11-111. Which cells do we suspect are older eukaryotes or prokaryotes? Why?

REVIEW

11-11Cell

DNA

Ribosome

Eukaryote

Bacteria

Nucleus

Phospholipid

Prokaryote

Mitochondria

Proteins

How to remember prok vs euk cells It’s all in a hand bag:

Girls…when going to a wedding / fancy occasion describe your purse– Small, compact, just the stuff you NEED

The rest of the time, what are most of your purses like?– Big. Lots of room,

extra stuff you may not need

Cell Organelle Review

Plant Cell

11-121. The cytoskeleton is made up of ______ + ______. (the answers are also organelles from your packet)

11-12Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization.

TODAY: How are animal and plant cells different? adding to what we already know

AssignmentRead section 4.3 and complete section review

OrganellesOrganelles Plasma membrane Plasma membrane – Made of 2 layers of Made of 2 layers of

phospholipids (a bilayer) phospholipids (a bilayer) – Allows transport of molecules Allows transport of molecules

into / out of the cell into / out of the cell– Helps protect cell from Helps protect cell from

bacteria, etcbacteria, etc– Chemical communication with Chemical communication with

other cellsother cells– (Review) (Review) PhospholipidPhospholipid – contains hydrophobic tails – contains hydrophobic tails

and hydrophilic headand hydrophilic head– Membrane contain lipids called sterols Membrane contain lipids called sterols

(cholesterol) (cholesterol)

- help make membrane more firm and - help make membrane more firm and prevent freezing at lower prevent freezing at lower

temperaturestemperatures

Membrane Proteins: Integral proteins –

– Proteins in the plasma membrane that are embedded or pass all the way through the membrane

– Have carbohydrate attached to act as marker or label

– Function: Communication Transporting materials into cell

Peripheral proteins – proteins found only on one side of the membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model– Idea that the phospholipids / lipids /

proteins can “flow” around each other– Plasma membrane is more of a fluid

than a solid

Cytoplasm – Cytoplasm – – part of the cell including the fluid, the part of the cell including the fluid, the

cytoskeleton and all organelles except nucleus cytoskeleton and all organelles except nucleus

Cytosol – Cytosol – – the cytoplasm that includes the ribosome's but the cytoplasm that includes the ribosome's but

not the membrane bound organelles – 20% not the membrane bound organelles – 20% proteinprotein

Nucleus – Nucleus – – control center of cell– controlled by the code in control center of cell– controlled by the code in

your DNAyour DNA Nuclear Membrane / Envelope – Nuclear Membrane / Envelope –

– double membrane that surrounds the nucleus double membrane that surrounds the nucleus Nuclear Pore – Nuclear Pore –

– protein lined holes in the nuclear membrane protein lined holes in the nuclear membrane that allow RNA to enter / leave nucleusthat allow RNA to enter / leave nucleus

Nucleolus – Nucleolus – – where DNA concentrates to create ribosomal where DNA concentrates to create ribosomal

RNA (ribosome's)RNA (ribosome's)

Chromosome – Chromosome – – DNA coils to form chromatin – chromatin coils DNA coils to form chromatin – chromatin coils

to form chromosomesto form chromosomes– Chromatin is how the cell’s genetic material is Chromatin is how the cell’s genetic material is

stored when not replicatingstored when not replicating– Chromatin coils to for chromosomes when Chromatin coils to for chromosomes when

replication is occurringreplication is occurring

Ribosome – Ribosome – – proteins that direct protein synthesisproteins that direct protein synthesis– Consist of two subunitsConsist of two subunits

Mitochondria – Mitochondria – – takes organic molecules and makes takes organic molecules and makes ATPATP

(adenosine triphosphate)(adenosine triphosphate)– Phospholipid Membrane bound organellePhospholipid Membrane bound organelle

Inner membrane has many folds for reactions Inner membrane has many folds for reactions to occur (called cristae)to occur (called cristae)

Which cells would you think have the Which cells would you think have the most mitochondria? most mitochondria? – Muscle cellsMuscle cells

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)– ““intracellular highway”intracellular highway”– Has a membrane and is composed of tubes and sacsHas a membrane and is composed of tubes and sacs– Rough ER – contains ribosome'sRough ER – contains ribosome's

Thus produces proteins (some phospholipids)Thus produces proteins (some phospholipids) Proteins produced then surrounded by vesicle from the ER Proteins produced then surrounded by vesicle from the ER

and then transported around / out of celland then transported around / out of cell– Smooth ER – lack ribosome'sSmooth ER – lack ribosome's

