European CitiesHow Europe came into power

-LONDON

- PARIS

Elective II

Evolution of Art, Culture and Technology

EVOLUTION OF AESTHETICSCULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

European CitiesHow Europe came into power-LONDON- PARIS

Location

All major revolutions started there

Industrial Revolution

World wars their impacts in improving

its position

British world

Europe's dominance

Western Europe had multiple cultures of

different strengths packed in a small area

Europe was fortunate to have multiple cultures with different strengths packed in a small area. The Iberians (Span+Portugal) and Scandinavians were great in exploration. The Italians produced great stuff arts and science. The Dutch and English produced advancements in capitalism and commerce. French and Germans added the philosphical and egalitarian concepts. Germans later produced technology. News ideas from different regions kept spreading very quick.

This packing of different cultures had their strengths and weaknesses. The strengths were that ideas spread quick. Weaknesses were that they were murdering each other (like in the World Wars).

In contrast, Asian cultures of 15th century showed little interest

in learning from each other. Indians were especially too

preoccupied with ourselves. We had the world's biggest

economy by 1700 and our scientists/philosophers/kings were

all quite content in building native ideas instead of learning

the best things from abroad. Like the America of present, we

were too content in exporting our culture outside with little

intent to import any new concepts.

One silver lining is that Asian cultures didn't war a lot among

each other (relative to Western Europe). Persians, Chinese and

Indian cultures maintained their dominance without warring

each other too much in the 5000+ years of shared history.

Western Europe had the momentum at the right time

Just at the time Asia was plunging into anarchy and civil war, European nations such as Britain enjoyed a period of peace and unity. The timing was perfect. England colonized India just at the right time before the industrial revolution. Soon, the ideas of Europe and raw materials of India produced an explosive virtuous cycle.

A number of great things started happening in Europe since about 1401 AD:

Renaissance.

Hunger for discovery.

New innovations in capitalism.

Collapse of Major

Powers

At the start of modern era, India and China were

still the world's leaders in economy. However, as Europe started ascending the 17th century, India

and China started going through a major

upheaval for unrelated reasons.

The Ming Dynasty of China (the last indigenous

Han empire) was thrown out in 1644 and the

Mughal empire of India practically ended in 1707

with the death of Aurangzeb. In case of China the

revolution was due to a series of crop failures,

while in case of India it was due to the forcible

imposition of Islam.

In the age of discovery and the dawn of industrialization, both

India and China were going through a phase of anarchy &

disintegration. Although China was somewhat brought back

under Qing dynasty, India quickly came under the East India

company.

In the absence of major empires and strong kings, India and

China failed to jump onto the new ideas emerging from Europe and the new world. Just when they should have

looked outward, these two countries started gazing their navel

and by the end of the 18th century they begun their collapse.

Great civilizations take a long time to collapse and we can

see a huge time lag.

India and China stood like Internet Explorers of their time, while Europe with its nimble foot attacked like the Chrome. Soon, our ideas got stale and anachronistic leading us to loose the momentum and later the leadership.

Old age

Incidences that led to planning requirement

First planning act

Industrial Revolution

Need of the hour

Todays scenario

Paris

3RD CENTURY B.C.-SEINE RIVER IS SETTLED BY A TRIBE OF CELTIC FISHERMEN

Late 14th

century:

The Black

Death.

Late 15th

century: The

Renaissance

begins in

Paris

1643: At age 5, Louis

XIV

becomes king of

France.

1774: Louis XVI

ascends to the

throne.

1799: A revolutionary

general named Napoleon

Bonaparte stabilizes the

unruly government.

Mid-19th century: The

Paris that still largely

remains today is

constructed by Houssmann

Evolution of planning

• Paris was born with the development of thevillages on La Cite. But it got its name Paris,only in the 4th century from its former nameLutetia.

• Early Parisians were fishermen, farmers,foresters, herdsmen and boatmen who hadprospered on the banks of the river Seine. In51 B.C. the Romans conquered Lutetia.

