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Chapter II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1: Hydrobiology

Ali and Jain (2001) investigated pollution potential of pesticides in the

Hindon river, India for pre- and post- monsoon seasons. Pesticides like lindane,

malathion, methoxychlor, BHC, pap’-DDD and imp’- DDT were studied. It was

observed from recorded results that concentrations of pesticides were high in

sediments sample as compared to water samples. Agricultural runoff seems to

be the main source of pesticide contamination.

Presence of nitrates and phosphates in excessive quantities stimulate the

growth of blue green algae which leads to eutrophication was concluded by

Nash Linda. (1993) and Maywald. (1988). According to them the high levels of

nitrates in drinking water can cause health problems. These high levels of

nitrates are usually due to leakage of fertiliser water runoff to well water, lakes

and rivers which degrades drinking water. Diseases like, mathaemoglobinemia

(blue baby disease) by depriving the infants of oxygen occur due to high

quantum of nitrates in drinking water.

The authors observed that the values of certain parameters were higher

than standard acceptable limits, indicating that the water was unfit for drinking

and other uses, when a review of inorganic nutrients present in the Osun River

water samples and the neighboring groundwater samples was carried out by

Olajire et al., (2001). They drawn the samples over a period of four months

commencing from May 1998 for the study. For the examination they selected8

sampling locations. They verified the concentrations of ions like Na+, Ca2+, NH4+,

Cl-, NO3-, CN- and PO43- and the standards of parameters like pH, temperature,

electrical conductivity, etc in their study.

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The surface water in the Amirgadh taluka in the Northern part of Gujarat

was analyzed by Patel et al. (2003). They checked the physicochemical

properties of the water for this purpose. A variety of parameters, such as, pH, EC

(electrical conductivity), TDS (total dissolved 51 solids), and TH (Total hardness)

were examined. The levels of chlorine and different metals were also

investigated. The study discovered that the standards of certain parameters were

more than the permissible limits.

Moundiotiya et al. (2004) carried out study of the Jamwa Ramgarh

Wetland. They observed the water for thephysical and chemical properties and

the environment of wetland. They assessed physical characters like temperature,

pH, electrical conductivity, and chemical characters like alkalinity, hardness, total

dissolved solids, chloride ion and dissolved oxygen. During the study period they

observed a noteworthy difference in these parameters. In the observation, due to

the elevated buffering ability of the lake they found the pH in the range from 6.8

to 8.5.The EC value was 500 micromhos/ cm minimum in the monsoon season

and 700 micromhos/ cm maximum in summer. Total alkalinity values were also

high during the summer season but were lower in lake the monsoon. Alkalinity

indicated that the water was hard. The authors pointed out that the lake water

quality would deteriorate with those condition.

An experimental study was undertaken by Nhapi et al., (2004) to

determine the relationship between sewage discharges and nutrient levels in the

“Marimba River”, of Zimbabwe. The “Lake Chivero” is the main source of water

supply to “Harare City” and The “Marimba River” ends in “Lake Chivero” and is

one of its major sources. For this study they selected 14 locations along the

course of “Miramba and Little Miramba River”. They collected samples for 20

months starting with June 2000 for the determination of the seasonal differences

in water quality. It was observed that the of release of domestic wastes, sewage,

manufacturing waste matters and fertilizer and pesticides from agricultural use

near the origin of the river added to the increase in levels of nutrients – like

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nitrogen and phosphorus, this provide nutrients to microorganisms. because of

this A elevated level of pollution was observed, pollution level was observed to

be quite high in nitrogen and phosphorus, which were more than the limits set by

Authorities, such as, WHO. The unfavorable effects felt upstream were worse as

the river flowed over to its end.

The adverse effects of the heavy metal contamination of Hoogaly river at

Haldi on the fishes and aquatic life was confirmed in the review study by

Samanta et al., (2005). They carried out study to determine the levels of toxic

heavy metals and study the impact such enhanced levels (of toxic metals) have

on fish life. They examined the water for the period of three years from Jun99 to

October 2002.The samples were drawn from several points including Patikhali-

where there is heavy industrial discharge.the study revealed existence of five

heavy metals like lead, copper, zinc and magnesium and cadmium. During the

investigation it was noted that the river before the above industrial area shown

least concentration of these metals. The value of various metals obtained from

sample data was compared with “the Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC)”

of USA. The levels of Cd, Cu and Pb were observed to be quite high.

Bhardwaj (2005) monitored water quality of freshwater in India . He

studied 218 Wells, 4 Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3 Canals, 189 Rivers, 53 Lakes, 3 Creeks,

9 Drains. For the study he performed analysis of water samples for 28 physico-

chemical and bacteriological parameters. He analyzed 15 pesticides and 9 trace

metals in selected samples. At specific locations biomonitoring was carried out.

In the results it was found that Coliform Group of Bacteria were sources of

contamination that created organic pollution in almost all the surface water. It

was evident from the monitoring of water feature of major rivers that they are

contaminated and are not appropriate for the human use. The rivers Krishna,

Tapi, Mahanadi and Brahmani Sabarmati, Godavari, Satluj, Yamuna, Cauvery,

Ganga, were grossly polluted rivers on specific stretches. The relatively clean

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rivers with respect to organic and bacterial pollution were Mahi, Narmada,

Brahmaputra and Beas .

Bilgrami et al., (1998) performed a research on the contamination of the

water of the Ganga River by bacteria. ‘Bacterial analysis’ of water was done to

assess the water quality. Three points in ‘Bhagalpur’, were selected in order to

collect samples. The points were selected near the discharges of untreated

domestic wastes as well as manufacturing effluents near these points. The

experimental data was compared with the limits prescribed by ISI and WHO. It

was pragmatic that Total Bacterial Density (TBD), Fecal Coliform (FC), Fecal

Streptococci (FS), Total Coliform (TC), Escherichia coli and Clostridium

perfringens were in excess of the limits. It was stated that the river water was

unsuitable for domestic purposes - drinking and other uses.

The water of Cross River basin the region of Akpabuyo, in the Southern

part of Eastern Nigeria was considered to be of a quality adequate for drinking,

recreational, household, agricultural and other allied purposes when it was

studied to check the pollution levels by Offiong et al., (1998). They selected an

aggregate of twenty one sampling points, in order to achieve this, they reviewed

each sample for physicochemical, organoleptic and the biological parameters. It

was detected that the river waters were soft, fresh, an acidic to an extent and

were marked by a low ‘Sodium absorption rate’ (SAR). The levels of major cat

ions and anions were detected to be within the limits set down by Authorities viz.

the World Health Organisation. Since, all parameters except pH were within the

limits prescribed by the relevant authorities, such as, WHO.

Charkhabi et al., (2005) analysed the season wise variations in heavy

metal concentration in Siahroud River, Iran. The study assessed seven toxic

heavy metals like zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, managanese, iron and nickel,

which were analyzed for five consecutive seasons. The results stated that four

heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn) the concentration levels were in surplus of

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limits given by the USPH. It was found out that use of fertilizers and pesticides for

agricultural activities, manufacturing land-use, in the watershed area and other

anthropogenic activities were the major causes for the elevated concentrations of

the metals.

Anand et. al. (2006) carried out study on bacteriological water feature

aspect of River Yamuna in Delhi .Both the east and west banks were studied. It

was found in the study that there adverse effect of the monsoon effect as well as

diverse anthropogenic activities on the bacterial population. Mainly the human

activities contributed microbial population prevalence in the complete flow of

Yamuna river. There was decrease in bacterial calculations in the heavy rain

period owing to flushing effect. As this parameter is time and area specific it does

not provide accurate overall effect .

The surface water of Tunga river water is fit for domestic use but a check

needs to be maintained to prevent contamination in future was suggested by

Kumar et al., (2006). The experiments were conducted by for the assessment of

the water quality of the Tunga River in Karnataka. They collected water samples

of surface water of Tunga River by sampling at different stations during March to

February 2005 for the hydro-chemical analysis to measure the seasonal variation

in different variables. They revealed the high saturation levels of dissolved

oxygen and observed lower concentrations of phosphates nitrate, sodium and

potassium in the subyerrain waters of that region. The computed values were

found to be within the range in case of all parameters specified by Authorities

such as WHO.

The need of a suitable legislation, installation – operation and

maintenance of a waste water treatment plant and a programme for continuous

monitoring of the pollution levels in the river is suggested by Karaer et al., (2006)

. They reviewed the effects of organic substances causing pollution in the stream

Nilufer of Turkey. The consequences of the discharge of these substances at

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specific locations and their general effect as a result of their accumulation was

studied. Their observation put forth the water quality was below the standards of

use. the cause of contamination of water source was the release of domestic

wastes, sewage, manufacturing effluents, solid & liquid wastes, pesticides and

fertilizers from nearby agricultural lands.

Sachidanandamurthy and Yajurvedi (2006) investigated physico-

chemical properties of aquaculture body of Mysore city, India, at Bilikere lake for

two calendar years to know its suitability for pisciculture. Examination revealed

that there were ups and downs in water temperature, TSS, dissolved oxygen,

nitrite and NH3 within limits. Whereas total alkalinity, and H2S all through the

observation period and pH for a chief part were elevated than the desired limit.

Turbidity, BOD, phosphate, and nitrate were found higher in few months as

compared to desired limit for fish culture. These higher levels of certain factors

are due to access of agricultural runoff and infrequent input of sewage flow.

Since, the lake has a great aqua cultural impending, it is recommended that

organize of nutrient load that enters the lake infrequently, may assist the lake to

maintain its mesotrophic condition .

Jafari, N. G. & Gunwale V. R. 2006 carried out research of algae and

hydrobiology of an urban freshwater river Mutha of Pune city(M.S.) According to

them the biological assessment of ecological quality of aquatic ecosystems is a

useful alternative for assessment as biological populations incorporate with the

environmental effects of water chemical properties. They used biotic indices of

Nygaard and, Palmer and carried out assessment of quality of the river. They

collected water samples containing algae periodically. In their study they

recorded genera and species of four groups of algae which were pollution

tolerant. According to them Phytoplankton of the river water may be used as

pointer of water quality as they reflects the average ecological condition .

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Alam et al., (2007) conducted a study to evaluate the increasing levels of

pollution in Surma River of Bangladesh. The process of sample collection was

done In order to evaluate the quality of Water in both rainy season and in

summer. The total of one sixty seven samples were taken out. These samples

were then tested for different types of criteria viz.–physical, physicochemical, and

bacteriological. For each of the sampling point a fixed distance of two fifty m. was

kept. The high value of BOD and Coliform count in dry season shown

deteriorated the water quality which is due to the effluents of paper mills and

cement factory. The study draws conclusion that for drinking purposes the water

is not of an ample quality in the absence of any purification; but for other leisure

activities like swimming, industrial use etc. the ‘River Water’ was still of an

adequate quality.

Ayas et. al.(2007) collected samples for determining increase of heavy

metals in water, residues and fish samples(Alburnus escherichii, cypnnus carpio)

from Nalihanbird paradise and its vicinity (Sariyar dam), Turky. They found that

metal concentration in sediment was higher than in water and fish (below

detection limit). The highest amount of metal concentrations in sediment samples

among seven locations. In Usakbuku the Pb is 0.49 ppm, and Sariyar the Ni is

0.77 ppm and in Sakarya river the amount of Cu is 1.12 ppm. Other locations no

metal residue was determined.

Bhandari et al., (2007) carried out analysis for the physiochemical

characterics of Kosi River system, in North India. They collected samples in the

year 2004-05 during all three seasons as summer winter and monsoon. It was

found that, the selected parameters were within the prescribed limits set by

WHO, except in a few cases. Only two parameters, Turbidity and BOD showed

elevated values compared to limits. Maximum values of magnesium and calcium

may be credited to the mining of Dolomite and soil wearing away.

