1.0 INTRODUCTION - Madurai · Madurai, a temple town and bustling city, is the birthplace of...

Solid Waste Management for Madurai Corporation Project Report Madurai District, TN, India - 1 -

Corporation of Madurai Community Consulting India Private Limited

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT - OVERVIEW

�� *(1(5$/�Basic infrastructure development is an essential element of the economic growth equation. Per the 74th CAA, the Govt. of India has proposed and provided for transferring several administrative and financial powers to Local Bodies and designating them as the nodal agency for provision of effective and sustainable urban services. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management is an obligatory function per the respective Municipal Acts that govern the functions and responsibilities of Local Bodies in India. It is the responsibility of the Local bodies to collect, transport, process and dispose the Municipal Solid Waste in an environmentally acceptable manner.

The quantity and characteristics of solid waste vary to a significant extent and cannot be attributed to a specific location/ type/ category. The factors that influence the volume and composition are average level of income, population, social behavior, climate, industrial production and market for waste materials. Generation of solid waste is also reportedly in direct relation to economic wealth1. Variations are also bound occur in composition of solid waste due to seasonal and location factors. Average per-capita generation of municipal solid waste per the CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management is indicated in Table 1.1.

�� &$7(*25,=$7,21��&/$66,),&$7,21�2)�06:� MSW is usually categorized as follows:

� Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) - Further sub-divided into the below listed based on the origin/location of generation:

� Domestic Origin ( food, vegetable residues, Packaging Material ‘Paper, Plastic, metals’)

� Commercial/Institutional Origin (Hotels/Restaurants/Marriage halls) � Market Origin (cardboard, packaging materials and related) � Health Care Facilities (infected linen, injection vials, discarded medicines, cultures,

body parts, etc) � Industrial Waste (Scrap metals, alloys, glass, paper, plastic, packaging material

chemical residues, etc.)

� Vegetable Markets (Reject vegetables)

� Slaughter House (Body residues)

� Worship places: (Used flowers, food waste, etc) � Street sweeping (Kerb-side Waste, Soil, Silt, Paper, Plastic, etc)

Classification of MSW based on property of the material besides origin is also listed:

� Biodegradable Easily Biodegradable: food, fruit and vegetable waste, garden waste, paper, etc.

Non Easily Biodegradable: Wood, Animal residues, etc. � Combustibles: Relatively dry with high calorific value ( plastic, cardboard, Wood,

rubber, leather, synthetic materials, etc.) � Inert: Dust, cinder, grit and other debris are known as “inert materials” � Hazardous Items (e.g. Chemical Based Waste, Bio-medical waste, etc.)

1 Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management; Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation; Government of India; 2000

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�� 3+<6,&$/��&+(0,&$/�&20326,7,21�2)�06:� Characteristics of MSW in India are drastically different from those in the developed

countries where density is significantly higher. Primary reason is the low content of paper, plastics, glasses, aluminum foils and other packaging materials. Such recyclable materials fetch a moderate salvage value in the scrap market are normally segregated at source by the generator. Secondly, organic content such as kitchen waste, vegetable market waste and street sweeping comprises a significant volume/weight. Physical Characteristics of Waste are listed below in Table 1.2. The recyclable material component is usually insignificant. The portion of compostable and inert materials (like ash and road dust) is significant while the recyclable materials2 are removed from the system by the rag-pickers coupled with a moderate level of recycling at source.

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Chemical analysis of MSW indicates the nominal C/N ratio of 21 to 31 with calorific values in the range from 800 to 1,010 kcal/kg and density range of 330 - 560 kg/cum. Details of chemical composition of municipal solid waste are furnished in Table 1.3.

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Corporation of Madurai has been identified as one of the cities for infrastructure development in accordance with the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) scheme. This mission comprise of two submissions namely:

� Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Basic Governance � Sub-Mission for Basic Services to Urban Poor

The Submission for urban infrastructure and governance will be administered by the Ministry of Urban Development through the Sub-mission “Directorate for Urban Infrastructure and Governance”. The main thrust of the submission is on infrastructure projects relating to Water Supply and Sanitation, Sewerage, Solid Waste Management, Road Network, Urban Transport, development of old city areas with a view to upgrading infrastructure therein and shifting industrial and commercial establishments to conformity areas etc. Corporation of Madurai has prepared the City Development Plan and has been accorded approval by the Mission. Improvement to the existing Municipal Solid Waste Management system has been identified as one of the priority sectors in the City Development Plan for Madurai.

2 NEERI Reports; Strategy Paper on SWM in India; August 1995



1.3 OBJECTIVES

Broad objectives of the proposed study are outlined below:

� Review of the present status of solid waste management in terms of source segregation & collection, existing adequacy of staff, existing transportation, treatment and disposal arrangement

� Preparation of a Detailed Project Report comprising design, drawings and cost estimation for the following components: � Source segregation & Collection � Innovative method for collection and least cost transportation � Composting facility for the segregated biodegradable waste considering population

growth in next 10 years � Development of secured landfill for non easily biodegradable and non recyclable

waste. � Reclamation of existing dump site and disposal of accumulated waste through

secured landfill. � Preparation of contract packaging, implementation schedule and tender documents

Design of the aforementioned components has been performed in accordance with ‘Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000’ (Refer Annexure – 1).



2.0 PROJECT AREA PROFILE

2.1 MADURAI - HISTORY & GROWTH

Madurai, a temple town and bustling city, is the birthplace of “Tamil”, one of the oldest languages in India. The Pandiyan Empire ruled Madurai during the 14th Century, when the world famous Meenakshi Amman Temple was built. The South Bank of Vaigai River comprises the “Old Town” where Madurai was nestled and later expanded around the Temple and Tamil Sangam. Later, in the 17th Century, the Nayak Kings contributed significantly to the architectural beauty of this town. Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal is a classic example of the fine architecture that flourished during that period. Madurai also finds

special mention in maritime trade with the greco-roman empires during medieval times.

Although the “Old Town” was concentrated around the

Meenakshi Amman Temple on the south bank of Vaigai River, in modern times it has expanded to cover the north bank and stands as an important trade center and gateway to southern Tamil Nadu today.

2.2 MADURAI CORPORATION – REGIONAL SETTING

�� 5(*,21$/�/,1.6�Madurai is well connected by Rail, Road and Air to all major cities of the state and the country. Madurai is a major railhead on the Chennai-Kanyakumari Railway line. National Highways NH-7 and NH-49 pass through the center of the city.

�� 3+<6,&$/�)($785(6�Madurai is situated approximately 100 metres above MSL. The terrain of the city is gradually sloped from the north to south and west to east. Vaigai River bisects the city into the North and South zones with the north sloped towards Vaigai River and the south zone sloped away from the river. Madurai city is also flanked by prominent hills on the periphery such as Anaimalai, Nagamalai, Pasumalai and Sikandar malai. The City is situated on 900 55’ N latitude and 780 7’ E longitude. Ground water table depth varies between 61 to 91 m. The average water table is reported at approximately 76 m below ground level.

The climate of Madurai town is hot and dry and temperature ranges between a maximum and minimum of 420C and 210C respectively. April through June is usually the peak summer season. Rainfall is irregular and intermittent, with an annual average of approximately 850 mm. Prevailing wind directions are from northeast during Jan – Feb, and from southwest direction during the months of May to July. Regional setting of Madurai indicating geographical location, extent of Madurai Corporation is shown in Drawing 1.0.

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�� &,7<�0$1$*(0(17��*29(51$1&(�The civic and sanitation requirements of Madurai were managed by a City Council during the time period 1866-1970. In 1970, Madurai was upgraded to the status of a Municipal Corporation. Further in 1974, 13 town panchayats on the outskirts of Madurai City were included in Madurai Corporation and number of Wards was increased to 65.

In 1990, a delineation committee was formed to identify new wards and the total number of Wards was increased from 65 to 72. Statistics pertaining to the Corporation of Madurai are furnished in Table 2.1:

�� '(02*5$3+<�$1'�'(16,7<�The present Corporation area spans an extent of approximately 51.96 sq. km. and the population per 2001 Census is 928,869 persons. Details of population growth in Madurai are furnished in Table 2.2.

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A significant increase in growth rate to 50 percent (1971–1981) can be attributed to upgradation of the ULB into a Corporation (1974) and subsequent inclusion of 13 Panchayats into corporation limits. The decline in the population growth rate between 1981 and 2001 can be attributed to bifurcation of Madurai district on two instances, into Madurai and Dindigul (1984) and subsequently into part of Theni district (1997). The Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) has reduced from 4.10 percent during 1971-81 to 1.27 percent during 1991-2004.

As outlined in the City Development Plan for Madurai, the negative growth rate registered by the Corporation in the last decade as indicated in Census reports has not been reportedly resolved and remains unexplained. However, a demographic study conducted by the Corporation in 2004 registered a population of 11.08 lakh which parries with the Madurai District urban population growth rate increase of 20 percent in the last decade. As indicated by the Tourism Department, the average daily floating population in the city is 2.10 lakh persons. Administration of the City is accomplished through zone level categorization of the wards into four zones namely, North (21 wards), South (19 wards), West (16 wards) and East (16 wards). Zone level information is furnished in Table 2.3.

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A relative analysis of the ward density pattern in Corporation of Madurai based on ward level population per 2001 census indicates that the Corporation area is saturated to a significant extent with 52 of the total 72 wards categorized as “high” or “significantly high” density. Wards with moderate or low density are areas where development is constrained by land-use or other physical characteristics such as water bodies, forest etc. The density pattern of wards is furnished in Table 2.4.

The floating population of the town is about 20% and the total population (inclusive of floating population) as per 2001 census works out to be 13,38,966. Therefore, it falls under class 1 city as per CPCB city classification for Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM).

The average population density is about 21,474 persons/sq.km. (Source: As per the present study based on 1991 Census projected population).

There are 211 slums distributed in four zones and the slum population is about 30% of the total population. This indicates that slum population has significant role in overall Solid Waste Management. Table 2.5 shows the zone-wise slum population in MC.

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2.3 POPULATION PROJECTION

Projection of future population has been performed in the City Development Plan for Madurai during 2006 which corresponds to the earlier projection performed and adopted for design of the improvements to Underground Sewerage (CMWSSB Implemented) and Water Supply Schemes in Madurai.

Projection has been performed along similar lines for the requisite design period of the proposed improvements to the applicable components of the MSWM system. Projection has been performed for the present (2006), intermediate (2016) and ultimate stages (2026) based on factors such as ward density (present), relative location of the ward, access to town center and other facilities, present land-use pattern, potential for future change and others. Table 2.6 details the projected population that conforms to the CDP for Madurai and has also been adopted as the design population.

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Details of the projection performed to arrive at the ward-wise population in the future stages of the proposed scheme are furnished in Table 2.7

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1 18,585 20,554 22,524 37 14,427 16,565 18,702 2 21,750 24,055 26,360 38 23,507 28,040 32,572 3 13,112 14,502 15,892 39 18,737 21,513 24,289 4 14,783 16,350 17,916 40 13,954 16,644 19,335 5 20,140 24,024 27,908 41 17,661 19,533 21,404 6 18,468 20,425 22,382 42 11,385 12,592 13,798 7 9,570 10,584 11,598 43 17,504 20,097 22,691 8 18,139 21,637 25,135 44 15,352 17,626 19,900 9 11,073 12,246 13,420 45 16,043 18,420 20,797 10 18,513 21,255 23,998 46 13,656 16,289 18,922 11 14,172 15,673 17,175 47 18,174 20,867 23,559 12 17,003 18,805 20,607 48 14,001 16,076 18,150 13 11,384 12,591 13,797 49 17,667 20,284 22,902 14 15,228 16,842 18,456 50 15,560 17,865 20,170 15 17,491 20,864 24,236 51 20,831 24,847 28,864 16 15,344 18,302 21,261 52 5,714 6,320 6,926 17 18,732 21,507 24,282 53 24,953 29,765 34,576 18 18,732 22,344 25,956 54 14,809 17,665 20,520 19 15,422 17,056 18,691 55 16,820 18,603 20,385 20 9,194 10,556 11,919 56 22,000 25,260 28,519 21 16,743 19,971 23,200 57 12,507 14,919 17,331 22 22,710 26,074 29,438 58 17,981 21,448 24,915 23 15,214 17,468 19,722 59 16,496 19,677 22,857 24 16,736 19,963 23,191 60 17,577 20,966 24,355 25 16,130 18,519 20,909 61 17,434 20,796 24,158 26 19,836 23,660 27,485 62 16,058 19,154 22,251 27 16,596 18,355 20,113 63 15,798 18,844 21,890 28 10,911 12,067 13,224 64 9,373 10,366 11,359 29 28,766 31,814 34,862 65 9,159 10,130 11,100 30 16,683 18,451 20,219 66 12,687 14,032 15,376 31 14,582 17,394 20,206 67 14,874 16,450 18,026 32 7,483 8,276 9,068 68 20,313 22,466 24,619 33 14,627 17,447 20,267 69 19,265 21,306 23,348 34 19,362 22,230 25,099 70 17,056 20,345 23,633 35 12,760 14,650 16,540 71 30,184 33,383 36,581 36 11,186 12,371 13,556 72 19,273 21,315 23,358



3.0 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

3.1 GENERAL

This chapter analyzes the physical components of the solid waste management prevailing in Madurai City in terms of collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. The situation analysis addresses both the qualitative and quantitative aspects in terms of process, mechanism, tools and equipments used and other related issues. The impacts of the floating population on the system in terms of quantity and quality of the wastes are also considered for the detailed analysis. Deficiency analyses are undertaken, comparing the prevailing situation with that of the various standards/norms available. Finally, the issues and problems related to the various aspects like collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of the wastes are summarized for necessary action towards improving the solid waste management in the city. A detailed understanding and holistic approach to each of the components mentioned above is very essential to comprehensively address the issues and problems of the solid waste management system in Madurai. The existing system of municipal solid waste collection, transportation and disposal is performed by Corporation of Madurai under the ambit of the Health and Engineering Departments. For the efficient administration and for day-to-day operational purposes, the town is divided into 4 Zones covering all the 72 municipal wards.

3.2 SOURCE & WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

�� 6285&(�Madurai, a well known heritage & Tourist centre in Tamil Nadu. Following are the major sources of generation of solid waste:

• Domestic; • Commercial areas and vegetable markets; • Household and other large-scale industries; • Hotels and restaurants; • Health care facilities; • Slaughter house; • Street Sweeping & Construction activities; • Horticultural waste; • Worship places;

About 450 MT of solid waste is generated every day within the administrative jurisdiction of the Madurai Corporation. A summary of various sources of waste generation in Madurai is shown in Table 3.1.

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Domestic: Waste Generation from households comprising vegetable waste, food waste, paper, packing material, glasses, metals etc., in Madurai is estimated at 288 tons per day which constitutes nearly 64 percent of the total waste generation.

Commercial Waste: Commercial establishments such as hotels, restaurants, shops, trading units, small time street-traders, wedding halls and related generate solid waste which mainly comprises of paper, plastics, food leftovers, vegetables rejects and other inorganic material. Madurai has approximately 25 daily markets and 2 weekly markets. The total quantum of waste generated from these sources is 108.00 tons per day, which constitutes about 24 percent of the total waste generated. Waste collection in the market

DOMESTIC

COMMERCIAL CENTRES

INSTITUTIONAL AREAS

CONSTRUCTION/DEMOLITION

HORTICULTURE

HOTELS & RESTAURANTS

Kitchen and Yard Wastes

Plastic, metal & paper

Food waste

Plastic and Paper Wastes

Subjected to Variation Depending on the Season

Regular with Little/No Variation


Regular Production with Little/No Variation


Trimmings

Building Material Wastes

Food waste, paper

Plastic, paper & metal

Hotels and Restaurants

Plastic & horticultural waste

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

STREETS

Soil, grit, paper & plastics

SLAUGHTER HOUSES

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areas and the bus stand are managed by means of contract employees.

Industrial Waste: The industrial waste from the existing units is not mixed with the municipal waste other than package material and food waste generated from the human activities.

Bio-Medical Waste: Corporation of Madurai maintains few health Centre and maternity homes. In addition, Madurai consists of large private hospitals and health care institutions generating nearly 1.50 tons of bio-medical grade waste. Bio medical waste from private hospitals are collected and disposed separately through common treatment facility installed and operated by the private facilitator.

Survey of the Vellakkal Dumping site has revealed that large quantity of biomedical has been already dumped for years together. At present Government hospitals and Corporation Hospitals are disposing the bio-medical waste in the Vellakkal site. Government and corporation hospitals are also likely to join with this facility for the safe transportation, treatment and disposal as laid down in biomedical waste rules. Once these are diverted the entire bio-medical waste generated in Madurai Corporation will be disposed only through common facility exclusively installed with the support of Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board

Waste from Other Sources: The municipality also collects waste generated from street sweeping, drain desilting and construction. The quantity of solid waste generated from the above sources is of the order of 36 tons per day which is about 8 percent of the total waste generation, excluding construction debris which is approximately 7.5 tons per day,.

Observation� The major source of waste generation in the city was the households, generating over

three-fifth of the total wastes generated in the city, followed by the shops and commercial establishments generating little less than one-fifth of the total wastes generated in the city;

� There is no industrial waste (large-scale industries) added to the municipal waste, as the industries are disposing commercially or stored with in the premises to dispose it as per the direction of TNPCB board;

� Waste generated by the hospitals and clinics is relatively low compared to the total waste generated in the city; and this will not be under the municipal solid waste management

� The waste generated by the floating population is variable and high during festival seasons. �

�� 3+<6,&$/�$1'�&+(0,&$/�&+$5$&7(5,67,&6�Characterization of solid waste for physical and chemical constituents is furnished below. It can be observed that approximately 68.42 percent waste comprises organic waste, while the rest is non-degradable (Silt, Paper, Plastic, Glass, etc.). Silt is about 30 percent of total waste. Details are presented in Tables 3.2 and 3.3.

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It can also be observed that only 50-55% of the waste is compostable by Aerobic means while the rest organic waste components are not easily bio-degradable and can be used only as bulking agents pursuant to necessary pre-processing such as milling, chipping, grinding etc in the case of MSW processing by Aerobic Composting.

�� 62/,'�:$67(�'(16,7<�The density of MSW in different cities of India is reported to vary over a range of 350-550 kg/cu.m. (Manual on SWM). High-density wastes reflect a high proportion of biodegradable organic matter and moisture. Low-density wastes, on the other hand, indicate a high proportion of paper, plastic and other non-biodegradable material. Significant changes in density occur as the waste moves from source to disposal due to scavenging, handling, wetting and drying by weather and further compaction during the collection and transportation stages. The average density of MSW for cities like Madurai is around 500 kg/cu.m. and the average density of inert materials that reach the dumping site is 850 kg/m3 which has been used in design of the system components.