Produce lipids and hormones in sex cells (estrogen & Produce lipids and hormones in sex cells (estrogen & testosterone)testosterone)

Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus – Flattened membranes and sacsFlattened membranes and sacs– Receive vesicles from ER and modify Receive vesicles from ER and modify

them as the move through the Golgi them as the move through the Golgi (get “address labels”)(get “address labels”)

– Vesicles then are sent to various Vesicles then are sent to various locationslocations

– Create lysosomesCreate lysosomes

Vesicle – Vesicle – – Used to carry contents around, into / out Used to carry contents around, into / out

of cellof cell– Vary in typeVary in type– Spherically shapedSpherically shaped– Surrounded by a membraneSurrounded by a membrane

Lysosome – vesicle that contains digestive Lysosome – vesicle that contains digestive enzymes produced by Golgienzymes produced by Golgi– Digest organic materials, bacteria, etcDigest organic materials, bacteria, etc– Break down glycogen to get glucoseBreak down glycogen to get glucose– Cytolysis or autolysis – lysosomes release Cytolysis or autolysis – lysosomes release

enzymes to destroy the cell (old or enzymes to destroy the cell (old or malfunctioning cells)malfunctioning cells)

Cytoskeleton – Cytoskeleton – – network of thin tubes / filaments that network of thin tubes / filaments that

supports the cellsupports the cell

Microtubule – Microtubule – – hollow tubes made of protein that hold hollow tubes made of protein that hold

organelles in place and give the cell shapeorganelles in place and give the cell shape

Microfilament - Microfilament - – Smaller threads that contribute to Smaller threads that contribute to

changes in cell shapechanges in cell shape– Made of proteinMade of protein

Intermediate filaments – Intermediate filaments – – Rods that anchor nucleus and other Rods that anchor nucleus and other

organelles in placeorganelles in place– Maintain internal shape of the nucleusMaintain internal shape of the nucleus– Make up most of your hairMake up most of your hair

Cilium – Cilium – – Hair like structures that extend from the Hair like structures that extend from the

surface of cellssurface of cells– Assist in cell movementAssist in cell movement– Very numerousVery numerous

FlagellumFlagellum– Whip like structure that assist in Whip like structure that assist in

movementmovement– Usually less in numberUsually less in number

Centriole – Centriole – – short cylinders that organize short cylinders that organize

microtubules for cell divisionmicrotubules for cell division– Not found in plant cellsNot found in plant cells

Cell wall – Cell wall – – rigid layer found outside plasma rigid layer found outside plasma

membranemembrane– Contain celluloseContain cellulose

Central vacuole – large organelle that Central vacuole – large organelle that stores water, enzymes, wastes etcstores water, enzymes, wastes etc– Take up a large amount of the plant cellTake up a large amount of the plant cell– If filled with water, how will plant stand?If filled with water, how will plant stand?

Upright – if they are lacking water, plant will Upright – if they are lacking water, plant will droopdroop

Plastid – Plastid – – plant organelles that have their own DNA and plant organelles that have their own DNA and

perform specific functionsperform specific functions Chloroplast – Chloroplast –

– plastid example – use light energy to make plastid example – use light energy to make carbohydratescarbohydrates

Thylakoids – Thylakoids – – flat membranous sacs that contain chlorophyll flat membranous sacs that contain chlorophyll

(where photosynthesis takes place)(where photosynthesis takes place) Chlorophyll –Chlorophyll –

– green pigment that absorbs light energy in green pigment that absorbs light energy in plantsplants

Cellular OrganizationCellular Organization OrganelleOrganelle

– Intracellular structures with specific functionsIntracellular structures with specific functions TissueTissue

– Group of similar cells with a specific funtionGroup of similar cells with a specific funtion OrganOrgan

– A groups of tissues with a particular jobA groups of tissues with a particular job Organ systemOrgan system

– A group of organs that accomplish a taskA group of organs that accomplish a task– IE: IE:

Digestive systemDigestive system Respiratory SystemRespiratory System Nervous SystemNervous System Endocrine SystemEndocrine System Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Warm Up 11-11

What are two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Today:– Get out your microscope packets and

get a partner (or you can work by yourself)

– Microscope practice and questions

Warm Up 11-12

What is depth of focus?