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Bhuiyan J.R. and Gupta S. (2007) conducted a study of hydrobiology of

a rural area of Barak Valley, Assam in nine different ponds. They found that the

iron substance was higher in most of the ponds. However, concentrations of

chemical parameters like pH, conductivity, magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc,

alkalinity, nitrate, phosphate, free carbon dioxide and dissolved oxygen, are

contained by the permissible levels of quality of drinking water standard of WHO

and ISI. Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae

were major phytoplankton taxa present in the ponds. An indirect relationship

between iron concentration and euglenoids was observed. From the study of

rural ponds it was revealed that they were good source of water for drinking,

domestic use and fishery.

Jaji et al., (2007) reviewed the water pollution levels in Ogun River, South

West Nigeria. They fixed thirteen different locations In order to draw samples .

The selected samples were analyzed over a period of one year against various

types of parameters viz. bacteriological &Physicochemical. It was observed that

in case of (i) Fecal Coliform bacteria, in the satisfactory limit set by the World

Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water (ii) metals such as lead and iron,

and (iii) physical characteristics such as turbidity and Oil & Grease, had been

surpassed at all the sites. The manganese and cadmium concentrations from the

study were above the WHO limit. It was reported that the river water is extremely

contaminated and in poor condition for drinking or domestic use.

Water samples from six different sites of Mouri River at Khulna, in

Bangladesh were analyzed for the purposes of the study physicochemical

properties of water by Kamal et al. (2007) . They studied twenty two

physicochemical parameters regularly over the interval January-March 2002.The

major indicators like Temperature, pH, BOD, COD, Sulphate, Phosphate, Nitrate,

Sodium, Iron were measured. They revealed from the statistical analysis that

there is positive co-relation of water with pH, Hardness, Total alkalinity, D.O, free

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CO2 , and sulphate. the findings also indicated an inverse relationship of the

dissolved oxygen with the Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen

demand.

The poor quality of the river water of Chittar River in the region of

Courtallam, of Tamil Nadu was assessed by Murugesan et al., (2007). They

studied both physicochemical and biological properties of the water samples to

study the levels of pollution. Courtallam Falls of the Chittar River is a place of

tourist attraction during the southwest rainy season. In this period elevated

contribution of detergents and other anthropogenic activities is observed to

pollute the water. This study was carried out during peak tourist season to

evaluate physicochemical and biological properties of the water of the river. All

physical and chemical parameters except SO4were found within the acceptable

limits. However, the Total Coliform and Fecal Coliforms counts were more than

the permissible limits, which indicated a deprived quality of the river water.

The outburst of epidemics in the form of diseases like cholera, diarrhoea,

which are major water born diseases and a global health problem are the results

due to utility of waters contaminated with waste and sewage, is the claim of

Kristof. 1997. He says that these health problems are chiefly caused by fecal

contamination of water. As a result of contaminated waters around 2-3 billion

people suffer from such diseases , while several millions of people die every

year.

The analysis of Water samples from diverse resources like bore wells,

open wells, farm ponds and streams/rivers of twenty villages of Bantwal taluka of

Dakshina Kannada in district of South-western Karnataka was carried out by

Smitha et. al. (2007) . Water samples were analyzed for the physical and

chemical characteristics of the water in their study. They proved that for the

appropriateness of water for irrigation and drinking, evaluation of the feature of

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water is an important criterion. The results showed that water is appropriate for

irrigation and agricultural purposes.

Soil and plants at Unnao of Uttar Pradesh in India. were studied by

Sahu et. al. (2007). They studied impact of tanneries effluent on for

bioaccumulation of heavy metals into the loamy drain and a storm natural drain.

In their experiments , they checked water samples from two locations, Station I

convergence point between loamy drain and effluent channel and Station II 500

m downstream from the first location. Study supports that parameters like pH,

biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand at station I were

advanced than station II. Even they analyzed samples of soil and vegetables

from the land irrigated with loamy drain water for the presence of copper,

chromium , cadmium, zinc, nickel, and lead. The different metals showed diverse

enrichment factor for loamy drain water irrigated soil and are , Cd thirty percent

(max), lead twenty six percent, Zn eighteen percent, chromium 5%, copper 5%,

nickel2% (min). The results for entire plant samples collected at polluted

locations are In spinach maximum found are nickel46%, zinc 42%, cromium

39%, copper 33% and lead 20%, in potato tuber, cadmium 20%. The potato

tuber grown on polluted soil irrigated with contaminated water shown the levels of

these elements more than the mention value, which may produce persistent

health problem to human and cattle which consume these plants in one or other

form. Thus gathering of heavy metals may occur in the agricultural land in which

industrial waste water is used for plantation, enter the food chain and show its

hazardous effect on long run.

It was reported that there is a decrease in the nitration rate. This affects

the quality of the river waters of Huangpu River of China Yang et al., (2007).

They evaluated the quality of the river water. They measured a variety of

physicochemical parameters like pH, suspended solids , dissolved oxygen, and

biological oxygen demand etc. along with the total bacteria and E. coli content. In

the investigations the water samples were drawn on a bi -monthly basis for the

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period of one year (2004). the samples of water were collected from five different

locations along the river. From the measures and correlation parameters it was

found that the elevated nutrient content of the water had augmented the growth

of microorganisms, which in turn amplified the BOD of the water. Due to the high

demand for oxygen, there is a decline in the nitration rate which affects the status

of the river waters.

Adeyemo et al., (2008) determined the pollution levels of the rivers in

Ibadan, in Nigeria with a review of certain geographic parameters . The process

of sample collection was done at different points, to achieve this, throughout the

length of the rivers, in all the major regions of Ibadan from its origin to its

destination. The period was carriedout from winter 2003 and again from

monsoon 2004. The parameters that were checked were pH, D.O, BOD,

chlorides, phosphates and nitrates. changeable levels of pollution from

unpolluted to exceptionally-polluted levels was pragmatic during the different

seasons, posturing a danger to the fish health and biodiversity.

Hema et al., (2008) carried out a study in the River of ‘Tamiraparni River’.

They carriedput the analysis to study the pollution levels. They carrired out the

study with special reference to the presence of Coliform Bacteria and discharges

of dirty water in the river water. There were many manufacturing units on both

the sides of the river bank, which released manufacturing wastes, thereby

influencing the quality of the water of river. Examination of the samples collected,

discovered that the existence of Coliform Bacteria in river water was highest in

December - post monsoon, while it was least in May –ie. Pre monsoon.

Saxena et al., (2008) examined the Chambal River, in Madhya Pradesh.

Their objective was to study physicochemical parameters from the water samples

of the river. The water shed area of the river they studied, comes under the

“National Chambal Sanctuary’ region. They analyzed, DO, Turbidity, pH, EC etc.

and other parameters, like Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, chloride, nitrates,

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sulphates, sulphides, BOD, COD, Na & K were also checked. They performed

the analytical study for one year. It was revealed that all the parameters

examined were within the standards prescribed by relevant authorities viz. Indian

Standard bureau. This indicates that water is free from contamination.

Shiddamallayya and Pratima (2008) studied effect of household sewage

on fresh water body (Tank water) in Bhalki town of Bidar for pH, DO, COD, Mg,

Chlorine, nitrite, sulphate, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, phosphate

etc.Parameters. The amounts of pH, hardness and NO3 were found elevated

than the standard of WHO of the potable water. The +ve co-relation coefficient

found between pH and magnesium, dissolved oxygen and hardness, free CO2

and calcium, alkalinity and nitrite, alkalinity and PO4, alkalinity and BOD,

hardness and calcium, hardness and magnesium, magnesium and chlorine,

NO3and PO4, NO3 and biological oxygen demand, phosphate and organic matter;

and silicon and COD. The dendrogram confirms chloride, pH, hardness, silicon,

total solids and SO4 which are the main factors of the change in the nature of

water body.

The assessment of groundwater in Phulera tehsil in Jaipur district of

Rajasthan was carried out by Sabal and Khan (2008).They performed

experiment to study of status of for Fluoride contamination. The water samples

shown alkalinity with pH ranging from 7.05 to 10.16. That alkalinity of all water

samples was observed to be greater than the acceptable maximum value. Total

hardness (TH) diversed from 69 to 572 miligrams per liter. Chloride varied from

minimum 92.00 mg/ l to maximum1422.00 mgl-1. Calcium hardness ranged from

minimum 10 to maximum 127 miligram per litre and electrical conductivity was

from 157 1mhoScm-1 to 1018 1mhoS cm-1. It was found that Phulera tehsil had

a problem of ground water pollution. In their investigation fluoride content found

in forty villages of Phulera tehsil were more than acceptable limits .The fluoride

ranged from 1.20 to 18 mg l-1. Every inhabitant showed symptoms of fluorosis. All

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the results indicated the poor quality of ground water of Phulera, which was

unsuitable for drinking purpose.

The purity levels of the Huluka River of Ambo region, Ethiopia were

assessed by Prabu et al., (2008). The objective was to review the purity levels of

the river water as the river flowed towards its destination. Five different sampling

points were selected along the course of the river for this study. The samples

were examined for a period of half year commencing February 2007. The

different parameters considered were like pH, hardness, magnesium, chloride

etc. The observed values for the different parameters were then compared with

the standards set by “Canadian Council of Ministers for Environment”. The result

conclusion was that most parameters exceeded the limits and the water quality

was found to worsen steadily, due to the direct discharge of domestic and

municipal sewage. It was also found that the water quality deteriorates as one

goes more downstream.

Singh and Mishra (2009) carried out experiment of Kuano river of eastern

Uttar Pradesh for study of occurrence of organochlorine pesticides residue in it.

They observed presence of HCH and DDT though usage of both pesticides was

restricted. In most of the samples it was found that the pesticides residues were

present in much higher concentration than the standards of drinking water

quality. It was then confirmed that the degradation of environment may be due to

these pesticide compounds. They also produce impact to the organisms and

hazards to human health in that area.

Dash et. al. (2010) worked on consequence of fascination of Durga-idol,

on quality of some water parameters of Bramhani River at Rourkela in Orissa.

Researchers found that large amount of bio-degradable & non-biodegradable

matters like clay, polythene, wood, coconuts colors, paints etc. are added in to

the river. As a result turbidity, total hardness, lead and mercury shows higher

values after immersion as compared to pre- status of the river.

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Patra et. al. ( 2010) carried out limnological Studies of Jheel Water of

Santragachi and Joypur, W.B, India. The study was related to Physical and

Chemical qualities .There it was found different temporal or seasonal deviation in

both the Jheels with respect to physico-chemical parameters such as pH,

transparency, conductivity, Chloride, Ammonia, CaCO3, TDS, Nitrite, Nitrate,

Phosphate, total alkalinity, DO, BOD, COD, free CO2, etc. The physical and

chemical qualities of water of the two Jheels discovered the poor water quality in

Santragachi Jheel than the Joypur Jheel. That was due to mixing of sewage

waste in to the Santragachi jheel consequently higher degree of pollution in

Santragachi jheel.

Garg et. al.(2009) carried out assessment of quality of water and

preservation administration of Ramsagar reservoir of Datia, Madhya Pradesh.

They assessed the parameters like physico-chemical characteristics, pollution

studies, trophic status, and macrophytic community of Ramsagar reservoir .The

results revealed seasonal as well as monthly fluctuations of various parameters

of reservoir water. Macrophytic diversity was found higher but nutrients like

phosphates, silicates, etc. were in limit. The results indicated the slight

eutrophication of reservoir under mesotrophic category.