Recent tests have also been performed on multiple samples of the MSW in Madurai and it was discovered that the average density was 660 kg/cu.m., which relates and parries with the aforementioned details.

3.3 ESTIMATED PER CAPITA GENERATION

Based on the present level of MSW generation of 450 tons per day and present stage (2006) population as projected in CDP for Madurai, the average per capita generation is 0.334 kg/day. The estimated range of municipal solid waste generation per CPHEEO norms is between 0.270 to 0.35 kg/per capita/day. Recent waste sampling and testing has arrived at an average waste generation (city-level) of approximately 0.380 kg/capita/day which has been used for design of the proposed components including waste processing and landfill. Table 3.4 (following page) indicates ward-wise quantity of waste generated by households and non-household sources excluding that of the floating population.�

Solid Waste Management for Madurai Corporation Project Report urai District, TN, India - 12 -


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3.4 PRESENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM) SYSTEM

�� ,1752'8&7,21�It is quiet evident that the residential area covers the major portion of the land use, which reflects that the city is densely populated. The distribution of potential sources of MSW in MC is presented in Table 3.5.

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As specified above, salient details of the present solid waste management system per waste sampling and testing conducted and data obtained from Corporation of Madurai officials are presented in Table 3.6.

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Additionally, studies have also been conducted to analyze the pattern of waste generation and collection at the city-level. Although the aforementioned table indicates 450 tons per day of waste generation, the quantum of 450 tons per day has been assumed as the optimal generation of waste, though there will be increase due to 100% coverage of street sweeping and which would not have any adverse impact on waste processing activities since street sweeping contains mostly inert material.

�� 35(6(17�25*$1,=$7,21�675(1*7+�There are about 2516 Sanitary Workers out of sanctioned strength of 2700 workers, operating under the supervision of 39 Sanitary Inspectors out of 84 sanctioned strength, 25 Conservancy Inspectors out of 72 sanctioned strength and 72 Sanitary Supervisors out of 110 sanctioned strength. Four Circle Sanitary Officers are responsible for overall supervision of the team mentioned earlier. The City Health Officer in turn heads the Local Body in coordination with the Sanitary Division is responsible for the MSW Management System and general civic hygiene and sanitation.

�� 6725$*(�$7�6285&(��Storage of waste at source is not practiced in a scientific manner in accordance with CPHEEO norms. Waste is thrown onto streets, drains and in some cases water bodies and low-lying areas due to absence of effective door to door collection mechanism.



There is a partial and rudimentary system of door-to-door collection which is being practiced in one or two wards. Unsegregated waste is collected with the help of push carts and tri-cycles and emptied into the waste bins placed within the wards at specific locations.

Construction/demolition wastes are also generated in the city to a significant extent from repair, maintenance and reconstruction activities. Construction related waste is deposited, after salvaging useful material, on the periphery of the roads abutting the dwellings, low lying areas and small quantities were also found along with the garbage at vellakal dumping site.

During survey of the existing system, it was observed that containers/bins of sufficient capacity and numbers has not been provided at strategic locations for receipt and storage of domestic, trade and institutional waste

Essentially, segregation of waste into biodegradable, non-biodegradable and recyclable material is not in practice.

�� 35,0$5<�&2//(&7,21�6<67(0�Existing system of MSW collection is performed by the ULB with the help of hand-carts and tri-cycles. Waste collected through this equipment is then transferred to open bins and closed dumper placer bins for secondary collection and onward transportation. About 400 to 450 MT of waste is collected on a daily basis based on records available at the dumping ground weight bridge.

Presently, collection is managed by a combination of municipal sanitary and contractual laborers. MSW collection in slums is handled by Self Help Groups (SHG’s) to a moderate extent. An assortment of vehicles has been deployed by Madurai Corporation for primary collection. Nearly 135 Tricycles (Capacity - 200 kg/unit) and 225 Hand/Push Carts (Capacity – 100 kg/unit) are utilized for the aforementioned purpose. Additionally, 57 Auto-Minidors, 37 Tractors on contract basis are utilized for collection and transfer of waste to the collection for onward transportation and disposal.

There are 285 Dumper Bins with a total capacity of approximately 285 to 300 tons placed at specific collection points. street sweeping is done around the temple area, the core area, and some markets and around bus stand and commercial areas within the city.

Efforts in privatization of collection have been made through employing of contract workers and collection of waste from bus stand and other commercial areas. Private sector involvement of household waste collection is under active consideration by the Corporation. Presently, the Corporation has also engaged 70 contractual laborers for waste collection from markets and bus stand. The Corporation has appointed 12 SHG’s, comprising of 240 workers for primary collection operations. The Corporation has also engaged 200 contract workers for waste transportation.

Sanitary workers sweep the streets and collect garbage in heaps and transfer the same into bins provided for the purpose. Dual Dumper Placer vehicles are then used to convey the garbage from the collection point to the disposal site. Details of status of manpower available for collection are shown in Table 3.7.

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�� 9DFDQF\�EHLQJ�PDQDJHG�E\�RXWVRXUFLQJ��6RXUFH��0&��Owing to the absence of an organized system, recyclable waste does not generate any revenue to the ULB, except some recyclable material is recovered by rag pickers at the Vellakkal dumpsite.



�� 675((7�6:((3,1*�Street sweeping and drain cleaning are regular function of the Corporation and the supervisory mechanism is a critical area identified for improvement in order to achieve the 100% coverage.

Sources of Street Wastes: The major sources of street wastes in Corporation included: • Natural waste comprising dust blown from unpaved areas, decaying vegetation like

fallen leaves, blossoms and seeds originated from trees and plants, • Road traffic waste like oil, rubber, accidental spillage of load of vehicles in addition

to the construction wastes and animal droppings of related vehicles. • Behavioral wastes include litter thrown by pedestrians, households, establishments

and tourists along with human spittle and excrement of domestic pets. • Storm Water Drains/Sewer Cleaning wastes.

From the observations made on-site, the natural wastes and road & traffic wastes are unavoidable and to be cleaned by street sweeping process. However, the behavioral wastes are largely avoidable provided an efficient refuse collection service if in operation for the use of pedestrians. But it was evident from the observation during the field visit that the success was requiring a continuing program of public education and awareness backed by legislation and efficiently operating enforcement measures.

Sweeping Process: The process of street sweeping of waste is still in primitive nature in the city. The Sanitary Workers are found sweeping the streets using brooms to make small heaps of solid waste. These heaps of solid waste are then taken to nearest temporary waste storage point in wheelbarrows/baskets. In most cases, one Sanitary Worker is found sweeping and making the heap and another lifting the same using wheelbarrows/baskets and taking it to the nearest temporary waste storage point. Apart from these, there are many undesignated open yards across the city where Sanitary Workers are found collecting/sweeping the waste during early hours of morning and making heaps for subsequent transportation. Madurai also attracts a significant floating population due to its Heritage & Tourism importance, presence of High Court (Madurai Bench), Administrative status and the vibrant economic base. The floating population of Madurai is one of the principal generator of solid waste that requires cleaning and removal. It is observed that all roads and streets are not being swept on daily basis. In practice, certain important roads and markets are swept daily, some are swept on alternate days or twice a week, some are swept occasionally or not at all due to options of adequate number of sanitary workers and supporting machineries. Street Sweeping Time: The street sweeping work is expected to be carried out from 7.00 am to 11.00 am and 2.00 pm to 5.00 pm. Generally, street sweeping is done only once in a day during morning for 3-4 hours and afternoon hours are utilized for pinpoint operations. Sweeping in commercial areas is found carried out during night hours and in some places during early hours. Tools and Equipments: The Sanitary Workers of the Corporation are provided with the tools/equipments like brooms, bamboo sticks, metal scrapers, wheelbarrows/ baskets and shovels for the street cleansing operation. The broom is made of bunch of sticks obtained from coconut leaves. The broom is costing around Rs. 20 per kilogram and is provided once in a month at the rate of one kilogram per Sanitary Worker. A bamboo stick is also provided along with a metal strap fixed on one end and bunch of broom on the other side. Bamboo stick is provided at the rate of one unit per annum. Generally, short but vigorous strokes are given while sweeping and heavy silt gets dislodged when greater effort is exerted. However, it is strenuous for the worker and large amount of dust is air-borne during sweeping, posing a public health risk. A wheelbarrow is used to carry street sweepings to the nearest temporary waste storage points. In some areas street sweeping are collected and caken to container/bins through



baskets. In large container bins are overloaded or waste are spilled during unloading from wheel barrow/ baskets resulting to unhygienic conditions around the storage container locations. Although the above system has been operating since last few decades, it is very common to see solid waste in various places of the city especially in commercial areas. The reasons being:

• Behavioral pattern of the local inhabitants and floating population, • Solid waste thrown by the shop keepers, • Organic wastes from domestic and stray animals spread mainly in commercial

areas, • Wastes produced by the street hawkers and road side vegetable vendors and • Wastes generated from various small eateries.

To effectively manage the above, there is an immediate need for evolving an efficient system of collection of waste per applicable norms and operate the same in a organized manner.

�� &2//(&7,21�%,16�)25�6(&21'$5<�75$163257$7,21�Corporation has provided three types of temporary waste storage points within its jurisdiction; viz. (i) MS Waste Containers, (ii) MS Dumper Bins and (iii) Stainless Steel Dumper Bins. These storage points are not only facilitating the residents to deposit the wastes in these storage points but also enabled the municipal Sanitary Workers to carry and deposit the wastes swept by them. MS Waste Containers: These containers are made of MS Sheet of 14 Gauge with a volumetric capacity of 10.3 cu. m. The description of a typical MS Container is as follows:

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MS Dumper Bins: The MS Dumper bins are relatively small in size but large in numbers. These containers are made of 14 Gauge MS Sheet with volumetric capacity of 2.5 to 3 cu. m. These containers are cast with bottom to facilitate easy unloading of waste from the containers for onward loading to the transport vehicles. The description of each MS Open Container is as follows:

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Stainless Steel Dumper Bins: The Stainless Steel Open Containers is relatively small in size but large in numbers. These containers are designed for a volumetric capacity of 2.75 cu. m. These containers are cast with bottom to facilitate easy unloading of wastes from the containers for onward loading to the transport vehicles. The description of each MS Open Container is as follows:

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There are about 285 containers (including both types) at the city level for storage of the collected waste. It is observed that the MS Containers are placed along main and important locations. The MS and Stainless Steel Dumper Bins are placed in other areas within the city.

The containers are placed along the roadsides at a spacing of about 600 to 700 m, barring thickly developed residential areas where the spacing is less than 500 m. Where the residential areas sparsely developed as group of houses, the spacing of these containers is more than 700 m and in some cases, interspacing of up to a kilometre. Table 3.11 shows the details of temporary storage points for collection of solid waste generated in Madurai City.

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The above table indicates that the total storage capacity of the temporary storage points is not sufficient to meet the requirement of waste generated in the city, which is about 450 MT. The present provision of 503 MT is 25 percent lesser than the requirement of 675 MT, assuming 1.5 times the actual generation of waste as per the prevailing standards.

�� :$67(�75$163257$7,21�72�'803,1*�6,7(�The main objective of transportation is to clear waste from the city and dispose it off at the disposal site. It is the responsibility of the local body to ensure the city is maintained in a hygienic manner by transporting the wastes from the collection and temporary storage points to the waste processing and disposal facility with the help of transportation fleet. The movement of wastes from the households, street sweepings, etc. to the temporary storage collection points is the collective responsibility of the Sanitary Workers and the citizens of the city. Transportation of waste involves the following activities:

� Movement of vehicles to the various temporary storage points;

View of Dumper Placer in Operation



� Manual loading of wastes using baskets and other lifting tools; � Lifting of wastes from the open yards on the way to the disposal site; and � Transportation to the disposal site. Synchronization of the whole operation of collection of waste with the transportation for effective management of the waste and for achieving cost efficiency in the process is required. As specified above, transfer of waste to the collection points is done by ULB owned hand carts, tricycles and rented vehicles like Auto-Minidors, which is further taken to dumping site by means of ULB owned vehicles (Lorries and Dumper Placers) and through rented vehicles (Tractors).

Transportation of waste from the collection points to the final disposal site at Vellakkal is managed by 30 ULB owned vehicles and 74 hired vehicles. The ULB manages to collect and transport approximately 400 to 450 MT of waste to the disposal site, based on varying number of trips assigned and undertaken by these vehicles. Table 3.12 indicates details of waste transportation.

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Apart from the general fleet engaged for daily activities of transportation, Madurai Corporation also owns and operates vehicles for specific purposes. The ULB has engaged a Night Soil Lorry, Two Sewage Suction Lorry, 2 nos. Sweepers and other general purpose vehicles. The ULB operates these vehicles on intermittent basis, depending of the requirement.

Process of Transportation of Wastes: Madurai Corporation has adopted both closed and open transport system for transporting the wastes from the temporary storage points to the disposal site. Wastes are collected from various Dumper Bins and loaded to the Dumper Placers hydraulically. The operations of the Dumper Bins are found effective and efficient, and meeting the requirements outlined in the best practices. However, wastes from MS Open Containers and open collection points are loaded to the transport vehicle (tractor-trolleys and push carts) manually. Manual loading is found to be time consuming and reducing the productivity of the vehicles and manpower deployed for the purpose. Further, manual loading and handling of wastes are posing threat to the health of



Sanitary Workers, as the wastes are found highly contaminated. As a result, the waste is generally seen lying in heaps or scattered at the unscientifically designed temporary waste storage.

Frequency of Transportation of Wastes: The solid waste stored in the temporary storage points (containers) and open yards along the route is transported to the disposal site every day from the prime residential areas, commercial streets, places of public gathering like railway station, bus stand, etc. The wastes from other residential areas (North Zone) are transported to the disposal yard at times on an alternative day basis and from the remote and isolated residential areas every third day or so. The local body clears the waste in two shifts per day.

Routing of Vehicles: Transportation network is not designed properly so as to suite the current requirements. It is observed that these vehicles collect waste from each collection point every alternative day, especially in residential areas. These sites are often attended to more on the basis of the complaints received than following a system of regular removal of waste from temporary collection points. Several temporary storage points are not cleared on a day-to-day basis. This backlog of unserved containers continues to build up during rest of the week.

From the discussions, it is also observed that each vehicle has been assigned specific routes for the operation. However, the non-operation of certain vehicles due to repairs and maintenance forces diversion of the vehicles from their regular designated routes impinging adversely on the whole transport operation. Therefore, there is a clear need to workout ‘routing pattern’ for each vehicle so as to transport the solid waste within 24 hours of its generation. It is also very essential to have spare vehicles and/or arrangement for hiring of vehicles whenever required. Maintenance of logbooks for the vehicles is also very essential to make the staff engaged in transportation accountable for the operation.

Workshop Facilities: The ULB does not maintain a dedicated workshop facility. From discussions held with ULB officials, it is observed that the repairs and maintenance of the other vehicles (tractor trolleys, both manual and hydraulic) are undertaken in select private workshops. The expenses in this regard are met through the provisions under the contingencies. However, if the vehicle requires major repairs, administrative sanction is required from the Corporation.

�� 35(6(17�6<67(0�2)�62/,'�:$67(�',6326$/�Solid wastes collected from various locations in the city is disposed off by open dumping at the Vellakkal site, located south of Madurai in Avaniyapuram Municipality over an extent of approximately 110 acres including a sewage farm that receives sewage/ partially treated effluent from the predominantly deficient sewage treatment plant. The existing dumping ground has been reportedly used by Madurai Corporation for over 15 years. A weigh bridge is available at the entry to the dump site which essentially records the vehicle details and weight of the incoming waste and source. Recently, the MC has reviewed its agreement with the IMA to ensure that Bio-Medical Waste generated from Govt. and Corporation Hospitals will be properly segregated from MSW for treatment and disposal through common facility. Pursuant to implementation of the disposal system through common facility for biomedical (contaminated) wastes, such wastes would not reach the Vellakkal site. At present, Madurai Corporation do not have waste processing facility at the disposal site.

3.5 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

The following sections benchmark the existing performance of the components of the MSWM system in Madurai against the CPHEEO norms, MSW Handling Rules and successful practices of effective management.



�� *(1(5$7,21�2)�62/,'�:$67(�As per the norms / standards prescribed in the Manual, the generation of the wastes in Indian cities with respect to the population is as follows:

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Madurai with a present population of approximately 9.50 Lakhs and a floating population of nearly 2 lakhs per day is expected to generate about 270 grams per capita per day. However, the present level of generation related to about 382 grams per capita per day which is higher than the prescribed norms and is however typical of large cities where the economy influences the level of waste generation.

�� 6725$*(�$7�6285&(��The following table presents the comparison of prevailing situation with that of the standards/ norms for the mechanism of waste storage at source:

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Following table compares the prevailing situation with that of the norms/standards with respect to the primary collection system:



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� 'RRUVWHS� FROOHFWLRQ� IURP� WKH� KRXVHKROGV��HVWDEOLVKPHQWV� DQG� LQVWLWXWLRQV� RQ� D� GDLO\�EDVLV��

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�� 675((7�&/($16,1*�Following table compares the prevailing situation with that of the norms/standards with respect to the Street Cleansing component:

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&DWHJRU\� 1RUPV�6WDQGDUGV� 3UHVHQW�6LWXDWLRQ�&ODVVLILFDWLRQ� RI�VWUHHWV�

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�� 75$163257$7,21�6<67(0�As per the norms / standards prescribed in the Manual, the comparisons with the prevailing situation in transportation of the wastes are presented in the table below with respect to the Transportation System:

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The term ‘Vehicle Capacity Adequacy Ratio (percentage)’ refers to the total vehicle capacity available against the total waste generated in the city. In Madurai Corporation, this ratio is about 57 percent when all the vehicles are in operation (excluding tractor-trolleys, which had lasted for economic life and Push carts, based on the operational efficiency of 75 percent of the transportation fleet, the ratio is found to be 43 percent assuming that the



cargo is filled to its maximum capacity. From the discussions and observations, it is found that the cargos are filled only to 80 percent of its maximum capacity, which would put the ratio further low at 34 percent. Therefore, it is imperative to not only improve the capacity utilization, but also standardize the transportation system through ensuring uniformity in the vehicles used for transportation and the auxiliary equipment.

