12. Design NBC protection.pptx
Transcript of 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
1/21
Prof James K Varkey30 Dec 14
Chance of Hit Theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade_(28).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leclerc-IMG_1744-b.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arjun_MBT_bump_track_test.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leopard_2_A5_der_Bundeswehr.jpg -
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
2/21
Armour Layout and Hull Design
1. Design of Hull as per Whittakers DPV
Theory
2. Effect of Sloping of Armour on Layout and
Design of Hull
3. Optimization of Armour layout and Hull Design
4. Design of ICV hull as per Aluminium based
Armour
Revision
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
3/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical Protection
NBC Threat
Different types of Radiations
NBC Systems in the Tanks
Sensors for Nuclear Radiations
System for Air Filtration
Anti-nuclear Treatment
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
4/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical ProtectionNBC Threat
The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Japan on
August 9, 1945 rose some 18 kilometers (11 mi) above thebomb's hypercentre.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atomic_blast_Nevada_Yucca_1951.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atomic_blast_Nevada_Yucca_1951.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atomic_blast_Nevada_Yucca_1951.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atomic_blast_Nevada_Yucca_1951.jpg -
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
5/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical Protection
A nuclear weaponis an explosive device that derives its destructive
force from nuclear reactions, either FISSION or a combination of
fission and FUSION.
Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively smallamounts of matter. The first fission ("atomic") bomb test released the
same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 Tons of TNT
The first thermonuclear (HYDROGEN) bomb test released the same
amount of energy as approximately 10,000,000 tons of TNT.
A modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than 2,400
pounds (1,100 kg) can produce an explosive force comparable to the
detonation of more than 1.2 million tons of TNT.
NBC Threat
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
6/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical ProtectionNBC Threat
Even a small nuclear device no larger than traditional bombs can devastate an
entire city by blast, fire and radiation.
Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction, and their useand control have been a major focus of international relations policy since their
debut.
Only two nuclear weapons have been used in the course of warfare, both by
the USA near the end of World War II.
On 6 August 1945, a Uranium gun-type device code-named Little Boy" was
detonated over the Japanese city, Hiroshima.
Three days later, on 9 August, a Plutonium implosion-type device code-named
FatMan" was exploded over Nagasaki, Japan.
These two bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 Japanese
peoplemostly civiliansfrom acute injuries sustained from the explosions.
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
7/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical ProtectionNBC Threat
There are two basic types of nuclear weapons: those which derivethe majority of their energy from NUCLEAR FISSION reactions alone,and those which use fission reactions to begin NUCLEAR FUSIONreactions that produce a large amount of the total energy output.
Fission weapons
All existing nuclear weapons derive some of their explosive energyfrom nuclear fission reactions. Weapons whose explosive output isexclusively from fission reactions are commonly referred to as atomic
bombsor atom bombs(abbreviated as A-bombs).
The most commonly used fissile materials for nuclear weaponsapplications have been URANIUM -235 and PLUTONIUM -239.
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
8/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical ProtectionNBC Threat
Fusion weapons
The other basic type of nuclear weapon produces a large amount of itsenergy through nuclear fusion reactions. Such fusion weapons are
generally referred to as Thermonuclear Weapons or more colloquiallyas Hydrogen Bombs (abbreviated as H-bombs), as they rely on fusionreactions between isotopes of Hydrogen (deuterium and tritium).
However, all such weapons derive a significant portion, and sometimesa majority, of their energy from fission. This is because a fission weapon is
required as a "trigger" for the fusion reactions, and the fusion reactionscan themselves trigger additional fission and sometimes a majority, oftheir energy from fission.
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
9/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical ProtectionNBC Threat
Effects Of Nuclear Explosions
The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the troposphere can
be divided into four basic categories
Blast - 40-50% of total energy
Thermal effects - 30-35% of total energy
Ionizing radiation - 5% of total energy (more in a neutron
bomb)
Residual radiation - 5-10% of total energy
Nuclear weapons have yields varying from KT to 100s of MT.
In the context of AFVs, what is important is Tactical Nuclear Threat, the
yield of which can be assumed to be near 20 KT.
Hence AFVs are generally designed for nuclear protection against a 20
KT weapon burst at about 1850-2000 feet high.
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
10/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical ProtectionEffects of Nuclear Explosion
Depending on the design of the weapon and the environment in which it is
detonated the energy distributed to these categories can be increased or
decreased. The blast effect is created by the coupling of immense amounts
of energy, spanning the Electromagnetic Spectrum, with the surroundings.
Of the total energy released in the explosion, contribution of kinetic
energy is the highest. Because of the very large energy which is initiallycontained in a relatively small volume, the temperature in this volume
becomes very high- tens of millions of degrees centigrade.
The war head debris and the surrounding materials such as air, rock, orwater, interacts rapidly with this fire ball and heats it to an equilibrium
temperature (i.e. so that the matter is at the same temperature as the atomic
bomb's matter).
This causes vaporization of surrounding material resulting in its
rapid expansion. Kinetic energy created by this expansion contributes to the
formation of a shockwave.
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
11/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical Protection
The spherical shock wave so formed with its associated pressure and wind
leaves the fire ball and travels away from the burst. This blast wave carries
about 50% of the kinetic energy which produces blast effect.
The high velocity and the pressure of the shock wave will damage and
displace the AFVs and other military equipment.