Saksena et. al. (2008) carried out work on Chambal river in National

Chambal sanctuary to study pollution status and water quality of at Madhya

Pradesh. They studied different physicochemical parameters. In their

experiments they found results like turbidity (1-178 TNU), colour (transparent-

very turbid), and transparency (12.12 - 110 cm). The range of pH was (7.60-

9.33), and EC of water was (145.60- 884 S/ cm). In the chemical contents of the

river water it was found that sodium (14.30-54.40 mg/ l) and potassium (2.10 -

6.30 miligram per litre.) , chloride (15.62- 80.94 mg/ l), silicate (2.80-13.80 mg/ l),

nitrite (0.002-0.022 mg/ l), phosphate (0.004-0.050 mg/ l), total dissolved solids

(260-500 mg/ l), sulphate (3.50-45 miligram per litre), total hardness (42-140 mg/

l), total alkalinity (70-290 mg/ l), nitrate (0.008-0.025 mg/ l), dissolved oxygen

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(4.86-14.59 mg/ l), free carbon dioxide (0-16.5 mg/ l), biochemical oxygen

demand (0.60-5.67 mg/ l), chemical oxygen demand (2.40-26.80 mg/ l),and

ammonia (nil-0.56 mg/ l). The result showed the pristine nature of the river in

National Chambal sanctuary. The analysis indicated that quality of the river water

in the sanctuary area is contamination free. The river can function as a good

habitat for many water animals together with endangered species.

Agrawal and Gaur(2009) carried out a study water quality of different

physical and chemical characters of groundwater of Mansarovar colony in Jaipur

.The observation was performed to estimate the suitability of ground water for

domestic’s purpose by analyzing physical and-chemical parameters like pH,

electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, Total Hardness, sodium, pottassium,

calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride and alkanity, Dissolved

Oxygen, BOD, COD.

Brahma et. al. (2009) experimented on water quality in Mayurbhanj

District, Orissato study impact of Industrial activity and revealed that water was

contaminated with large amount of heavy metals (Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn and Fe) ,Ca,

chlorides and total hardness was in high level.

Chugh et. al. (2009) in their work on pollution level in rivers of

Punjab(Sutlej and Beas).From their findings it was clear that both the rivers are

severly polluted and their water is not suitable for drinking or industrial use. They

also suggested urgent need for the control of quality of water in the region of the

study. For their analysis of water pollution water quality index has proved to be

an effective tool.

The zooplankton diversity in river Kayadhu was explored by Jayabhaye

U.M. (2009) They carried out the investigation in different months and seasons

during the year 2004. In the study they assessed the species composition,

population compactness and seasonal fluctuation of this faunal group. Total

twenty five species of zooplankton were recorded consisting of five species of

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cladocera ,11 species of rotifera, and 3 species of ostracoda, 6 species of

copepoda. Species richness was elevated in the month of April (Summer) and

October (Winter) and it was least amount during June (Monsoon).

Muthulakshmi et. al.(2009) analyzed ground water around Sivakasi

Region for physico-chemical parameters. They found found higher

concentrations of almost all parameters and most of samples have total

dissolved solids much higher than permissible level stipulated by BIS and WHO.

They suggested attention towards this.

Meena et. al. (2009) analysed water quality of selected areas of Pali

district in Rajasthan with respect to heavy metals, physico-chemical and

biological characteristics. Researchers found high range of toxic heavy metals

and other parameters in the ground and waste water samples. They found higher

levels of heavy metals than permissible limit specified for drinking water in the

Indian standards.

S.Hema .et. al.(2009) attempted a detailed study in the four major

tributaries of Cauvery River. They analyzed About fifty water samples from

Cauvery River for the physical and chemical parameters during the study. They

studied pH, Electrical Conductivity, calcium , magnesium , sodium , potassium ,

chlorides , sulphates, carbonates, bicarbonates, nitrtes and flurides, Total

Dissolved Solids, total alkalinity, total hardness. They assessed the

appropriateness of water for drinking and the degree of pollution by comparing

analytical results with the Indian (BIS) and International (WHO) standards. The

results of their study indicated that some of the samples of exceed the tolerable

limit of pollution and not suitable for drinking. They revealed that the sources for

the pollution of quality of water in the study region were Agricultural runoff,

sewage and industrial effluents. The variations of water quality with respect to

space and time were not homogeneous during the investigation.

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Soundarapandian P (2009) carried out experiment to analyze the

Nutrients and Physical and chemical parameters of water in the Uppanar Estuary

of Cuddalore, South East Coast of India. The pH showed greater variation from

6.2 to 7.9 due to irregular treatment of the effluents reloaded into the estuary.

The dissolved oxygen concentrations found to be lower and salinity was higher in

lower reaches. The total dissolved solids, calcium , total phosphorus content,

nitrite and ammonia was found to be higher in the station-II than in station I under

study.

Shelli Baraga. et. al. (2009) studied microbiological status of polluted

water of kali river at Meerut. Disposal of liquid wastes of distilleries, tire factory

and sewage wastes in natural Kali river water have resulted serious problem.

they made attempt to evaluate plankton population in the polluted Kali river

water near downstream site selected before Modinagar. Observation has shown

that most probable number of coliform found highest in monsoon season of year

2007-2008. Likewise, the Standard Plate Count also found highest in monsoon

season. Observation also indicated high phytoplankton count in winter season.

Bhandari et. al. (2010) analysed water quality of Gurgaon canal in

Haryana. Several physico-chemical parameters like pH, TDS, DO, biological

oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, alkalinity, hardness, chloride,

nitrate-nitrite, etc. were studied and found that values of all these parameters

were in high range but BOD and COD were comparatively high indicating large

amount of oxygen demanding wastes entering in to the canal.

Chandekar and Kamble (2010) in their research on ground water fluoride

in Rajura Tehsil in Chandrapur district, Maharashtra recorded high level (more

than 1.5ppm) of fluoride in six locations and lower level (less than 1.0ppm) than

desired in nine locations. Researchers also found number of inhabitants from

study area with symptoms of dental and onset of skeletal fluorosis.

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Hejabi et. al.(2010) Investigated contamination of sediments samples

collected from river Kabini which is tributary of Cauvery drains at Nanjangud,

Karnataka. Total metal content was analyzed by advanced statistical technique

to find out the source of metal concentration. Metals like cd, chromium, Cu, iron,

mangaese, Nickel, Pb and Zn were supplied to the sediments through industrial,

agricultural and domestic effluents. From observation it was found that metallic

accumulation was normal at some areas where as to some it was beyond

threshold limit. On comparison with all metals Pb was the highest in terms of

contamination level at an area where input of paper mill effluent was observed

followed by Zn and Cu.

Jha (2010) studied ground water as well as Kharnai river water with

reference to heavy metals like Zinc, copper, chromium, manganese,iron, Nickel

pollution and revealed that the tubewell situated far away from river had

chromium below detectable limit but contained arsenic and the Kharnai river

water were found to contain chromium which is very toxic and can generate

diseases like nausea, skin ulcer and lung cancer when concentration of Cr

becomes more than 0.05ppb

Joseph et al., (2010) analyzed water of Pennar River in Kerelato study

the physicochemical characteristic. The physical characteristics of water, such

as, temperature, odour, colour, and electrical conductivity were considered.

Additionally, the purity of water was assessed by reviewing total suspended

solids (TSS), total dissolved substances (TDS) and Total Solids (TS) in water

samples taken. The physicochemical parameters, such as, turbidity, pH,

alkalinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical

oxygen demand, chloride, salinity, fluoride, phosphate and nitrate were also

studied. For the purpose of analysis, samples were extracted from 4 different

locations in all seasons of the year, viz. rainy, winter and summer. The results

indicated that the river is highly polluted and the water is unsuitable for drinking.

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The assessment of environmental variables in Cauvery River and its

tributaries in Mysore, Mandya and Chamaraja Nagar districts was carried out by

Mahadev et al., (2010) . They reviewed both physicochemical and biological

parameters to achieve this., Four different locations were selected for this

purpose from where water samples were drawn and evaluated over a period of 1

year. They observed Significant spatial variations in water level, transparency,

turbidity, colour, D.O, BOD, NO3, NO2 and total of hardness among the

physicochemical parameters at the study locations. They recorded about 13 -20

number of algal species at various sampling points .

Malviya et al., (2010) carried out experiments for chemical assessment

of Narmada River water at Hoshangabad city and Nemawar. The parameters

that were assessed in their study are D.O, BOD, COD, turbidity and total

hardness. For this purpose they collected samples for about a year at six

different sampling sites, four sampling sites were selected in Hoshangabad, one

sampling site in Handia village (Harda) and one sampling site in Nemawar village

(Dewas). Some of the sites were found to be highly polluted as compared to

others.

Osman and Kloas(2010) carried out experiments to evaluate the quality

of water springs of Nile river at Aswan and its estuaries at Rosetta and

Damieetta, Egypt, for physico-chemical parameters like conductivity, alkalinity,

COD, total oxygen consumption, ammonia, nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, total

dissolved solids, orthophosphate and were found to be of higher mean values at

the selected site than other locations. This was due to input of large amount of

waste water from industries, domestic as well as diffuses agricultural waste water

containing high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants. These

contaminants got accumulated in the tissues of Clarias gariepinus exhibited

different patterns of accumulation and distribution among the selected tissues

and localities. It was evident from study that, trace metals accumulations in fish

liver at sites under investigation were noticed in the following order: Zn > Fe > Cu

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> Pb > Mn > Cr> Cd > Hg. In the gill tissues, theses metals were accumulated in

the order, Fe greater than Zn > mangnese > lead> Cr > copper> Cd > Hg and

low accumulation of metals in muscle may be due to lack of binding affinity of

metals with the proteins muscle.

The pollution levels in the water of Noyall River, Tamilnadu and the study

of water quality was conducted by Samuel A.et al., (2010). In Tamilnadu dye

units from Several textile industries are discharged into the river by effluents.

The authors carried out the study to find the correlation between the effluents

released and the pollution levels in the river water. They observed from data

obtained from analysis of sample results the presence of High levels of Total

Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Chlorides. They also recorded the heavy metals from

the sediments of the dam.

The bacteriological analysis of Ganga river shown the high count of E.

coli and Coliform bacteria which indicated microbial and fecal contamination to a

great extent. Also it was investigated by Rai et al., (2010) that the values of

BOD, heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd) were above the standards

set at all the three sites from the three points where STP (Sewage treatment

Plants) of Bhagwanpur, Dinapur and DLW discharged the sewage into the

river.they carried out the observation and analysis for a period of 12 months

commencing March 2005.

It was concluded that a visible effect on the pollution levels of water had

been caused due to the discharge of industrial wastes in the water of Amravati

river basin in Karor. It was reviewed for the determination pollution levels by

Rajamanickan R. et al., (2010). The objective of their study was to determine

how pollution levels were affected by effluents discharged by textile dyeing units

on ground water quality of the river. It was found that the pollution levels had

augmented as a result of increasing release of pollutants into the river. Judgment

of the sample data with the standards set by WHO, discovered that a variety of

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physiochemical parameters, such as, TDS, TA, TH, Ca, Cl, SO4 were in excess

of the prescribed limits.

Rajashekhar M. et. al. (2010) carried out study in the freshwater basins of

Gulbarga District of Karnataka in South India for the seasonal variations of

zooplankton community. They found rotifera as the dominant group among

zooplankton, particularly throughout the observation period. They recorded

maximum count in the summer season while minimum numbers in southwest

monsoon season. They studied the physicochemical parameters and their

correlation with Zooplankton community. Their results indicated that physical and

chemical factors of the location influenced that allocation and density of

zooplankton species.

Shiv Shankar et al., (2010) carried out a study in Nagpur Municipality

region. The main objectives of this work were to evaluate the quality of water in

lakes, well, bore wells etc. The geochemical effect on the physiochemical

properties of water was reviewed. Various factors such as the presence of

fluorides, chlorides, the pH of water, EC, D.O were analysed. The analysis of

different samples revealed that though the lake water was suitablefor drinking,

the well/bore well water was not of an adequate quality for human consumption.

The water from lakes, wells and bore wells of Nagpur Municipality were

sampled and analyzed using standard laboratory and field methods to determine

the quality status of water Shiv Shankar et al., (2010). This investigation

reviewed the geochemical consequence on the physiochemical properties of

water. The factors such as the presence of fluorides, chlorides, the pH of water,

EC, D.O were considered. From the analysis of different samples it was

revealed that though the lake water was suitable for drinking, the well/bore well

water was not of an adequate quality for human utilization.