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The shortfalls in the system and deficiency analysis are carried out based on the standards/norms prescribed in the Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules - 2000, Schedule III titled Specifications for Landfill Sites. As per the norms / standards prescribed in the above mentioned Rules, comparison with the prevailing situation of disposal of MSW is presented below:



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3.6 OBSERVATIONS, ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS

�� *(1(5$7,21�2)�62/,'�:$67(�• The per capita generation of waste in the city is 22 percent higher than the quantity

prescribed in the CPHEEO Manual and is about 330 grams (Standards - 270 grams for the cities with a population between 10 to 20 lakhs);

• Wastes are consisting of food waste and other discarded waste materials such as paper, plastic, glass, metal, rags, packaging materials, etc. The household industries (brassware) are contributing wastes in the form of ash;

• Households, shops and commercial establishments in Madurai City are yet to start the practice of segregation of recyclable waste at source. Such waste on the streets or in the municipal bins are found going to disposal sites un-segregated;

• There are possibilities of immediate introducing of source segregation in few areas particularly in commercial areas and posh residential areas;



• The construction/demolition wastes are also generated mainly by repair, maintenance and reconstruction activities containing bricks, cement concrete, stones, tiles, wood, etc. and the storage of this waste at the time of its generation is not properly neglected;

• By and large, people are depositing construction waste, after salvaging useful material, just outside their houses/shops/establishments or on to the streets or along major roads, creating nuisance and pollution;

• In absence of the practice of segregation of waste at source, rag pickers are found picking the part of these wastes in soiled condition; and

• There is a clear need emerging to reduce the generation of disposable wastes at source and the development options shall evolve strategies to reduce the waste generation at source itself by improving the recycling options �� 6(*5(*$7,21�$7�7+(�6285&(��

• The habit of storage at the source of waste generation for the effective door-door collection is not practiced in all the area;

• In the absence of the system of storage of waste at source, the waste is thrown on the streets, treating streets as receptacle of waste;

• The people are found throwing the wastes on the streets and expecting the Sanitary Workers of the Local Body to clean leading to an ugly and unhygienic atmosphere prevailing in the city;

• There is a need to educate people to change their habit so as to store waste at source, dispose off the wastes as per the directions of the Local Body and effectively participate in the activities of the Local Body to keep Madurai City clean;

• There is no adequate bins at desirable locationsfor storage of domestic, trade and institutional wastes at source and wherever the practice in place, such wastes are either thrown on streets/drains or on public/private open spaces resulting large-scale pollution of soil, water, air in particular and environment in general;

• Clogging of drains due to wastes thrown is a common scene leading to stagnation of water in a few localities;

• System of storage of waste at source, wherever practiced, by and large, are not synchronized with the system of primary collection. As a result, the wastes are stored at households and establishments also finding its way on the streets resulting in unhygienic conditions; and

• In few areas, the bins in use are without lids and found unsuitable for storage of food wastes for 24 hours or more especially in households, restaurants, hotels and eateries as wastes start stinking due to putrefaction.

�� 35,0$5<�&2//(&7,21�2)�62/,'�:$67(�• Organized system of primary collection of waste is practically non-existent, as the

system of storage of segregated wastes at source is yet to be developed; • Synchronizing with the storage of waste at source is first essential step towards

better solid waste management; • The system is nonfunctional as people throw the wastes on the streets and the

ground outside the community waste storage points, forcing to double handle the waste through street cleansing;

• Introducing door-to-door and/or doorstep collection of waste from households and establishments in the context of Madurai City would be insignificant at this stage as the prevailing practices do not synchronize with the facility of waste transportation and processing; and

• There is a need to design and develop an appropriate system of primary collection of wastes so as to synchronize with the storage at source as well as waste storage depots facility ensuring that the waste once collected reaches the processing or disposal site through a transportation system.

�� 675((7�&/($16,1*�• The major sources of street wastes are natural wastes, road & traffic wastes and



behavioral wastes. Natural wastes and road & traffic wastes are unavoidable and have to be cleaned by street sweeping process and the behavioral wastes are largely avoidable through efficient refuse collection service;

• Since Madurai Corporation is having 615Km length of roads needs to be swept every day, major roads of width more than 7.5m requires mechanical sweeping machines in order to save time and manpower.

• The success is found requiring a continuing program of public education and awareness backed by legislation and rapidly operating enforcement measures;

• The process of street sweeping of waste is still primitive in nature within the city; • Inadequate supply of essential tools like wheelbarrows/baskets to the Sanitary

Workers, often found forcing the Sanitary Workers to make a heap in undesignated open yards;

• All roads and streets are not being swept on daily basis. Certain important roads and markets are swept daily, some are swept on alternate days or twice a week, some are swept occasionally or not at all;

• The road length to be swept by a Sanitary Worker is not standardized and there is no scientific planning to sweep streets daily, on alternate days, on twice a week, etc. depending on the concentration of population / activity on the roads and lanes;

• There is no definite yard stick prescribed for each Sanitary Worker; • Sweeping in commercial areas are found beginning in the morning around 7.30

am, but shops open after 9.00 am and found start throwing their sweepings on the streets soon thereafter, nullifying the work just done by the Sanitary Workers; and

• Long handled brooms are given to Sanitary Workers for street sweeping. However, inadequate supply of tools to the Sanitary Workers also found to reduce their efficiency.

�� 7(0325$5<�6725$*(�2)�:$67(6�• Some households, shops and commercial establishments are often found throwing

solid waste on the street at random hours and around the containers and not into it and thus wastes are found coming on the roads, streets and lanes treating the public streets as receptacle of waste and do not allow the local body to place containers near to their house, shops and establishments;

• In many places, the MS containers without lid are found to be either damaged or toppled to horizontal positions and thereby not facilitating for the use.

• There is a need to identify convenient locations to accommodate one or more containers of 3 to 10 cubic metre size and these should not obstruct the entrance of any building, shall not cause hindrance to the traffic and shall have adequate space for movement of vehicles for lifting purposes;

• Containers are not placed in the paved surface resulting to generation of additional quantity of inert material along with the collection of spillages and also attracts stray dogs and birds;

• Inappropriate spacing of containers are resulting, quite a large number of people to deposit the waste on the streets, which is thereafter collected during street sweeping operations the next day;

• Many of the collection points are located on the roadsides. The spillovers from these collection points are making the whole area filthy. Moreover, the lifting of the wastes from these areas are also done once in a day, keeping the dirt lying whole day creating nuisance and congestion to the passing traffic; and

• The spacing of the containers in many places are not satisfying the requirement of CPHEEO norms;

�� 75$163257$7,21�2)�:$67(6�72�'803�6,7(�• The Local Body has a fleet of eight mechanized vehicles and fourteen animal carts.

The mechanized transport fleet of Local Body was consisting of 2 Hydraulic Refuse Collectors, 5 Tractor-Trolleys (manual operation) and 1 Tractor Trolley (hydraulic operation);

• One Refuse Collector is procured 4 years back and another during last year.



Assuming the economic life of these vehicles as 8 years, one Refuse Collector had still 4 years and another 7 years of economic life;

• Tractor-Trolleys are of 35 years old and have exhausted their economic life, requiring immediate replacements to economize the operations. The hydraulic Tractor-Trolley is procured about 6 years back, left with 2 years of economic life. Animal carts need to be discontinued as they are not complying to norms/standards;

• The operational efficiency of the fleet on road is only about 70-75 percent every day, leaving almost 25 percent of the vehicles off road and fleet is not optimally utilized;

• Waste handling is partially mechanized and the waste is handled multiple times leading to potential health hazards for the workers as all types of wastes including hospital wastes are disposed off in the same storage points. The Sanitary Workers are not given proper protective clothing;

• Several temporary storage points are not cleared on a day-to-day basis. This backlog of unserved containers continues to buildup during rest of the week. It is further confirmed that 24 out of 98 refuse collector containers and 35 out of 199 MS open containers are cleared every day and the remaining are cleared in varying frequencies;

• The vehicle are though given routes for every day, the poor operational efficiency of the fleet is inhibiting them to stick to their designated routes and are often diverted to other routes, severely impinging the services in their normal routes;

• The system has a potential health hazard for the workers, as all types of waste, including hospital infectious waste from government hospitals are disposed of in the common dustbin;

• There is no stand-by vehicles for deployment during periodical maintenance or breakdown of vehicles in service;

• The vehicles, especially tractor-trolleys are not covered; as a result, the foul smell is found spreading around and lighter waste materials are found flying and falling down on the way;

• Local Body is not having its own workshop facilities. Two Refuse Collectors are under the Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) for the maintenance of the hydraulic system and the repairs and maintenance of other vehicles (tractor trolleys, both manual and hydraulic), the Local Body is undertaking the same in select private workshops; and

• The services under the AMC are satisfactory and the Local Body is not facing any severe problems due to the existing arrangement of repairs and maintenance of the vehicles in private workshops.

3.7 KEY ISSUES/ PROBLEMS

Based on analysis of the information collected, field visits and discussions with Madurai Corporation officials, key issues of the existing system of municipal solid waste management in Madurai are outlined below:

Primary Collection

Segregation of the collected waste from households at source is not being practiced leading to mixing of waste and entrainment of recyclable waste being dumped without proper and full recovery.

Door-to-Door collection is not practiced in a complete manner resulting in haphazard disposal of waste by households on streets and adjacent to waste bins rendering the general environment unaesthetic.

It is felt that in absence of adequate manpower, regulated transportation, narrow streets and financial constraints are some of the reasons that are deterring door to door collection

As specified above, recyclable waste is not being removed from the general waste at the source of subsequent pre-disposal points. This is leading to rag pickers disturbing the waste dump and posing a significant public health risk.



Primary Collection System is not adequate leading to backlog of waste at certain locations resulting in complaints from the public.

Transportation

The transportation system is not fully developed. Essentially, an assortment of vehicles is utilized without compaction facility leading to inadequate capacity utilization and subsequent excess trips which in turn translates to higher running (O&M) costs.

At the basic level, hand and push carts are being utilized which can be evaluated for phasing out with tricycles shall be considered.

Logistic management in transportation component is required by proper routing of vehicles and improving/augmenting (as necessary) the transit points is a critical point that requires to be evaluated.

Waste Processing/ Disposal

Present system of waste processing (or the lack of it) and disposal is not in accordance with the MSW Handling Rules 2000.

The area available for solid waste processing/disposal is presently being used only as a massive dumping ground. All-weather roads with proper layout/network to ensure full access of the area for solid waste processing/disposal is not available.

Solid Waste is dumped in heaps without proper spreading and compaction along the access roads – Absence of an area-specific dumping plan. However, it is to be mentioned that this measure cannot continue and will require to be stopped to ensure proper processing and disposal of the total quantity of generated/collected waste.

Separation of waste that is bio-medical in nature at the household level is also not performed which could entail some quantity of bio-medical waste reaching the disposal site although a common treatment and disposal facility has been reportedly made available at Madurai.

Waste is not covered with earth to prevent ingress of vector, pigs, dogs etc. A large number of stray animals are found during site visits to the disposal site. Waste from slaughter houses are observed to be disposed along public areas resulting in public health and pollution problems.

A principal issue that will require addressing is the presence of several households (mostly from the economically weaker sections) in the vicinity of the disposal site (< 500 m) – Significant Health Risk.

Institutional

The present system of MSW collection is vested with the Health Department and performed by Sanitary Workers who are in turn supervised by Sanitary Inspectors. Transportation and maintenance of vehicles, however, is being performed by the Engineering Department.

During discussions with Corporation officials, it was pointed out and felt that this existing

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system of dual (two-fold) responsibility results in inefficient collection leading to complaints and inadequate re-dressal/ corrective mechanism.

On a summary note, the institutional strength and capacity of Madurai Corporation needs to be revamped to ensure effective management of the system.



4.0 LEGAL ASPECTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Article 243 W of the Constitution of India read with the 12th Schedule states that the responsibility of municipal solid waste management (SWM) rests on the Urban Local Body. Although MSWM is a mandatory function of each ULB, this aspect of civic administration has not received due attention. Based on a public interest litigation filed in the Honorable Supreme Court in 1998 to direct the local bodies as well as the GoI and State Governments to improve MSWM practices, a committee to evaluate all aspects of solid waste management was appointed. The report known as the Barman Committee report was submitted in March 1999. Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 (also referred to as the "Rules") was issued by the Central Government pursuant to this report, in exercise of its powers under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The Rules have substantially incorporated the recommendations made by the committee and attempts to delineate responsibilities and bestow specific duties on the citizens as well as the Local Bodies for effective operation and maintenance of the Municipal SWM system.

4.2 LEGAL PROVISIONS IN THE CONSTITUTION

Public participation is the underlying principle of the MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000. The Environment Protection Act under which these Rules have been issued has provided a window for citizens to take the necessary initiative. Under Section 19 of the Act, a citizen can lodge a complaint with the court for an offence under the Act after giving 60 days notice of the alleged offence and the intent to file a complaint with the government official authorized to make such complaints.

The citizens also have responsibilities for the success of any SWM practice. The main responsibility includes cooperating with the local administration authorities and ensuring compliance with the rules enforced by them.

However, despite the enforcement of Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000, the system of disposing garbage onto roads and littering resulting in unhygienic conditions is still in vogue. Besides public awareness and education about the ill-effects of such practices, it is also felt that legal instruments are required for preventing throwing of garbage and littering.

4.3 MSW (M & H) RULES, 2000

Salient aspects of the MSW (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 are outlined below:

• Prohibit littering on the street. • Organize door to door waste collection and notifying public on the schedule and

methodology of storage and collection. • Conduct awareness programmes to disseminate information to the public and hold

regular meetings with the resident welfare groups and NGOs. • Devise ways to collect waste from unsanitary and difficult areas such as slums,

hotels, restaurants, office complexes and commercial areas. • Build adequate storage facilities taking into account the population density so as to

prevent overflowing of trashcans. • Colour code waste bins to encourage and ensure segregation of waste at source,

i.e. green for biodegradable, white for recyclable wastes (bags preferred) and black/red for other wastes.

• The wastes are to be transported only in closed vans to avoid spilling of wastes. • Dispose of the collected wastes by adopting any of the prescribed methods such

as vermin-composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration, pelletisation, etc. Landfill is to be adopted for inert waste.



4.4 COMPLIANCE WITH MSW (M & H) RULES, 2000

In order to comply with MSW (Management & Handling) Rules 2000, the following measures require to be implemented on a priority basis:

• Apply for authorization to Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board • Enforce source segregation and Door-to-Door collection of MSW • Set up Compost yard and sanitary landfill facility as recommended • Start submitting annual report in the prescribed format as per the Rules



5.0 MSW COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION – PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

A description of the existing system of municipal solid waste collection and transportation and the associated issues/ problems with the existing system has been discussed in the earlier section(s) of this report.

This chapter presents the proposed improvements to the existing system of primary and secondary collection of waste and the transportation system in accordance with the MSW Handling Rules 2000 and CPHEEO Manual on Solid Waste Management.

�� *(1(5$7,21�2)�62/,'�:$67(�The development options related to generation should evolve a sustainable strategy towards reduction of wastes to be handled by the Local body. The above-mentioned documents also suggest that the reduction of wastes adding to the municipal services is the most essential step towards the improvement of solid waste management in the city.

One of the most effective steps towards the reduction in the wastes adding to the municipal handling is to introduce source segregation of wastes. In Madurai City, it was observed that the waste consists of 50-55% biodegradable/wet wastes and 45-50% non-biodegradable wastes. Further, it is observed that the non-biodegradable wastes are composed of recyclable materials like glass, paper, plastics, and metals, non recyclable waste such as rubber, leather, soiled cloth and inert material such as soil, grit etc. Recyclable material not only possess commercial salvage value but also contribute to the local resources.

Thus, it is suggested that the Madurai Corporation shall direct the households, commercial and industrial establishments to keep the dry/recyclable wastes preferably in bags or sacks to be collected by the trained rag pickers. Here the Local Body needs to establish contacts with leading NGOs or CBOs and encourage them to train the rag pickers for doing the job. It is suggested that the Local Body shall not appoint any rag pickers permanent/ temporary in this regard. Refer Annexure – 2A & 2B.

It is suggested that the Local body shall make a definite intervention in this regard to convince the interested NGOs and CBOs to undertake the training programmes for rag pickers and motivate them to stop picking the soiled and contaminated wastes from the temporary storage points, streets and disposal sites and start picking from the door step at regular intervals. The NGOs and CBOs may play a lead role in the process to create awareness among the citizens to segregate the wastes at source and the trained rag pickers picking the same on ‘no payment on either side basis’. This would facilitate upgradation of the existing rag pickers to become doorstep collectors. The Corporation is expected to issue licenses to these NGOs and CBOs and financial incentives for purchasing the equipments and tools.

�� 6(*5(*$7,21�$1'�6725$*(�2)�:$67(�$7�7+(�6285&(�2)�*(1(5$7,21�Improvement measures should evolve effective strategies so as to mobilize the community and citizens towards synchronizing their system of waste storage at source with the primary collection of the wastes by the corporation and cooperate with the authority to maintain clean streets and neighborhood in particular and city in general. The local inhabitants shall be advised to keep two separate bins/bags for the purposes of segregation of wastes at source and adopt appropriate mode of disposal of such wastes from the source. The broad guidelines are given in Annexure - 3.

Madurai Corporation shall direct all the waste producers (households, institutions commercial establishments and floating population) not to throw any solid waste in their neighborhood, on the street, open spaces, and vacant plots or into drains by organizing public awareness programme and addressing through leading local news papers. There shall be adequate provision made in public heath rules to punish the violation alteast to



some extent like imposing fines in order to reduce the violations. At present the process of segregation and storage of waste at source is generally absent. As a result of this, the primary collection system has become adhoc and disorganized. It is necessary to promote the practice of segregation and storage of waste at source so as to facilitate an organized and hierarchical system of waste collection and disposal that will not let waste to reach the ground in the primary and secondary collection stages. The measures for such a system are:

• All premises should keep two separate bins/containers/bags for biodegradable waste (green color) and Non-biodegradable waste (red color).

• Storage bins should be LDPE/HDPE/FRP/metallic, with lid for the biodegradable waste. The size should be enough to hold the waste of a day with spare capacity of 100% to meet contingencies.

• Segregation has to be done at source to ensure recyclable fraction, to get better price. A guideline for source storage requirements is presented in Table 5.1. It is imperative to mention that bins for households to store waste in a segregated manner shall be provided only during the first year. Subsequent replacements/renewals shall be performed by the local body at the cost of the public.

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Individual Households

� To keep the food waste/ biodegradable as and when generated, in any type of domestic waste container, preferably with a cover.

� To keep dry/recyclable wastes preferably in bags or sacks for the collection by the trained rag pickers.

� To keep domestic hazardous waste as shown in the Annexure - 3 separately, for disposal as arranged by the Madurai Corporation.

� Following are the suggestive specifications for storage of wet wastes (food and biodegradable) at household level: o Preferably, a metal or plastic container with lid, o A container of 10-litre capacity (0.010 cu. m to accommodate 7-8 kg) for a family of

5 members would be adequate, o Household may keep larger containers or more than one container to store the

waste produced in 24 hours having a spare capacity of 100% to meet unforeseen delay in clearance or unforeseen extra loads and

o Plastic carry bags may be supplied regularly to all households and commercial establishments to hold the bio degradable waste within the container to prevent



unhygienic conditions during the door-to-door collection

Community / Group Households

� To adopt above-mentioned guidelines at the individual household level in each community or group households.

� Provision of community bin facility for apartment residents for storage of domestic wastes and encourage residents to deposit their domestic waste into the community bins.