Under the Roman Empire the region had prospered as a junction between the North-South and the Seine. La Cite was enclosed in a wall due to persistent attacks from the barbarians.

• In the 9th century Paris was pillaged andransomed by the Vikings. Crucialarchitectural development stated during thereign of Philippe August in the 12th century.A second wall was constructed around thecity that had, by then, increasinglyexpanded to the North and the South of theSeine.

• New growth sprung up along the majorroads, because of inadequate space insidethe city.

• The administration of Paris was reorganizedin the year 1261 and was divided betweenthe provost King (affairs of the state) and theprovost merchant (local affairs

Evolution of planning

In the 14th yet century another wall was built in northern Paris. The city was developing into a center of finance and a principal diplomatic center in Europe.

By the end of the Middle Ages Paris had become a complex urban structure consisting of several core settlements now joined to one another. Apart from some of the churches there were practically no monumental accents. The old, spontaneously evolving network of narrow and twisty streets, most of which ran parallel or away from the bank of the river, was already inadequate

Towards the end of the seventeenth century

Paris, together with Vienna, was probably

the most heavily developed town in Europe.

Houses were being built higher and higher,

the courtyards becoming more cramped

and the traffic more chaotic in the narrow

streets.

Paris in 1300•A medieval walled city developed around the crossing of the River Seine •The Louvre palace is the point of origin of the design forces

Paris in 1600•White line indicates the position of wall during 1300•The grey shows the outward extension to the new wall due to the pressure of city growth

• Proper water mains and

sewage system were

prescribed in the plan.

• Narrow and polluted streets.

• Regular grid housing blocks.

1760

• New principal streets were added.

• More round open spaces were

prescribed.

• No pedestrian footpath.

• Busy food market around the open

spaces.

1765

• New market halls were introduced in order

avoid the cramped market places along

the streets.

• Proper water conduits prescribed.

• New sewage system prescribed due to

deterioration of sewage system introduced

earlier.

183

4

Planning principles

Buildings, politics, and aesthetics:

Haussmann envisioned a city focused

visually and functionally on major

institutions like RR stations; the opera

house, the town hall, the cathedral,

etc.; major architectural units linked

by great avenues; also monuments

like Notre Dame isolated and turned

into museum pieces

• During a time of industrial change and cultural advancement, Paris became the new home for many, overcrowding the ancient districts and spreading disease. The city, which had been untouched since the Middle Ages, was in dire need of reflecting the new modern ways and putting an end to the spreading medical epidemics. Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann, chosen by Napoleon III to lead the project, created new roads, public parks, public monuments, as well as installing new sewers and changing the architectural façade of the city. With the aid of the public, Modernist Napoleon III set out to undertake one of the largest urban transformations since the burning of London in 1666.

• The next step in Haussmann’s plan for the new Paris was to divide the city into districts. The decision to divide Paris into these new districts came about in 1853, at the same time as the decision to modernize the city completely. The plan “implied the destruction of the old, heterogeneous quarters in the city center and the creation of large new quarters implicitly dividing the population by economic status.

• To accompany the new streets and provide visual unity to the entire city, Haussmann and his team of architects constructed a unifying architectural façade that changed the shape of Paris. As well as coating the city with a unifying style, they also constructed new public buildings, such as L’Opéra , as well as many other buildings

Paris Before Hausmann

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of Paris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy.

The population density in these neighbourhoods was extremely high, compared with the rest of Paris In these conditions, disease spread very quickly. Cholera epidemics ravaged the city in 1832 and 1848. In the epidemic of 1848, five percent of the inhabitants of these two neighbourhoods had died.

Traffic circulation was another major problem. The widest streets in these two neighbourhoods were only five meters wide; the narrowest were only one or two meters wide. Wagons, carriages and carts could barely move through the streets.

On 10 December 1848, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, won the first direct presidential elections ever held in France with an overwhelming 74.2 percent of the votes cast. He was elected largely because of his famous name, but also because of his promise to try to end poverty and improve the lives of ordinary people.

