1017 Current Developments with SRI: Other Methods, Other Crops, Mechanization, etc. in Global...
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Transcript of 1017 Current Developments with SRI: Other Methods, Other Crops, Mechanization, etc. in Global...
Current Developments with SRI -- Other Methods,
Other Crops, Mechanization, etc.
in Global PerspectiveNational Workshop on Consolidation of
SRI Experiences in VietnamJanuary 21, 2010
Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD
SRI is not yet finished !• SRI is not a technology – insights and ideas; system of concepts and methods• SRI derives from the work of Fr. Henri de Laulanié, who spent 34 years working with farmers in Madagascar• SRI methods were synthesized in 1984-85, but they continue to evolve• Developed for small, poor farmers, but can be adapted more widely• SRI not a thing = [adjective > noun]
Interesting to see variations:
• In China, many various innovations:
• Triangular spacing, raised beds and no-till; now also plastic mulch
• In Myanmar, Cambodia, Philippines, India: rainfed/upland SRI - no irrigation
• In India, Thailand, Sri Lanka: direct-seeded SRI - no transplanting
• In Pakistan, Costa Rica, India: mechanized SRI - reduce labor-intensity
•In India, Mali, Ethiopia: other crops - wheat, sugar cane, millet, maize, etc.
Liu Zhibin, Meishan, Sichuan province, China, standing in raised-bed, zero-till SRI field; measured yield 13.4 t/ha;his SRI yield in 2001 (16 t/ha) set provincial yield record
Science and Technology Daily, Chengdu - 26 June 2009
“A New Technology Saves Millions in Paddy Fields in Drought Season in Sichuan Province” – Sheng Li
• Yield per mu in this drought-prone area is normally 300 kg (4.5 t/ha); with new methods it can exceed 500-600 kg/mu (7.7-9.0 t/ha), and can even reach 800 kg/mu (12 t/ha).
• Cost of mulching with new methods is 40 ¥/mu; but costs of weeding, land preparation, fertilizer and irrigation are decreased by 230 ¥/mu
• Net income can increase with higher yield by 460 ¥/mu ($1,015/hectare) – while using less water
Rainfed/upland SRI• Utilize monsoon or other
rains• Change WATER management
- no hoarding of rain water
• Change NURSERY management – plant several nurseries, expect to sacrifice all but one of them
• Increase soil organic matter for soil structure & water retention
INDIA: Cultivation costs & net profitsSubject SRI (Rs) Conv (Rs)
Land preparation 2,800 2,800
Seed 45 450
Labour (8) 400 750
DAP-75kg 750 750
Urea -50Kg 310 310
Weeding 600 1,000
Harvesting 420 420
Tractor hiring charges 450 450
Threshing 1,200 1,200
TOTAL COST 6,975 8,130
Irrigation - alternate (hrs) 3 7
Yield (bags) 39 32
Tons/ha 2.73 2.24
GROSS PROFIT 25,389 20,832
NET PROFIT 18,414 12,702
IWMI/India study: 67% more income per ha, with one field yielding 15
t/ha
Direct-seeding for SRI
• Sow pregerminated seed in geometric pattern – Cuba, India, Thailand
• Broadcast of pregerminated seed and thin out plants by weeding – Sri Lanka
• Parachute method – Iran, elsewhere? (spacing is not regular)
Seeder Developed in Cuba
Thailand: Farmers making direct-seeder
for SRI
India: Southern Andhra PradeshDirect-seeder at KVK
Mechanization of SRI
• Need to reduce labor requirements in many places
• Interesting developments in Costa Rica, Pakistan and other countries• Mechanical transplanting• Mechanical land preparation• Mechanical weeding
Mechanical transplanter in Costa Rica
8 t/ha yield vs. 4.2 t/ha before
Costa Rica – mechanized SRI crop
8 t/ha yield without fertilizer
IRAQ: Comparison trials at Al-Mishkhab Rice Research Station, Najaf
Mechanical transplanting with SRI spacing in Iraq
Pakistan, Punjab Province:
Dry raised beds formed on laser-leveled fields
Raised beds ready for transplanting
Nursery mats made from soil, compost and rice
hulls
Hole-making machine – makes holes at 9 inch spacing (22.5
cm)
Multi-function transplanting machine: Laborers drop 10-day seedlings into
holes; machine sprays water into holes and bands compost and
fertilizer
Transplanting machine straddling raised beds as laborers drop seedlings
in holes
Weeder/soil aerator:removes weeds and
breaks soil crust for 9 inch (22.5cm) spacing
Mechanically transplanted and weeded rice crop, irrigated in furrows with siphon
supply
Growing crop – reached 90 tillers at 72 days
Mechanical weeder in Colombia
SRI Methods in DifferentAgroecosystems
• Tropical environment – Indonesia/Aceh
• Extreme mountain environment – Afghanistan
• Benign mountain environment – Bhutan
• Desert environment - Mali
‘Rice Aplenty in Aceh
(Indonesia)’
CARITAS NEWSSpring 2009
SRI methods were introduced in Aceh in 2005 by CARITAS Australia after tsunami had devastated the area – new methods raised local rice yields from 2 t/ha to 8.5
t/ha: “Using less rice seed, less water and organic compost, farmers in Aceh have
quadrupled their crop production.”