� To provide separate community bin optionally for the recyclable wastes to be collected by the trained rag pickers.

� The Madurai Corporation to issue notices to the existing private society/, flats/multi-storied buildings, etc. and provision of such facility to be made mandatory for sanctioning building construction permits and completion certificates.

Slums and Old Areas of the City

� To place community bins of suitable size ranging from 25 to 50 litre capacity with adequate numbers (to accommodate 20-50 kg) at suitable locations to enable the public to deposit the waste as and when

� The location to be decided in consultation with the slum dwellers to facilitate their cooperation and the Local Body shall identify such locations, which may be suitable to the slum dwellers and convenient for the local body to collect such waste.

Shops / Offices / Institutions

� To keep their waste on-site as and when generated in a suitable container until the time of doorstep collection.

� To keep hazardous waste separately, for disposal to be arranged by the Madurai Corporation.

� Following are the suggestive specifications for storage of wastes: o Preferably, a metal or plastic container with lid, o A container of 30-litre capacity (0.03 cu. m to accommodate 15 kg) would be

adequate, o The shops, offices and institutions may keep larger containers or more than one

container to store the waste produced in 24 hours having a spare capacity of 100% to meet unforeseen delay in clearance or unforeseen extra loads and

o Preferably wet wastes should not be disposed of in plastic carry bags. � To keep the dry/recyclable wastes preferably in bags or sacks for the doorstep

collection by the trained rag pickers. Alternatively, their association may make their own arrangements for collecting these wastes on ‘no payment on either side basis’.

Hotels / Restaurants

� To refrain from disposal of their waste into municipal street bins or containers. � To keep the food waste/ biodegradable as and when generated, meeting the

specifications mentioned below: o HDPE//LDPE container with lid , o A container of 50-litre capacity (to accommodate at least 50 kg) would be

adequate, o The container should have appropriate handle(s) on the top or side and rim at the

bottom for ease of emptying. o In case of large hotels and restaurants where it may not be convenient to store

waste in 50 liter or smaller size containers, they shall hire the higher capacity dumber bins of required numbers from the Madurai Corporation.

� To keep hazardous waste such as linen, sanitary napkins, discarded medicines separately, for disposal as directed by the Madurai Corporation and dry/recyclable wastes preferably in bags/ cardboard boxes for doorstep collection and disposal through sanitary landfill.



Vegetable / Fruit / Meat / Fish Markets

� To provide 50 litres PVC container(s) for each market /stall on full cost recovery basis, leaving open shops & road side shops.

� The container should have appropriate handle(s) on the top or side and rim at the bottom for ease of emptying.

Marriage Halls / Community Halls

� 50 litres capacity PVC bins with lid and handles of adequate number in dining halls and kitchen.

� Dumper bins of adequate numbers shall be hired from Madurai Corporation.

Hospitals / Nursing Homes / Health Care Centres / Laboratories

� To advise these establishments refraining from throwing any bio-medical waste on the streets or open spaces, as well as into the municipal bins or domestic waste collection sites.

� To keep color-coded bins or bags as per the directions of the Government of India, Ministry of Environment, dated 20th July 1998 Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998, and follow the directions of CPCB and HPCB from time to time for the storage of biomedical waste including amputated limbs, tissues, solid bandages, used injections, syringes, etc.

� The storage of biomedical waste shall be done strictly in conformity with directions contained in the Government of India’s aforesaid notification.

� To provide 10 litres capacity bins of green and red in each ward canteen � 50 litres capacity green container with lid and handles in canteen and kitchen. Construction and Demolition Wastes

� Demolition activity shall be carried out only in presence of the corporation staff to remove the waste then and there avoiding nuisance to the public and traffic and take prior permission of the Madurai Corporation

� To pay for such permission and shall store such waste in such a way that it does not hamper the traffic, the waste does not get spread on the road and does not block the surface drain or storm water drain.

� The Madurai Corporation may make an endeavor to provide or encourage the facility of containers on rent for the storage and transportation of construction waste on ‘full cost recovery’ basis./hiring

Horticultural Wastes

� To compost and utilize all the garden waste and reuse on site as for as possible � To dispose off to the municipal dumper bins on-site by hiring the containers

5.2 PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

Following are the broad interventions suggested for the Madurai Corporation to improve the primary collection of solid waste in the city:

� Providing daily waste collection service to all households and establishments for collection of organic biodegradable wastes from the doorstep by ensuring regular and reliable services so as to clear such wastes within 24 hours of its generation,

� Domestic hazardous wastes produced occasionally shall be collected from doorstep but the people should be advised to keep the same in separate bags/card board boxes

An exclusive bin shall be earmarked for biomedical waste for receipt One or two dumper bins shall be placed in each ward in convenient locations

Madurai Corporation shall have a tie up with biomedical waste treatment facilitators for Transport and disposal.

Accordingly, following steps are to be undertaken to implement the above initiatives:



� The Waste collectors shall start collecting the wastes (organic and biodegradable) on a daily basis as soon as two bins are provided Initially, some of the posh residential areas of the city like Anna Nagar, KK Nagar, etc. may be covered through this process and gradually to be extended to the other areas of the city.

� Promoting NGOs and CBOs for collection of dry and recyclable wastes and domestic hazardous wastes from the doorstep on ‘no payment on either side basis’. Madurai Corporation to decide on the frequency and the manner from time to time in consultation with the NGOs and resident associations.

Individual Households and Community / Group Households

� A container of 10L capacity for a family of about 4 to 5 members would generally be sufficient for BDW. Similar capacity container of red colour shall be kept for NBDW.In case of multi storied buildings and housing complexes/society, every household should ensure that the waste reaches the dumper bin of corporation through internal arrangement of their own

� To undertake doorstep collection of wastes through containerized Tri-cycles & handcarts with community participation. The containerized Tri-cycles and handcarts to be used for the purpose shall have following specifications: o The Tri-cycles shall have 8 detachable containers each of capacity 30 to 40 litres

(0.3 to 0.4 cu. m capable of accommodating 15 to 20 kg) with total capacity of each handcart 175 kg,

o 4 container shall be earmarked for BDG Waste, 3 containers for NBDG Waste and 1 container of yellow colour exclusively for domestic hazardous waste.

o Each container shall have handles and other necessary fixtures for easy emptying to the storage containers.

o The Tri-cycles shall have non-conventional horns/sounds to facilitate the citizens and households to cooperate with the Sanitary Workers by bringing the wastes to them. Alternatively, a whistle maybe provided to the Sanitary Worker in lieu of a bell

o The suggestive specifications of the materials for handcarts are given in the Annexure - 4,

� Fixed area for sweeping plus a fixed number or stretch of houses for the collection of

waste be assigned to each Sanitary Worker & yardsticks be fixed based on density of the area.

� The Sanitary Worker to ring the bell or blow the whistle announcing his/her arrival at the place of work and start sweeping the street. People to put their domestic wet and biodegradable waste into the Tri-cycles of the Sanitary Worker or hand over the waste to him/her on hearing the bell or whistle.

� On account of non-availability at home when Sanitary Worker arrives in the area, they may leave the domestic waste in bins or bags just outside their house on the street in the morning so as to enable the Sanitary Worker to pick up the waste and put it into the handcart.

� In posh residential areas and large residential complex, collection-at-the-door pick up of wastes may be introduced for picking up domestic waste from households daily on ‘full cost recovery’ basis and an NGO or contractor may be encouraged to provide such service.

Slums and Old Areas of the City

In slum areas, slum dwellers should be strictly advised to store the wastes in plastic containers supplied to them and dispose it to the dumper bins by themselves in case where tri-cycles can not reach every door steps. The Sanitary Workers to collect waste by announcement, bell ringing/ whistle system.



� It is suggested that the Madurai Corporation to promote setting up NSCs in all identified slums. to educate the importance of segregation and cleanliness

Shops / Offices / Institutions

Shops and Offices usually produce recyclable waste viz., paper and other stationeries with small portion of BDW. There are roughly 13000 commercial establishments.

Shops and establishments normally open after 9 or 10 a.m. These timings do not synchronize with the usual work schedule of the Sanitary Workers. Under this situation one of these three alternatives may be adopted.

o Self arrangement to dispose the waste in to the community bins on their own o Door to door collection may be carried out during closing hours of business by

Madurai corporation o To provide doorstep collection service from shops and establishment preferably

contracted out on ‘full cost-recovery’ basis. To ensure segregated waste getting emptied in the corresponding dumper bin second option is more appropriate

Markets

In MC, there are 25 markets, which together with commercial establishment produce on an average 72 MT of waste every day. Vegetable, meat and fish markets produce waste, which is ideal for production of compost. In view of this, it is desirable that all market waste should be stored and collected separately without allowing it to get mixed with other wastes.

The market shops should be clearly instructed not to throw their waste on road/street side. This is very much essential as the waste causes nuisance due to faster degradation rate and also by attracting stray animals. Particularly waste from fish/meat market emanates very bad smell and therefore it is desirable that these wastes should be kept in containers with lid supplied to them by the corporation at their costs

The MC should ensure that the wastes are lifted from the markets increased frequencies daily.

Marriage/Community halls

These are the places, which generate high quantity of waste even though not on daily basis when functions are held in these establishments. There are roughly about 110 marriage halls in MC. These establishments should be instructed to install their own large size containers (preferably of size 25 L or 50 L) for storage of waste at source in dining halls and in kitchen These establishments should give prior intimation to the MC for any function being organized and shall hire dumper bins from MC

Commercial and Institutional Establishments

Being a tourist place, there are number of hotels and restaurants in Madurai. These hotels and restaurants do not practice storage of waste at source system leading to multiple handling of solid wastes. They should be advised to segregate their waste into BDW and NBDW and store them separately on-site in steel/plastic containers of varying sizes based on size and type of hotels and restaurants. Depending on the volume of waste generation 50 L capacity LDPE/HDPE in various numbers can be used for storage of waste. Dumper bins shall be hired wherever required

They may be directed to keep NBDW separately as and when produced and dispose it off as per the directions of the MC.to the corresponding community dumper bins

� Remove wastes from OPEN STALLS( Vegetable / Fruit / Meat / Fish Markets) at

frequent intervals. Corporation should employ their own sweepers/waste collectors and the waste shall be collected and disposed to the community dumper bins to avoid unhygienic conditions Dumper bins shall also be lifted more frequently as such bins



would cause odour and fly nuisance and as well as attract bird nuisance


� The collection of bio-medical waste to be done in accordance with the directions contained in the Biomedical & Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, Ministry of Environment; Government of India; Notification dated July 20, 1998.

� The liability of disposing biomedical waste is vested with the waste producer. The Madurai Corporation do not have any legal responsibility. However, if any biomedical wastes are found mixed with MSW, The entire waste shall be treated as bio medical waste and disposed accordingly.

Construction and Demolition Wastes

Construction and demolition Waste should not be allowed to be stored on the road unauthorisedly. As it is voluminous and likely obstruct the traffic, it shall be removed then and there. The generator shall obtain prior permission for demolition and demolition shall be carried out in presence of the corporation staff to ensure the wastes are shifted then and there. Wherever adequate space is available the generator shall be directed to store with in the premises. Collection of demolition/construction waste shall be carried out purely on commercial basis. A sum of Rs 5,000/-trip shall be charged to discourage unnecessary and non reusable generation of waste.

� Madurai Corporation to prescribe the rate per ton for the collection and disposal of construction waste and debris and notify the same.

� Every person who is likely to produce construction waste to deposit approximate amount in advance at the rates prescribed

� The charges for removal of construction waste to be doubled for those who fail to deposit the amount in advance.

Garden Wastes and Agricultural Wastes

There are roughly about 27 parks in MC. These parks should be instructed to reuse all plant wastes on-site by pit (Anaerobic) composting. Only in cases where it is not possible, MC should collect and process at the waste processing site.

To be collected on a weekly basis by arranging a rotation for collecting such waste from different areas, on different days to be notified to enable them to trim the trees and lawns accordingly and keep the waste ready.

Slaughterhouse waste

Two Slaughterhouses are located within Corporation limits in Ward No. 48, Nellupettai and in Ward No. 29 at Mahaboobpalayam. Solid waste generated is transferred directly to the dumping site at Vellakkal which is a highly dangerous and unacceptable practice. Both the slaughterhouses are almost 75 years old (as per MC) and situated in the thick populated area. The existing slaughter house shall be relocated if possible and shall be provided with necessary infrastructure facilities. As the solid waste generated from slaughter house is of no easily biodegradable in nature, it is suggested that it shall be disposed as biomedical medical waste or into the secured landfill.

5.3 STREET SWEEPING

Most of the development options suggested focus on the improvement of working environment of the Sanitary Workers and fixing norms for each Sanitary Worker so that the factor of accountability may be established to review the performance of each Sanitary Worker.

Sweeping Norms

� Currently, daily sweeping of streets is undertaken only in commercial areas, railway station, bus stand, vegetable market, park, etc. In some areas sweeping is undertaken



once in a week. In the low-density areas and isolated small settlements and small lanes and streets, street sweeping is not even attempted.

� This system needs to be augmented and classification shall be made so as to attend all the important areas like commercial streets be swept twice a day and residential areas be swept on a daily basis at least once during morning hours.

� There is a need to assign specific areas and responsibilities to each Sanitary Worker so that the Sanitary Worker may be held responsible for the operation.

Sweeping Process

� The Sanitary Workers to sweep the roads and footpaths in the area allotted to them on daily basis and see that the roads are kept clean.

� The sweeping norms mentioned below are for cleaning the streets in the first 4 hours of the working day. Roads/streets, which have a central verge or divided, should be considered as two roads. In such cases the length of the road allotted for sweeping should be reduced to half or alternatively separate Sanitary Worker may be engaged for sweeping two sides of the road. All above shall include all the surface drains abutting the road having width less than 1 m.

� Sanitary Workers should be assigned fixed individual beats and ‘pinpoint” work according to the density of the area to be swept. Alternatively, the following guidelines may be considered while prescribing these norms: o High-density area: 250 to 350 running meters of road length. o Medium-density area: 400 to 600 running meters of road length. o Low-density area: 650 to 750 running meters of road length.

Tools to be given to Sanitary Workers

� Most of the tools used for sweeping are inefficient and outdated and need to be replaced by efficient tools and equipment. Following are some of the tools necessary for efficient operation:

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Provision of Litterbins

� Provide facilities of litterbins all over the city and numbers based on the requirements so that people (especially floating population) can deposit the litter in hand into such



bins while on the move and keep the streets litter-free. � Provide litterbins at all public spaces, bus stations, in all market places, places where

people gather or wait in queues and on important roads at reasonable distances ranging from 25 to 250 meters depending on local conditions.

� The pinpoint beat Sanitary Workers to remove the wastes from these litterbins during their street cleaning operations, directly transferring into the dumper bin.

5.4 TEMPORARY STORAGE OF WASTES

The temporary storage points provided in Madurai partially meet the requirements provided in the Manual as well as the recommendations as provided by the Report of the Committee constituted by the Honorable Supreme Court of India. Thus, the Consultants suggest augmenting the same towards further improvement in a phased manner. Some of the improvement measures suggested along with the specifications and norms to be followed are as follows: � Provide containers at a distance of average 250 meters from the place of work of the

Sanitary Workers. The average distance between 2 containers should, therefore, not exceed 500 meters. The distance between the containers shall be determined on the basis of the load of waste / refuse that is likely to be received at the container from the area concerned.

� The containers should be placed on cement concrete or asphalt flooring having a gradual slope towards the road to keep the site clean. The flooring should be flush with the border of the road (i.e. drains) to maintain hygienic conditions and facilitate the transfer of waste from the handcart / tricycle into the container. A catch pit may be provided close by if storm water drain exists in the city.

� In areas where placement of large containers (dumper placer containers) is inconvenient, small containers of 1.00 cu. m size may be placed on the roads, lanes and by-lanes at short distances of about 300 m. These containers should also be kept on paved flooring and cleared daily.

� Another option that could be used in such a situation is to avoid placing a container altogether and instead press into service small waste collection vehicle for direct transfer of waste from the handcarts / tricycles into such vehicles. Such vehicles can be parked at suitable locations in the congested areas where Sanitary Workers can bring the waste easily.

� It is suggested to use innocuous agents like bleaching powder and other permitted insecticides to prevent the menace of breading of flies and mosquitoes at the community storage points. Further, such an application of innocuous agents would facilitate maintaining hygienic and odorless environment at the community storage points however avoiding the spillage around the community bins is the best way to abate the above problems.

5.5 COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE

After studying the existing solid waste management in MC it has been decided to recommend the following approach for collection and conveyance for the MSWM.

�� 0(7+2'2/2*<�)25�&2//(&7,21�$1'�&219(<$1&(�Synchronization of Collection with the Transportation Process� The collection of waste need to be containerized and the proposed transportation

system is envisaged to be compatible with the collection system. � The synchronization of transportation with that of collection process is envisaged in a

phased manner considering the manpower requirements and operation and maintenance capacity of the Madurai Corporation.

� The phasing of the containerization of transportation of wastes shall be undertaken as



mentioned in the Chapter 4 of this report. � The containerized vehicles (dumper placers - twin containers) are suggested to start

the transportation with two empty containers and shall place the empty container properly in place with shutters open for use and lift the filled container. In no case, the vehicles shall lift existing container without placing empty container.

Fleet of Vehicles

� The Madurai Corporation is suggested to maintain the fleet of vehicles based on the number of containers placed and the waste generation in the city. Accordingly, procurement plan has been worked out and presented in the Chapter 4 of this report.

� The transportation of wastes is envisaged to be containerized as per the norms/ standards prescribed in the Manual. Accordingly, it is envisaged to replace the existing open transport system in a phased manner.

� As per the norms/standards, it is suggested to have vehicular capacity equivalent to 1.3 times that of the actual generation of waste. However, from the economic point of view, the vehicles less than 8 years (economic life) are proposed for regular routes on a daily basis with a design capacity of 85 percent of the total waste generation in the city.

� With the containerization of the transport, the number of trips may be considerably increased due to saving in time for handling, loading and unloading. As twin container-side loader-dumper placers (Refer Annexure - 5) are suggested, the vehicles shall be directed to make at least five trips a day, thus transporting 10 containers.

� Vehicles losing the economic life shall be replaced otherwise vehicles itself would cause problems.

Type of Vehicles

� The vehicles used for the transportation of waste shall synchronize with that of the collection system and based on the market surveys and situation analysis and the discussion with the Madurai Corporation, two types of vehicles are envisaged for the Madurai Corporation.

� Dumper Placer -Twin Container is proposed to cater to the needs of the fast moving vehicles. These vehicles would have two containers, each of capacity 3 cu. m with side loading and unloading facilities using hydraulic system. These vehicles are envisaged to undertake 5 trips per day with total waste carrying capacity of 15 MT per day, primarily used for the wider roads within the city.