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A review of physiochemical parameters of river, Gomati, at Karekat in

Uttarpradesh was carried out by Singh M. et al., (2010). The study dwelt with

the parameters such as Calcium, Manganese, Iron and Chloride of river water. It

was observed that the elevated concentration levels of Iron & chloride were

destructive to metallic pipes and structures as well as for the crops..

Singare et. al.(2010) studied pollution condition along the wetland of

Thane Creek. For their experimental statistics on heavy metal pollution in soil

they collected samples along Kalwa bridge of Thane Creek. Thane-Belapur

Industrial Complex biggest in Asia situated at the south region of Mumbai harbor

all along the west coastline of India in 2009.which has been creating a lot of

pollution .By the study of water it was noted the physical and chemical

parameters and profound metal pollution in the soil along the creek area. In their

investigation high values were recorded for the duration of dry seasons and low

in rainy period for the parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, bulk

density, and chlorine content. The samples of soil were also analyzed for their

contents of heavy metals like nickel, Zinc, cadmium, copper, iron, mercury.

During observation it was found that, the concentration of these metals

increases gradually in dry seasons, followed by sharp decrease during rainy

season. Such heavy metals cause a noticeable effect on the marine vegetation

and fauna when they go into the food chain and in the end affect the man kind

through bio magnification.

Srivastava et. al. (2010) did the annual survey of water quality of

Jalmahal, Amer, Nevta and Ramgarh lakes with physico-chemical parameters,

zinc and endosulfan contamination for one year. They confirmed pollutants

correlated with transforms in the chemical and physical qualities of water bodies.

They found the highest levels of zinc (heavy metal) and endosulfan (an

organochlorine pesticide) in Jalmahal lake and lowest in Ramgarh lake . The

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causes of pollution are anthropogenic sources and cultivation in the dried up area

of these lakes.

Joseph et al., (2010) analyzed the physicochemical characteristic of

Pennar River water in Kerela. The physical characteristics of water, such as,

colour, odour, temperature and EC were considered. Additionally, the purity of

water was assessed by reviewing total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved

substances (TDS) and Total Solids (TS) in water samples taken. The

physicochemical parameters, such as, turbidity, pH, alkalinity, hardness,

dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand,

chloride, salinity, fluoride, phosphate and nitrate were also studied. For the

purpose of analysis, samples were extracted from 4 different locations in all

seasons of the year, viz. rainy, winter and summer. The results indicated that the

river is highly polluted and the water is unsuitable for drinking.

Verma et al., (2010) conducted the analysis of the water of “Kalpi River”

at Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh. The purpose was to inspect water quality of the

river. They described the values of various pollution parameters such as

transparency, electrical conductivity, BOD, COD etc. at six different points. It was

reveald that to achieve a decrease in the level of pollution, it was necessary to

have an planned approach to the problem of “Water Quality Management” –

incorporating both aspects of excellence and sufficiency.

After the physicochemical and bacteriological investigation on Cauvery

River, Karnataka, it was concluded that the water was not safe for drinking

Venkatesharaju et al., (2010). They conducted the bacteriological and

physicochemical studies of the river for three years from two thousand six to two

thousand eight. The purpose of the study was to examine both the

physicochemical and bacteriological parameters. they collected samples of water

from Six sampling locations along the Kollegal region of the river. The samples

were examined for two bacteriological and nineteen physicochemical

parameters. Based on the physicochemical parameters it was found that the river

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was not contaminated and all the parameters were within the permissible limits

specified by the “Bureau of Indian Standards”. The elevated values

bacteriological parameter however stated that the unsuitable status of water for

drinking.

Aarti.(2011) discusses the various factors which have effective for the

management of quality of water in rural India. In the article information about

urgent necessity towards access to safe drinking water is focussed entirely on

unprocessed surface or groundwater as thirty percent of urban and ninety

percent of rural domestics still depend on groundwater. The sewage and

industrial effluents contamining the groundwater and surface water needs

treatment. The microbial contamination, as well as fluoride and arsenic

contamination of these water sources affect the rural population. But the access

to water for drinking in India has augmented over the precedent few years and

that leads to great undesirable effect of hazardous water on fitness of health. The

paper gives information about checking groundwater features remainder a most

important concern and a chief challenge in countryside India.

Chetia et al., (2011) reviewed the pollution levels in Brahmaputra river

system at Golaghat (Assam), India. For this purpose, the analysis of Arsenic (As)

in the under ground water was carried out. Samples were collected from different

depths of the tube wells in the area. An aggregate of twenty two samples were

collected in this manner. Physicochemical parameters like pH, total hardness,

and DO were also studied out. Along with total Arsenic, an examination of

concentration levels of Iron, Manganese, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, and

Magnesium was carried out. Most of the samples were found to be polluted by

Arsenic and Iron further than acceptable limits and the Gamariguri block was

found to be affected the most awful.

Gaike. Pramod et. al. (2011) carried out investigations on seasonal

difference of physical and chemical qualities of Dahiphal dam near Jalna of

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Maharashtra state. The work was carried for one year 2008-2009.The. Their

study illustrateed that the complete water sample meets the WHO restrictions the

for physico- chemical properties and for the trace metals. They reported the

different physical characters in Dahiphal dam, as the water hotness range from

19ºC to 300C. the range of Chlorides measured from 30.6 miligram per litre to

59.3 miligram per litre, the calcium range from 16.2 miligram per litre to 31.1

miligram per litre,the range of dissolved oxygen from 9.86 miligram per litre to

13.67 miligram per litre, the free CO2 varied from 4.2 miligram per liter to 11.5

miligram per litre. From the results they concluded that water is not polluted.

Gupta et al. (2011) experimented on the physicochemical analysis of the

Chambal River System in Kota city, Rajasthan. They carried out the analysis for

the period covered of summer seasons from two thousand seven to two

thousand nine. They found the pollution was within limits as the values of total

hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, sulphates TDS and pH levels were observed to be

satisfactory. The presence of iron, ammonia and comparatively lower value of

dissolved oxygen indicate the river is contaminated to some extent. Their overall

observation about the river was that the river was moderately polluted and only

highly polluted at the points of incursion of sewage and domestic wastes.

Hulyal S. B. et al. (2011) carried out experiments to study of water for

Physico-Chemical characteristics. and seasonal variations at Almatti water

Reservoir Bijapur district in Karnataka State. The environmental parameters such

as humidity, rainfall, air and water were studied. The physical and chemical

characters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium,

chloride, NO3, PO4, SO4, HCO3, total hardness, total dissolved solids, total

alkalinity, free carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen were studied. Their study

showed that seasonal fluctuations of the parameters occurred in the water of the

reservoir.

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Jayalakshmi et al., (2011) assessed the physicochemical parameters of

the Krishna River water around Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. The water samples

were taken during January to December 2007 from seven different sites. Several

physical parameters like pH, turbidity, temperature and chemical parameters like

D.O, BOD, sulphates, chlorides etc. were determined and compared with

standards given by the WHO. The sites around agricultural fields, factories,

railway sewage entry and bus station drain water entry were found to be highly

polluted.

Physicochemical parameters of Sutlej River around Ludhiana were

studied by Jindal et al. in (2011). For this purpose they examined water

samples from three different locations along the course of the river. The

concentration levels of some of the physicochemical parameters were assessed.

also reviewed some heavy metal levels. . A period of one year November 2006

was considered for this purpose. They found water was to be unacceptable for

drinking at two out of the three sites.

The water of Ganga River was analyzed for assessment of

physicochemical properties during pre monsoon season of the year 2010 by

Khare et al., (2011) . The water samples taken from six different stations were

analyzed. Except for turbidity, all other parameters were within the most stringent

limits set by WHO, was the observation of the experiments. Authors suggested

the need for the treatment of the water of Ganga river as it was most probably

unfit for drinking.

The quality of water was poor and water quality management was

essential to prevent further degradation was concluded by Kori et al., (2011).

They studied Various parameters affecting the pollution levels of the river

Karanja at Bidar District, Karnataka. They collected samples from an aggregate

of five locations along the course of the river for the period of 2 years covered

during December 2007 to November 2009. Using weighted arithmetic average

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method on all the sample results they computed “Water Quality Index (WQI)”.

Their observation shown that that the WQI varies from 66.16 to 81.88 in different

seasons.

.

Mahadev et. al. (2011) analyzed water of Kabini River at Nanjangud,

Mysore with respect to physico-chemical, bacteriological and heavy metal

concentrations. From their findings they suggested that parameters like color,

turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, total bacterial counts exceeds the permissible value for

organized outdoor bathing use of water in this river. Metal concentration was

found higher in summer followed by winter and rainy season. Based on this

study, they provide scientific information to the concerned for the implementation

of river restoration plan and conservation of water body.

The water of the “Bebas River” in the Sagar region of Madhya Pradesh

were sampled and studied to check the interdependency between the

physicochemical water pollution indicators. The research was carried out by

Pathak et al., (2011) in the summer, rainy and winter seasons. They observed

the samples for a period of three years commencing 2008, from ten different

sampling locations. After the investigation of water samples for twenty one

parameters, the pollution levels in the sample waters were evaluated. from the

observation of data the correlation was formed by using the statistical tools to

estimate variable by the other known variable.

The effect of discharge of sewage on the water quality of the river“Harmu”

at Ranchi, was studied by Rai et al., (2011). They selected Three different

sampling points for drawing samples. The samples collected were then analyzed

for different physicochemical parameters, such as, pH, electrical conductivity,

alkalinity, chloride etc. The data obtained was compared with permissible limits

given by the WHO. The obtained values were more than the standard limit .

Hence it was concluded that the water was unfit for drinking purposes.

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The Kodumudiaru dam water was found safe for drinking and agriculture as the

results of the physiochemical analysis of water quality by Santhi D. et al., (2011),

revealed that the various parameters, referred to above, were within permissible

limits . They carried out the physiochemical analysis of water quality in

Kodumudiaru dam in Tirunelveli District. they studied different physiochemical

parameters, such as, pH, Electrical conductivity, total hardness, total alkalinity

and presence of metals, such as Ca, Mg etc. They used Equipments like pH

meter and Conductivity Bridge.

It was concluded by Sharma et al., (2011) that the potable nature of the

water of “Narmada River” water at Hoshangabad is lost. They reviewed the

physicochemical characteristics of “Narmada River” water at Hoshangabad, in

Madhya Pradesh. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the physicochemical

parameters from the water samples. The results of the study showed that the

standards of the parameters at some of the sampling locations were in excess of

the standards set by agencies such as Indian Standard Bureau, WHO. This was

due to dumping of substantial wastes in the river waters.

Ujjania N.C et al. (2011) discussed the pollution resulted due to

immersion of Ganesh idol in the water of Tapi River. They observed major

changes in the water quality during immersion period. The alterations in physical

and chemical features of Tapi River were observed. During the study apart from

for temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen showed slight changes while major

changes were observed in carbon di oxide, biological oxygen demand, chemical

oxygen requirement, total calcium, total hardness, total alkalinity, also oil &

grease were observed in the water. On the basis results it is concluded that

these spiritual activities causes unfavorable effect on the aquatic ecosystem and

the intensity of water contamination boosts in Tapi River owing to these changes.

The river water of Kosi River in Rampur District, Uttar Pradesh in India.

was found in poor condition for human consumption, domestic and irrigation

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purposes Yadav et al., (2011). They carried out a study on Kosi River. The

intention of the study was to assess the quality of the river water. For the

investigation they collected sixty samples of water from aggregate of fifteen

sampling stations along the course of the Kosi River. A range of physical

characters and physicochemical parameters of water were assessed. These

included the parameters as - temperature, pH, transparency, chloride, nitrate

and phosphate and fluorides, total alkalinity (TAK), total hardness (TH),

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The data

of the results of the sample analysis was compared with the standards laid down

by agencies such as “Indian Standards Bureau”. All sample observations were

found to be ahead of the acceptable limits laid down. This indicated the unfit

status of water of the river for human use.

