ca cc loi nhmkhc nhau, cc mt mnh v cc hn ch ca chng, v snh igia cc loi nhm khc nhau, nh th s trthnh nhng mi quan

tm ch yu trong qun l con ngi.


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Quan trng ngang th l h ly th hai ca s thc rng nhng ngilao ng tri thc tt yu l cc chuyn gia: nhu cu ca h lmvic nh cc thnh vin ca mt t chc. Ch t chc c th to slin tc cbn m nhng ngi lao ng tri thc cn l hu hiu.Ch t chc mi c th bin tri thc c chuyn mn ha ca ngilao ng tri thc thnh thnh qu.

T thn, tri thc c chuyn mn ha khng mang li thnh qu.Nh phu thut l khng hu hiu tr khi c mt chn on vic,nhn chung, khng phi l nhim v ca nh phu thut v thm chkhng nm trong nng lc ca nh phu thut. Vi t cch mt ngin c trong nghin cu v vit lch, nh s hc c th rt hiu qu.

Nhng gio dc sinh vin, rt nhiu nh chuyn mn khc phing gp nhng ngi m chuyn mn ca h c th l vn hc,hay ton hc, hay cc lnh vc khc ca s hc. V vic ny i hinh chuyn mn phi tip cn c n mt t chc.

S tip cn ny c th vi t cch mt nh t vn, hay c th nh mtnh cung c p cc dch v chuyn bit. Nhng vi a s ngi laong tri thc s vi t cch nhng ngi lm cng, cc nhn vin,lm ton thi hay mt phn thi gian, ca mt t chc, nh mt cquan nh nc, mt bnh vin, mt i hc, hay mt nghip on laong. Trong x hi tri thc khng phi c nhn l ngi t thnhtch. C nhn l trung tm chi ph hn l mt trung tm thnh tch.Chnh t chc l ci thc hin, l ci t thnh tch.

Mt Ngi lm cng l G?

Hu ht nhng ngi lao ng tri thc s dng hu ht nu khngphi tt ci lm vic ca mnh vi t cch ngi lm cng, nhnvin. Nhng ngha ca t ny s khc ci n l theo truyn

thng v khng ch trong ting Anh m c trong ting c, TyBan Nha v Nht na.


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Tng c nhn, nhng ngi lao ng tri thc ph thuc vo vic lm.H nhn lng hay tin cng. Hc thu v c th b sa thi. Vmt php l mi ngi l mt ngi lm cng. Nhng v mt tp thh l cc nh t bn; thng qua cc qu hu bng v cc khon titkim ca mnh h ngy cng shu t liu sn xut. Trong kinh t

hc truyn thng v chng h ch trong kinh t hc Marxist c sphn bit r rng ga qu lng, tt c qu lng l tiu dng,v qu vn, hay phn ca ton b dng thu nhp c thc dngcho u t. V hu ht l thuyt x hi v x hi cng nghip, bngcch ny hay cch khc, u da vo quan h gia hai th, btlun trong s xung t hay trong s hp tc v cn bng cn thit v

c ch. Trong x hi tri thc hai th hp nht li. Qu hu l lngc tr sau, v vi t cch n l mt qu lng. Nhng n cngngy cng l ngun vn chnh ca x hi tri thc.

C l cn quan trng hn, trong x hi tri thc nhng ngi lm cng tc l, nhng ngi lao ng tri thc s hu cc cng c laong. S thu hiu to ln ca Marx l, cng nhn nh my khngv khng th shu cc cng c sn xut, v v th b xa lnh.7Chng c cch no, Marx ch ra, i vi cng nhn shu myhi nc v c kh nng mang n vi mnh khi chuyn t mtvic lm sang vic lm khc. Nh t bn phi s hu my hinc v kim sot n. u t tht s trong x hi tri thc ngy cngkhng l vo my mc v cc cng c m l vo tri thc ca ngilao ng tri thc. Khng c tri thc th my mc l khng hu ch,d c tin tin v tinh vi n u.