As soon as he was President, he supported the building of the first subsidised housing project for workers in Paris, the Cité-Napoleon. He proposed the completion of the Rue de Rivoli from the Louvre to the Hotel de Ville, completing the project begun by his uncle Napoleon Bonaparte, and he began a project to build a large new public park, the Bois de Boulogne, modelled after Hyde Park in London but much larger, on the west side of the city.

Initial planning and

execution

Haussmann moulded the city into a geometric grid, with new streets running east and west, north and south, dividing Medieval Paris into new sections. His plan brought symmetry to the city, something it was lacking beforehand.

During a time when the city was filled to the brim with people, disease was a large risk. The widening of the streets would relieve the cramped city and allow for the people to get around more easily.

It also allowed for an increase in height of the buildings, providing more room for the people of Paris to live and thrive in.

Running alongside the new roads, which had been widened to accommodate the rising number of people living within the city limits, were rows of chestnut trees, which allowed Haussmann to maintain the geometric and symmetrical aesthetic that he had created with the new roads.

Where he struggled to maintain his visual order, new public spaces and monuments were erected.

The next step in Haussmann’s plan for the new Paris was to divide the city into districts.

The districts started inward, on the banks of the Seine, and spiralled outwards.

The plan “implied the destruction of the old, heterogeneous quarters in the city centre and the creation of large new quarters implicitly dividing the population by economic status.”

The original plan called for twelve districts, but in 1860, Paris annexed surrounding communities and was divided into twenty districts.

Plan of Paris

With the division of the city into districts came the need for a new water and sewer system. Haussmann developed and began construction in 1857 on a larger sewer system that could handle the large amounts of wastewaters coming from the growing city that would be funneled into the Seine downstream from Paris.

With the growing popularity of water closets, particularly in the richer Parisian districts, came a need to funnel human waste into the sewer system as well. The proposal to channel human faeces into the sewers that would mix with the storm water and flow into the Seine was an idea Haussmann objected to.

To maintain the order of the water and the urban space, Haussmann viewed it as necessary to keep the clean water separate from the dirty water.

Also by utilizing the new sewer system for human waste, the city would become cleaner and more sterile, eliminating the smell of rotting waste and lowering the threat of disease from living in cramped, contaminated quarters.

With the widening of the Parisian streets, Haussmann and his crew were able to add an extra story of height to the buildings that lined the roads. The additional height increased the amount of living space within the city limits, easing up on the overcrowding, but not changing the affordability of the housing.

They are noted by their simple decoration and adherence to the classical style. An emphasis on the horizontal can be seen in the façade, following the horizontal of the streets they sat next to, adding to the symmetry and geometric unity that Haussmann wanted the new Paris to have.

The first map is of Pre-

Haussmann Paris

Haussmann not only improved the appearance of Paris, but also the health of the people. By widening the streets and building more housing, he eased the overcrowding and lowered the threat of disease.

The new sewer system also helped create a cleaner Paris by channeling the waste water and human waste away from the city to ease on the smell and the dirt that would make Paris seem uncivilized. Haussmann’s new buildings proved to be more functional and stronger than the previous buildings in Paris.

Problems faced by Haussmann

while executing his plan Despite his desire to create a well organized and symmetrical

city, his lack of skills as an urban planner got the best of him and he was forced to work around existing streets in order to adhere to his desire for symmetry in the city.

The existing architecture in Paris proved to be his greatest enemy when laying out the new roads.

The respect for the ancient monuments outweighed the need to unify the city completely and the river Seine served as a natural barrier separating the two sides of Paris and the roads that once had the ambition to link the two riverbanks.

With this magnificent transformation of Paris into a modern city, came a big budget. According to the article “Money and Politics in the Rebuilding of Paris, 1860-1870,” Haussmann calculated in 1869 that the cost of rebuilding Paris since the project’s beginning in 1851 was to be 2,500,000,000 francs.