2009 Report from Aga Khan
Foundation: Baghlan Province,
Afghanistan
2008: 6 farmers got SRI yields of 10.1 t/ha vs. 5.4 t/ha regular2009: 42 farmers got SRI yields of 9.3 t/ha vs. 5.6 t/ha regular
2nd year SRI farmers got 13.3 t/ha vs. 5.6 t/ha1st year SRI farmers got 8.7 t/ha vs. 5.5 t/ha
AFGHANISTAN: SRI field in Baghlan Province, supported by Aga Khan Foundation Natural Resource Management
program
AKF technician making field visit in Baghlan Province
SRI field at 30 days
SRI plant with 133 tillers @
72 days after transplanting
11.56 t/ha
From Report on SRI in Deorali Geog, Bhutan, 2009
Sangay Dorji, Jr. Extension Agent, Deorali Georg, Dagana
SRI @ 25x25cm 9.5 t/ha SRI random spacing 6.0 t/ha
SRI @ 30x30cm 10.0 t/ha Standard practice 3.6 t/ha
SRI nursery in Timbuktu region of Mali – 8-day seedlings ready for transplanting
SRI transplanting in Timbuktu, Mali
MALI: Farmer working with
Africare in Timbuktu region
showing difference between regular
and SRI rice plants, SRI yield of 8.98
t/ha in 2007
SRI ControlFarmer Practice
Yield t/ha* 9.1 5.49 4.86Standard Error (SE) 0.24 0.27 0.18% Change compared to Control + 66 100 - 11% Change compared to Farmer Practice
+ 87 + 13 100
Number of Farmers
53 53 60
• * adjusted to 14% grain moisture content
Rice grain yield for SRI plots, control plots and farmer-practice plots,
Goundam circle, Timbuktu region, Mali, 2008
Importance of Soil Aeration
• Stimulate aerobic soil organisms as they are critical for soil fertility• Nitrogen fixation• Phosphorus solubilization• Mycorrhyzal fungi• Nutrient cycling – protozoa, nematodes• Induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Soil-aerating hand weeder in Sri Lanka costing <$10
Effect of Active Soil Aeration
412 farmers in Morang district, Nepal, using SRI in monsoon season, 2005
SRI yield = 6.3 t/ha vs. control = 3.1 t/ha• Data show how WEEDINGS can raise yield
No. of No. of Average Rangeweedings farmers yield of yields
1 32 5.16 (3.6-7.6) 2 366 5.87 (3.5-11.0) 3 14 7.87 (5.85-10.4)
MechanicalWeedings
Farmers (N)
Area (ha)
Harvest(kg)
Yield (t/ha)
None 2 0.11 657 5.973One 8 0.62 3,741 7.723Two 27 3.54 26,102 7.373
Three 24 5.21 47,516 9.120Four 15 5.92 69,693 11.772
Impact of Weedings on Yield with SRI MethodsAmbatovaky, Madagascar, 1997-98
Why Is ‘Weeding’ So Important?
Not just to control weeds necessary
Promotion of beneficial soil organisms, both bacteria and fungi (mycorrhizae)
Not only in the soil but also in the plant• As symbiotic endophytes in ROOTS• Also as endophytes in the LEAVES• Even as endophytes in the seed coat!