� Existing push carts may be used where tri-cycles do not get a entry and where even push carts do not enter manual collection shall be adopted

Domestic, Trade and Institutional Wastes

� The Madurai Corporation shall evolve an Operational Plan for transportation of various domestic, trade and institutional wastes regularly in a scientific and systematic manner.

� The Madurai Corporation shall group all the containers into following four categories: o Containers to be cleared twice a day, o Containers to be cleared once a day, o Containers to be cleared once in a week (for horticultural waste).

� The Madurai Corporation shall direct the vehicle operators strictly to adhere to the schedule worked out based on the above categorization and log books shall be maintained and it shall be reviewed by the supervisory staff on daily basis.

� Wastes from meat/fish markets are to be removed at more frequently that is twice in the morning and twice in the evening as it would result to odour and fly nuisance.

� The routing pattern shall be worked out based on the Operational Plan mentioned above so as to prevent zigzag movement of vehicles and save fuel and time.

Hotels / Restaurants and Marriage Halls / Community Halls

� The hotels and restaurants waste should be collected once during morning and once



during evening � Dumper bins of adequate capacity shall be supplied to large scale establishments on

hire basis and the transportation, processing and disposal cost shall be commercial.


� Only garbage shall be collected from these facilities by adopting similar arrangements as in the case of commercial establishments.

� The bio-medical waste shall not be collected by the MC as it is the responsibility of the above institutions.

Construction and Demolition Wastes

� Madurai Corporation to prescribe the rate per ton for the collection and disposal of construction waste and debris and notify the same.

� Every person who is likely to produce construction waste to deposit approximate amount in advance at the rates prescribed.

� The charges for removal of construction waste to be doubled for those who fail to deposit the amount in advance.

� Rs. 2700 per trip and Rs. 500 per Ton for small generators shall be exclusively charged.

Garden Wastes and Agricultural Wastes

� These waste shall be collected exclusively by MC once in a week utilizing separate dumper bins so that it can be unloaded directly to compost site as the same does not require post segregation

In this approach, Tricycles and existing Push carts are used for Primary collection, dumper placers and Compactors are used for secondary collection. Existing Tipper Lorries are exclusively used for transport and disposal of demolition wastes on commercial basis. The primary collection of waste has to synchronize well with the first step of storage of waste at source. The streetwise waste generation is given in Annexure - 6.

Based on the ward wise waste generation, requirement of community bins, Tri-cycles, and secondary transportation vehicles have been estimated in detail and is enclosed as Annexure -7. Estimate of vehicles and equipment requirement was also based on a city-level overall assessment. Pursuant to comparison, the higher requirement indicated by both methods was selected. Push carts can be used for door-to-door collection in the streets having width less than 10 feet and tri-cycles can be used in streets



having width between 10 to 15 feet and 15 to 20 feet. The collected wastes are then conveyed to the dumper bins of capacity 1.25MT, one for biodegradable waste and other for remaining waste. The collected garbage in 1.25MT bins is transported to the landfill site by dual loading dumper placers. In the streets having width greater than 20 feet and in areas where there is significant bulk refuse generation, Garbage Compactors (truck mounted) can be used. Dumper placers shall collect the dumper bins and unload the wastes at inspection yard. Inspection yard at dumping site is constructed with tipping platform arrangement to unload the garbage from the dumper bins to perform screening of wastes before final processing and disposal. Demolition wastes/ debris shall be collected by the use of existing eight tipper lorries of which nearly seven can be retained for this purpose. Based on detailed analyses, existing system/vehicle/equipment condition and applicable CPHEEO norms for the MSW system in Madurai, the proposed equipment and vehicle schedule is furnished in Table 5.3:

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�� $'9$17$*(6�2)�7+(�352326('�6<67(0�� Expenditure incurred in the proposed system of solid waste management is much less

than the expenditure incurred for the existing system of solid waste management. It is estimated there will be roughly 30% saving in this new approach.

� In the existing system it is very essential to correlate vehicle and manpower for

removal of garbage. But in the proposed system even in the absence of vehicle, garbage could be swept and collected in the Dumper bin. Hence the vehicle movement becomes independent of sweeping and collection of garbage.

The Collection efficiency is critical to effective SWM system, as it is the main determinant of collection cost in all types of collection systems. The modus operandi for collection and conveyance of MSW are based on following:

� Collection frequency

In setting collection frequency, the important factors that have been considered are the appropriate volume for containers, the needs and desires of the area in which the bins are located, the public health risks that would arise from infrequent collection, avoidance of odors from uncollected waste, and the necessity of scheduling collection at times when streets are not crowded.

� “Just-in-time” collection Door to door collection reduces disposal of garbage in to road side and reduces the health hazards associated with, and prevents unauthorized waste picking. To enhance reliability, the waste collectors should ring a bell upon arrival in an area.



� Optimal Collection Route design and operation A route is the path followed by a single collection vehicle for waste collection on a single day. The route charts for Door-to-Door collection of all the wards of MC by pushcarts, tricycles and autos have been arrived for each ward together with the locations of the dumper bins, where they have to unload the collected waste. This should be strictly followed. The time of collection for each street should be intimated to households and the timing should be maintained regularly. The route map for ward No. 3 is shown in Figure 5.1 as an example.

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� The MC is engaging a Self Help Group for collecting residential waste in Anna Nagar. Similar operation can gradually be extended to other wards. Pushcart arrangement for door-to-door collection practiced in Anna Nagar is shown in Figure 5.2. Although this arrangement is good, it can be improvised by using differently colored bins, preferably green for BDW and red for NBDW. The number of bins for BDW and NBDW may be 75and 3respectively in a single pushcart. And one for household biomedical waste

� In the case of residential society / complexes the MC should make it mandatory for association of these societies and complexes to have their own sweepers and maintain community bins in their premises. They should be advised to store their BDW and NBDW separately. While selecting the placement location of such bins the society bearer should consult with MC sanitary staff to ensure that the bin or container is easily accessible and convenient to empty. The resident welfare associations of societies or residential complexes may be asked to deliver their waste to the community bin avoiding the door to door collection..

� There are 211 slums spread all over Madurai. In narrow lanes where even

manual entry is not possible for door to door collection, residents shall be educated to empty their bins direct to the community bins. The waste may be collected using push-carts and a bell-mounted tri-cycle in areas where the access is available.

Hotels and restaurants waste, Shops and Establishments

The MC should impress upon the association of hotels and restaurants & shops and commercial establishments to organize primary storage and collection of wastes themselves. In case MC is required to help for primary collection, the MC may extend help on full-cost-recovery basis. Charges for the collection of waste is discussed in separate chapter Markets

Generally in market area road sweeping shall be primary work. Sweeping of internal lanes shall be also carried out more frequently by engaging the services of the sweepers between 6 A.M to 10 P.M. The swept waste shall be removed to the community bins on continuous basis. The waste from the meat and fish shops shall be stored with in the shop collected more frequently. Exclusive dumper bin shall be provided for meat & fish waste. The shop owners shall be instructed to deposit the waste by themselves to the community bin. In case, M C extended its service for door collection, the cost shall be recovered.

Marriage halls/community halls

At the marriage halls and community halls, wastes generated are though large, generated occasionally and therefore they require special arrangements for collection of waste. It is recommended that on each of such occasion, the management of marriage hall or community hall should give prior-information to the MC for collection of waste. The cost of such collection could be built into the charges for utilizing such halls by the management of these marriage and community halls and pass the charges to MC for maintaining the collection system. The tariff for discussed in separate chapter.

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Construction and demolition wastes

Construction and demolition debris does not require any processing and sanitary landfill disposal, as they are inert in nature. The construction site owner should be made fully responsible for the wastes generated by them at the site towards providing services for collection, transportation and disposal. Entire cost shall be recovered from the generator.There shall not be any financial constrain to M C.. The Table 5.4 shows the trend in Demolition activity for the past five years in MC.

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Apart from the above, there are many other unapproved Construction and demolition activity in practice. It was informed that roughly about 300 MT/day of Construction and demolition Waste is produced on an average in MC. The MC should ensure all demolition waste shall be collected by itself so that misuse of water bodies and public places for disposal by private transporters is prevented.. The MC can make a plan for gainful use of this Construction and demolition Wastes. The low lying areas, which need to be filled up for the purpose of building activity may be mapped and a contingency plan prepared so that whenever a construction or demolition activity takes place, its debris can be diverted to such places in order of priority. A rough estimate of likely revenue generation has been arrived from the existing rate of construction and demolition debris generated in MC and is presented below.

Revenue Generation from Selling Demolition Waste

Total volume of CDW generation = 15000 m3/ year

Volume of 1 load = 5m3

Number of loads = 15000 /5 = 3000 trips

Trips per day =3000/ 200 = 15 trips

Time required for pick-up, transport and = 4 Hours drop-off for 1 load

Duration of operation = 16 hours / day (2 shifts)

Number of dedicated Vehicles required = 15 loads x 4 hours = 5 12 Hours

Number of Labor required = (5 driver + 5 cleaner) per shift

Cost per Trip

Salary of driver =Rs.175 per trip

Salary of Cleaner =Rs.125 per trip

Loading charges =Rs.1000 per trip (@ Rs. 200 per M3)

Cost of fuel =Rs. 600 per trip (40km travel distance)



Cost of Vehicle =Rs. 250 per trip

Repairs & other expenses =Rs. 50 per trip

Proportional Cost of land =Rs. 500 per trip

Total Levy required per trip =Rs. 2700 per trip or Rs.540 per M3 or Rs. 270 per Ton

Revenue that can be generated = Rs 270 x 15000 = Rs. 40,50,000 per annum

Note: For Smaller quantity Rs. 500 per Ton may be charged. However, this revenue model is not adopted in preparation of the financial operating plan. Based on the above study it is recommended that the MC undertakes to clear the construction and demolition waste and generate the likely revenue from disposing the same. After disposing this construction and demolition waste the surplus debris can be utilized for raising bunds along rivers and canals to avoid breaching during monsoon season. (River Vaigai runs nearly 7.5 km within the corporation limit). However, such activity should be planned and implemented strictly under supervision and approval of a single authority and Solid Waste Management Department can be entrusted with this task.

Possible Re-use/ Re-cycling of surplus Construction and demolition Wastes are as follows

• Crushed clean fill for Road sub base • Re-used in concrete • Rip-rap on roads • Clean fill material for landfill reclamation • Landscaping

In order to take care of wastes from minor civil works like repair or small construction works and to facilitate disposal of small quantities of construction/demolition waste, containers/ tractor trailers may be placed at such sites where waste producers may deposit small quantities through private labor, hand carts, tri-cycles etc. and such waste may be collected from time to time before such containers/tractor trolleys start over flowing. For the smaller quantity Rs. 500 per tonning may be charged with the minimum of Rs. 500.

Garden wastes

Based on the size of garden and waste generation rate, frequency of collection of waste may be worked out. It may be once or twice in a week. The frequency so worked out may be intimated to the park authorities so that they can carry out work of pruning of trees and mowing of grass accordingly. However, the wastes generated by the visitors like plastic cups, plates and other eatables may be collected on daily basis. The Park authorities should be advised to store them separately in adequate size of environment friendly waste containers depending upon the waste generation rate.

Street Sweeping

Street sweeping is to be carried out on daily basis and in cases more frequently to keep the streets, sidewalks and public areas are clean. Sweeping plan for MC has been worked out after taking the following factors and facts into consideration. The factors that are considered in preparing plan for street sweeping in MC are population and building density, road surface, pedestrian traffic, sand accumulation, and topography. In preparing a sweeping plan for MC, the streets and public spaces are classified as residential streets, market areas, open spaces, streets having no residential areas or having less density of habitation. For street sweeping either mechanical or manual sweeping or both can be adopted. The details of sanitary workers and mechanical sweeping machines are presented in Table 5.5 after taking the above factors into consideration.

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Alternately, the requirement for mechanical sweepers has also been estimated based on the length of bus route roads (> 30 ft.) which is equal to 160 km. Assuming, both sides to be cleaned and only 50% of the roads to be cleaned mechanically at the rate of 5 kmph over an eight (8) hour shift, it can be seen that only four Mechanical Sweepers are required in the present stage.

For Mechanical sweeping, road sweepers shown in Figure 5.3 can be used. Already in MC there are similar mechanical equipments, 1 robotic Bobcat road sweeper and 3 tractors with sleeve attachments are available for street sweeping which are doing a satisfactory job. Similar activity can be extended to other roads with width greater than 30 feet and paved surfaces. For this night sweeping (from 9 p.m. to 6 a.m.) should be done. All remaining roads can be covered using manual labour as the equipment maneuvering in these roads are difficult. In the present study, it was found that only 34 % of roads satisfy the requirements for mechanical sweeping equipments.

In conclusion it is suggested to have good sweeping plan and to cover the entire MC area including lanes, by-lanes and open spaces it is necessary to work out the “Beats”, after taking in to consideration the following requirements:

• Each sanitary worker has to do the sweeping and the cleaning of the tertiary and road

side drains and transfer the sweepings in to the bins in the sweeper’s cart and deposit in to the containers/ bins kept at the intersection of sweeping routes.

• Separate crew equipped with appropriate implements may do De-silting of larger drains and UGS

Figure 5.3; View of Road Sweepers



• Part of the street sweeping can be outsourced to women SHGs or other agencies through a transparent process

• Sanitary services should not suffer due to absence of any sanitation worker.

In order to assure this, alternate arrangements must be made to ensure that all sanitary services are provided even when any sanitary worker is on leave or absent.

Workshop Facilities

� From the discussions held with the officials of the Corporation, it is observed that the repairs and maintenance of some of the vehicles (tractor trolleys, both manual and hydraulic) are undertaken in select private workshops. The expenses in this regard are met through the provisions provided under the contingencies. The Local Body is not facing any severe problems due to the existing arrangement of repairs and maintenance of the vehicles in private workshops and thus the same system may be continued with improved institutional arrangements for all repairs.

� Alternatively, a dedicated workshop facility may be established with requisite equipment and manpower to handle repairs of ULB vehicles utilized for MSW Management.

� The Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) is suggested for major repairs of hi-tech vehicles like Dumper Placer - Twin Container and Compactor Trucks including the hydraulic system with the manufacturers only.

Transfer Stations

Transfer stations are centralized facilities where waste is unloaded from smaller collection vehicles and re-loaded into larger vehicles for transport to a disposal or processing site. Transfer stations represent sound practice when there is a need for vehicles servicing a collection route to travel a shorter distance, unload, and return quickly to their primary task of collecting the waste.

Since the Vellakkal site is less than 10 km from most of the collection service areas, transporting the collected waste will not take longer haul-time hence it is suggested that setting up of Transfer station is not required at present.

5.6 PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR IMPROVING SWM SYSTEM

�� &21752/�2)�3/$67,&�:$67(6�The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has issued the ‘Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999’ under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 on September 2, 1999. The salient features of the Rules are:

• No carry bags having less than 20-micron (20-m equivalent to 0.2 mm) thickness can

be manufactured, stored, sold and/or used; • Carry bags made from recycled plastic would have to be colored, specially marked and

should not be used for carrying foodstuff; • The recycling procedure should strictly follow the Bureau of Indian Standards

specifications; and • Carry bags manufactured from virgin granules should either be transparent or white. The Ministry of Environment & Forests, through an amendment of the above Rules (being the ‘Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage (Amendment) Rules, 2003’) have imposed further restrictions on the use of plastic carry bags prohibiting the manufacture, storage, distribution and use of plastic carry bags whose dimensions are less than 8 inches X 12 inches (20 X 30 cm). The Rules have come into effect on June 17, 2003. The TNPCB has fixed a deadline for enforcing this amendment at February 28, 2006. It has been clarified that the minimum weight for 50 carry bags made of virgin or recycled plastics should be taken to be 105 g (plus or minus 5 per cent variation) and the carry bags of larger sizes shall be of proportionate increase in weight.



The usage of plastics in India is growing quite rapidly and is likely to touch the consumption level of 8.0 million MT per annum by 2006-07 (CII). This poses a major problem as far as the MSW management is concerned. This is in particular a great concern in a city like Madurai. Hence in compliance with the Recycled Plastics Manufacture and usage rules, 1999, the usage of thin plastic bags should be banned in Madurai. Other measures, which can be taken to cut down the use of plastics would include:

� Impose ban on manufacture and import of thin plastic bags. Instead the use biodegradable plastics should be encouraged.

� Use newspaper bags, wherever possible. � Make jute, cotton bags and thick plastic bags available at the major shopping centers.

The citizens should be made to pay to procure these bags. � Discourage use of plastic items in fast food joints. Encourage them to use the

previously used ceramic or steel items or use paper items. � Provide clean drinking water source across the city at regular intervals. Such drinking

water source should be more in number in commercial places like the market place and the bus stands.

� Use of Eco-friendly and naturally occurring items in commercial establishments such as hotels, restaurants, etc.

� In general, use of use & throw plastics in commercial establishments, Hotels, marriage halls, public places and institutions shall be banned. Otherwise the generating sources should be heavily charged (thrice the recommended tariff).

�� /(9<�2)�6(59,&(�&+$5*(6�The MC is presently collecting service charges from various commercial establishments including hotels, wedding halls, hospitals, etc. The service charges are levied in proportion to the quantum of waste generated and upon income and type of activities.

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The aforementioned existing charges can be termed only as the basic requirement and does not address the requirement to support the Operation and Maintenance costs of a full-fledged Solid Waste Management system which is in compliance with the MSW Handling Rules. A revision of the service charges is found necessary to ensure that the scheme proposed for improvements is sustainable from the financial standpoint.

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�� 0$7(5,$/�5(&29(5<�)$&,/,7<�The sorting of MSW at the waste processing and disposal facility is generally not desirable. However, a material recovery facility is recommended for the initial period until the source segregation system is fully implemented and successfully maintained. A semi-mechanized system with handpicking-off-the-belt can be established. Table 5.8 gives an estimate of total revenue that can be generated from the sale of recyclable waste on a daily basis.

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Therefore it is estimated that the MC can generate an amount of Rs.594 lakhs on an annual basis. Rag pickers shall not be allowed in the primary and secondary collection stages. Rag picking from bins would result to large spillages and corresponding ill effects. However the services of the rag pickers shall be recognized by providing employment in the inspection yard on contract basis. It is believed these rag pickers are earning Rs. 200 per day. They may be employed as waste sorters. The existing set of rag pickers may be involved in this job so that the economic returns of the job acts as an incentive for them. Therefore, in appreciation of the efforts of the rag pickers 25% of daily revenue may be shared with the rag pickers involved in segregation of recyclable wastes at the processing site. It is observed that a rate of 90 paise per kg of total recyclable waste segregated in a day may be paid to the waste sorters (Rag Pickers) on contract basis. Based on the successful implementation of the aforementioned recommendations and other improvements suggested in this report, Madurai Corporation may explore the possibility of obtaining ISO Accreditation for Best Practices under MSW Management.