Boulevard

Roads and Transport

Streets included in Haussmann’s improvement and regularization program. White sections of street were built before 1854, solid black sections before 1870 and dotted sections after the fall of the Second Empire, but still largely in accordance with Haussmann’s intentions. The hatched area indicates the municipality of Paris up to 1860, when the municipal boundary was extended to the outer fortification ring

Paris Today

Paris is synonymous with all that is French. Known throughout the world as the "City of Light," Paris is celebrated for its beautiful city plan, its architecture, museums, bridges, cathedrals, parks, shopping, flea markets, sidewalk cafés, wide and luxurious boulevards, elegant cuisine, and numerous monuments. Once confined to an island in the middle of the Seine River, the Ile de la Cité, Paris, founded more than 2,000 years ago, quickly spread to both banks of the river. The right bank is known for being the commercial heart of the city while the left bank is home to the University of Paris and all that is intellectual and artsy. Paris has always been known to have the aura of romance and mystery and has been the setting for many novels and movies. A character in a play by Oscar Wilde said, "When good Americans die, they go to Paris."

Major Aspects

Population-2,200,000

Area: 100 sq. km

Public Safety

All tourists visiting Paris, as well as France, must

register with the police department. Usually the

hotels will check passports and make a list of all

registered guests. Paris has laws that prohibit the

carrying of guns and is generally a safe city.

However, there are always professional

pickpockets and, as of late, gangs of small children organized by gangsters to be

pickpockets.

Sports

One of the main sports in France is soccer. There is a French national team, as well as many university teams. Formula-One car racing, famous throughout Europe, is also very popular. The French Tennis Open is in June, just before Wimbledon in London. The most well-known sport, however, is cycling. The Tour de France, which takes place for about two weeks at the end of June and into July, is the most widely publicized sport.

Tourism in Paris is a major income source for Paris and the city ranks in the world's most visited cities. In 2013, the City of Paris welcomed 15.6 million international visitors

What Is Industrial

Revolution..?

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new

manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

This transition included going from hand

production methods to machines, new chemical

manufacturing and iron production processes,

improved efficiency of water power, the

increasing use of steam power, the development

of machine tools and the rise of the factory

system.

Evolving Urban Forms In

Paris APUR, the Paris Urban Planning Agency, was founded 3rd July

1967 by the Paris City Council.

Its mission is to study and analyse the urban and societal evolution, which plays a role in defining Public planning and development policies, to contribute to drawing up the direction of the City of Paris' development objectives, particularly through its urban planning documentation and projects within Paris and its Metropolitan area.

To achieve this, it observes and analyses the evolution of Paris and its Metropolitan area using mainly demographic, economic, social and property data. It can undertake forward-planning, define proposals for specific actions, undertake studies, give knowledgeable advice and also, contribute to these activities.

Six major themes of Apur's

activities for the years to

come: 2008 Housing, with the Council's commitment to

financing 40,000 council homes by 2014

Nature in the city and public spaces

The 'Climate Plan'

Evolution of urban landscape – particularly with

the construction of new districts, many of which

are in the suburbs of Paris.

Mobility and transportation

The role of Paris in the dynamic of Paris and its

Metropolis .

Metropolis Over the past decade the Apur has contributed to constructing a

reflected approach to the metropolis to which government and council members and professionals in the field of urbanism are committed.

The Apur work programme reflects this dynamic through studies on a wide range of themes and scales of reflection such as:

The evolution of the Parisian agglomeration (socio-economics, housing, mobility, urban projects, on both spacial and regulatory levels ....);

The interface between Paris and the inner suburbs, addressing questions of integrating the ring road -boulevard périphérique-, setting up shared urban projects, nature (woods and the green belt...);

Looking for a coherent way of planning large territories sometimes including Parisian property located beyond the administrative limits of Paris.

Accompanying strategic and prospective planning and development in Metropolitan territories .