Aggarwal et al., (2012) carried out a analysis of water in the Kaushalya

River in Parwanoo. The analysis includes study of two types of parameters, viz.

bacteriological and physicochemical. For this reason, two sites were selected

near the end point of the river and two sites were chosen near the origin of the

River. The process of sample collection was carried out in four specific months

January, April, July and October of the year 2011. It was pragmatic that except

for some parameters, all others were within the allowable limits agreed by

various “Authorities”. However, it was stated that water was risky for domestic

use if not purified, since chief physicochemical parameters like COD, alkalinity,

hardness and main bacteriological parameters - total coliform and faecal coliform

were in surplus of the limits. The continuation of a water treatment Plant at Kamli

became essential to purify the waters before utilization.

The plants occurring in Cauvery river and its river branches at Arasalar of

Kumbakonam area were examined by Annalakshmi and. A. Amsath

(2012).They carried out study on the need of by means of phytoplankton as

efficient and suitable technique of biomonitoring. Their investigation emphasized

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for assessment of quality of river water. They studied definite plants of the

Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae species for the composition, occurrence and

diversity, abundance and frequency .They concluded that the Cauvery river is ne

of the most useful riverine system of Tamilnadu . Their findings showed that

there are the algal species which are forbearing to organic pollution and refuse to

accept the pressure caused by pollutants were present in Kumbakonam area. In

the Cauvery river and its tributaries Arasalar which are contaminated at

downstream stations shows large quantity of such taxa. Their presence in the

polluted habitations puts forward their possible utilization as an “indicator

organism”.

Chopra et al. (2012) carried out the Limno chemical characteristics of the

Yamuna River at various locations . They studied the upstream, downstream

and at the point of incursion of manufacturing waste matter and domestic waste.

Their research discovered that the strength of effluence augmented at the point

of effluent/sewage disposal causing rigorous pollution. It indicated the

requirement to treat effluent/sewage before discarding into the river.

Hema et al., (2012) evaluated the quality of surface water of the Cauvery

River in Erode district, Tamil Nadu state using different statistical studies. The

river carries the waste matters of a large number of tanneries and textile

industries organized in this area. They selected 50 locations along the course of

the river in order to draw samples for assessment. They tested the samples for

thirteen parameters including trace elements such as cadmium, lead, zinc,

arsenic, chromium and copper respectively. FA, CA, PCA and data interpretation

were the different statistical methods used to identify low, moderate and high

contaminant groups.

The assessment of physiochemical properties of Jhelum River, Kashmir

was carried out by Khan et al., (2012). Due to the variation in the geographical

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location in the sites under study the variation in the results were observed. In

some cases, some parameters have crossed the highest permissible limits set by

WHO. The author’s review indicated deprivation in the quality of water and risk to

all kinds of life.

Pollution levels of the water of the “Irigu” River in the Meru province of the

Southern part of Kenya were checked by Ombaka et al., (2012). It was

concluded that the river waters could not be used for drinking and other allied

domestic purposes. They evaluated both physicochemical and bacteriological

parameters, in order assess the quality of the River “Irigu”. They collected and

analyzed the water samples both in the summer and rainy season. In their

assessment they found that certain parameters like pH, turbidity, ammonia were

elevated during the dry seasons due to anaerobic decomposition of organic

matter. The phosphorous levels were ahead of the limit which was likely to trigger

periodic flourish and eutrophication. Metals like iron, manganese, lead and

aluminum were more than permissible limit.

The assessment of physico-chemical parameters of Wardha river of

Chandrapur district in Maharashtra was carried out by Mithani Imran et.al.

(2012) In the study period they collected water samples for one year. They

collected water from different sampling points along the flow of river. Water of

the river in study area retained fine alkaline nature in the period of their study.

Variation were found in the parameters like total hardness, total alkalinity,

dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and pH from the upper region to the lower

region. It was found that dissolved oxygen was maximum during wintry weather.

It may be owing to cool temperature. However, during the summer season,

conductivity, total hardness and total alkalinity were found to be at upper limits.

Most of the parameters were highest in summer may be due to hot temperature,

high loss and small water level and lowest in wintry weather due to improved

water level.

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Nandi S, et. al. (2012) stated in his study about the abundance of the

Chironnomids. He found their usefulness to indicate the status of the ecosystem,

the availability of the nutrients in that ecosystem. The nutrients as potassium,

organic carbon, nitrates, phosphates in the water of ecosystem show relation

with the abundance of the chironomis. In their study they used the numerical

techniques. They used the Principal component analysis test, Canonical

association analysis test, and the cluster examination and with the results he

justified the environmental biomonitoring done by the chironomids. In their study

they shown the high correlation of chironomids with other remaing species also.

The index of water quality is greatly influenced by the aggregation of the

chironomids. They aslo put forward the utilization of these species in the

supervision of ecology and the biomonitoring.

A research was undertaken by Rahimibashar et al., (2012) to study the

effects of fish Culture pond on the water quality of the Shenrod River in Iran.

They decided six collection sites before and after each fish ponds, which were

sampled for water from April to September 2008 on a weekly basis. they found

that certain physicochemical parameters had crossed the acceptable limit at

study point after the fish ponds. It was indicated that domestic and industrial

waste had adverse effect on the river waters due to the high values of ammonia,

NO3, SO4 and high value of hardness.

Rai et al., (2012) reviewed the water of Ganga River at Patna, Bihar. to

assess the levels of pollution of the water. For this purpose, they selected two

sampling points. The analysis was carried in two seasons in the winter and

summer. The actual values of the various parameters, obtained on the basis of

analysis of sample data were then compared with the limits set by WHO. It was

observed that the standard limits prescribed by the significant authorities such as

WHO had been surpassed in a high number of cases. It was found that the

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water unfit for drinking and it desires to be purified before it can be used for

household consumption.

Sharma et al., (2012) did the analysis of the physicochemical

parameters of the Narmada River, Madhya Pradesh. They carried out the

investigation for a period of 12 months beginning in August 2009. They chosen

three different sampling stations along the course of the River in order to collect

the water samples. The different parameters measured were pH, temperature,

transparency, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chlorides, PO4,

NO3, alkalinity, SO4 and total hardness. PO4, nitrate, alkalinity and SO4 were

found to be elevated in September and October whereas pH, temperature,

chlorides and total hardness were towering in summer. The overall parameters

were within the WHO limits.

There is a needs of treatment of the surface water of Bhima river before

consumption and it also desires to be sheltered from the sources of pollution,is

revealed in the study of Bhima river. The water quality index Model of surface

water in Bhima River was prepared by Shivashranappa et al. (2012). They used

application of Water Quality Index (WQI) model. Water quality index gives the

viewpoint of dissimilarity of chemical contents of surface water in different

sampling points. They carried out the analysis of surface water samples for

physicochemical parameters and presence of biological community analysis

WQI also discloses the quality of water in different collection points. The

interpretation and conversations of their numerical data disclosed that water was

salty and inflexible all the points of observation. The content of fluoride and total

dissolved solids in all points of observation was well in the tolerable limit. The

Water Quality Index (WQI) was in the Good range at all the sampling points.

They recorded SO4 and nitrate content of the entire three sampling points are

well within the acceptable standards. At all the of observation points, the

biological oxygen demand is found elevated, the cause might be human

interference, as villagers are in surrounding area of river, behaviors like washing

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of clothes, rearing of livestock, bathing and even sewage water of villagers also

adding up in the river, For this reason water may be polluted by airborne or

human activities.It was observed that water was inappropriate for drinking

purpose, from the MPN-Index.

The Mancha River in Betul City, Madhya Pradesh was reviewed on the

sewage disposal into the river water by Shrivastava et al., (2012). The

assessment of physicochemical parameters like chlorides, nitrates, dissolved

oxygen, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand etc. was done

to study the quality of water. The water samples from nine different sampling

locations, which had sewage inlets nearby were selected. The water samples

were analyzed during in early summer (in March 2009), in the rainy season (in

July 2009) and after rainy season (in November 2009). It was observed on

comparing the data obtained with the amounts prescribed by the WHO, that all

the parameters were more than the prescribed limits.

The physicochemical study of the Kodayar River, Tamil Nadu by Sreeja et

al., (2012) revealed that water at most stations was not contaminated and was fit

for domestic use. They assessed the river water from June 2010 to June 2011 at

seven sampling locations. They evaluated Various parameters, both physical and

physicochemical, such as, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total

dissolved solids (TDS)and compared the data of the results with the limits

prescribed by various agencies, such as, WHO and ISI. The conclusion directed

the suitability of river water for drinking and irrigation at most of the sampling

stations.

The study of water of Wardha and Dham Rivers at Wardha in Maharashtra

to assess the metal pollutants was performed by Thakare et al., (2012). The

assessment involved collection of samples of water from 10 different points on

the Wardha River and 9 different points on the Dham River. Seven metals such

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as-copper, manganese, zinc, iron, nickel, potassium and sodium and nine other

physical and chemical parameters were tested. The vlues of result obtained

were within the permissible standards laid down by Indian Standard Bureau. It

was concluded with the results that the water of these rivers was completely

harmless for human beings and fit for domestic use and irrigation.

The impact of growing population in the city of Abuja in Nigeria was

analyzed by studying the seasonal physiochemical characteristics of the Usma

River Ugwu et al., (2012). The values for total dissolved solids and electrical

conductivity showed that the liberations of industrial and domestic wastes in the

river water as a result of human activities were responsible for the augmented

levels of contamination. The study disclosed that all parameters measured were

within the acceptable level except Total Suspended Solid, which surpassed for all

seasons.

The WQI was determined by studying 12 physicochemical characteristics

for the water of Ghuma Lake, supplying fresh water in a rural area of Ghuma

village in Ahmadabad district. Kotadiya et al., (2013) ascertained the “Water

Quality Index” (WQI). They collected the water samples every morning at an

interval of 30 days. the assessment was carried out for pH, electrical

conductivity, hardness, D.O, BOD, TDS, alkalinity, Mg hardness, Ca hardness,

Nitrate, Sulphate and Chloride. According to them the water from the lake is not

suitable for drinking which was due to the result of saturation of water by

evaporation. The observation also showed that the pollution levels were higher

in summer than in the winter and rainy seasons.

2.2 Freshwater Fish Diversity

Sykes (1839-41) collected and scientifically studied the fresh water

fishes from different localities in Pune for the first time. Fraser (1942) did a

comparatively exhaustive survey of fishes from various places of Mula and Mutha

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rivers in and around Pune between 1936-1937.Frasers paper also give

considerable details regarding Mula- Mutha rivers and their surrounding

Environment. A complete checklist of fishes of Pune based on the collected by

Fraser was subsequently published by Mishra (1962) which contain 54 species

with their local names. An additional survey of the region was supported by Tilak

and Tiwari (1976) reported 112 species in Pune district. Ghate and Wagh (2002.)

resurveyed Mula and Mutha Rivers between 1992 and 1995 to study the impact

of urbanization. They recorded 64 fish species, 14 of which were fresh local

records. Total110 fish species are recorded from Pune urban area. The

information about species population changes and introductions in relation to

each other, species extinction, and various human influences is available from

the re-survey. Considering the review of literature the present study will be a first

study on limnobiodiversity and icthyofauna of Bhima River and also check the

productivity and impact of industrializations on aquatic life.

Day (1889) included 1,418 species of fishes found in the territories of

present Republic of India. Pakistan. Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.

Besides the text, a separate volume of illustrations with 195 plates was also

issued. Even today, the publications by Day remain as an important reference

manual for the Ichthyology of Indian region. After Day, during the intervening

hundred years, there was nothing substantially published to till the lacuna. The

publications of Hora are indispensable for any student of Indian Ichthyology.

