Free State to Republic to EU

Era of De Valera

1932 Election Issues

Fianna Fáil• Free IRA prisoners,• Abolish the Oath of allegiance• Reduce power of Governor-

General and Senate.• Protectionist policies,

industrial development • Improvements in housing and

social security benefits.

Cumann na nGaedheal• Record of stable

government• Allege communist

nature of Fianna Fáil• [No solution for

depression]

1932

Party Leader Seats % First Preference

VotesCumann na nGaedheal Cosgrave 56 35.2

Fianna Fáil De Valera 72 44.5Farmers 3 2.0Labour 7 7.7Other 15 10.6

Anglo-Irish Trade War

• Ireland refuses to make payments to UK under Land Acts– Asks for repayment of £400 million excess taxation

during the 19th century• Tariffs on imports• Revoke Oath of Allegiance• Appoint Irish Governor-General

Retaliation and Counter-retaliation

• UK imposes 20% tariff on Irish agriculture• Ireland imposes duties on UK coal and other

products• Irish farmers/herders refuse (are unable) to

pay rates and annuities– Government impounds and auctions off cattle

Industry

• Control of Manufactures Act - Majority ownership of Irish companies limited to Irish citizens.– Flight of large companies

Agriculture

• Encouragement of tillage vs. pasturage – Offsets population

migration to cities

Settlement

• 1935 Agreement to trade cattle for coal• 1938 Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement– Lift duties except on new industries– One time payment – Return ports to Irish control

Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act

• 1935 Established citizenship for those born in Southern Ireland or Northern Ireland after 1922

• UK continued to recognize Irish citizens as British subjects until the passing of the Ireland Act 1949, which acknowledged “citizens of the Republic of Ireland

• 2004 Constitutional amendment restricts rights

Head of state

1922-1927 By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.

1927-1937 By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.

1937 Constitution

• Define the Ireland (Éire) as the whole island of Ireland, its islands and the territorial seas’– Revoked after 1998 Belfast agreement

• Passed by plebiscite 685,105 to 526,945

“Fundamental rights”

• Prohibit abortion except in case of threat to life of the mother– Right to travel and right to obtain information

about services available abroad• Prohibit divorce– Removed 1996

Women (Article 41)

Subsection 1: In particular, the State recognises that by her life within the home, woman gives to the State a support without which the common good cannot be achieved.Subsection 2: The State shall, therefore, endeavour to ensure that mothers shall not be obliged by economic necessity to engage in labour to the neglect of their duties in the home.

1937 Religion Section 2: The State recognises the special position of

the Holy Catholic Apostolic and Roman Church as the guardian of the Faith professed by the great majority of the citizens.

Section 3: The State also recognises the Church of Ireland, the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Methodist Church in Ireland, the Religious Society of Friends in Ireland, as well as the Jewish Congregations and the other religious denominations existing in Ireland at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution.

Current Constitution

• Freedom of religion– Current law also forbids discrimination in

employment and services on grounds of gender (& transsexuals), marital status, family status, sexual orientation, age, disability, race (& nationality) and membership of the Traveller community, as well as religion (or lack thereof).

King

• Not mentioned in 1937 Constitution• Head of State not mentioned• External Relations Act gives George VI power

to:– Accredit ambassadors– Sign treaties

• 1948 Republic of Ireland Act

Irish Literature and Art

Poets

• Patrick Kavanagh, (1904-1967)• John Hewitt (1907-1987) Ulster• Seamus Heaney (1939- ) Ulster

Novelists

• James Joyce (1882-1941)• Elizabeth Bowen (1899-1973)• Cathal Ó Sándair (1922–1996) Irish language

Playwrights

• Samuel Beckett (1906-1989) Waiting for Godot• Brendan Behan (1923-1964)• Brian Friel (1929- ) Dancing at Lughnasa

Women Artists

• Kathleen Fox (1880-1963)• Margaret Clarke (1884-1961)• Estella Solomons (1882-1962)• Gabriel Hayes (1909-1978)

The Arrest of Countess Markievicz, Kathleen Fox, 1916

Kathleen FoxChinese Reflections Pink, Red and Yellow Flowers

Margaret Clarke

Estella Solomons

Sitting on the Sand Dunes

The Artist’s Sister

Gabriel Hayes

Domhnall Ó Murchadha,Madonna and Child

1970

WW II “The Emergency” in the South

“The Emergency”

• Army in 1938– 5915 Permanent Defense Forces Members;

