1.4 Linguistic signs: Morphemes and lexemes.. What is a Morpheme?
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Transcript of 1.4 Linguistic signs: Morphemes and lexemes.. What is a Morpheme?
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1.4 Linguistic signs:
Morphemes and lexemes.
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What is a Morpheme?
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Often defined as the smallest linguistics
pieces with grammatical function.
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A morpheme may consist of a word, such as hand, or a meaningful piece of a word, such as the –ed of looked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
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The morphemes combine a form (the way they sound) and the meaning (what
they mean).
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Morphemes can be compared to pieces of Lego than can be used
again and again as building blocks to form
different word.
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Example: The noun buyer consists of two morphemes, buy
and –er. Buy/er
The verbal morpheme is called a
free or lexical morpheme, because can occur as a word
by itself.
Is an affix (hence a bound morpheme that cannot function as a word on its own) It requires another
morpheme to appear before it in a word.
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Now, in the word Reconsideration:
/-ation
Simple
stem
Re-/ consider
A stem is a base unit in which another morphological piece is attached. It can be simple, made up of only one part ,or complex , itself made up of more than one piece.
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Now, in the word Reconsideration:
/-ation
Simple
stem
Re-/ consider
We also can call consider as the root. A root is like a stem in constituting the core of the word in which other pieces attach, but the term refers only to morphologically simple units.
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Now, in the word Reconsideration:
/-ation Re-/ consider
Affixes
Affixes means that they are attached to the stem. Affixes that go before the stem are prefixed.
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Now, in the word Reconsideration:
/-ation Re-/ consider
Prefix
Affixes means that they are attached to the stem. Affixes that go before the stem are prefixes.
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Now, in the word Reconsideration:
/-ation Re-/ consider
Prefix
A prefix is a letter added to the beginning of a word that change the meaning of the word.
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He are some common prefixes and their meanings: PREFI
XMEANING
dis-
im-
non-
un-
in-
re-
fore-
pre-
mis-
with-
Not
Not
Not
Not, reverse
Not, without
Again
Before
Before
Not, wrong, or wrongly
From, against
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Activity Time!
In the Assessments section you will find an activity for create new words adding a prefix .
Due date on August 29, 2011.
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Now, in the word Reconsideration:
/-ation Re-/ consider
Suffix
A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word that changes the meaning of the
word.
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He are some common suffixes and their meanings:
SUFFIX
MEANING-less
-ish
-ous
-en
-hood
-ward
-ness
-ment
without
The qualities of
Full of
To make
State of being
In the direction
Quality of being
A means of being
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He are some common suffixes and their meanings:
SUFFIX
MEANING-ist
-tion
-ful
-al
-able, -ible
-ly, -y
-or, -er
-like
One skilled in
Art of
Full of
Pertaining to
Able to be
Like, pertaining to
Person having to do with
Be like
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Another examples:
unhappiness
Un- prefix Happy- root Ness- suffix
Inputs
In- prefix Put - root s- suffix (in this case indicates plural)
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Activity Time!
In the Assessments section you will find an activity for create new words adding a suffix . Due date on August 29, 2011.
In the same document, you’ll see a practice activity for identify morphemes of the words. Due date on August 30, 2011.
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What is a Lexeme?
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A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics,
that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are
different forms of the same word.
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Lexemes may serve as the root of more complex words.
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For example, the forms pockling, pockle and pockled are different
representations of the lexeme POCKLE.
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They all share a core meaning although they
are spelled and pronounced differently.
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As an easy way to identify them, the lexemes are the vocabulary items that are
listed in the dictionary.
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To difference between Morpheme and Lexeme
Their maniacal little dog attempted to bite the mailman.
The grammatical morphemes have been underlined, while the
rest of the words are all lexemes.
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Activity Time!
In the Assessments section you will find an activity to identify lexemes.
Due date on August 30, 2011.
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Word Creation
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There are three ways to create words.
Composition: word formation that creates compound words. It’s when we have one or two words and we join them to create a new one.
Examples: Sailboat, baseball, ice cream, air –condition, etc.
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There are three ways to create words.
Derivation: Is take an existent word and we apply diversity (size, gender, etc.)
Derivation
Suffix
Prefix
Examples: slowness, drinkable, re-write.
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There are three ways to create words.
Portmanteau words: When we have a compound word but in this case, the word has a contraction.
Example: Spanglish, telethon, Wikipedia.
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Activity Time !
In the same document you will find a practice activity for compound words. Is really easy.
Due date on August 31, 2011.
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Final Activity !
In the Assessments section you will find a document in which you’ll practice all learned about morphemes and lexemes. Good Luck !
Due date on September 5, 2011.
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Aronoff, M. & Fudeman, K. (2011) What is Morphology? Second Edition United Kingdom: Wiley – Blackwell
Booji, G. (2005) The grammar of words USA: Oxford University Press.
Katamba, F. (1993) Morphology USA: St Martin’s Pres Inc
Sources