Hora published over 440 papers, and established three families. 28 genera and

139 species (Jayaram, 1974). Very few attempts were made in south India. Misra

published a series of checklists and aids for the identification of the ichthyofauna

of India and adjacent countries. These studies were continued by the publication

of Tilak (1976); Talwar and Jhingran (1991) supplemented information on the

inland fish fauna of India. Recently many foreign workers are also engaged in

freshwater fish fauna studies of Indian region.

Brij Gopal et al. (1998) in the article ‘Fifty years of hydrobiological

research in India’. have mentioned about the realization of the problem of water

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pollution, resulted in a rapid proliferation of hydrobiological studies which tend to

focus on correlation between the distribution of various organisms and degree of

water pollution and the effects of various organic and inorganic pollutants. A

sampling of published literature reveals that long-term, analytical and

experimental studies of the whole ecosystems (natural or experimental), and

studies of population interactions, biomanipulation, food chain dynamics, and

energy flows are wholly lacking. Their paper calls for the strengthening of field

and laboratory facilities, and establishment of regional and national institutes of

aquatic ecology which will be necessary for the management of both the water

quality and aquatic biological resources for sustainable development which is the

need till date.

Ferraris C J JR. et. al. (2000) Criticaly Reviewed the fish types of the

freshwater and marine water in the Australian Museum of Southern Asia. These

species are named by Francis Day.The presence of fishes studied by day were

noted in India, Pakistan ,Myanmar, and throughout in South Asia.. Francis Day

named 160 nominal species of fishes.

Ghate H V et al. (2002 ) collected a horned fish in Nira River a tributary of

Bhima river. They have mentioned about the occurrence of the fishes of the

genus Schismatorhynchus in the Indrayani river. They have identified the fish as

Schismatorhynchus nukta using the keys given by Talwar and Jhingran (1991).

Prabhakar A K et al.(2004) have studied shell fishes of Kosi region of

North-Bihar(India) with their taxonomic diversity. They recorded 10 species of

Pelecypoda in crustacea Crab, Paratelphusa and 20 species of Gastropoda and

prawn. The dominant and outstanding shell fishes were Macrobranchium species

of Gastropoda, The richness of the environment and ecology is increased due to

the biogeographical diversity of rich population of shell fishes . In the habitat most

abundant found shell organisms are lamellidens and parreysia species of the

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group Pelecypoda and other observed species are of the genera Pila,

Planorbis,Bellamya and Lymnaea.

Srivastava et al (2004) studied diversity of inland fishes of India using the

mapping based on the historical data of their occurrence. According to them Fish

museums across the world are a repository of historical data on fish abundance

and occurrence. These occurrence points when mapped provide a picture of

present-day and earlier fish distribution. The accuracy of the map will depend on

how exhaustive the museum collection is for the area, and also on the museums’

collection practices (comprehensiveness and survey design). Fish Base 2000, a

structured database on fin fishes developed by the World Fish Centre, Malaysia

(formerly known as ICLARM-The World Fish Centre), contains more than 3500

data sets on the occurrence point of over 300 inland fishes of India. Their study

has indicated that it would be possible to extrapolate the museum occurrence

data compiled in FishBase into distribution, provided occurrence points could be

validated and enriched by additional data sets. However, lack of base maps and

habitat information for the fish concerned were the limiting factors.

Jadhav S.D. et. al. (2006) In their paper physico-chemical assessment of

Krishna river at Karad. Studied water of Krishna River by analyzing the various

physic-chemical parameters. They found the water slightly alkaline, dissolved

oxygen maximum, chlorides within the limits and sulphates maximum, calcium,

magnesium within limits and hardness maximum.

Soni et. al. (2006) did the comparative study on toxic effect of textile dye

effluents on Gambusia affinis of a freshwater fish at Sanganer, Jaipurwith respect

to RBCs and mortality. They carried out the analysis with treated and untreated

waste effluents in the laboratory. They observed changes in shape and size of

RBC counts with percent age and reduction in mortality of the fish. They

compared the statistics of death and the cytotoxic effects on RBCs. They

establish the advanced indicator for toxicity measurement of together untreated

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as well as treated wastewater is poikilocytosis of the RBCs. They found either nil

or lower than the proportion of poikilocytic RBCs especially at their lowest

concentrations. They also found reduction in percent mortality of fish. They

recommended for regular check of fish bioassay to study poisonous effects of

wastewaters on in cooperation of dissimilarity in RBC shape and mortality.

Chandanshive N.E. et. al. (2007) collected 59 species from Pavana river

of Pune. They have recorded three species of fishes which were not previously

recorded. They found the alien invasion of fishes like Oriochromis mossambica,

Aorichthys seenghala and Gambusia affinis, Heteropneustus fossilis and

occasional report of Labeo, catla and channa species in the polluted water.

Sreekantha, M. D.et.al.(2007) studied the status of endangered and

endemic fish species of the Western Ghats. They highlighted the clinging of

endangered and endemic fish species in the stream habitats of persistant

patches of primaeval forests, which are substantially degraded. They mentioned

about the occurrence of two new species of genus Schistura reaffirm which are

endangered, endemic species and the discovery of the ‘hottest hotspot’ status of

the Western Ghats.

R. Senthilkumar and K. Sivakumar (2008) studied on phytoplankton

diversity in the Veeranam Lake of Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu in response to

abiotic factors. They reported the relation between variation in temperature and

the photic conditions and seasonal variation of productivity . They identified one

hundred sixty species of phytoplankton represented into different taxonomic

groups. Amongst these are 43 groups of Chlorophyceae, 74 species of

Bacillariophyceae, 5 species to Euglenophyceae and 38 species to

Cyanophyceae. The density of phytoplankton was low during the winter season

and high during the summer season. the dominant group found was

Bacillariophyceae .

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Kodarkar. M.S. et. al. (2008) carried out A case study of limnology of

Bhima –Ujjani reservoir. They discussed about changes in land use pattern and

deforestation that is among the major problems. They observed that there was

need of consciousness about the long-term effects of degradation causing

processes of such deforestation .They focused on the increased use of upstream

water in the lakes and reservoirs together with fast rate of siltation often leads to

qualitative degradation and quantitative reduction of water. Further, release of

untreated or partly-treated high amount of pollutant load of chemicals waste

matters from manufacturing sectors and domestic sewage, from exhaustive

agriculture fertilizers has more than all negative ecological impact on the water

reserves. They mentioned on the needs of proper solutions for the

environmental problems.

EDmondsen W.T.(1959). Critically reviewed past information work on

domestic water, aquatic insects and phytoplankton. Phytoplankton expressed

itself mainly as nutrient enrichment which are under the impact of anthropogenic

activity, raw sewage contained excess concentration of Cl- , NH4-, NO3, and SO4

as reported earlier by several authors. The major cause of high concentration of

the ions may be addition of various biological wastes like, dung and urine from

the dairies and septic tank effluent to the sewerage. All over the world, there is

need of assessment of the ecological status of surface water, for the control of

water pollution. Biological indicators are useful for the quantification of the

ecological status of surface water.

Prabhakar A K et al. (2009) carried out investigation of medicinal uses of the

shell fishes in North Bihar. In their study they found that the essential minerals ,

vitamins animal proteins and steroids are available from the unshelled mollusks

with removed mantle covering .hey studied this availability from the mollusks like

Lamellidens, Bellamya, Pila, and Parreysia, when used in diet in various forms

for the cure of some types of human ailments. The diseases like burns, asthma

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and joint swellings can be cured by the use of flesh of mollusks like Pila and

Viviparous sp.For the medicinal purpose the foot region of these animals is used

in the form of curry or in rosted form they are consumed. The egg soup is useful

to cure rickets in children. For the people suffering from blood related and cardiac

ailments the curry of Lamellidens flesh is found useful.They found that the

localites from Bihar use the shellfishes for the cure of many diseases like

conjunctivitis, gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatism, heart diseases, calcium

metabolic disorders and blood and cardiac diseases.

S.E. Shinde.et al. (2009) carried out study on biodiversity of the fishes of

Pravara river at Pravara sangam dist, Ahmednagar (India). In the result they

have mentioned the record fishes of 7 orders, 14 families and 26 genera and 41

fish species . They recorded order Cypriniformes as most dominant among the

collected fish species.They recorded the fishes in descending order which were

as the orders Cypriniformes (50% ), Siluriformes (19%), order Perciformes 14.30

percent, orders Synbranchiformes and steoglossiformes 4.80 percent orders

Beloniformes and Mugiliformes (2.40percent.

Shinde S.E.et. al. (2009) have studied the freshwater fish diversity of

Harsool Sangavi Dam of Aurangabad dist (MS) India. They studied commercially

important fishes and abundance of fishes. In their investigation they recorded

fishes from 3 orders, 4 families, 12 genera and 15 species. In those The order

cypriniformes were dominant, followed by perciformes and siluriformes.

Bahadur et. al.(2010) conducted experiments to study consequence of

surfactants on phosphatase intensity in fish Labeo rohita of fresh water. In their

laboratory they exposed fishes to three surfactants. They found that marked

enhancement in the tissues of fish showed mainly in liver and then in gill and

muscle by the action of ACP(Acid phosphatase) . The fish showed stressful

condition by the increase in the levels of Acid phosphatase enzyme.

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Patil S. Y.et.al., (2010) studied Mitosporic Fungal Biodiversity in

Freshwater sources from District Dhule of Maharashtra in India. They found two

genera of Hyphomycetes and five species of them. They collected foam samples

and underwater leaves from the Panzara river and isolated the fungi species.

Among the recorded species Flabellospora acuminata Descals and Webster

were recorded for the first time in India. And in Maharashtra state Flabellospora

multiradiata Nawawi and Flabellospora crassa Alasoadura were reported for the

first time.

Vijaylaxmi C.et. al, 2010) carried out the study of allocation and diversity

position of Freshwater fishes of river Mullameri. This river is a small offshoot of

Bheema River of district Gulbarga in Karnataka. In their study they recorded

fishes belonging to 5 orders and 14 species. They reported the dominance of

order Cypriniformes(7species), followed by order Siluriformes (4 species),

followed by the order Osteoglossiformes, Channiformes and

Mastacembeliformes (1species).

Shinde. S. E. Et.al.(2010) carried out analytical study of the water quality

of dam Harsool-Savangi, Aurangabad of Maharshtra state in India. They studied

physical and chemical properties were and analyzed for one year. In their study

they collected water samples at four different sampling sites and studied the

Seasonal variations. The reported fluctuations in physicochemical parameters of

that dam in different seasons.. They reported the suitability of water of the dam

for fish culture and for agriculture watering. The water parameters indicated

richness of nutrients in the reservoir. But they noted that the Total hardness of

water in that region was further than the acceptable limit. The water was unfit for

drinking purpose according to WHO and ISI standards. They adviced for

continuous monitoring of pollution level. And there should be maintenance of the

encouraging conditions necessary for fish development, continued existence,

and reproduction in dam Harsool-Savangi of Aurangabad (M.S) India.

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The inflow of seepages, sewage and domestic waste discharged from the

Cooum and Adyar River are the reasons for occurrence of copepods M. Shanthi

and R. Ramanibai(2011). They Studied on Copepods from Chennai Coast

(Cooum and Adyar), Bay of Bengal - During the Cruise. According their findings

the low occurrence of copepods water in the river near shore stations compared

to that of offshore stations may be due to pollution.