4945 Members of the Reserve Force; 9525 Members of the Volunteer Force

• Plans for 37,500 cut in half• Emergency powers – internment, censorship

US Connection

Ireland – US

• Ireland impacted by naval blockades• 1941 Aiken mission to get food and arms• Refuses to back UK or offer ports in return for

unification• Lobbies Irish-American groups• Offered food but not weapons

Northern Ireland - Blitz

• Four separate attacks• 1,100 deaths• 56,000 houses damaged (53% of entire

housing stock) • 100,000 temporarily homeless • £20 million damage

Harland and Wolff Aircraft Factory

Belfast, City Hall

Before After

Collateral damage

German Representative, Dublin

• Not initially a Nazi Party member

• Honored neutrality

Irish Soldiers in WW II

Officers Other ranks Total

South 3,493 24,347 27,840

North 2,414 24,165 26,579

Army: End of 1944

About 5,000 deserted the British Army to return to IrelandAbout 5,000 deserted the Irish Army to enlist in Britain

Discreet neutrality

• Share intelligence with MI5• U-Boat sightings• Repatriate downed airmen

Flight over the South

German refugees Three Fates

Northern Ireland – War Economy+

• Ship and aircraft construction• Mechanization of agriculture• Parachutes, uniforms, tents• Yanks are coming!

After the War – 1945 NI election

• Pro-Union– Ulster Unionist 34– Labour 3

• Nationalist 10

Jewish Lord Mayors

• Yogi Berra “Only in America”• 1555 William Annyas, Youghal, Co. Cork• 1956 Robert Briscoe, Dublin– Veteran of war of Independence

Elections

• 1949 39 Unionist; 9 Nationalist• 1953 39 Unionist: 9 Nationalist

IRA Revival

Ultimate aim – disband separate governments of north and southImmediate aim – overthrow British institutions in Northern Ireland • 1954 raid on Gough barracks• 1956 “Operation Harvest”• 1956-62 Border campaign internments by

governments in north and south

New Directions in the Republic

• Seán Lemass, Taoiseach 1959 - 1966 • 1958 Free trade• Play down role of Britain in partition• Encourage cross-border cooperation• Continue rhetoric on partition

Rural Progress?

Mechanization

From Protection to Free Trade

T. K. Whitaker• 1956-69 Secretary of

the Department of Finance

• Liaison with N. Ireland

Ireland and Europe1961 EEC application suspended– Concern about economic ability– Concern about neutrality (NATO)– Concern about UK

1965 Anglo-Irish Free Trade Agreement1967 Resubmission 1972 Approved by existing members– Referendum 84.6% for

Effects on Ireland

• Reversal of out migration• Aid– Development of West– CAP: 1973 to 2008 Irish farmers receive nearly €44

billion • Multinationals

Employment gains (1989-1997)Sector Job Gain/Loss %Agriculture –29,000 –18Building 26,400 26Manufacturing 55,900 26Market services -total 165,100 37

Distribution 32,800 19Insurance, finance, business services

26,100 50

Transport, communication 18,100 28

All 248,500 23

Emigration

Emigration-Immigration

Where do they come from?

Birth rate

• 1973 22.5• 1983 19.1• 1993 13.8• 2003 15.5• 2009 16.8

Reversal of Decline

Marriage• 1957 14,700; 1966 16,800; 1971 22,000• Age of marriage (1961-73) 30.6 to 27.2 for

males, 26.9 to 24.8 for females.Living standards• 50% increase in 1960s• Return of educated families in 70s

1987 Single European Act

• Single market• Four freedoms– People– Goods– Services– Capital

Effects on Ireland

• Ireland as low-cost manufacturing base• Remove government subsidies for Irish Steel,

Aer Lingus and Telecom Eirean– New competitors Ryanair and Esat Telecom

• Establish Ireland and financial services center

EU and International Trade

• 1973 55% of exports to UK• 2008 16.5% of exports to UK

Trade

Exports • Machinery and transport

equipment• Computers• Chemicals• Agri-food, cattle, beef, dairy

products.

Imports• Data processing equipment• Machinery• Chemicals• Petroleum and petroleum

products• Textiles and clothing.

Major Companies

CRH: Construction - Raw Materials

Ryanair Holdings: Airlines

Kerry Group: Food Processing

Dargson Oil

Aryzta AG: Food Processing

Elan Corp: Biotechnology & Drugs

DCC: Oil & Gas Operations

Bank of Ireland

Smurfit Kappa Group Public: Containers & Packaging

Paddy Power: Casinos & Gaming

Large Employers

• Intel, Co. Kildare ~4,000• Hewlett-Packard• IBM ~3,000• Dell Moved to Poland• GlaxoSmithKline, Cork 1,450

Largest Companies - NI

• Moy Park – food processing• Tesco – supermarkets• Bombardier Aerospace• Asda –supermarkets• Translink – public transport

Euro and Ireland

• 1992 Maastricht Treaty– Referendum 68.7% for ratification

• 2002 Irish pound phased out• Facilitate trade• Isolate Ireland from inflation of UK pound

EU and Life

• Increased travel• Educational opportunities abroad• Improved environment• European Small Claims Court• Cheaper phone calls – Standardized phone chargers in 2012

Changing Face of Ireland

• What is the second language of Dublin?