6.0 WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL – TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Madurai Corporation presently generates about 450 Tons of solid waste per day, which has a significant component of biodegradable waste which is about 50 to 55% of the total composition. The collected solid waste is presently disposed in an unscientific manner by open dumping at Vellakkal Site (Refer Dwg. no. 2) causing danger to health and environment., There is an urgent need to stop the crude and unhygienic method of open dumping of waste and to adopt scientific and environmental friendly methods where the useful components of waste are utilized and only rejects and inert material are disposed in an environmentally acceptable manner.

6.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION

The criteria to be considered while selecting a suitable waste treatment and disposal technology is listed below:

� Indian experience or proven technology (domestic/international) suitable for Indian field conditions;

� Scale of operation; � Economy of operation - capital investment and recurring expenditure required; � Requirement of land, water and power; � Manpower needs and level of skill required; � Capability of the Local body to manage the facility; � Environmental impact of such technology; � Process aesthetics; � Cost of end products and utility value; and � Compatibility with the cycle of nature.

6.3 REVIEW OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES

�� 6$1,7$5<�/$1'),//�',6326$/�Land disposal of waste has been practiced for centuries since it is the cheapest method for waste management and it is generally believed that leachate from the land disposal is completely attenuated by percolation. Thus, disposal of waste on land was an acceptable practice until 1940. The developed nations (i.e., USA) modified the method of waste disposal from open dumping to sanitary landfills. However, with increasing concern for the environment in the late 1950, landfills came under scrutiny due to studies that reported groundwater contamination by leachates.

Waste was divided into two categories, namely hazardous and non-hazardous, and two separate design concepts evolved, natural attenuation and containment type of landfill. Natural attenuate landfill is designed for non-hazardous waste only, and leachate was specified for soil based filtration. However the study showed that soil cannot attenuate all the contaminants leached, no matter how thick the underlying layer is. So this type of landfill is totally banned in some places and countries.

The design concept of containment landfill consisted of constructing a low permeability liner to restrict leachate from percolating through the base of landfill and a pipe system to collect leachate. Containment landfill was mandated for disposal of hazardous waste and commonly practiced for all waste in many countries. However, landfill disposal remains as the main approach for Integrated Solid Waste Management as the final disposal; since this method is the cheapest and simple to operate. Proper management of landfill site is of a major concern because a poorly operated and mis-managed landfill is bound to cause adverse environmental impacts.

High organic content In the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW),resulting to generation of biogas



or landfill through anaerobic digestion process in the landfill. The landfill gas produced containing 45-60% Methane (CH4) possesses 15-20 MJ/m3 calorific value which can be used as an energy source.

�� ,1&,1(5$7,21�Incineration is an alternative solution in the waste disposal crisis when landfill space is limited. Incineration reduces the waste volume and generates heat and power for commercial use. Although wastes to energy (WTE) facilities are not popular in the United States, they are widely used in Europe and Japan. For MSW, incineration will depend on two main factors, moisture and heating value. Both factors have seasonal variability, which must be considered while designing an incinerator. Air pollution is also a major concern because contaminated or hazardous household wastes create the air emission and ash from the facility. Explosive materials shall be sorted out to avoid harming the incinerator. Thus special attention is required for MSW burning operation, which will further increase the cost of the project.

Combustion technologies used for MSW are stoker-fired incinerator, fluidized bed incinerator, and rotary kiln incinerator. Each technology is suitable for converting waste to energy but with different advantages and disadvantages. Heat from the combustion process is used to turn water into steam that will be routed to a steam turbine-generator for power generation. The used steam is then condensed in condenser and routed back to the boiler. Residues produced include bottom ash (which falls to the bottom of the combustion chamber), fly ash (which exits the combustion chamber with the flue gas), and residue (including fly ash) from the flue gas cleaning system.

The major environmental concern of incinerator is stack pollutants formed during combustion comprising particulates, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), metals, Hydrogen chloride (HCl), Dioxins and Furans and unknown gaseous pollutants

Emission control system and equipments are necessary to meet the stringent ambient air quality requirements such as dust collector, combustion temperature and retention time control, lime and ammonia scrubber (with or without catalyst reactor), activated carbon absorber etc. With proper equipments, emissions including Dioxins and Furans can be reduced to comply with the stringent emission standards. when the operating temperature is maintained to more than1100°c

�� $1$(52%,&�',*(67,21�Adoption of anaerobic digestion technology to treat organic waste and convert it to an energy source was widely used during the last ten years in European countries. The process involved includes collecting organic wastes, crushing, and digesting in anaerobic tank. By product of the process is biogas, which will be utilized for energy generation.

However, sorting and removal of inorganic material is necessary by establishing a recycling center to purchase material from communities or installing front end-sorting system at the facility. The residues that do not have further value will be disposed by landfill. Micro organisms in digester will digest organic matters and produce biogas as byproduct.

The biogas normally consists of 60-70% of Methane and 30-40% of Carbon dioxide. Biogas heating value is approximately 20-25 MJ/m3, which is equivalent to a half kilogram of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Dried excess sludge from the biogas digester can be made available as good organic compost/soil conditioner.

The important requirement for implementing this technology is that organic waste must be separated from other wastes. Front-end sorting systems comprising sorting belts, magnetic separators, and labors; as well as public campaign such as waste separation shall cause higher investment cost to the project. With high percentage of organic waste, the anaerobic digestion is appropriate treatment with broad advantages such as preventing odor, producing energy in the form of biogas, getting compost/soil conditioner as by-products, and helping reduce landfill volume requirement.

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�� *$6,),&$7,21��3<52/<6,6�Pyrolysis and thermal gasification are related technologies that convert the biomass components, namely Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen into combustible gas, i.e., Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrogen (H2) and Methane (CH4). Pyrolysis is the first stage of the process, which is the thermal decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of air or oxygen. Volatile matter, such as, Hydrogen and Methane, and also Tar (Hydrocarbon) are vaporized under operating temperature approximately 350-500°C, leaving fixed carbon or charcoal as by-product. Gasification is the following process where hot combustible pyrolized gases react with moisture and charcoal under the higher temperature environment 800-1200°C, and produce a mixture of combustible gases (CO, H2, CH4, others) with less tar.

Biomass produces gas with a calorific value at 5 MJ/m3 approximately, depending on gasification technology. The produced gas can be utilized as energy for electricity production, or directly burning in the boiler or furnace.

To feed MSW into the Gasifier, sorting system and fuel preparation system are the precedence criteria for controlling gasification process. Non-homogeneous properties of MSW (for example variations in heating value, moisture, ash, volatile, density, etc.) are corrected by sorting and grouping waste compositions, shredding and mixing to ensure the homogeneity. The other method is by making Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) before feeding to the Gasifier. Both methods require additional investment and operating cost.

At present, both the pyrolysis and gasification technologies for MSW application are in research and development stage with limited number of units in commercial operation. However, the operation under low oxygen environment causes several advantages over traditional combustion of MSW, for example, the ability to limit a formation of dioxins/furans, SOx and NOx, as well as lower investment cost and less equipment is required compared to the incineration power plant.

�� 5()86(�'(5,9('�)8(/��5')�Due to the non-homogeneous property of MSW that usually causes problems in the incinerator, the conversion of MSW into solid fuel, namely Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is developed which is aimed at acquiring a stable, environmentally friendly fuel that is easy to transport.

The RDF production process starts with the separation and sorting of MSW. This operation removes recyclables, i.e. ferrous materials, glass, noncombustible or potentially hazardous materials from the waste stream. The remaining combustible material is an input for RDF production, by being crushed or grinded, then conveyed to a flash dryer to remove excess moisture by steam or hot air, and finally be compacted in form of pellets.

In some case, additive such as lime (CaO) shall be added during the pelletization process to reduce pollutants in the combustion. The final product can be reduced to 5% of the original volume. RDF is a good fuel due to its high heating value from low moisture content. It is easy to transport and causes lower emission such as NOx and dioxins/furans compares to MSW direct combustion. However so for only one plant has been put up in India which is also not in operation due to various reasons.

�� &203267,1*�Composting is one of the most popular and techno-economically viable mechanism for processing and disposal of Biodegradable waste. The process uses biological mechanism of microorganism to breakdown organic matter of MSW. There are two major types of process; aerobic and anaerobic.

The aerobic method uses aerobic bacteria to work under suitable environment, i.e. moisture, temperature, oxygen content and Carbon/Nitrogen ratio of organic matter. This method normally produces good quality compost containing Nitrogen and Sulfate, and does not cause the odor problem. The finished compost can be used as a offset for fertilizers in the agriculture industry and other related uses such as landscaping, green cover development, barren land reclamation etc.



The other method is operated under anaerobic environment, and normally causes odor problems, such as, Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia. This method uses longer time for acquiring mature to digest and gives lower quality of fertilizer. Normally compost plant is processed under aerobic condition and requires aeration system, which consequently needs energy consumption.

�� 27+(5�$9$,/$%/(�7(&+12/2*,(6�Apart from the above said technologies, the following methods are also adopted for solid waste processing and disposal:

� Burning/Firing � Power Generation through plasma arc technology � Landfill bio reactors � Biostabilisation of waste

�� &+2,&(�2)�$335235,$7(�7(&+12/2*,(6�Among the technologies specified above, gasification technology is not considered as a viable alternative since this technology is still in the R&D phase and requires further investigation for adoption. Therefore technologies to be considered include:

� Refuse Derived Fuel, RDF � Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Plant � Sanitary Landfill and Landfill Gas Plant � Incinerator Power Plant � Compost The Integrated MSW Management concept is employed to manage each kind of waste appropriately according to its feature. There are 4 options, as follows;

Option 1: Composting & Sanitary Landfill Disposal

Since the composition of organic waste in Madurai is significant, it is advantageous to convert organic waste to fertilizer grade compost. The market/ demand for this material is also adequate in the southern region of Tamil Nadu as the economy is predominantly agriculture based. Aerobic Composting is the most appropriate method for a daily load of approximately 225 tons in the present stage which is expected to increase to approximately 300 tons per days over the design horizon. Anaerobic digestion can be evaluated in the long-term basis if and only the requirement for integrated facility is necessitated to handle waste from other regions in Madurai District.

Finally, the non-biodegradable and non-recyclable materials will be disposed in the Sanitary Landfill. This option requires the same prerequisite as option 1: waste separation at source.

Advantages

� The option is suitable to wastes with high organic content and large volumes (> 200 tons per day

� Compost/ soil conditioner can be obtained which is an environmentally beneficial use for the waste that is recovered from the system

� Landfill contains less organic waste compared to baseline thus lowering the risk of green house gas generation and also results in lower space/ volume requirements

� The amount of waste for the landfill is considerably reduced � Do not require skilled personnel Disadvantages

� Waste separation at source is crucially important to the feasibility of the project � During rainy days process has to be stopped or carried out in closed shed increases

the product cost � Area requirement for the composting facility (aerobic system) is fairly large. However in

the case of Madurai, sufficient land is available for installation an aerobic composting facility for the design horizon and with provision of land for future expansion



Option 2: RDF Plant & Sanitary Landfill

The RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) is a source of energy that is renewable because of its continuous production depending on constant supply of MSW. The fuel prepared will require to be transported to suitable facilities for onward utilization. Other non-combustible materials such as stone, ceramics, non-recyclables, and rejected waste from RDF production process will be disposed in a Sanitary Landfill for approximately 31 tons/day. Recyclable materials such as metal and glass will be sent to recycling business where raw material needed as well as energy use will be less for recycled material production. Prerequisite of this option is waste separation at source so that combustible and noncombustible materials will not be blended to ensure the quality of the RDF.

Advantages

� The amount of waste going to the landfill is considerably reduced � Landfill contains less organic waste compared to baseline thus lowered groundwater

contamination and green house gas generation � Renewable energy can be recovered from most of the waste

Disadvantages:

� The investment cost is significantly high � Organic fertilizer cannot be obtained � The process is prone to become unviable if the RDF user cannot be identified � Adequate preparation of combustion system or co-firing with other fuel is required for

RDF burning � RDF is needed to be transported to the customer which results in a higher cost

Option 3: Incineration & Sanitary Landfill Disposal

In the case that communities cannot efficiently separate wastes at source, mass burning of all the wastes, except those combustible or hazardous material, can be an option. The leftover and ashes from incinerator are dumped in the landfill.

For burning the MSW, at higher temperature additional energy is required to kill the gaseous pollutants incineration is advisable where adequate lands are not available and cost of treatment is not a constraint even though it reduces land fill cost

Advantages:

� The amount of waste for the landfill is the least � Landfill contains less organic waste compared to baseline thus reduces the opportunity

of the groundwater contamination � Suitable for small space since the small amount of land is required � Disadvantages: � The project is barely feasible since investment and operation & maintenance costs are

very high � The power plant needs experts/high quality technicians for the operation � If the incinerator is not operated and maintained to a very high degree of quality,

environmental problems will occur Option 4: Sanitary Landfill & Landfill Gas Production

This is the last option to offer, but might be needed in cases where segregation of waste is not possible in any manner. The land requirement for the landfill site is the largest.

Advantages:

� Lowest investment and operation & maintenance costs � Landfill is flexible in receiving various kinds and amounts of waste



� Landfill is the ultimate recipient of any and all types of municipal solid waste � Landfill gas can be utilized as a renewable energy source Disadvantages:

� The system requires largest amount of land which is not an economically viable alternative as the use for landfill space post-closure is highly limited

� The need for land is always increasing which is vulnerable to local objections � Adverse environmental impacts will occur if O&M of the landfill is not to a very higher

degree of quality � The landfill gas amount might be varied over time and may not be self-sustainable

�6.4 RECOMMENDED TECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL

Considering the aforementioned selection criteria, volume of waste generated, composition and discussions with corporation officials, Option - 1 (Aerobic Composting & Sanitary Landfill Disposal) is recommended as the feasible alternative when compared with other technological options.

Since the solid waste composition in Madurai contains Calorific value of less than 900 kcal/kg compared to the minimum required of 2,000 kcal/kg and relatively high moisture content (more than 50%), technologies based on incineration, RDF, biomethanation and related are not felt as techno-economically viable alternatives and therefore are not recommended for adoption.

The feasibility of implementing the aforementioned technologies such as RDF etc., may be explored pursuant to the ultimate stage when the waste generation of Madurai and other adjacent regions can be coupled to form an Integrated Waste Management system.

6.5 DISPOSAL OF NON-EASILY BIODEGRADABLE & NON-RECYCLABLE WASTES

Madurai Corporation generates about 15 to 25 MT of above kind of wastes every day. This includes rubber, leather, synthetic materials, wooden pieces, soiled cloth etc. These kinds of wastes don’t have any recyclable value and shall have to be disposed through landfill in normal courses.

In order to save the life of the landfill these wastes can be disposed by incineration where the incineration temperature shall be above 1000 degree centigrade. At this temperature the gaseous pollutants generated from the waste get incinerated resulting to no gaseous pollutants leaving the kiln to atmosphere. It may not be feasible to propose separate incinerator for this purpose due to financial constrains.

However, these wastes can be incinerated in existing rotary kilns operated for the manufacturing of clinkers to produce cement. There are two (2) state government owned cement industries close to Madurai. i.e one at Ariyalur in Perambalur district and another at Aalankullam in Virudhunagar district. It is suggested that Madurai Corporation should discuss this issue with cement industries and pollution control board and seek permission to dispose by incineration on experimental basis Cement industry would also getting benefited by saving some fuel.



7.0 BIODEGRADABLE WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL

7.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000 requires that biodegradable wastes (BDW) shall be processed by composting, vermi-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for the stabilization of wastes.

Considering the regional setting of Madurai Corporation, land availability and the quantum of biodegradable waste generated, Aerobic Composting is recommended for selection. The finished compost can be used as a soil conditioner. Since Madurai experiences a long spell of 9 months of dryness and the ambient temperature is generally high, windrow composting is recommended. Alternatives such as Vermi-composting and In-Vessel Composting are feasible only at a smaller scale of operation for non-hazardous organic waste.

Composting is the biological degradation of organic materials under controlled aerobic conditions. The process is used to stabilize organic bio-solids (a term used to describe organic biodegradable matter derived from domestic waste) prior to their use as a soil amendment or mulch in landscaping, horticulture, and agriculture. The final product of this treatment process is called ‘fertilizer grade compost’.

Madurai Corporation reportedly generates an estimated quantum of approximately 450 MT of solid waste per day, which comprises waste from houses, markets, road sweepings and hotels. Approximately fifty to fifty five percent of the total waste generated are bio-degradable component which shall form the raw-material intake at the proposed composting facility.

Madurai Corporation owns land to an extent of 110 acres which is presently used as a dumping ground and is also planning to acquire additional land for future expansion (Please refer Drawing - 2 for the location of the site). This location adjacent to the existing dumping ground is considered for the proposed composting facility.

Accordingly, a Windrow Composting plant for a rated capacity of 300 MT/day is proposed for implementation. Segregated waste brought to the facility shall be inspected for final material recovery, shredded and grounded and then formed into windrows based on design recommendation.

Composting of the waste in the formed windrows can be achieved in a period of approximately 6 to 8 weeks under controlled climatic and process conditions. The formed windrows require turning at a specified frequency to ensure that the inner sections or core of the windrows do not turn anaerobic which can actually be detrimental to the process. The machinery used to turn the windrows shall be standard front-end loaders or specialized compost turners. Compost turners generally are faster and do a better job of mixing than front-end loaders. Front-end loaders are less expensive to purchase, and can also be used for unloading incoming waste and loading finished product. Alternative method of turning includes drilling air holes, installing aeration pipes and forcing airflow through the piles.

Design of the proposed composting facility shall be performed considering the following design criteria:

• Carbon : Nitrogen Value • Oxygen Availability & Aeration • Nutrient Balance • Particle Size • pH Value • Temperature • Moisture Control

Design criteria and process details are furnished in Annexure -8.



The finished product, i.e., fertilizer grade compost is then extracted from the final pile, sieved to remove non-biodegradable materials and prepared for packaging and distribution/marketing. Desirability of bagging equipment depends on the market (end-users) for the finished product. A high-quality product suitable for home gardens is likely to be distributed or sold in small quantities, and equipment for bagging the product may be necessary. However, a lower quality product used as a soil amendment for the agriculture and landscaping sectors typically might be distributed in large quantities (i.e., truckload), and bagging equipment may not be required. The figure above is a representation of a typical windrow composting system.

7.2 OPERATION DETAILS

� Biodegradable waste pursuant to segregation at the source level will be received at the screening section of the Waste Processing Complex.

� Foreign material that is unacceptable will be removed and disposed off in the sanitary landfill.

� Recyclable material, if any, may be removed at this stage.

� The aforementioned screening shall be performed through suitable equipment such as mechanical screeners./manual operation

� Bio-degradable waste prior to entering the windrow platform shall also be shredded and ground to uniform size (10 – 15 mm dia. Particle size).