Thirumala. S,et.al.(2011) investigated the relation between physical and -

chemical features of water and fish diversity in Bhadra reservoir of Karnataka,

India. In their study they reported 33 fish species. The fishes they reported

belongs to families Cyprinidae (18 species), Bagridae and Siluridae (3 species),

Channidae (2 species), and of Heteropneustidae. Cobitidae Mastacembelidae,

Notopteridae, Ambassidae, Cichlidae, Claridae(1 species). They discussed

relative occurrence and economic importance of fishes, besides their

identification. Most of the fishes they mentioned were useful as food fishes. The

Gambusia, Ambassis, and Puntius which are useful as larvicidal and ornamental

fishes. They found low fish diversity in premonsoon due to the reduction of the

water spread of the dam. They found the species diversity of fishs at max out in

post rainy season, because of favorable circumstances such as ample food

resources and sufficient water. The moderately oligotrophic in nature of water

body was indicated by low BOD coupled with the high value of dissolved oxygen

and other nutrient. They discussed in detail the factors responsible for declining

fish population. They suggested rising sustainable fishery practices and

appropriate citations to save the multiplicity.

Akkaraboyina M K et al.(2012) studied River Godavari at Rajahmundry

of Andhra Pradesh in India for quality of water. They carried out the study to find

out the pevailing situations and upcoming situations of index of water quality.

They used the standards of Indian Council Research (ICMR), 1975 and Central

Public Health Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO), 1991 for the

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categorization of the conditions of water quality. They studied the water to

determine Water Quality Index. They found noteworthy outcomes of the limited

study representing appropriateness of the presentation of the Actual Measured

model and the Time Series (09-12) model .The quality of water of River Godavari

at Rajahmundry station diversed from outstanding to good. Elevated values of

water quality index for the prospect three years indicated the good water quality

of River Godavari.

7.02.2010 Uchchariya D.K.et.al., (2012 ) worked on fishes to study their

biodiversity in reservoir tighra of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. In the learning

they observed forty groups of fishes belonging to 23 genera, twelve families and

six orders were identified. The a major order found to be was order Cypriniformes

with 55percent contribution. Siluriformes with twenty percent, Perciformes with

fifteen percent, Synbranchiformes with five percent and Osteoglossiformes and

Beloniformes with one point five percent part follow the sequence. Out of forty

species of fish, twenty species under lower danger near in danger, two species

of fish are under in danger of extinction, eight species of fish under susceptible,

three species under lower threat least concern and four species were reported to

be data deficient, according to CAFF (2006).

Jordon and Nigam (1992) classified different invertebrate and vertebrate

animals. Superclass pisces is divided into three classes as Placodermi- the

primitive fishes with bony covering plates. no member is living today, and

Chondrichthyes, the cartilaginous fishes and Osteichthyes , the bony fishes.

Dahanukar et . al. (2012) extensively studied the fish fauna of Indrayani

river of Western Ghats , Maharashtra. In their study they recorded 57 fish

species from the Indrayani river water. Among those species they reported five

fish species endemic to Krishna river system and 12 endemic fish species to the

Western Ghats. They found 7 species which were introduced newly in the river.

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They categorized those fish species according to the abundance as 9 rare

species, 11 abundant species, 23 moderate and 14 common fish species. In their

study they noted the extripation of fish species named Schismatorhynchos nukta.

Dahanukar mentioned this species as in danger of extinction (2010) in the IUCN

red list of threatened taxa. Their finding was also supported by Dr. Kharat(2003)

and Ghate(2002) who mentioned the decline of this species earlier. They noted

that the reasons for the extripation of that species might be over fishing,

increased pollution of the river water by organic and inorganic pollutants, the

competition by other carp fishes like Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala . During

their study they also mentioned the possible extripation of another fish namely

Aplocheilus lineatus due to the introduction of larvicidal guppy fish in Indrayani

river. They mentioned about the effect of anthropogenic activities on the decline

in number of fish species than the previous records.

Today demand for tropical marine aquarium fishes is a growing in the

international market and trade of Marine aquarium is expanding rapidly. Mandal

et. al.,(2012) studied the carotenoid pigmentation in ornamental fin fish of Indian

Sundarbans with special reference to few floral sources. Fishes are one of the

most significant species because of their large quantity and variety, among all the

groups of animal species available in Sundarbans.. Mangrove forests are among

the world’s most useful locations. According to authors association with

Mangrove plants is one of the great sources of pigmentation for the estuarine

fishes. To study this sources in Indian sundarbans they observed a variety of

colored fish community and identified about sixty seven species of finfish of

which were the representatives. They observed fish from five rivers during

period throught the year. The river Matla shown the highest coloured ornmental

finfishes. They studied eight mangroves . The ornamental fish diversity varied

significantly among the five different rivers of Indian Sundarbans was indicated

by ANOVA. The dominant fishes under study were from the order Perciformes.

They recorded unusual types of carotenoid pigments, from twenty two estuarine

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fin fish species. It was observed that pigments isolated from the ripen leaves of

eight mangrove plant species were more common in the carotinoid pigmentation

of the ornamental fin fishes studied. Thus this study and the findings provide a

new venture for the assessment of the relation in mangroves and pigmentation

in fish.

Arunkumar and Laifrakpam (2000) recorded occurrence of anew

species of fish from the Yu-River system of Manipur. They observed the close

resemblance of the new species Neonoemacheilus morehensis with the other

species like Neonoemacheilus peguensis, Neonoemacheilus assamensis and

Neonoemacheilus labeosus . But it shows the differnces in some features like 14

to 18 dorso-lateral vertical bars with distinct dark patch at the base of caudal fin,

a short transverse groove at the anterior nostril, two unbranched dorsal fin rays,

one unbranched anal fin ray, dorsal fin inserted closed to base of caudal fin.The

difference in the distances between the opening of anus to the anal fin and its

origin, distance between pelvic fin to anal fin origin was observed and also the

variation inthe length of length of the caudal peduncle was noted.

Kaushal et. Al.,(2001) reviewed the limnological characters of the Pandoh

reservoir formed across the river Beas in the district Mandi of Himachal Pradesh.

They examined the water and found low temperature range in the range of 10.3-

16.5°c ,the value of specific conductivity in the range 87—97 |j,mhos per

centimeter and total alkalinity also in lower range about 23 -43 ppm. The

nutrient status showed the moderate condition and oligo trophic tendencies of the

reservoir. The plankton count found was poor. In the reservoir Stocking of fish

was done first in the year 1978 when a batch of common carp was introduced in

it. On the other hand, stocking was not sustained in the water There was no

organized commercial fishing .The fishing was done by using gears and rods and

lines. The lake fish fauna is mainly composed of fishes like Salmo trutta fario,

Schizothorax rich ardsonii, Labeo dero, Labeo dyocheilus, Tor putitora and some

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hill stream fishes. Proposals be relevant to organization and development of the

fisheries in the lake were made. The practice of continuous storeing of cold

water fishes specially S.richardsonii, S.truttafario and Tor putitora would establish

remunerative in drawing tourist-anglers. It will be also proper to make some steps

for protection of fisheries of snow trout, S. richardsonii and golden mahaseer,

Tor.putitora.

Population parameters of the fish species Labeo calbasu (Hamilton) in the

Sylhet basin of Bangladesh were measured by Alam et. Al.,(2000). They

collected data from the north-eastern region of Bangladesh and analyzed it

using FiSAT software with length-frequency. They recorded the von Bertalanffy

growth parameters L°° and K for the species as 49.30 cm and 0.63 per year

respectively. the mortality of fishes due to the natural and fishing reasons was

found in the range 1.12 to 3.45 . The exploitation rate estimated by them was

0.76. The population of this fish species generally starts from the months

August to October and is maximum in september.The study put light on the

overfishing of the fish species and shown the effect on their body weight and

total length.

Katiha et. Al., (2000) reviewed The developments and sustainability of

fish seizes from riverside stretches in various districts of Himachal Pradesh.In the

state there is a network of the perennial rivers like Sutlej, Ravi, Beas and Chenab

in the west and in the east Yamuna and its tributaries . Importance of rivers in

most of the districts varied according to their geographical description and area.

The fishing business for the state had a significant growth rate of 9.56 percent.

Over the period of study it was observed that the rate was more than growth rate

in the number of fishermen fishing in rivers which indicates the increase in fish

productivity per fisherman. For the renewable normal property, there is a

maximum level of utilization which should sustain over time, ceteris paribus. It is

expressed as either highest sustainable production or highest sustainable yield.

The investigation indicated that fish operation in riverine stretches of district

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Chamba, Kangra and Kullu. The models used to approximation maximum

sustainable produce shown positively sloped equations for most of the districts,

representing massive scope for growth of fishery activities. Authors found that

although the State Fisheries Department has started a number of schemes to

improve fishery operations, these steps call for further intensification to

accomplish the required product.

Waikhom Vishwanath and laishram Kosygin (2000) recorded a new

catfish species of family Sisoridae and the genus Hara Blyth. Authors described

The new species Hara serratus from Barak River in Manipur, India. They have

focused the presence of a spine with the two serrated edges on the dorsal side of

the fish as the different character observed. They have also giver=n the

identification key of the fish from the genus Hara for the same fish.

Gobindsagar is the main water reservoir across the Sutlej river of

Himachal Pradesh. Benthic communities show interaction with the fishes in the

reservoir. Kaushal D.K.(2000) confirmed Interrelationship of fish and fisheries

with the bottom fauna of this reservoir. He analyzed the intestinal contents of

Cyprinus carpio and Labeo calbasu which was collected from the three major

ecological locations of the reservoir. The study was in combination with the

bottom fauna of the same ecosystems. the author revealed that the fauna of the

bottom of the water regulates the feeding habits of the selected fish species.

These fish species fed on chironomid larvae and pupae in prominance and

slectively on the young one of dipterans . The bathymetric distribution of benthos

was affected by wide water level instability , that created the differential

availability of benthos and accordingly had an control on the trophic spectrum of

the fishes. This has laid to the change in the feeding activities of these carps.

The fish landing shown the greater outcome where there was the better

availability of benthos at both the selected points of collection.

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Budha Nallah (BN) brookis a heavily polluted tributary of Sutluj river. It

was reported that 7 fish species like Ambassis ranga,Amblypharyngodon mola,

Catla catla, Ompok bimaculatus O. pabda, Punitus tictoand Xenentodon cancila

from Budha Nallah brook disappered due to the impact of pollution. It was also

found that 8 fish species namely Aspidoparia morar, Chelabacaila, C. laubuca,

Cirrhina reba, Crossocheilus latius, Osteobrama cotio, Puntius stigma and

Trichogaster fasciatus are under the process of abolition which is concluded by

the observation of their least occurrence in the area of Budha Nallah Kaur et.

Al.,(2000). The area between the point of budha nallah and river flowing together

and area of collection in downstream region did not show incidence of fishes

signifying their nonexistence in the region. the authors recorded , the incidence of

35 fish species in the downstream region 40-42 km next to the confluence of

Budha Nallah with the Sutluj river and 42 fish species in the upstream region 8-

10 km before the confluence of Budha Nallah with the Sutluj river.

Across the Sutlej river of Himachal Pradesh Gobindsagar is the main

water reservoir. Kaushal D.K. and Prakash A.(2000) revealed that chironomids

contribution in the water is relatively decreased with increasing depths, to the

total biomass and the population of oligochaetes was increased in the reservoir.

.It was concluded in their study of influence of the factors on the bathymetric

distribution of the benthos. Authors determined bathymetric distribution of macro-

invertebrates in relation to some factors for about two years from 1981 to 1983.

They recorded largest populations of 2,986 n m2 in the deepest part of the

reservoir. It was revealed that every time larger organic content of sediment and t

the wide oscillations in water levels featured to the strong development of

benthos in profundal zone.

The effect of cadmium chloride on the melanophore pigments of the fish

species Channa striatus was examined by Radhakrishnan et. Al.,(2000).