What Makes Paris A

Global City

Global City

Function as a key point in the global world

economy

Prominence of business and financial services

Importance of global communication for the

exchange of information

Development of a global culture

Paris has a special place in people’s imaginations. One of the

first global cities, its allure has attracted the world’s brightest

for centuries, from émigrés and artists to writers and

entrepreneurs.

The potential is vast. The city boasts a good quality of life and

is a brilliant example of how planning can make a city

beautiful.

Ranking 3rd in list of top cities in the world this city is a dream

place to inhabit.

To start things off with a bang,

Europe is technically not a

continent. It's separation from Asia

was actually a Greek idea.

The escalators in London's

underground travel two times the

circumference of the Earth every

week

Iceland has no mosquitoes

at all. Not even one.

The small country of Belgium has

the world's densest rail network

(113.8 km/1,000 Km2)

Thank you..!!!

HISTORY OF LONDON

•LONDON, THE CAPITAL CITY OF ENGLAND HAS A HISTORY DATING BACK OVER 2000 YEARS.

•DURING THIS TIME IT HAS GROWN TO BECOME ONE OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL AND CULTURAL CAPITALS OF PLANET EARTH.

•IT EXPERIENCED PLAGUE, DEVASTING FIRE, CIVIL WAR,AERIAL BOMBARDMENT, TERRORIST ATTACK AND WIDE

EARLY HISTORY

It is thought that London was founded before the roman invasion, however archaeological evidence is scarce.

London was probably established some seven years after the roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD.

It was named as

LONDINIUM.

In around AD 60, it was destroyed by the Iceni led by their queen Boudica.

At some time between 180-250 AD the Romans built the defensive London Wall around the city.

MEDIEVAL LONDON

In the middle ages London was the most dangerous place : fire, plague, wars and other disasters havoc.

After the Romans London was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons who brought their language with them that is the Old English.

In 1066 William the Conqueror conquered London with his Norman army.

TUDOR LONDON (1485-1603)

The Tudor period was one of the most productive in the history of London.

Under the rising empire London became one of Europe’s most important commercial and cultural centers.

However, it was not only a period of prosperity, as there were a lot of religious conflicts among Catholics, Protestants and Puritans with the resulting emigration to America of many Puritans.

THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON

The great fire of London is the most well known disastrous incident in its history.

It was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of English city of London.

It started on Sunday 2 September 1666 in a bakers shop.

.

The shop was in a Pudding Lane and belonged to Thomas Faynor who baked for the King.

The baker forgot to put out the fire he used to bake bread. Some fire wood was set alight and the fire began.

The buildings in London at that time were made of wood and had thatched roofs so they burnt very easily.

The buildings were also very close together, so the fire spread from one street to another quickly.

•The very strong wind blowing also helped the fire to spread quickly across the city of London .

There were no firemen or fire engines so people tried to put the fire out with buckets of water.

The fire destroyed many buildings in London. They were later rebuilt using bricks instead of wood.

Samuel Pepys kept a diary of what he saw during the fire. He watched the fire from across the river Thames.

The fire continued burning for four days.

The death troll is unknown but thought to have been small as only 6 verified deaths were recorded.

After the fire a fire service was set up in London.

A statue was made to remember ‘The Great Fire Of London’. It still stands in London today.

CBD OF LONDON

LONDON AS ORIGINATOR OF GREEN BELT

LONDON AS PRIMATE CITY OF UK

NEW TOWN CONCEPT OF LONDON

LONDON- A GLOBAL CITY

CBD’s of London

London has three Central Business Districts:

the City of London, the City of Westminster

and the Docklands.

This presentation is about the City of London (also called the ‘square mile’), which is the

area located north from the river Thames,

right in the centre of London.

The City of London:

Purposes of the CBD

The CBD is the ‘downtown’ of the city and has the highest land costs. The area is mainly used for business, services and entertainment purposes – it’s full of shops, banks, offices, bars, restaurants, cinemas, etc.

NEW TOWNS OF LONDON

AND ITS SUBURBS