1.1 mark spalding solving the crisis in the seas final
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Transcript of 1.1 mark spalding solving the crisis in the seas final
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Solving the crisis in the seasDo Marine Protected Areas do the job?
Mark D Spalding
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Crisis? What crisis?
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Eutrophication, hypoxia and dead zones
NASA Earth Observatory
P.J. Hahn
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Marine fisheries
FAO, 2012
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Increasing fishing power
Albatun Tres – 115m seiner takes up to 3000 tons of tuna from a single trip
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Marine Protected Areas
“A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.”
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Vast and strictly protected
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Large, multiple uses: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Wavelength.com
Northern Prawn Fishery
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Monterrey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
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Small, strict no-take
T and J Enderby
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Paul Naylor
Small, partially protected
NOAA
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Almost meaningless
Carol Stoker, NASA
Crown Copyright/MOD 2012
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From Diktat to Dialogue
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Global targets
• By 2012: Marine and coastal MPA networks “should include strictly protected areas that amount to at least 20–30% of each habitat” (Vth World Parks Congress, 2003)
• By 2010/2012: “at least 10% of the worlds marine and coastal ecological regions to be effectively conserved” (CBD, 2006)
• …by 2020: “10 percent of coastal and marine areas, especially those of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved…” (CBD, UNEP, 2010)
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What are MPAs achieving, and where?
• Massive benefits for biodiversity
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What are MPAs achieving, and where?
• Massive benefits for biodiversity• Benefits for fishers, recreation, tourism…
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•>10,000 sites•2.3% of the ocean•7.9% of continental shelf•1.79% of off-shelf waters•0.17% of the high seas
Where?
Spalding et al., 2013
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Remote, massive MPAs High Seas
Locally managed marine areasInternational declarations
Where are we going?the big new stories in MPAs
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Hitting the Target
Wood et al, 2008
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Wood et al, 2008
New predictions
Hitting the Target
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…but missing the point?“A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.” …by 2020: “10 percent of coastal and marine areas, especially those of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved…” (CBD, UNEP, 2010)
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2 clams 4 clams
Ecosystem services
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Aligning with ecosystem services
Areas with high coastal populations have low MPA coverage
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Mapping value
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Mapping value
FR = 8.02W 0.58 e
(-0.015T-27)2
Where W is dry tissue mass, T is temperature °C
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Used modified SWAN model (Suzuki et al., 2011) to estimate wave attenuation behind a mangrove island in front of the portMangroves on island increase the return period of a 2.5m wave reaching the port from 20 years to 60 years. An extension of the island to the north would further decrease wave height at the port.
Mapping valueDhamra Port, Orissa, India
(Narayan et al. , 2010)
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© SFG
Planning and managing for synergies,
sharing experiences
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TURFs in ChileLoco Fishery RecoveredDensities in TURFs Dramatically Higher
Than Open AccessStrong Incentive for Enforcement
> 700 TURFs> 40,000 Fishers
Gelcich et al. 2008 - 2012
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Linking MPAs to people:California’s Central Coast Ground fish Project
Partnership between:
• TNC, regulatory agencies and trawl fishermen
• Started in 2005
Shared Goal: • Economically and
environmentally sustainable ground fish fishery
Bill Blue, Morro Bay fisher sorting his recent catch blackcod by size
© Michael Bell, TNC
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Not always win-win for everyone
• Opportunity costs• Paradoxical impacts– Displacement– Investing in better gear to catch more in
surroundings– Starting new fisheries!
• Certain fisheries may be a lower-value ocean use!
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Crowded oceans, multiple users
AP Photo/Geert Vanden Wijngaert
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$108
$180,000(
$27,000)
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Chris Gotschalk
Alexander Mustard
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Bringing ES values to the table
GAUFRE, 2005
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Where is this taking us?
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Final thoughts
• MPAs are a critical tool:– for biodiversity – AND for people!
• Engage people!• Look for synergies, but don’t always expect
win-win-win-win• Quantify values, don’t talk in generalities• Protect 100% of the oceans, not 10%