Nh nghin cu th trng cn mt my tnh. Nhng y ngy cngl my tnh c nhn ca ring nh nghin cu, v n i cng bt kni u nh nghin cu i. Thit b vn tht s ca nghin cu th

7 Nhng ngi dch cc tc phm Marxist kinh in dch l tha ha.


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trng l tri thc v cc th trng, v s liu thng k, v v p dngnghin cu th trng vo chin lc kinh doanh, ci nm gia taica nh nghin cu v l ti sn ring v khng th chuyn nhngca anh hay ch ta. Nh phu thut cn phng m ca bnh vin v ttc tit b vn t tin ca n. Nhng u t vn thc s ca nh phuthut l mi hai hay mi lm nm o to v tri thc c sinh ra,

m nh phu thut mang t bnh vin ny sang bnh vin tip theo.Khng c tri thc cc phng mt tin ca bnh vin chng khcg thi v ph liu.

iu ny ng bt lun ngi lao ng tri thc c sn tri thc tintin, nh mt nh phu thut, hay tri thc n gin v kh sng,

nh mt k ton vin t tui. Trong c hai trng hp chnh u t trithc l ci xc nh liu mt nhn vin c ch hay khng, hn l cccng c, my mc, v vn do t chc cung c p. Cng nhn cngnghip cn nh t bn v cng nhiu hn nh t bn cn cng nhncng nghip cscho khng nh ca Marx rng s lun lun cmt s d tha cng nhn cng nghip, v mt i qun d b cngnghip, ci chc chn lm cho lng khng th tng trn mc tn ti(c l l sai lm qu x nht ca Marx). Trong x hi tri thc gi thitc kh nng nht i vi cc t chc v chc chn l gi thit mchng phi da vo tin hnh cng vic ca mnh l chng cnnhng ngi lao ng tri thc nhiu hn ngi lao ng tri thc cnchng rt nhiu.

c tranh lun khng dt trong Thi Trung c v th bc ca trithc, vi trit hc i l n hong. Chng ta t lu t b stranh ci v ch . Khng c tri thc cao hn hay thp hn. Khi lithan phin ca khch hng l mt mng chn mc qup vo trong, thtri thc ca ngi cha bnh chn l c ngha, ch khng phi trithc ca nh phu thut no d l nh phu thut no c o to

nhiu nm hn nhiu v i ph cao hn nhiu. V nu mt ngiiu hnh c cn mt nc ngoi, tri thc m ngi cn, v


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gp rt, l s thng tho ting nc ngoi mt vic m mi th dnca nc thng tho tui ln ba, m khng c bt cu tln no. Tri thc ca x hi tri thc, chnh xc bi v n l tri thc chkhi c p dng vo hnh ng, nhn c th bc v a v t honcnh. Ni cch khc, ci l tri thc trong mt tnh hung, nh thngtho ting Hn i vi mt nh iu hnh Mc ci Seoul, li

ch l thng tin, v l thng tin khng my lin quan, khi cng nhiu hnh y vi nm sau phi suy nghk chin lc th trng cacng ty mnh i vi Hn Quc. Ciu ny na cng l mi. Nhngkin thc lun c coi nh cc ngi sao cnh, y l ni vy,mi ngi chim v tr ring ca n trong v tr tri thc. Trong x hitri thc nhng kin thc l cc cng c, v vi t cch , i vi

tm quan trng v a v ca chng, chng ph thuc vo nhim vphi thc hin.

Qun l trong X hi Tri thc

Mt kt lun thm: Bi v x hi tri thc tt yu phi l mt x hica cc t chc, cquan trung tm v c bit ca n l ban qun l.Khi x hi ca chng ta bt u ni v qun l, thut ng c nghal qun l kinh doanh bi v doanh nghip quy m ln l ciu tin ca cc t chc mi trnn c th d thy. Nhng chng ta hc c trong na th k va qua ny rng qun l l cquanring bit ca tt c cc t chc. Tt c chng i hi s qun l, dchng c dng thut ng hay khng. Tt c cc nh qun l lmcng th, bt k mc ch ca t chc ca h l g. Tt c hu phigom nhng ngi khc nhau mi ngi c tri thc khc nhau livi nhau cho vic cng thc hin. Tt c hu phi bin cc mtmnh ca con ngi thnh c ch v bin nhng mt yu thnh khnglin quan. Tt c hu phi suy nghk nhng kt qu no l ktqu mong mun trong t chc v ri phi xc nh cc mc tiu.