Most of the material damage caused by a nuclear air burst is caused by a
combination of the high static overpressures and the blast winds. The
long compression of the blast wave weakens structures, which are then torn
apart by the blast winds. The compression, vacuum and drag phases together
may last several seconds or longer, and exert forces many times greater thanthe strongest hurricane.
Acting on the human body, the shock waves cause pressure waves through
the tissues. These waves mostly damage junctions between tissues of
different densities (bone and muscle) or the interface between tissue and
air. Lungs and the abdominal cavity, which contain air, are particularly injured.
Effects of Nuclear Explosion
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
12/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical ProtectionNBC ThreatEffects Of Nuclear Explosions
BlastThe main considerations are:
1. The tank as a structure must withstand the static over pressure and
individual fixtures may have to withstand reflected pressures upto 8 times
the static pressure.
2. If the tank is Closed Down, aerials, mounts, sighting mechanisms,
machine gun mounts, lights, road wheels, suspension etc. are vulnerable to
damage. Skirting plates tools and tool boxes and other fixtures may be torn
off and thrown away.
3. If tanks not properly closed down will suffer severe internal damagethrough the blast wave entering ports and hatches.
4. Fighting compartment should be isolated from engine compartment by a
well sealed bulkhead.
5. Inescapable openings in the turret and hull should be sealed by shuttering
devices. When radiation from explosion which travels at the speed of light
reaches AFV, the same can detected and automatic device can close downtank to protect from blast wave.
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
13/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical ProtectionNBC Threat
Effects Of Nuclear Explosions
Thermal EffectsIf the tank is in closed down condition, thermal effects are not too damaging.
The paint may char which may start secondary fire. Camouflage nets are
vulnerable.
Crew may be blinded by the flash effects especially if any one looking in the
direction of fire ball.
Here again shuttering devices may be effective as maximum flash intensity
does not occur immediately the explosion occurs, but after a small intervel oftime. By this time the shutters can be down as the radiation has already been
detected.
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
14/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical ProtectionNBC Threat
Effects Of Nuclear Explosions
Radiation Effects: Immediate Radiation
Emitted with in one minute of the burst directly from fire ball
contains approximately 1/3 rd of the total radioactive energy.
Alpha and Beta radiation do not pose a threat. Gamma radiation is
attenuated by armour steel. Shielding against neutrons is most difficult
since it require light materials containing hydrogen.
Steel lined with boronated polyethylene provides good protection
against both gamma radiation and neutron fluxes. Polyehtlene lining
could be sprayed outside the tank and crew members could beprovided with AtomicSuits.
Boron or cadmium could be added to armour steel as one of alloy
elements to improve protection against neutrons.
Use of lead glass in sights and periscopes provide protection against
gamma radiation.
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
15/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical ProtectionNBC Threat Effects Of Nuclear Explosions
Radiation Effects: Residual RadiationEmitted after more than one minute after the burst and generally
from fall out
The dangers are:
Parts of tank becoming radioactive due to immediate radiation.
Possible ingress of radioactive fallout in to crew compartment.To prevent parts of the tank becoming radioactive, the best method is to
choose materials that do not easily become radioactive. For e.g use of
aluminium instead of copper for electrical wiring.
Shielding of components likely to turn hot. For e.g Motors
However items like tracks would have to be changed at decontaminationcentres.
To prevent ingress of radioactive fallout in to crew compartment, isolate
it from engine compartment by air tight bulk head
Provide ventilation blower that will induce fresh air for crew and
pressurize fighting compartment.
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
16/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical Protection
Closed Down Condition
When expecting an enemy nuclear strike or when traversing through a
contaminated zone the crew have to resort to closed down living for
considerable length of time may be up to 48 hours.
Chemical and Biological Warfare Protection
Protection against these involve similar measures to the
protection against radioactive fallout i.e. Pressurization and
filtration. But the filtration process is different.Against chemical warfare components activated charcoal is the
known filter.
For biological agents micro-porous paper is generally used.
NBC Threat
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
17/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical Protection
NBC Threat Alpha Radiation- Consists of a stream of alpha particles
(nucleus of helium atom composed of 2 protons and two
neutrons) Very low penetrating power
Beta ParticlesConsists of a stream of beta particles
i.e. electrons which have negligible mass and minus
charge
Gamma radiationIt is electro magnetic waves similar
to X-rays with shorter wave lengths and high penetrating
power Neutron RadiationIt is a particle of unit mass but no
charge and forms part of nucleus
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
18/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical Protection
NBC ThreatSensors for Measuring Radiation
Major types of detectors are:
Gas filled detector (counts the ions)
Solid state detector (Germanium and silicon)
Scintillation detector (on absorption of ionizing radiation
it will shine)
Organic
Inorganic
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
19/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical Protection
Commonly used gas filled is The GeigerMller counter, also called a
Geiger counter.
It is an instrument used for measuring ionizing radiation.
It detects radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles and gamma raysusing the ionization produced in a GeigerMller tube, which gives its name
to the instrument. In wide and prominent use as a hand-held radiation
survey instrument used in Armoured fighting vehicles.
It is perhaps one of the world's best-known radiation instruments.
Sensors for Measuring Radiation
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
20/21
Design for Nuclear, Biological and
Chemical ProtectionGeiger Muller Detector
-
8/10/2019 12. Design NBC protection.pptx
21/21
Design for Nuclear, Biologocal
and Chemical Protection
Questions ??