Cadmium chloride leads to sublethal effects on the melanophores and exhibits

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toxicity on melanophore morphology of the fish Channa striatus. During their

experiment it was observed that the melanin contents are released into the

surrounding matrix of the connective tissue, due to the breakdown of the

melanophores, between 20 and 30 days of exposure to cadmium chloride. This

happens by the attempt of fish to protect the delicate epidermis from the toxic

medium. there is gradual regeneration of the chromatophores as evidenced by

occurence of slow morphological colour changes, in addition to the physiological

colour changes. It was obseved the increased density of chromatophores after

forty five days. The chromatophores which were newly formed when compared

with the normal melanophores were found smaller in size and more in numbers.

the fish species of their study also showed the pigmentation effect the toxicity of

cadmium.

The impact of copper sulphate toxicity on the plasma electrolyte of

freshwater teleost fish, Cyprinus carpio var. communis during acute and

sublethal exposure periods was ascertained by K. Priya et. al.,(2000). Aquatic

animals are the long-established receivers of industrialized wastes including

heavy metals, which when discharged in high concentrations leads to harmful

effects on the organisms. One of the most poisonous heavy metals which is

often established in natural water is Copper. It is injurious to the aquatic animals.

Authors have studied the effects of copper sulphate on acute and sublethal

concentrations with respect to the changes in the electrolyte levels of sodium,

potassium and chloride present in the plasma. They recorded the significant

decline inn sodium and chloride levels when the fish was exposed to the acute

and sublethal concentration of the copper sulphate.

The digestibility of three relatively high protein feed ingredients all fed in

the form of meal , the sunflower seed, rapeseed and cottonseed, was examined

in tilapia species Oreochromis aureus x Oreochromis nilotica Gad Deganp And

Yehuda Yehuda(2000). For animals, the least expensive plant energy sources

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such as carbohydrates and oils, usually forms source of energy but their

consumption efficiency is different. The proportion of carbohydrates depends on

the digestibility that can be included in fish diets of the particular carbohydrate

source in the species for which the diet is prepared. This varies according to type

of the fish species as carnivorous, herbivorous or omnivorous. Optimal protein :

energy values can be established only after the digestible energy values in

feedstuffs have been evaluated. In their study of above fishes the authors have

discussed the difference in the digestibility of various protein sources. The

rapeseed meal showed 85 % digestibility of protein, followed by 77 %of

cottonseed meal and 76 % in sunflower seed meal. The results of digestible

energy tests showed energy yield of rapeseed as 2880 calories per gram;

energy yield of cottonseed as 2235 calories per gram; and energy yield of

sunflower seed as 1710 calories per gram. In the experiments the diet

containing 48% protein from different sources and 52 percent reference diet was

administered. The constituents were fifty percent soybean meal, thirty five

percent wheat flour, ten percent soybean oil, and five percent of vitamins, egg

yolk, guar andmchromic oxide. the digestibility was studied by using an inert

indicator in the nourish and gathering the faeces by stripping.

Baruah et. Al.,(1999). revealed that the rearing of hybrid magur (Clarias

gariepinus x Clarias macrocephalus) was found not suitable in Assam. The fish

species was introduced Assam in 1994 by private fish seed traders. The

objective was of assessment of the appropriateness of the fish for rearing in

Assam. But it was revealed after the various experimentation on cannibalism,

monoculture in pond, polyculture with carps and monoculture in cement tank, that

the species is unsuitable in Assam.

The fish Physiculus natalensis from Family Moridae has been recorded

by S. David Kingston and D. Manikandavelu(1998) from the Indian waters for

the first time. It was recorded formerly from the Natal coast of South Africa.

Comparison of the morphological characters of the fish with other specimens

from the Natal coast was carried out by the authors for this purpose.

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A comparative study of the morphometric characters of Himalayan

mahseer fish Tor putitora (Ham.) was carried out by Bhatt et. al.,(1998). The

observation of the fish collected from the hill section of the Ganga river and

Himalayan fish from the waters of Gobindsagar reservoir on Sutlaj river of

Himachal Pradesh was conducted. In the study the close relativity in the

morphological characters like Standard length, head length, length of anal fin

length of caudal fin, predorsal distance and preanal distance in proportion to total

length, and postorbital distance and preorbital distance in proportion to head

length of mahseer fish of Ganga river and Gobindsagar reservoir was observed.

The variations in the food habits of the fish Tor putitora (Ham.) in the

Ganga river of Garhwal region were studied by Kishor et. al.,(1998). The

feeding habits of the fish showed difference when examined from the different

tributaries of Ganga river. The food type included insect larvae and nyrmphs,

animal matter, Fish remains, Plant material like green algae, macrophytes and

diatoms.It was observed for the fish species from the Ganga, Saung, Nayar and

Alaknanda river respectively. The fingerlings shown highest degree of

omnivorous trend, while the youngest and sexually undeveloped individuals were

found to be carnivorous. RLG standards (0.42-21.10) indicated their carnivorous

tendency. The RLG values amplified with increasing length of the fish which

indicates the appropriateness of the gut for omnivorous diet.

The study of the ornamental fishes of the Brahmaputra river system has

revealed that large scale utilization of certain hill stream species caused severe

reduction of their reserve Pandey et. al.,(1998). They also reported adverse

effect of application of pesticides in the tea gardens and frequent use of

explosives in the hilly areas on the habitats of ornamental fishes . In their

investigation they collected the ornmental fish species from the valley of

Brahmaputra river in upper region of Assam. The cyprinid fish were dominant but

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the loaches were list found. it was noted that the weed infested beels form the

outstanding habitats for a large number of ornamental fishes.

Uma et. al.,(1998) studied the fish Notopterus notopterus(Pallas) from the

Saroornagar lake of Hyderabad in Andhrapradesh or its feeding habits and food.

They analyzed the various length of guts of the fishes for the study of their

contents fed. They found in the analysis that the fish feeds on a variety of foods

like aquatic weeds, mud and sand, nematodes, insects and small fishes. Relative

to the maturity fish showed minimum feeding in the winter and maximum feeding

in the summer period. The fish expressed the capacity of adjustment for a wide

spectrum of food on the approach of scarcity of certain food items. They survive

well on the food which is easily and readily available in such conditions .

A comparative study on the food and feeding habits of three Channa

species from the Eastern part of Godavari district of Andhra pradesh was carried

out by Rao et. al.,(1998). For their study they observed the fish species Channa

orientalis, Channa. punctatus and Channa striatus. from different ponds , tanks

and canals of Kothapeta mandal of the area. They recorded the difference in that

of the fish feeding habit of the species C. punctatus and C. striatus from Channa

orientalis . The illustrated the relation between different maturity stages and

feeding intensity of the three fish species and also highlighted their preferential

feeding habits.

The fish Labeo rohita (Ham.) from Jaisamand lake of Rajasthan was

studied using the key scales by Singh et. al.,(1998). They carried out the study

for three parameters as age, growth and harvestable size. They considered the

six characters as annual increase in length (h), in weight (w), index of species

average size (Qh), and population weight growth intensity (QCW), specific rate of

growth (CI), and of weight increase (Cw), growth constant (Clt) and growth

characteristic (Cth) for measurement of the growth every year. The record of

their study has shown the increase in weight up to the fifth year of fish life.

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Characteristic growth up to the third year of fish life after that the growth declines.

The growth constant was observed average more during the initial two years but

less in the last years i.e, 5-7 years. They also measured the suitable size for the

harvest of fish in the Jaisamand lake which attained the length of 46 cms.

Dutta et. al.,(2013) conducted the survey of fishes of coastal region of

West Bengal. They observed the fishes from Digha to Talpati about 64 Km

coastal area of West Bengal and recorded 20 species of ornamental fishes.

These fishes were important from the aquarium point of view and of the demand

as piscine status of ornamental fish. The species of these fishes which were

endangered due to ruined ecosystem of that region are Brachygobious sua,

Gobipterus chuno, Badis badis and Brachydanio rario. For the conservation of

these fishes some special care should be taken. Support of the unemployed

youth from that local area in the program of the conservation of the biodiversity

especially of the fishes can be adopted. This can be achieved through the

establishment of ornamental fish industry.

Dutta et. al.,(2012) studied the ichthyofauna of ornamental fishes of

Bordoibam Bilmukh Bird sanctuary of North east India. In the survey record of

fifty eight aquarium fish species from forty two genera and twenty one families

was prepared . The authors have suggested that the ornamental fishes have

prospectus in the development of a low cost enterprise. This will provide self-

employment and also can sustain the development of number of speciesof the

fast depleting ornamental fish species. They have suggested the method of

captive breeding as one of the measure for the conservation of the threatened

fish species. The local communities can have the substantial job opportunities

through such developments of low cost enterprises, along with the conservation

strategies. The authors discussed the suggestion about the habitat conservation

through such program.

The prospects of ornamental fish resource for potential utilization and the

problems in India were discussed by Ponniah et. al.,(2012) in their paper. The

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demand of freshwater and marine ornamental fishes all over the world has

increased for the practice of keeping fish aquaria at offices, homes or hospitals .

At many places fresh water and marine aquaria are used as a tourist attraction

articles. But after the survey it is found that the major countries producing

ornamental fish are mostly from Asia and Europe. India is recorded with two

percent of global ornamental fish trade, in the other minor supplier list. In India,

there is the record of about more than 288 exotic species of ornamental fish and

1.50 marine water species and 2.50 indigenous fresh water fish species. These

fishes available have been identified as prospective and appropriate for tropical

climate of India. The authors have put light on the current status of abuse of wild

reserve, creation through aquaculture and the biological and ecological

prospective for ornamental fisheries in India.

Yohana Velasco-Santamaría (2007) reviewed the nutritional

requirements of the freshwater ornamental fishes. According to the author till now

the information about the nutrition of ornamental fishes is the extrapolated

literature but actual information is not available. For the dynamic development of

the ornamental fish species the knowledge of nutritional requirements of them is

essential. The proper formulation of the food plan advance the nutrient

digestibility and provide the metabolic requirements of the ornamental fishes.

That will aid in the reduction of the maintenance cost and the water pollution at

the same time. The food containing the living items such as tubifex worms,

Artemia sp., rotifers and Moina , bovine heart and liver, and inert food items such

as flakes, milk powder, meal powder, forms a diverse range of the nutritional

values and also increase the productive properties. The skin pigmentation of the

ornamental fishes is a most important feature for the aquaculture which less

important for the other harvested fishes by fishermen. For maintenance of

pigmentation recommendation of carotenoids in the diet is given. The author has

written this document to highlight the significance of the particular nutritional

requirements of the ornamental fishes for the progress in the industrious

potential and economic status of the fishery business.

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Pandey et. al.,(1998) successfully carried out the breeding of the

endangered fish species golden mahseer and the fish Tor putitora. They

performed the experiment in the state fish farm of Bantiwali Mandi near

Dehradun during the month September of the year 1997. For the experiment of

induced spawning ,they used the mature males without any treatment which

were oozing under normal pond condition. They treated the females with

synthetic hormone drug ovaprim giving intramuscular single dose. They

collected the fertilized 4000 eggs with fresh milt, in viable condition after 24

hours. From this spawn the successful fertilization of seventy percent eggs anf

sixty five percent hatching was observed.

The age determination of some Indian fishes by using the otoliths , scales

and other hard parts was reviewed by G. Seshappa(1999). In India in the past

years characters like growth rings found in the scales, otoliths or other hard parts

of fishes to were used to judge the age of fishes at various stages of life. This

practice is customary now also. But these features were rejected due the

ambiguity in the appearance of the growth rings in these parts of the fishes in the

period of summer and winter. This was supported by the study of the fish

Cynoglossus semifasciatus at Calicut, which showed the annual periodicity of the

ring formation. In a few cases, because of the infrequent incidence of

abnormalities and fake checks in the scales, building the interpretations was a bit

difficult. But by other workers,such rings or annuli were later on found in the other

species of Cynoglossus at Calicut and also in many other fishes elsewhere .

Later on, in a vast study of more species from different locations discovered the

extensive incidence of growth rings (also called annuli) caused by factors other

than seasons. These findings were useful for the determination of the age of

fishes. The author has reviewed the development of this methods in the fishery

science of India.