Tt c hu c trch nhim suy nghk ci m ti gi l l thuytkinh doanh tc l, cc gi thit trn t chc t cscho thnh


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tch v cc hot ng ca mnh, v cc gi thit m t chc a ratrong quyt nh khng lm ci g. Tt c hu phi suy ngh thuo cc chin lc tc l, cc phng tin thng qua cc mctiu ca t chc tr thnh thnh tu. V tt c hu phi xc nhcc gi tr ca t chc, h thng thng v pht ca n, tinh thn vvn ha ca n. Trong tt c cc t chc cc nh qun l cn c kin

thc qun l nh cng vic v k lut ln kin thc v s hiu bit vbn thn t chc cc mc ch ca n, cc gi tr ca n, mitrng v cc th trng ca n, nhng nng lc ct li ca n.

Qun l vi t cch mt s thc hnh l rt c. Nh iu hnh thnhcng nht trong ton b lch s chc chn l ngi Ai Cp ,

ngi 4.500 nm trc hay hn u tin nghra kim t thp, mkhng c bt c tin l no, thit k n, xy dng n, v lmvy trong mt thi gian ngn n kinh ngc. Ci kim t thp u tiny vn ng vng. Nhng vi t cch mt mn qun l, n va minm mi tui. N u tin c hnh dung lmvo khong thigian ca Chin tranh Th gii ln th Nht. N khng ni ln chon Chin tranh Th gii ln th Hai, v ri ni ln ch yu HoaK. T n l hot ng mi tng nhanh nht, v nghin cu nl b mn mi tng trng nhanh nht. Khng hot ng no tronglch s ni ln nhanh nh qun l ni ln trong nm mi haysu mi nm qua, v chc chn chng hot ng no li c tm,phm vi ton cu nh vy trong mt thi gian ngn nh vy.

Qun l vn c dy hu ht cc trng kinh doanh nh mt bcc k thut, nh lp ngn sch v cc quan h c nhn. Khng thph nhn, qun l, ging bt c cng vic no khc, c cc cng cring v nhng k thut ring ca mnh. Nhng ht nh ct li ca yhc khng phi l phn tch nc tiu (du n l quan trng), ct lica qun l khng phi l nhng k thut v th tc. Ct li ca qun

l l khin nhng kin thc trthnh hu ch. Qun l, ni cch khc,


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l mt chc nng x hi. V trong thc hnh ca n qun l thc sl mt liberal art (ngh thut t do).

Khu vc X hi

Cc cng ng c - gia nh, lng xm, gio x, v v.v. gn nh

bin mt trong x hi tri thc. Ch ca chng ch yu do n v mica s hi nhp x hi, t chc, chim mt. ni cng ng l smnh, t chc l ton th hi vin t nguyn. ni cng ng ihi ton b con ngi, t chc l mt phng tin cho cc mc chca mt c nhn, l mt cng c. Trong 200 nm mt cuc tranh lunnng bng ni ln d di, c bit phng Ty: cc cng ng

c l hu c hay chng n gin l s m rng ca nhng conngi m chng c to thnh? Chng ai i hi rng t chc mil hu c. N r rng l mt to tc, mt s sng to ca conngi, mt cng ngh x hi.