� The prepared waste shall be delivered from the screening pad to the windrow platform using heavy vehicles.

� Windrows which are essentially semi-circular formations of the waste assay in the specified dimension shall be prepared as shown.

� The constructed windrow pile should be formed as a semi-circular cross-section allowing a space of 3 m between each pile as shown.

� This clearance should be maintained for equipment ease of access to the windrows. Once windrows are initially formed and settled, a windrow turner will be used to turn and aerate the piles.

� The turning may be done for every 5 days initially and there after, based on monitoring results it may be turned approximately once in a week. More the turnings lesser the process time.

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Typical Windrow Composting



� The windrow turner will not only aerate the pile but will also increase the surface area available to microbes and accelerating the composting process.

� A reduction in pile size will also occur as a result of initial turnings. The individual sections will be monitored to ensure a proper environment for active composting to be maintained.

� Temperature, being the prime indicator of microbial activity, should be monitored daily along the windrow using long stem digital thermometers.

� The windrow or section of windrow will also be turned if the temperature varies from the thermophilic range (45 °C - 60°C).

� The optimum moisture content for composting is between 50-60%, while that in the incoming waste it is much lower at an average of 30%. Hence addition of moisture may be necessitated. Further during composting the moisture content tends to reduce and necessary moisture can be similarly added during turning. Table 7.1 indicates the average water requirement.

� The moisture content will be checked periodically using the “squeeze test” (A handful of material from within the windrow will be squeezed; if a few drops of water are generated the windrow can be assumed to contain the proper range of moisture 40% to 60 %.) Deviance from this range requires turning of the windrow. On the other hand if there is more water than few drops, turning is done to aerate and dry pile to prevent anaerobic conditions. The water requirement will be taken from the runoff collection tank or by way of bore-well.

� Eventually, through turning and mixing the windrow will be homogenized and will uniformly degrade. Composting and curing will be judged complete when pile temperatures decrease to near ambient and is moderate for 3-4 weeks.

� On the 45th day, the formed windrow is broken down and passed through rotary screen of the suitable square mesh to remove oversize particles. Finished compost will be stored separately. Compost rejects and inert waste should go to the landfill site.

� Maintenance of the sediment basin (catch basin for storm water run off) will prevent potential ground and surface water problems. The catch basin will act as a reservoir for sediment and rainwater run off. Water in the basin can be used to supplement the moisture requirements of the windrows. The catch basin should be monitored and if required sprayed for insect and vector control.

7.3 FINISHED COMPOST STORAGE & HANDLING

�� '(7(50,1,1*�:+(1�7+(�&203267�,6�'21(�Generally, with good management, the active (hot) composting phase should last 15 days. At this point the ingredients will not reheat after turning or adding water if dry. During this curing period, large woody particles have more time to break down and lower temperature compost organisms (e.g. mesophilic bacteria, fungi, earthworms, etc) can re-establish themselves. In addition, any remaining ammonia nitrogen is converted to nitrate nitrogen and any phyto-toxic compounds that may have formed during the process will be degraded.

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�� &+$5$&7(5,67,&6�2)�0$785(�&203267�Mature compost will have a pleasant earthy aroma and there will be minimal amounts of recognizable ingredients (e.g. wood shavings, hay, etc.). In addition, any recognizable ingredients that can be found should easily tear or fall apart when handled. In order to ensure safe application of compost, the following specifications for compost quality shall be met as listed in Table 7.2.

�� ),1,6+('�&203267�6725$*(��+$1'/,1*�� Pursuant to curing/ final drying, the

finished material is recommended to be stored through adoption of two methods

� The first part being bulk storage, i.e. storing the finished compost in a concrete silo for onward bulk clearing and disposal

� Concrete silos are essentially large cylindrical upright containers made of construction grade concrete or in some cases, steel to store large volumes

� In this case, the concrete silos (2 nos.) shall have a combined storage capacity of about three (3) months of the composted product. The stored product in the silos shall be loaded to trucks through bottom mounted hopper feed mechanism

� Necessary ventilation and air circulation to ensure ambient storage conditions shall also be provided

� Additional bagging and dispatch facility is also recommended for packaging finished compost in 50 kg or suitable weight HDPE bags for onward sale.

7.4 SITE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROPOSED COMPOST YARD AT VELAKKAL

�� /2&$7,21�$1'�$5($�The MC has earmarked a site of 110 Acres in Vellakkal in Avaniyapuram Village for Compost Yard and landfill. Out of this, the MC has allotted 30 Acres for development of Compost Yard. The total land requirement for landfill for 16 years design period would be 40 acres. The balance land of 40 acres could be utilised for future expansion of Compost Yard as and when required. Drawing showing the lands for proposed Compost Yard in Vellakkal, Avaniyapuram Village is given in Dwg. No. 2. Also FMB sketch of the proposed compost and landfill site is provided in Dwg. No. 3. �� 7232*5$3+<��62,/�/,7+2/2*<�The Topo-survey of the proposed land for Compost Yard is provided in Dwg. No. 4. Lithology of sub-soil characteristics in Vellakkal, Avaniyapuram Municipality is shown in Figure 7.1. The site is located in Avaniyapuram Municipality, Madurai, South taluk, Madurai District Survey Nos. are 625, 626, 630, 32, 33, 34 of area 30 acres.

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BOREHOLE - 2

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Silt sand with Traces of clay and gravel (SM)

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7.5 DESIGN OF COMPOST YARD

The design of Compost Yard is for 300 TPD as required by TOR. The entire design parameters of Compost Yard with amenities are enumerated below:

Assumptions for the design of windrows • Plant capacity = 300 TPD • Density of waste = 0.50 T/m3

• Cross section is semicircular with 1.5 m Height and 3.0 m width. • Volume reduction after 45 days of composting = 50 % • Density of the compost = 0.40 T/m3.• One Windrow pile = 1 day’s waste

Design calculations for Windrows • Volume of waste generated per day = 300/0.5 = 600 m3.• Add 20% for increase in volume • in the course of time 720 m3 • Area of cross section = π x 1.52/2 = 3.5325 m2.• Length of windrow = 720/3.5325 = 204 m (Approx.) • So provide the windrow pile of 204 m length in 46 rows (1 row is additional as

buffer) • ∴The dimensions of the compost concrete pad (Concrete mix of 1:2:4) = 286 x 214

(5 m is provided at both ends) • So after 45 day the windrow pile is sieved in mechanical sieve, and then

transferred to storage silos Schematic representation of the proposed windrow layout Vellakkal Compost Yard is provided in Dwg. No. 13.

Design of Screener / Sieving Equipment Room • Density of compost after curing is 0.4 T/m3. • Volume of Compost after curing = 300 m3. • Weight of compost after curing = 300 x 0.4 = 120 T/d. • Capacity of screener = 120 T / 8 hr = 15 T/ hr

• So provide 2 set of 25 mm, 10 mm and 4 mm and one additional as stand by of 15 T/hr capacity including conveying system.

Runoff from Hard Surface

(i) Total area of concrete bed = 56304 m2 (286 x 214 m) (ii) Runoff generation

The peak average rainfall rate = 201 mm / month

(from Madurai City profile Ground Water Board)

(area of open space x precipitation / 30) Runoff from windrow = (56304 x 0.201) / 30

Total runoff = 377 m3/day

(iii) Storage capacity for 3 days = 1131 m3



Assume a depth of 2.5 m = 452 m2

Provide two nos. of runoff collection tank Assume L: B as 1:1 B = 15.0 m

L = 15.0 m

Hence two nos. of leachate collection tank of dimension of 15 x 15 x 3 m (free board 0.5m)

7.6 EQUIPMENT FOR COMPOST YARD

Windrow composting relies on repeated turning and mixing to regulate the composting process. Turning and mixing material regulates the temperature, moisture and oxygen levels within open windrows. The Table 7.3 suggests the equipment required for this Compost Yard. The function of the equipment is also provided in the Table.

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7.7 OPERATIONAL CONTROLS

Some of the important operation controls for effective maintenance of Compost Yard are as follows (refer Fig. no. 7.1)

�� 352&(66�021,725,1*�$1'�&21752/�As a dynamic process, compost piles should be monitored to assess the need for turning and moisture control. Monitoring and turning records have to be maintained to show that an approved turning schedule was followed. Specific compost monitoring parameters include:

Moisture

The ingredients of a pile with adequate moisture will have the feel of a damp (but not dripping wet) sponge. Excessive moisture conditions will be characterized by a saturated texture and unpleasant odours inside the pile and leachate around its base. Corrective actions for excess moisture include covering the pile with a tarp or specialized compost cover during wet weather and/or turning the pile during dry weather to increase evaporation.

Temperature

Ideally, temperature should be measured with a digital or a dial-type (non-mercury) compost thermometer with at least 40 cm long stem. Sustained temperatures of 50 to 60° C in the pile interior are an indication of optimum decomposition and pathogen reduction. On the other hand, temperatures above 70°C may indicate insufficient moisture. A compost pile whose temperature never goes above 40°C may not have enough oxygen due to settling, may be too wet, or conversely, too dry.

Odor and Physical Appearance

A well-managed active compost pile will shrink in height quickly, and will have a slightly sweet, fermented aroma when opened. Conversely, a poorly managed pile will not decrease substantially in height, may emit an unpleasant odour, and will likely have weeds sprouting from its surface.



�� +($/7+�$1'�6$)(7<�35(&$87,216�Attention to health and safety concerns can minimize most occupational risks at composting facilities. While composting is not an inherently dangerous activity, precautions are necessary to protect against injury and possible illness. Safety concerns relate primarily to equipment. If front-end loaders or other standard heavy equipment is used, ear protection and other normal safety precautions should be applied. Composting and chipping equipment have additional dangers. These typically contain powerful mixing flails, knives, or hammers that rotate at high rates of speed, and should therefore be well-shielded from human contact. A skilled manpower should be utilized for operation. Additional precautions must be followed when specialized windrow-turning equipment is used. As the flails rotate through the compost windrow, they will eject foreign matter from the windrow. Stones and other foreign objects can become dangerous projectiles, and can be thrown a long distance in front of or behind the turning equipment. Equipment operators must ensure safe clearances on all sides of the operating machinery. When stockpiling compost be sure to plan for the possibility of fires. Dry chips and leaves are particularly susceptible to stray sparks from cigarettes or welding equipment. Fires are rarely a problem in outdoor composting operations. Because the inside of the windrows would be damp and compost normally burns poorly. However, if the material does dry out and gets too hot, combustion can occur. Keeping the windrows under 3 m height, and turning the compost when temperatures exceed 60 °C is good compost management and provides fire protections as well. In the event of fire, whether by spontaneous combustion or vandalism, the site must have delivery capacity and an adequate water supply. Maintain clear aisles between windrows to provide easy access in case of fire. Health concerns relating to compost are dependent on both the individual and the material being composted. While few human pathogenic organisms are found in vegetative wastes or farm animal manures, normal sanitary measures (i.e., washing hands before touching food, eyes, etc.) are important. While many compost operations have run smoothly for years without usual health or safety problems, there are some unique concerns in composting that workers should be aware of. By understanding these concerns, it will be easier to recognize problems early and seek an appropriate remedy before serious compilations develop. Just as individuals vary in their resistance to disease a few individuals may be particularly sensitive to some of the organisms in compost. The high populations of many different species of moulds and fungi in an active compost process can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals, though most experience no adverse reaction. Conditions that may predispose individuals to infection or an allergic response include: a weakened immune system, allergies, asthma, some medications such as antibiotics and adrenal cortical hormones or a punctured eardrum. Workers with these conditions should not normally be assigned to a composting operation. To minimize the risk of infection, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-approved dust masks or respirators should be worn under dry and dusty conditions, especially when the compost is being turned. If, following these precautions, workers still develop an infection or have an allergic reaction to compost, they should consult a medical professional.



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�� (19,5210(17$/�&216,'(5$7,216�All uncovered windrows area should be provided with an impermeable base. Such a base may be made of concrete or of compacted clay, 0.5 m thick having permeability less than 10-7 m/sec. The base must be provided with 1 to 2 percent slope and must be encircled by lined drains for collection of leachate/surface water runoff. All lined drains should be connected to a settling pond, where test for quality of wastewater are to be performed on a weekly basis. A treatment unit will be provided to ensure that this wastewater is treated and recycled to the windrow. On such days when the waste cannot be accepted at the Compost Yard or if shutdown occurs for extended period due to rains/cold climate/major breakdown or annual maintenance occurs, the waste should be diverted to a properly designed and operated MSW landfill. The process rejects are to be removed from the Compost Yard on a daily basis. The recyclables should be diverted to appropriate vendors. The non-recyclables should be sent to the sanitary landfill. Temporary storage of rejects should be done in a covering area. If temporary storage is done in an open area, it must be done only for 1 or 2 days, at an area having an impermeable base and lined drains for collection of leachate/surface water runoff.

7.8 RECORD KEEPING

Good record keeping provides the operator of composting operations with readily available site-specific data. Such data can be used to better manage site operations and to address problems that may arise. Records should be kept for all windrows constructed. The format for Record keeping is given in Table 7.4 and it can be adopted.

��



��

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The following additional information should be collected and maintained for better management of windrows:

• Type and quantity of materials used as substrate. • Method of size reduction • Method of mixing • Amount of water added and method of watering • Date of windrow construction • Size and shape of windrow

Process Data (to be recorded periodically or during turning as recommended) • Temperature • pH • Moisture content • Oxygen levels (if equipment is available)

FORM-I

Windrow pile Number ___________________________________________ Date Constructed _____________________________________________ Ingredients Added______________________________________________

TEMPERATURE C

DISTANCE FROM END OF PILE (M)

Date Time Moisture Content (%) pH

30 60 90 120 150



8.0 PROPOSED SANITARY LANDFILL

8.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides information of the proposed Sanitary Landfill Complex based on the base line features of the identified site at Vellakkal. The overall approach to the development of the sanitary landfill for MC is formulated to satisfy the regulatory requirements of MoEF, CPHEEO guidelines and with the objective of implementing an environmentally responsible and effective system of non-biodegradable and non-recyclable solid waste from the municipal system in accordance with the MSW Handling Rules 2000.

Two landfills are proposed for implementation. The first landfill shall be constructed to essentially dispose the existing waste (mixed and contaminated) that has been accumulated over the past 15 years without any level of sorting and/or processing. This measure is recommended to achieve the dual objectives of compliance with the aforementioned rules and to reclaim valuable land for construction of the landfill for future waste, compost facility and other related utilities.

8.2 SITE CHARACTERISTICS

�� /2&$7,21�Land for the proposed sanitary land Out of 110 Acres allotted by MC for Landfill and Compost Yard, at Vellakkal in Avaniyapuram Municipality, the proposed landfill site requires an area of 40 acres (by design). The site is located in the southwestern direction at a distance of about 15 km from the city center and is situated next to the proposed composting facility. The important landmark closest (about 1 km) to this site is the Madurai Airport. The MC has obtained No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and Airport Authority for implementing the proposed project. A copy of the related documents is enclosed as an Annexure - 9. Necessary initiatives are being undertaken by Corporation of Madurai to renewal the NOC. Additionally we proposed improvements to the SWM system in Madurai Corporation including Vellakkal site where it is proposed to fully reclaim the existing dumping site and convert the same into the full-fledged waste processing (composting & sanitary landfill complex) in accordance with MSW manual. This measure will have a resultant positive impact on the environmental and social front. Details of the proposed landfill facility are presented in Dwg. No. 5.

�� *(2/2*<�$1'�62,/�&+$5$&7(5,67,&6�Hard crystalline rocks by Archean metamorphic rock cover the site. Charnockite is the main rock type encountered in the area. The soil up to 1.5 m below the ground level is silty sandy of gravel in nature at the present dump location. Weathered rocks are available at a depth of 2.5 m below ground level. Soil report is enclosed as Annexure - 10.

8.3 LANDFILL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Considering the above, protection of the quality of the groundwater is of paramount importance in the formulation of the design approach for the landfill facility. The finalized approach hence considers the present dumping practices and sensitive environmental features of the proposed site and is designed to develop the landfill facility on the principles of containment engineering aimed at minimizing the following:

� The generation of Leachate, its subsequent outflow and uncontrolled dispersions into the surrounding aquatic environment; and

� The accumulation and uncontrolled release of landfill gas into the host strata and atmosphere.

�� :$67(�92/80(�$1'�/$1'),//�&$3$&,7<��The MC generates about 450 MT of solid waste every day at a per capita generation of about 0.336 kg/cap/day and is projected to generate about 517 MT of solid waste by the year 2016 and during ultimate stage of 2026 it is projected that about 583 MT of solid waste is likely to be generated in a day.



The quantum of biodegradable MSW, to be processed at the compost facility, has been estimated at approximately 250 MT per day during 2006 and 300 MT per day during 2016 for which compost yard is designed. The quantum of non-biodegradable MSW and the inert rejects of the compost facility for Land filling have been estimated at 185 MT per day as on 2006 and 287 MT per day after 16 years i.e. design period for the landfill as per CPHEEO Manual.

�� '(6,*1�3(5,2'�A landfill design life comprises of an ‘active’ period and a ‘closure and post-closure’ period. For the Vellakkal site the ‘active’ period is designed as 16 years. The ‘closure and post-closure’ period for which a landfill will be monitored and maintained is 25 years after the ‘active period’ is completed. Although the Design of the landfill for future waste has been performed for 16 years it is recommended to construct the landfill section for 5 year operation period with a view to economise on the initial capital investment (Refer Dwg. No. 10).

8.4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS OF LANDFILL COMPONENTS

�� /$1'),//�)227�35,17�The total land available at Vellakkal site for development of the Sanitary landfill is approximately 110 acres. Out of which 30 acres have been utilized for Compost Yard. The sanitary landfill site is designed for a capacity of 1.65 x 106 MT (The total generated inert for 16 years). For the above quantity of waste the landfill area requirement has been worked out to 40 acres. The present generation rate of 185 MT of inert is anticipated to increase to 287 MT per day at the end of design period. The landfill area has been divided into 16 phases as illustrated in the Figure 8.1 and it depicts only the phases of the landfill design.

