100% Renewable Energy for Islands - ISES
Transcript of 100% Renewable Energy for Islands - ISES
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100% Renewable Energy for Islands
Case studies – Tuvalu & Tokelau
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About ITP
•Specialist renewable energy consulting firm
•Over 30 years international experience and 1,500
projects
•Founded in the UK in 1981
•Major regional offices in UK, India, China and Australia
• Head office in Canberra,
offices in SA, NSW and NZ
• Active in Australia and the
Pacific region for over 10 years
• Involved in RE projects of all
scales (1 kW to 50+ MW)
• Services
• Engineering Consultancy
• Project Engineering
• Energy Markets and Advisory
• International Aid and
Development
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TERP – Tuvalu
• Nine small atoll islands
• Total population approx. 10,000
• 6,000 on the capital, Funafuti
• Other islands populations 100-1,500
• Outer islands only accessible by
boat, typically 24hrs by boat to each
island
• Irregular shipping (every 3-6 weeks)
• Shipping often disrupted by weather
or boat unavailability
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Case study – Tuvalu northern islands
• Existing low voltage AC
electricity grids (diesel)
since 2001
• Grids operated by
electricity utility (Tuvalu
Electricity Corporation)
• Local operators (TEC
employees) deal with day
to day running
• Technicians from the
capital visit periodically or
for repairs when required
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Nanumea power station
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Tuvalu northern islands- key issues
• Reliability • Only 12-18 hours of power per day normally (down to 2-4 hrs
sometimes)
• Frequent diesel shortages due to shipping unreliability
• Generator breakdowns
• Long delays for repairs (can take weeks to send a technician from Funafuti)
• Cost• Estimated ~$1.20 to $1.50/kWh cost of supplying energy (possibly
more)
• Vulnerable to diesel price changes
• Vulnerable to utility cash flow issues
• Tariffs ~25c/kWh – outer islands subsidised by main island and by government
• Remote diesel grids were built as a service to the community, but are very expensive for the government
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Transportation
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Transportation
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Vulnerability to weather
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Aims of outer islands solar project
• Outer islands 100% renewable energy
• 24hr power
• System to last 20 years without need for major
modification
• Reduce operating costs of outer islands power systems
• Improve power reliability (and availability during
disasters)
• Grant-funded (NZ Govt)
• Eliminate need for aid fuel subsidies
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Load curve – Nanumea island
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00
Load
(kW
)
After load growth
Assumed loads
From data logger
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Load estimate - Nanumea
• Average 550 kWh per day
• Little seasonal variation, but some “busy” times of year.
• Highest demand around Christmas and special events
• 40% of demand during “solar” hours
• 60% evening/night time
• Allowance for extra days with poor sun – 2 days
• Use this to size battery bank
• Then size solar PV array to meet day time load plus
enough extra energy to fully charge the batteries.
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System sizing overview
• 33,000 Ah battery bank (sealed lead acid batteries)
• 200 kW solar PV array
• SMA modular inverter/charger units
• Diesel generator to be switched off normally.
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Design features
• Modular
• if one unit fails, most of the system can be kept online
• Spares kept on island, easy to swap out
• Off-the-shelf inverter/controller, easy to order a new one
• Robust and corrosion resistant
• Cyclone proof structure
• No air conditioning required
• Because the air conditioner is often a failure point
• Low maintenance
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Completed system
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Performance so far
• System is very large for current loads
• Batteries drop to 80% overnight, are fully charged before
midday if sunny
• Can go for 5 days of cloudy weather without generator
• 1 inverter failure – local operator successfully replaced it
and sent it back for warranty claim
• Effective cost of energy supply reduced to about
$0.55/kWh (from over $1)
• However this is still higher than the tariff ($0.25/kWh)
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Training and operation
• Local operators involved from beginning of construction
• Training throughout construction and troubleshooting
• Other staff in Funafuti (capital) have been doing solar
training over a longer period
• Very challenging for the outer island operators to adapt to
the new technology
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Community
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Lessons/challenges
Less well-known challenges ITP has seen over the years:
• Systems becoming too reliable (operators stop maintaining
generators totally/ get complacent)
• Social problems with 24hr power (e.g. loud music at night)
• Logistics can be very complicated
• Getting accurate data and information is difficult (e.g.
powerhouse data, shipping schedules)
• Limited market for companies with experience in designing
and building renewable energy systems on island
environments
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Southern Cross House,
6/9 McKay St, Turner, ACT
PO Box 6127 O’Connor, ACT 2602
p +61 (0) 2 6257 3511
f +61 (0) 2 6257 3611
itpau.com.au
IT Power Renewable Energy Consulting
Questions