14 PowerPoint ® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC CUNY Copyright © 2009 Pearson...

14PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC CUNY

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Life’s Transitions: The Aging Process


Redefining Aging

Aging

• Traditionally described at patterns of life changes

• Chronological – life-cycle stages


Redefining Aging

Gerontology and age characteristics

• Biological age – person’s organs and bodily systems

• Psychological age – adaptive capacities (coping abilities and intelligence)

• Social age – habits and roles relative to societal expectations

• Legal age – based on chronological years

• Functional age – ways in which people compare to others of similar age

How do you see yourself as you age?


Redefining Aging

Successful aging

• Characteristics

• Young-old, middle-old, old-old

Older adults

• By the year 2030, estimated 71.5 million people age 65 and over

In what ways does our society attempt to delay aging?

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.1

Number of Americans 65 and Older (in Millions)


Health Issues For An Aging Society

Health care costs

• Out-of-pocket cost has risen by 58% since 1994

• Uninsured/underinsured

• Housing/living arrangements

• Ethical and moral considerations

What challenges will the health insurance industry face as the number of older Americans increases? What other solutions exist for older Americans?


Theories of Aging

Biological theories

• Wear-and-tear theory

• Cellular theory

• Autoimmune theory

• Genetic mutation theory


Psychosocial Impacts on Aging

Developmental model

• Progression through 8 critical stages during a lifetime

• Theory of personality development/adaptation and adjustment


Changes in the Body and Mind

Typical physical changes

• The skin

• Bones and joints

• The head

• The urinary tract

• The heart and lungs

• Eyesight

• Hearing

• Sexual changes (men and women)

• Body comfort


Changes in the Body and Mind

Typical mental changes

• Intelligence

• Memory

• Adaptability

• Depression

• Senility

• Ageism

• Alzheimer’s Disease

• Dementias


ABC News: Healthy Aging

Discussion Questions

• What kinds of illnesses are thought to benefit from stem cell research?

• Discuss the pros and cons of embryonic stem cell research.

PlayVideoPlay

Video| Healthy Aging


Health Challenges of Older Adults

Alcohol use and abuse

• Men tend to have higher risk of alcoholism than women

Prescription drug use

• Overuse

• Polypharmacy (multiple meds)

• Rising costs

Over-the-counter remedies

• Cheaper than prescription

• Medicare coverage becoming less adequate


Strategies for Healthy Aging

Develop and maintain relationships

• Social bonds and support

Enrich the spiritual side of life

• Developing bonds with nature, environment, or higher being

Improve fitness

• Sarcopenia: loss of muscle mass


Strategies for Healthy Aging

Eat for health

• Calcium

• Vitamin D

• Protein

• Healthy diet should help meet all other nutrient needs

Are you beginning today to prevent problems with bones and muscles, heart and mental health later in life?


Caring for Older Adults

Comorbidity

Respite Care

Understanding death

• Defining death

• Dying is a process

• Brain death

• Denying death

What euphemisms do we use to deny death in this culture?


Understanding Death

Dying

• The process of the decline in body functions that results in the death of an organism

Death

• The final cessation of vital functions

Brain death

• Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brainstem

Denying death

• People do not like to deal with the concept of death and certain avoidance behaviors are practices by many people


The Process of Dying

Coping emotionally with death

• Five psychological stages

1) Denial

2) Anger

3) Bargaining

4) Depression

5) Acceptance



Corr’s Coping Approach Model

• Physical

• Psychological

• Social

• Spiritual

What do you think? Is it important to help a person get through all these stages?



Social death

• Person not treated as active member of society

• Loss pf being valued or appreciated by others

• Denying a person normal social interaction

Coping with loss

• Bereavement

• Grief

• Mourning

“Normal” grief

• Symptoms


The Stages and Tasks of Grief


Coping with Grief

Worden’s Model of Grieving Tasks

• Accept the reality of the loss

• Work through the pain of grief

• Adjust to an environment in which the deceased is missing

• Emotionally relocate the deceased and move on with life

Have you experienced a death among family or friends? How did you grieve?


Life-and-Death Decision Making

The right to die

• Refusal of artificial life support techniques

• Living Will - important to write down your wishes

• Be specific

• Get an agent

• Discuss your wishes

• Deliver the directive

Rational suicide

• Active euthanasia

• Passive euthanasia


ABC News: Dying and Death

Discussion Questions

• Do you feel it is right that the government attempted to get involved in Terri Schiavo situation? Why or why not?

• If Terri would have had a written living will, do you think the controversy over removing her from life support would have existed?

PlayVideoPlay

Video| Dying and Death


Making Final Arrangements

Hospice care

• Goals of care

Pressures on survivors

• Making decisions quickly

Making funeral arrangements

• Many different customs


Making Final Arrangements

Organ donation

Wills

• Intestate

• Holographic will

• Testator

What do you think? What can you do to ensure that your wishes will be carried out at the time of your death?


Uniform Organ Donor Card

14 PowerPoint ® Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC CUNY Copyright © 2009 Pearson...

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