Microbial populations in rice rhizosphere
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University research
Microorganisms
Conventional
SRI
Total bacteria 88 x 106 105 x 106
Azospirillum 8 x 105 31 x 105
Azotobacter 39 x 103 66 x 103
Phosphobacteria
33 x 103 59 x 103
T. M. Thiyagarajan, WRRC presentation, Tsukuba, Japan, 2004
Total bacteria Total diazotrophs
Microbial populations in rhizosphere soil in rice crop under different management at active tillering, panicle initiation and flowering (SRI = yellow; conventional = red)
[units are √ transformed values of population/gram of dry soil]
Phosphobacteria \ Azotobacter
Dehydrogenase activity (μg TPF) Urease activity (μg NH4-N))
Microbial activities in rhizosphere soil in rice crop under different management (SRI = yellow; conventional = red) at active tillering, panicle initiation and flowering
stages [units are √ transformed values of population/gram of dry soil per 24 h]
Acid phosphate activity (μg p-Nitrophenol) \
Nitrogenase activity (nano mol C2H4)
Total microbes and numbers of beneficial microbes (CFU g-1) under conventional and
SRI cultivation methods, Tanjung Sari, Bogor, Indonesia, Feb-Aug 2009 (Iswandi
et al., 2009)Cultivation
method and fertilization
Total microbes
(x105)
Azoto-bacter(x103)
Azospi-rillum(x103)
P-solubilizing bacteria
(x104)
Conventional crop mgmt with NPK
2.3a 1.9a 0.9a 3.3a
Inorganic SRI (NPK fertilizer)
2.7a 2.2a 1.7ab 4.0a
Organic SRI (compost)
3.8b 3.7b 2.8bc 5.9b
Inorganic SRI + biofertilizer
4.8c 4.4b 3.3c 6.4b
ENDOPHYTIC AZOSPIRILLUM, TI LLERING, AND RICE YIELDS WITH CULTIVATION PRACTICES AND NUTRIENT AMENDMENTS Replicated trials at Anjomakely, Madagascar, 2001 (Andriankaja, 2002)
Azospirillum No. of CLAY SOIL in roots
(103/mg) tillers/
plant Yield (t/ha)
Traditional cultivation, no amendments
65 17 1.8
SRI cultivation, with no amendments
1,100 45 6.1
SRI cultivation, with NPK amendments
450 68 9.0
SRI cultivation, with compost
1,400 78 10.5
LOAM SOIL SRI cultivation with no amendments
75 32 2.1
SRI cultivation, with compost
2,000 47 6.6
Ascending Migration of Endophytic Rhizobia, from Roots and Leaves, inside Rice Plants and Assessment of Benefits to
Rice Growth Physiology Feng Chi et al.,Applied and Envir. Microbiology 71 (2005),
7271-7278Rhizo-bium test strain
Total plant root
volume/pot (cm3)
Shoot dry weight/ pot (g)
Net photo-synthetic
rate (μmol-2 s-1)
Water utilization efficiency
Area (cm2) of flag leaf
Grain yield/ pot (g)
Ac-ORS571 210 ± 36A 63 ± 2A 16.42 ± 1.39A 3.62 ± 0.17BC 17.64 ± 4.94ABC 86 ± 5A
SM-1021 180 ± 26A 67 ± 5A 14.99 ± 1.64B 4.02 ± 0.19AB 20.03 ± 3.92A 86 ± 4A
SM-1002 168 ± 8AB 52 ± 4BC 13.70 ± 0.73B 4.15 ± 0.32A 19.58 ± 4.47AB 61 ± 4B
R1-2370 175 ± 23A 61 ± 8AB 13.85 ± 0.38B 3.36 ± 0.41C 18.98 ± 4.49AB 64 ± 9B
Mh-93 193 ± 16A 67 ± 4A 13.86 ± 0.76B 3.18 ± 0.25CD 16.79 ± 3.43BC 77 ± 5A
Control 130 ± 10B 47 ± 6C 10.23 ± 1.03C 2.77 ± 0.69D 15.24 ± 4.0C 51 ± 4C
Data are based on the average linear root and shoot growth of three symbiotic (dashed line) and three nonsymbiotic (solid line) plants.
Arrows indicate the times when root hair development started.
Ratio of root and shoot growth in symbiotic and nonsymbiotic rice plants -- symbiotic plant seeds were inoculated with Fusarium culmorum
Russell J. Rodriguez et al., ‘Symbiotic regulation of plant growth, development and reproduction,’
Communicative and Integrative Biology, 2:3 (2009).