Nhng, ri ai lm nhng nhim v cng ng? Hai trm nm trcbt c nhim v x hi no phi lm c mt cng ng aphng lm trong mi x hi. Rt t nu c nhim v no trong ccnhim v ny c cc cng ng c lm na. Chng cng chng ckh nng lm, v rng chng khng cn c s kim sot cc thnhvin ca chng hay thm ch mt nh hng vng chc ln h na.Ngi ta khng cn li ni h sinh ra, c v mt a l hay v mta v v v tr x hi. Theo nh ngha, mt x hi tri thc l mt xhi ca tnh di ng. V tt c cc chc nng x hi ca cc cngng c, bt lun c thc hin tt hay ti (v qu thc hu ht c thc hin rt ti), u ginh trc rng c nhn v gia nh syn ti ch. Nhng ct li ca x hi tri thc l tnh di ng v mtngi ta sng u, di ng v mt ngi ta lm g, di ng v mtnhng lin kt, gia nhp ca ngi ta. Con ngi khng cn ci r

na. Con ngi khng cn mt hng xm na, ngi quy nh nhca h ging ci g, h lm g, v, qu thc, cc vn ca hc


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php l g. X hi tri thc l mt x hi trong rt nhiu ngi hntrc c th thnh cng. Nhng, theo nh ngha, v th cng lmt x hi trong rt nhiu ngi hn trc c th tht bi, haych t trthnh ph. V phi chi bi v vic p dng tri thc vo cngvic khin cc x hi pht trin giu hn rt nhiu so vi bt c xhi no trc no c th thm ch mc n; nhng tht bi,

bt lun l nhng ngi ngho hay nghin ru, ph n b ngc ihay ti phm v thnh nin, c coi l tht bi ca x hi.

Vy th ai lo v cc nhim v x hi trong x hi tri thc? Chng takhng th b qua chng. Nhng cng ng truyn thng khng ckh nng gii quyt chng.

Hai cu tr li ni ln trong khong th k qua mt cu tr li as v mt kin bt ng. C hai u t ra l sai. Cu tr li a squay li hn mt trm nm trc, quay li cc nm 1880, khi ncc ca Bismarck i nhng bc long chong u tin hng tinh nc phc li. Cu tr li: chnh ph c th, nn, v phi giiquyt cc vn ca khu vc x hi. y c l vn l cu tr li ma s ngi chp nhn, c bit cc nc phng Ty pht trin cho d a s ngi c l khng cn hon ton tin vo n. Nhng n b phn i hon ton. Chnh ph hin i, c bit t Chin tranhTh gii ln th Hai, tt c mi ni trthnh mt b my quanliu phc li khng l. V ngy nay phn ln ngn sch mi nc pht trin c dnh cho cc Quyn hng [Entitlements] cho cckhon chi i vi mi loi dch v x hi. Th m mi nc phttrin, x hi ang trnn m yu hn l khe mnh hn, v cc vn x hi tng ln nhiu ln. Chnh ph c mt vai tr to ln trongcc nhim v x hi vai tr lm chnh sch, t ra tiu chun, v, mc ln vai tr ca ngi tr lng. Nhng khi cquan i vnhnh cc dch v x hi, n chng t hu nh hon ton bt ti.


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Trong cun Tng lai ca Con ngi Cng nghip -The Future ofIndustrial Man (1942) ca mnh, ti trnh by mt kin bt ng.Ti l l khi rng t chc mi v nm mi nm trc n c ngha l doanh nghi p kinh doanh ln s phi tr thnh cngng trong c nhn s tm thy a v v chc nng, vi cng ngni lm vic trthnh cng ng trong v qua cc nhim v x

hi c t chc. Nht Bn (tuy hon ton c l p v chng hmc ng ti) ngi s dng lao ng ln cquan nh nc haydoanh nghip qu thc ngy cng c gng phc v nh mt cngng i vi nhn vin ca mnh. Vic lm sut i ch l mt xcnhn cho iu ny. Nh cng ty, cc sm bo sc khe cngty, cc t ngh cng ty, v v.v., tt cu nhn mnh vi nhng

ngi lm cng Nht Bn rng ngi s dng lao ng, v c bitcng ty ln, l cng ng v l ci k v cho lng xm xa kia thmch cho gia nh ngy nay.8 Ci ny, tuy nhin, cng chng c ktqu.