Today:– Observing cheek cell and Elodea cells

Warm Up 12-12

What is the maximum total magnification if the ocular lens is 10 x and the objective lens is 40x

Warm Up 11-17

What is the function of the ER? Today:

– Go over “Microscope Practice” lab– Finish Observing Cells - Elodea, Onion

Cell, Cheek Cell Lab MAKE SURE YOUR DRAWINGS ARE DETAILED

ENOUGH

Warm Up 11-18

Draw either a Elodea (in pen or pencil) and label the following: chloroplasts, plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm

Today:– Cheek, Elodea and Onion cell labs due– Looking at living protists under the

microscopes

Warm Up 11-19

Get out worksheet packet – answer questions on pages 17 & 18.

Today:– Review how organelles look– Prepare for the test– Homework:

Finish Protist Lab Complete the pages of the worksheet packet

Warm Up 11-20

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

Today:– Prepare for test Monday – Review sheets

due Monday– Complete multiple choice on pages 21

and 23 of the new packet

Warm Up 11-23

Get out both your worksheet packets Turn in your protist lab Practice test:

– #17 – 20 we didn’t discuss, but try them anyway

– Short answer questions: Skip #24, 25 and 29.

Today 11-24

Test! Get out review sheets Get out a pencil

11-25

Check the grade sheet coming around– Are you missing anything?– Find it! Turn it in!

Missing a lab? – Today is the day to make it up

Go over tests (maybe)

Warm Up 12-01

Explain how our cells get food (make this explanation in some detail – you will see a similar question again

Light Microscopes and Cell Stains

A typical light microscope allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image.

The first set of lenses, located just above the specimen, produces an enlarged image of the specimen.

The second set of lenses magnifies this image still further.

Because light waves are diffracted, or scattered, as they pass through matter, light microscopes can produce clear images of objects only to a magnification of about 1000 times.

Light Microscopes and Cell Stains

Another problem with light microscopy is that most living cells are nearly transparent, making it difficult to see the structures within them.

Using chemical stains or dyes can usually solve this problem. Some of these stains are so specific that they reveal only compounds or structures within the cell.

Light Microscopes and Cell Stains

Some dyes give off light of a particular color when viewed under specific wavelengths of light, a property called fluorescence.

Fluorescent dyes can be attached to specific molecules and can then be made visible using a special fluorescence microscope.

Fluorescence microscopy makes it possible to see and identify the locations of these molecules, and even to watch them move about in a living cell.

Electron Microscopes

Light microscopes can be used to see cells and cell structures as small as 1 millionth of a meter. To study something smaller than that, scientists need to use electron microscopes.

Electron microscopes use beams of electrons, not light, that are focused by magnetic fields.

Electron microscopes offer much higher resolution than light microscopes.

There are two major types of electron microscopes: transmission and scanning.

Electron Microscopes

Transmission electron microscopes make it possible to explore cell structures and large protein molecules.

Because beams of electrons can only pass through thin samples, cells and tissues must be cut first into ultra thin slices before they can be examined under a transmission electron microscope.

Transmission electron microscopes produce flat, two-dimensional images.

Electron Microscopes

In scanning electron microscopes, a pencil-like beam of electrons is scanned over the surface of a specimen.

Because the image is of the surface, specimens viewed under a scanning electron microscope do not have to be cut into thin slices to be seen.

Scanning electron microscopes produce three-dimensional images of the specimen’s surface.

Electron Microscopes

Because electrons are easily scattered by molecules in the air, samples examined in both types of electron microscopes must be placed in a vacuum in order to be studied.

Researchers chemically preserve their samples first and then carefully remove all of the water before placing them in the microscope.

This means that electron microscopy can be used to examine only nonliving cells and tissues.

a._________

b._________c._________

d._________

e.___________

f.___________________________________

g._________

i.__________________________________

j.____________

k._____________________

h.____________________

Describe and find an illustration of these Describe and find an illustration of these 25 organelles25 organelles

Plasma membranePlasma membrane– Phospholipids bilayerPhospholipids bilayer

CytoplasmCytoplasm CytosolCytosol NucleusNucleus

– Nuclear PoreNuclear Pore– Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane– NucleolusNucleolus

ChromosomeChromosome Nuclear envelopeNuclear envelope RibosomeRibosome MitochondrionMitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus LysosomeLysosome

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton MicrotubuleMicrotubule MicrofilamentMicrofilament CiliumCilium FlagellumFlagellum Centriole Centriole Cell wallCell wall Central vacuoleCentral vacuole PlastidPlastid ChloroplastChloroplast ChlorophyllChlorophyll

___________

______________________

___________

___________

___________

______________________

___________

___________ ___________

___________

___________

___________

___________

___________

PERIPHERAL PROTEINSINTEGRA

L PROTEIN

PERIPHERAL PROTEIN

INTEGRAL

PROTEIN