Growth of nonsymbiotic (on left) and symbiotic (on right) rice seedlings. On growth of endophyte (F. culmorum) and plant
inoculation procedures, see Rodriguez et al., Communicative and Integrative Biology, 2:3 (2009).
Mechanized Systems of Crop Intensification
(MSCI)
1 KM Defence Road, Bhobatian Chowk, Raiwind Road, Lahore, Pakistan
Tel: +92 (042) 532 2205 Fax: +92 (042) 532 1509
Solutions Provider in Farm Sector
Pakistan: Private-sector applications of SRI principles; mechanized rice production (8 ha) was 13 t/ha;
applications being made to wheat, sugar cane, potatoes, onions, etc.
Wheat Plantation on Raised Beds
• Direct seeding on raised beds
• 5 rows planted on a 42-inch bed at 9-inch spacing
• Seed rate is lowered to 25 to 30 kg per acre compared to 60 to 80 kg
• 350 kg/ha compost is banded, also 250 kg of NPK per ha is banded
Wheat Plantation on Raised Beds
Wheat Plantation on Raised Bedsas of December 22, 2009
Wheat Plantation on Raised Beds
as of January 18, 2010
True Potato Seed (TPS) Transplantation
True Potato Seed (TPS) Transplantation
as of December 22, 2009
True Potato Seed (TPS) Transplantation
as of January 18, 2010
PERFORMANCE OF SCI PERFORMANCE OF SCI CROPS DURING DROUGHT CROPS DURING DROUGHT
SEASON 2009SEASON 2009 Experiences from Himachal Pradesh & Experiences from Himachal Pradesh & UttarakhandUttarakhand
PEOPLE’S SCIENCE INSTITUTE, DEHRADUNPEOPLE’S SCIENCE INSTITUTE, DEHRADUN
Up-scaling of SRI in Himachal Up-scaling of SRI in Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand, 2006-08Pradesh & Uttarakhand, 2006-08
Particulars 2006 2007 2008
Conv. SRI Conv. SRI Conv. SRINo. of farmers (villages)
40 (25) 591 (133) 12,214 (496)
Area (ha) - 0.95 - 15.00 252.98Average grain yield (Q/ha)
31.5 52.5 28.5 54.0 39.5 60.5
% increase in grain yield
- 67 - 89 - 53
Average straw yield (Q/ha)
58 72.5 55 73.5 110.5 145
% increase in straw yield
- 25 - 34 - 31
Average SRI increase in grain yield has been about 70 per cent --Average SRI increase in grain yield has been about 70 per cent --SRI concepts and methods now being applied to OTHER CROPSSRI concepts and methods now being applied to OTHER CROPS
Recommended Practices
Normal Year
Drought Year(2009)
Young seedlings 8-12 days 10-25 daysWider spacing(cm)
25 x 25 P/P : 15-25 R/R : 15-20
Single seedling / hill
1 / hill 1-3/ hill
Alternative wetting & drying
YesWater not
under control
Inter-cultivation 2+ mechanical weedings
1+ mechanical and manual
weeding
Organic matter PAM* PAM*
Alterations in SRI Practices in Alterations in SRI Practices in Drought Year Drought Year
*PAM: Panchgavya, Amritghol, Matkakhad*PAM: Panchgavya, Amritghol, Matkakhad
SRI Comparative Crop-Cut Results, SRI Comparative Crop-Cut Results, 20092009Normal (2006-2008) Drought (2009)
Conv. SRI Conv. SRI
No. of effective tillers/ plant 7 21 5 18Average plant height (cm) 99 122 88 102Average panicle length (cm) 18 24 19 25Average no. of grains/panicle 93 177 90 174Grain yield (t/ha) 3.6 5.5 2.5 4.8Straw yield (t/ha) 11.1 14.5 5.1 8.5
** In this drought year, grain yields of conventional crop decreased by 31%, as compared to a reduction of only 13% in the SRI crop** Conventional yields stood close to 2.5 tons per ha while SRI yields were 4.8 tons per ha -- 92% higher
Particulars Rainfed Irrigated
UKD HP UKD HP
Conv SRI Conv SRI Conv SRI Conv SRI
No. of effective tillers/ hill 3 12 4 18 5 18 8 23