C nhu cu, c bit phng Ty, ngy cng a ngi lmcng vo cai qun cng ng ni lm vic. Ci by gic gi l strao quyn (empowerment) l rt ging nhng ci ti ni n nmmi nm trc. Nhng n khng to ra mt cng ng. N cngchng to ra cu trc qua cc nhim v x hi ca x hi tri thcc thc gii quyt. Thc ra, hu ht nhng nhim v ny btlun l gio dc hay chm sc sc khe; nhng bt n x hi do suyi o c v cc t nn ca mt x hi pht trin v, c bit, camt x hi giu c, nh lm dng ru v ma ty; hay cc vn vkhng c nng lc v v trch nhim nh cc vn ca gi v snlu manh (underclass) th M - nm ngoi nh ch s dng laong.

8 Nh nc phc li non, mun lo cho dn t ci kim si ch, t ming cmmanh o, t nh trn ni chn ct, du tng c cao p n u, cng honton tht bi. Ngay nh nc phc li ngy thng ca Ty v Bc u cng trthnh gnh nng v phi c ci cch trit .


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Cu tr li ng cho cu hi, Ai lo cho nhng thch thc x hi cax hi tri thc? khng phi l chnh ph cng chng phi l t chcs dng lao ng. Cu tr li l mt khu vc x hi tch bit v mi.

Mi t hn nm mi nm, ti tin, k t khi chng ta Hoa K bt

u ni v hai khu vc ca mt x hi hin i khu vc cng(chnh ph) v khu vc t nhn (kinh doanh). Trong hai mi nmva qua Hoa K bt u ni v mt khu vc th ba, khu vc phili nhun nhng t chc ngy cng lo lng n nhng thch thcx hi ca mt x hi hin i.

Ti Hoa K, vi truyn thng ca n v cc nh thc lp v cnhtranh, mt khu vc nh vy lun lun tn ti. Ngay c by giccnh th l phn n l ln nht ca khu vc x hi Hoa K, nhnhu nh mt na tin cho cc nh ch t thin, v khong mt phnba thi gian tnh nguyn ca cc c nhn. Nhng phn phi-nh thca khu vc x hi l mt khu vc tng trng Hoa K. Vo ucc nm 1990 Hoa K khong mt triu t chc c ng k vit cch cc t chc phi li nhun hay t thin lm cng vic khu vcx hi. Tuyt i a s cc t chc ny, khong 70 phn trm, chnh thnh trong ba mi nm va qua. V l cc dch v cng nglin quan n i sng trn gian ny hn l n Vng quc caThng . Kh nhiu t chc mi, tt nhin, l tn gio trong nhhng ca chng, nhng phn ln cc t chc ny khng phi l nhth, gio phi. Chng l cc d tin hnh mt nhim v c th,nh phc hi chc nng ca nhng ngi nghin ru v ma ty, cito phm nhn, hay gio dc trng scp. Ngay c bn trong mngnh thca khu vc x hi, cc t chc chng t c kh nng tngtrng l cc t chc hon ton mi. Chng l cc nh thpastoral[mc s], ch tm vo nhng nhu cu linh hn ca cc c nhn, c

bit ca nhng ngi lao ng tri thc c gio dc, v ri a nnglng tinh thn ca cc thnh vin ca mnh vo cng vic v nhng

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thch thc x hi v vn x hi ca cng ng c bit, ttnhin, ca cng ng th.

Chng ta vn ni v cc t chc ny nh cc t chc phi li nhun.Nhng y l mt thut ng php l. N chng c ngha g tr victheo lut M cc t chc ny khng np thu. Liu chng c c t

chc nh t chc phi li nhun hay khng, thc ra chng lin quann hot ng v ng x ca chng. T 1960 hay 1970 nhiu bnhvin M trthnh v li nhun v c t chc v php l nhcc cng ty kinh doanh. Chng hot ng chnh xc theo cng cchnh cc bnh vin phi li nhun truyn thng. Ci quan trngkhng phi l c sphp l, m l cc nh ch khu vc x hi c

mt loi mc ch c bit. Chnh phi hi s tun th; n lp racc quy tc v p thc thi chng. Doanh nghip k vng c thanhton; n cung cp. Cc nh ch khu vc x hi nhm ti vic thayi con ngi. Sn phm ca mt trng l hc sinh, ngi hcc ci g . Sn phm ca mt bnh vin l bnh nhn ccha tr. Sn phm ca mt nh th l ngi i nh thm cucsng ca ngi c thay i. Nhim v ca cc t chc khu vcx hi l to ra sc khe v hnh phc con ngi.

Cc t chc ny ca khu vc x hi ngy cng phc v mt mc chth hai v quan trng ngang th. Chng to ra t cch cng dn. Xhi hin i v chnh th hin i trnn ln v phc tp n mcbn phn cng dn tc l, s tham gia c trch nhim khng cnl c th na. Tt c ci chng ta c th lm vi t cch cng dn l,i b phiu vi nm mt ln v lc no cng ng thu.

Vi t cch mt ngi tnh nguyn trong mt nh ch khu vc xhi, c nhn li c th to ra mt s khc bit. Ti Hoa K, ni ctruyn thng tnh nguyn t lu do tnh c lp c xa ca cc nh

th, trong cc nm 1990 hu nh mt na s ngi trng thnh lmvic ch t ba v thng l nm- gimt tun trong mt t chc khu

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vc x hi. Anh l nc khc duy nht c ci g ging truynthng ny, tuy n tn ti y vi quy m nh hn nhiu (mt phnv nh nc phc li Anh bao trm hn nhiu, nhng phn ln hnnhiu l v n c mt nh thc chnh thc ha do nh ncchi tr v c vn hnh nh mt ngnh dn chnh). Bn ngoi ccnc ni ting Anh khng c my truyn thng tnh nguyn. Thc ra,

nh nc hin i Chu u v Nht Bn cng khai th ch vibt c th g c mu sc tnh nguyn nht l Php v Nht Bn.N l mt ch c xa v b nghi ngl v cbn mang tnh lt .

Nhng ngay cnhng nc ny cc th cng ang thay i, bi vx hi tri thc cn khu vc x hi, v khu vc x hi cn nhng

ngi tnh nguyn. Nhng nhng ngi lao ng tri thc cng cnmt lnh vc trong h c th hnh ng nh cc cng dn v to ramt cng ng. Ni lm vic khng mang li ci cho h. Chng g b phn i, khng c ch p nhn nhanh hn l quan nimc chp nhn rng ri bn mi nm trc v nh t chc. Thcra, cng vic tri thc cng tha mn ta bao nhiu, ta cng cn mtlnh vc tch bit ca hot ng cng ng.

Nhiu t chc khu vc x hi s trthnh cc i tc vi chnh ph -nhng trong rt nhiu v t nhn ha, ni, th d, mt thnh phtr tin cho vic qut dn ng ph v mt nh thu khon bnngoi lm cng vic qut dn. Trong nn gio dc M trong hai minm ti s c ngy cng nhiu phiu (voucher) do chnh quyn chi trkhin cho cc bc cha m c kh nng a con em h vo hc cctrng a dng khc nhau, mt s l trng cng c h trbngthu, mt s l trng t v mt phn ln ph thuc vo thu nhp tcc phiu voucher. Cc t chc khu vc x hi ny, tuy l cc i tcvi chnh quyn, cng cnh tranh mt cch r rng vi chnh quyn.Quan h gia hai bn vn cn phi vch ra v trn thc t khng c

tin l cho n.

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Ci g to nn thnh tch i vi cc t chc khu vc x hi, v cbit i vi cc t chc phi li nhun v t thin, cc t chc khngc k lut v kt qu ti chnh, cng cn phi c vch ra t m.Chng ta bit rng cc t chc khu vc x hi cn s qun l. Nhngchnh xc s qun l c ngha l g i vi t chc khu vc

17. Xa Hoi Tri Thuc - Quan Ly Kinh Doanh Xa Hoi Nha Nuoc

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