Average plant height (cm) 70 86 86 98 95 108 96 112
Average panicle length (cm) 14 19 18 26 20 26 22 28
Average no. of grains /panicle 64 102 79 230 113 170 109 189
Grain yield (t/ha) 1.1 1.9 3.4 6.3 2.6 4.6 2.9 5.9
Straw yield (t/ha) 1.9 2.7 5.8 10.1 5.9 9.7 9.1 12.8
% increase in grain yield - 73 - 74 - 77 - 103
% increase in straw yield - 42 - 78 - 64 - 41
SRI Crop Performance during SRI Crop Performance during Kharif 2009Kharif 2009
Experiments on System of Crop Experiments on System of Crop Intensification (SCI), 2009Intensification (SCI), 2009
Crops Total Farmers
Area(in Ha)
Maize 183 10.34
Kidney bean (Rajma) 679 14.01Sesame (Til) 22 0.41Finger millet (Mandwa) 340 8.04Black gram (Urad) 314 2.00Soyabean 77 2.47Tomato 45 4.36French bean 44 0.35
1,704 41.98
Practice Conventional SWI
Young seedling
Broadcasting Direct seed sowing /
transplantingWider spacing
- P to P : 20 - 25cm R to R: 20 – 25 cm
Single seedling / hill
- 1-2 seed/seedling per hill
Inter- cultivation
1+ manual weeding
2+ manual weeding
and weeder Organic matter
Compost+chemical fertilizer
Compost + PAM*
SCI Adaptations Made for WheatSCI Adaptations Made for Wheat
*PAM: Panchgavya, Amritghol, Matkakhad*PAM: Panchgavya, Amritghol, Matkakhad
Extensions of SRI to Other Crops (SCI)Extensions of SRI to Other Crops (SCI)Crop No. of
FarmersArea (ha)
Grain Yield (t/ha)
%Incr.
2006 Conv. SRI
Wheat Research Farm
5.0 1.6 2.2 38
Rajma 5 0.4 1.4 2.0 43Manduwa 5 0.4 1.8 2.4 332007
Wheat (Irrigated)
25 0.23 2.2 4.3 95
Wheat (Unirrig.)
25 0.09 1.6 2.6 63
Rajma 113 2.26 1.8 3.0 67Manduwa 43 0.8 1.5 2.4 60
Rajma (kidney beans)
Manduwa (millet)
SCI Adaptations Made for Finger SCI Adaptations Made for Finger Millet & MaizeMillet & Maize
Practice Finger Millet MaizeConv. SCI Conv. SCI
Young Seedling
Broad-Casting
Transplanting @ 15-20 days or
direct line sowing
Direct seed sowing
Direct seed sowing
Spacing Thinning out P to P : 20 cm R to R: 20 cm
Broadcasting P to P : 30 cmR to R : 30 cm
Single seedling/hill - 1 plant/hill or line sowing
- 1-2 seeds/hill
Inter-cultivation(manual weedings)
2+ 2+ 1+ 2+
Organic matter Compost Matka Khad, Vermi-compost,
PAM*
Compost Cow dung, Matka Khad, PAM*
*PAM: Panchgavya, Amritghol, Matkakhad*PAM: Panchgavya, Amritghol, Matkakhad
Finger Millet: 340 farmers = 8.04 ha Maize: 183 farmers = 10.34 ha
Finger Millet Maize
Conv. SCI Conv. SCIAve. ears/plant (cobs/plant) 3 5 2 3Average plant height (cm) 69.5 88.5 149.4 173.7Ave. no. of grains /ear (kernels/cob)
290 428 225 248
Grain yield (T/ha) 1.2 1.8 17.1 22.9% increase in grain yield - 50% - 34%
Results of SCI with Finger Millet & Maize, Results of SCI with Finger Millet & Maize, Kharif 2009Kharif 2009
System of Finger Millet I ntensificationon lef t; regular management of improved
variety and of traditional variety on right
ICRISAT-WWF Sugarcane
Initiative: at least 20% more cane
yield, with: • 30% reduction in water, and • 25% reduction in chemical inputs
‘The inspiration for putting this package together is from the successful approach of SRI – System of Rice Intensification.’
Comparison of SRI and usual rice plants –
Miyatty Jannah, Crawuk village,
Ngawi, E. Java
Single-seed SRI rice plantVariety: CiherangFertile tillers: 223Sampoerna CSR Program, Malang, E. Java, 2009
THANK YOU
• Check out SRI website: http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/
• Email: [email protected]
• or [email protected]