�� 352),/(�$1'�&5266�6(&7,21�2)�/$1'),//�6,7(�The profile and cross sections of the site are critical for designing landfill. In view of this, the profile of the natural Ground Level (GL) at Vellakkal site was developed and it was then superimposed with the profile of groundwater table in the area. The profile of the base was then finalized at a level 5 m below the GL (to ensure that the landfill base is 2m above the ground water table as recommended by MoEF even after considering an upward fluctuation of 2m during monsoon season). Based on this profile, the landfill section at Vellakkal site would involve cutting and filling. The height of the landfill is then fixed at 6.6 m above Ground Level (GL) considering the volume of waste to be dumped over a period of 16 years. (Refer Dwg. No. 6)



Phase I in operation

PHASE 2

PHASE 4 PHASE 3

PHASE 6 PHASE 5

PHASE 8 PHASE 7

PHASE 10PHASE 9

PHASE 12PHASE 11

PHASE 14PHASE 13

PHASE 16PHASE 15

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8.5 LANDFILL DESIGN

�� '$7$�)25�/$1'),//�'(6,*1�(i) Design Life : 16 Years (as per CPHEEO

Manual on SWM, 2000) (ii) Topography : Slightly sloping from Northeast

to Southwest (iii) Subsoil Conditions : Silty sand upto 2.5 m

Silty sand with traces of gravel upto 6 m

(iv) Water Table : > than 5 m below ground surface (v) Average Precipitation : 850 mm/ Year (vi) Site Constraints : 110 acres (vii) Base Year : 2006

�� 0$66�%$/$1&(�2)�06:�0$1$*(0(17�6<67(0�,1�0$'85$,�Current Inert Waste Generation per day (16.5 mt to be included in Demolition wastes)

+

Therefore, based on the aforementioned mass balance, design of the proposed sanitary landfill has been performed and is listed below:

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The size of the proposed landfill at Vellakkal site is shown as plan in Dwg. No. 7 including the cross section.

�� /$1'),//�3+$6(6�(a) Active life of landfill : 16 years (as per Manual) (b) Duration of one phase : 1 year (c) Number of phases : 16 Nos. (d) Volume of one phase (landfill capacity/16) : 105230 m3

(e) Number of daily cells : 365 Nos. (f) Plan area of one cell :

(On the basis of 3 .0 m lift of each cell) 31 x 15.5 m (average)

8.6 LEACHATE MANAGEMENT

Before considering the design of any leachate management system it is important to consider the objectives that are to be achieved. Protection of surrounding environment of landfill site is effectively achieved through segregation and isolation of potentially polluting waste from the surrounding strata of surface water and ground water. The principle means of achieving this is by providing appropriate sealing layers at the base, sides and top of the landfill.

�� /($&+$7(�&+$5$&7(5,67,&6��Typical chemical characteristics of leachate are given in Table 8.1. The composition of the leachate is an indication of the state of the biological processes occurring within the waste body and the solubility of the ions. If leachate is to be removed and treated, certain parameters will have particular environmental and economic significance. This significance will alter with the route for treatment / disposal chosen. The most significant parameters are discussed below:

• Ammonia • Organic loading • Chloride • Phosphorous • Metals



• Sulphate • Dissolved gases • Other Compounds

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For the present study the leachate generation is calculated as follows

Leachate Generation

� As per CPHEEO manual � Average rainfall = 850 mm/year � Maximum rainfall per month = 201 mm/ month � Quantity of leachate generation = Phase area X (runoff/year) X % of maximum

precipitation in a month/ 30 � Assuming 40% of rainfall during operation and 4% during post closure



� Quantity of leachate generation = 7927 x 0.201 x 0.44 /30 = 23 m3 / day �� /($&+$7(�&2//(&7,21�$1'�5(029$/�6<67(0��/&56��An inert landfill that implements strict waste acceptance criteria may not require a Leachate collection and Removal System (LCRS). The purpose of the leachate collection layer is to allow the removal of leachate from the landfill and to control the depth of the leachate above the liner. The MSW Handling Rules 2000, stipulates a minimum liner of composite barrier of 1.5 mm High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane or its equivalent overlaid by 900 mm of soil (clay or amended soil) of permeability co-efficient not greater than 1 x 10-9 m/s with the water table at least 2 m below the base of clay or amended soil. Considering these specifications the following containment measures are recommended at Vellakkal landfill site. (See Dwg. Nos. 5 and 8) � Drainage layer of 150 mm thick granular soil

permeability value of 1 x 10-4 m/s; � Slotted HDPE pipes of 200 mm diameter and

using 2% lateral slope with 1% longitudinal slope and 25 m c/c spacing � 900 mm thick compacted clay liner of permeability 1.00 x 10-9 m/s (native soil amended

with additives such as Bentonite to reach the desired level of permeability); and � 150 mm thick daily cover primarily extracted from the native soil and compacted to the

permeability level of native soil. Figures 8.2 and 8.3 contain longitudinal and cross section of landfill showing the arrangement of pipes and leachate collection arrangements with supporting ancillaries.



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�� /($&+$7(�6725$*(�The Leachate from Vellakkal landfill site is stored in a collection tank and the details are given in the following.

Leachate collection tank

� Quantity of collection tank : 23 x 7 = 161 m3

� Assuming collection of leachate for 7 days the depth of collection tank is : 1.5 m

� So the plan area of the leachate tank is : 107 m2.It is suggested to adopt a size of 15 x 8 x 1.5 m for 1 no of Leachate tank

� Use 0.5 HP pump of 30 m head and 250 lpm of discharge for pumping leachate from collection tank sprinkler system to spray the leachate around windrows during composting and turning.

�� 5(�&,5&8/$7,21�2)�/($&+$7(�The leachate shall be checked for the presence of heavy metals and metals shall be precipitated if found and disposed in to leachate collection tank proposed for the compost yard where it can be used for maintaining moisture in the composting.

8.7 GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT

Groundwater and surface water are major natural resources of both ecological and economic value and their protection is of prime importance. It is therefore essential that a landfill design includes provisions for the management and protection of both these entities.

�� *5281'�:$7(5�0$1$*(0(17��Ground water management may be required to minimize / prevent

• Interference with the groundwater regime during the construction period; • Damage to the liner (by uplift);

25 m c/c

150

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• Transport of contaminants from the landfill; and • Leachate generation by preventing groundwater infiltration.

The groundwater quality within 30 m of the periphery of landfill site should be periodically monitored to ensure that the groundwater is not contaminated beyond acceptable limits. Usage of ground water in and around the landfill site for any purpose (including drinking and irrigation) is to be considered after ensuring its quality.

�� 685)$&(�:$7(5�0$1$*(0(17�Surface water management is required to minimize • Leachate generation by preventing ponding and the infiltration of water into the landfill; • Transport of contaminants from the landfill; and • Erosion of the liner, solid waste or cover material.

These can be achieved through the provision of surface water collection systems. To achieve the above objectives, each phase of the landfill should be provided with adequate drainage system. The drainage should be designed to the maximum rainfall intensity.

�� '(6,*1�2)�685)$&(�:$7(5�'5$,1$*(�$7�9(//$..$/�6,7(�The quantity of runoff generated : 23 m3 / day. The average discharge flowing through the surface water drainage is 0.00027m3/s. Adopt 0.6m depth and 0.6 m width Settling tank

Assume detention time for the settling tank as 2 hours To remove suspended particles of sizes 40 microns

and above tank size required : 23 x 2/24 = 1.92 m3.Adopt the size of the tank is : 1.3 x 0.65 x 1.5 m

After settling tank this water may either be disposed for sewage farming activities or

For composting activities

8.8 LINING SYSTEM

The lining system protects the surrounding environment including soil, groundwater and surface water by containing leachate generated within the landfill, controlling ingress of ground water and assisting in the control of the migration of landfill gas. The selected liner system must achieve consistent performance and be compatible with the expected leachate for the design life of the facility.

�� &5,7(5,$�)25�/,1,1*�6<67(0�)25�6$1,7$5<�/$1'),//�The liner system for an inert landfill should at minimum meet the following requirements.

� Base and side wall mineral layer of minimum thickness 1 m with a hydraulic

conductivity less than or equal to 1 x 10-7 m/s or a 0.5 m artificial layer of enhanced soil or similar giving equivalent protection to the foregoing. The different layers for lining system at Vellakkal site is briefly elaborated below

� Clay or Amended Soil Liner: The clay or amended soil liner is the base layer of

landfill and hence safety of this layer is of considerable importance while designing the liner system. If native soil at Vellakkal possesses hydraulic conductivity of 1 x 10-7 m/s or less then it can be used as clay liner. If these soils do not possess properties to achieve the specified hydraulic conductivity, additives such as bentonite can be used to decrease the hydraulic conductivity and these soils are called as amended soils.

� Geo-membrane Liner: Geomembranes are polymers, which are productive layers

used as lining material to prevent leachate to enter the soil and contaminate



ground water. Geomembranes (usually HDPE 1.5 mm thick) may contain manufacturing defects like tears, improperly bonded seams and pinholes and may become defective during installation or handling. To ensure the performance of the landfill site after closure leakage through the geomembrane should be controlled from the above defects. For this purpose based on the assessment of density of geo-membrane, it is recommended that the density of geo-membrane should be a minimum of 1,010 Kg/ m3.

Quality Control of Geo-membrane liner

Similarly, the geo-membrane should not have more than 2 pinholes per hectare as manufacturing defects and 2 pinholes per hectares as installation and handling defects. The pinhole (defect) also should not be larger than 2 mm diameter in case of circular pinholes and not larger than 2 mm side length in case of rectangular defects. Also a geo-textile of non-woven type must be over laid for better design life of geo-membrane.

The liner system to be adopted for the present landfill site at Vellakkal is as follows. (a) A leachate drainage layer 300 mm thick made of granular soil having permeability

greater than 10-2 mm/s. (b) A protector layer (of silty soil) 200 mm to 300 mm thick. (c) A geo-textile / geonet of thickness 1.5 mm should be overlaid (d) A geo-membrane of thickness 1.5 mm or more

(e) A compacted clay barrier or amended soil barrier of 900 mm thickness having permeability of less than 10-8 mm/s.

The liner system adopted at Vellakkal site will satisfy the minimum requirements published by regulatory agencies (MoEF/ CPCB).

8.9 LANDFILL GAS MANAGEMENT

Landfill Gas (LFG) results from the bio-degradation of wastes and is produced at elevated temperatures. There is a need for landfill gas management to minimize the risk of migration of this LFG beyond the perimeter of the site and to reduce the same into services and buildings on site. It not only avoids unnecessary ingress of air into the landfill but also minimizes the risk of landfill fires, damage to soils and vegetation within the restored landfill area. �� 48$17,7<�2)�/$1'),//�*$6�*(1(5$7('�� As per the norms given by UNEP, 15-

25 liters/kg/year of gas will be generated for Indian conditions and municipal solid waste.

� Gas generation rate is assumed at the

higher estimated of 25 liters/kg/year design purposes � Average waste disposed for 16 years : 239.5 T / day � Hence estimated gas generated after 16 years: 239.5 x 1000 x 25 x 16 / 1000 : 95,768 m3.

�� /$1'),//�*$6�&21752/��For the safe release of this gas, an active gas venting system is recommended. This would comprise a gas-venting layer of 200 mm thick granular soil on top of the solid waste and gas vents of 150 mm diameter perforated HDPE pipes (15 Nos.) for venting the gas collected (Refer Dwg. No. 9). The entire infrastructure should be developed to cater to the requirements of MSW Rules, 2000 and the ambient air quality standards presented in



Table 8.2.However in order to reduce the gas generation, disposal of biodegradable waste and waste containing chemicals shall be avoided or reduced atleast.

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Design Summary

The design consideration of total landfill area is summarized in Table 8.3:

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8.10 CONSTRUCTION PHASING

The development of the entire landfill site at Vellakkal is proposed to be constructed sequentially in phases, approximately 16, one phase for every year. This allows the progressive use of the entire site, such that at any given time a part of the site may have a final cover, a part being actively filled, a part being prepared to receive waste, and a part undisturbed and the Figure 8.4 shows this aspect of progressive construction of landfill.



The development of each landfill section is to be constructed sequentially in a series of phases and restored progressively. Each phase should be enclosed by a structural, fully engineered bund and has to be subdivided into a series of operational phases to be developed in cells. Each phase should be filled from the base to the final or intermediate cover. The phase should be capped before the on set of monsoon. The daily cells in each phase have to be oriented in the direction of the highest contour. The waste has to be deposited from the lowest contour with a benching of at least 10 m width at every 2 m height and with side slopes of 1:3, to ensure easy movement of vehicles and to trap leachate from higher elevation. Advance site clearance and drainage works should be taken up progressively for all parts of the site undergoing development.

At the start of construction, the access road, entrance gate, weighbridge, fencing, water supply and Phase I area are to be constructed. Leachate treatment facilities to handle flows generated at the peak period over the life of the site should be constructed from the onset, usually at the lowest elevation of the site so that leachate from all areas can flow to them by gravity. As the capacity of the Phase 1 area nears its complete utilization, the phase II area needs to be prepared (i.e., with base grading and compaction, lining, leachate collection networks, gas ventilation systems, etc). And so on, over the life of the site, until each Phase of the landfill is completed. In Dwg. No. 11 & 12 a schematic construction of landfill during the operational phase is shown. Operation of each phase involves:

• Planning and execution of daily activities • Waste discharge and inspection, • Waste placement, • Waste compaction.

The format for the above operations viz., monitoring of landfill operation, equipment performance record, vehicle operation cost, labour utility report, operating cost summary table and disposal cost summary table is given in Annexures 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 respectively.

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�� 3/$11,1*�$1'�(;(&87,21�2)�'$,/<�$&7,9,7,(6�72�%(�81'(57$.(1�,1�7+(�/$1'),//�6,7(�This involves daily waste filling plan. Each phase consists of cells, lifts, daily cover, intermediate cover, liner and leachate collection facility, gas control facility and final cover over the sub-area. Each cell includes the volume of Solid waste placed during a day and the daily cover material surrounding it. Locally available soil can be used as daily covering material. Intermediate covers are placed at the end of each phase; they are thicker than daily covers, minimum of 0.45 m is used and remain exposed till the next phase is placed over it. A bench (or terrace) has to be used whenever the height of the landfill exceeds 2 m. The final lift includes the cover layer. The final cover layer is applied to the entire landfill surface of the phase after all land-filling operations are complete. The final cover consists of multiple layers designed to enhance surface drainage, intercept percolating water and support surface vegetation. Figure 8.5 shows the construction during annual phasing of landfill.

�� :$67(�',6&+$5*(�$1'�,163(&7,21�Waste must be discharged by tipping at the working area of a landfill, within the area demarcated for the cell. The operator designated by MC should visually inspect every discharged load and should be trained to be competent at waste identification in order that they can recognize waste, which may be non-conforming. In the event of reasonable doubt as to the waste acceptability, the operator should inform the waste reception facility and / or the site manager immediately and the consignment should be isolated pending further inspection.

Protection of surrounding environment of landfill site is effectively achieved through segregation and isolation of potentially polluting waste from the surrounding strata of surface water and ground water. The principal means of achieving this is by providing appropriate sealing layers at the base, sides and top of the landfill. The format for waste disposal and inspection is given in Annexure - 17.

�� 32//87,21�35(9(17,21�'85,1*�23(5$7,21�Measures need to be followed to ensure that the landfill operation does not adversely affect local environment within and outside the landfill. Operators have to appoint community liaison officers to visit complainants and establish the nature and source of the problem. This is reported to the site manager so that corrective measures can be taken.

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� Noise: Adverse impacts on the local community from noise may arise from a number of sources including – through put of vehicles, fixed and mobile plant, for example compactors, generators at the site. Peripheral noise abatement site measures should be adopted.

� Odor: Offensive odors at landfill sites may emanate from a number of sources,

including waste materials, which have decomposed significantly prior to land filling, leachates and leachate treatment systems, and landfill gas.

Good practice includes:

(a) Adequate compaction; (b) Speedy disposal and burial of malodorous wastes; (c) Effective use of appropriate types of daily cover; (d) Progressive capping and restoration; (e) Effective landfill gas management; (f) Effective leachate management and (g) Consideration of prevailing wind direction when planning leachate treatment plants,

gas flares, and direction of tipping.

� Litter: Poor litter control both on and off site is particularly offensive to neighbors. Measures for controlling litter include:

(a) Consideration of prevailing wind direction and strength when planning the filling direction and sequence

(b) Strategically placed mobile screen close to the tipping area or on the nearest downwind crest.

(c) Temporary banks and bunds immediately adjacent to the tipping area. (d) Permanent catch fences and netting to trap windblown litter. (e) Restricting incoming vehicles to only those, which are sheeted and secured, will

reduce litter problems on the highways.

Litter pickers should be employed to collect litter, which escapes the preventative measures. Litter screens, fences, nets and perimeter ditches should be maintained free of litter.

� Bird Control: Birds such as eagles are attracted to landfill sites in large numbers

and are regarded as a nuisance. Measures, which can be used to mitigate bird nuisance include the employment of good landfill practice, working in small active areas and progressive prompt covering of waste, together with the use of bird scaring techniques. It is suggested not to dispose dead animals in to the land fill

� Vermin and Other Pests: Landfills have potential to harbor flies and vermin. Rats

and flies are the main pests, which require control. Effective measures to deal with rodent infestation include regular visits by pest control contractors or fully trained operatives. The use of insecticides on exposed faces and flanks of the tipping area, by spraying and fogging, is an effective means of exterminating insects.

� Dust: Dust from landfill operations is mainly a problem during periods of dry

weather but can also arise from dusty waste as it is tipped. Dust is generally associated with (a) site preparation and restoration activities; (b) the disposal of waste comprising of fine particles,; and (c) traffic dust. Dust suppression can be effected by (a) limiting vehicle speed; (b) spraying roads with water;

� Mud on the Road: Mud on the public highway is one of the most common causes

of public complaint. Therefore adequate wheel cleaning facilities should be provided to ensure that mud is not carried off site by vehicles.



8.11 FINAL COVER SYSTEM

The Final Cover system comprises engineering and restoration layers. The makeup of the restoration layers must be consistent with the proposed after use of the facility. The main objectives in designing a Final Cover system are to:

• Minimize infiltration of water into the waste; • Promote surface drainage and maximize run off; • Control gas migration; and • Provide a physical separation between waste and plant and animal life.

The components of a landfill Final Cover system includes: � Topsoil; � Subsoil; � Drainage layer; � Barrier (infiltration) layer; � Gas drainage layer; and � System for leachate re-circulation

The Final Cover system for Vellakkal landfill site consists of vegetative cover (top soil and subsoil) of thickness 450 mm as shown in Figure 8.6, � Vegetative layer (Top soil and sub soil) of 300 mm thick with good vegetation

supporting soil � Barrier layer of 600 mm thick clay/amended soil � Gas venting layer of 450 mm thick granular material (Gravel)

A schematic diagram of covered landfill site is shown in Figure 8.6.

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8.12 SITE INFRASTRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

�� 6,7(�,1)5$6758&785(�The proposed site infrastructure below is common for both Compost Yard as well as landfill (see Dwg. No. 5)

� An administrative office of about 200 m2, parking shed, change room and toilet block � A weighbridge of 20 tons capacity with office � A godown of 30 m X 10 m for storage of geo-membrane, HDPE pipes, etc. � Vehicle maintenance of 100 m2 and vehicle shed of 150 m2.� Sieving yard and Silos for storage of finished compost and bagging unit of 80 x 50 m. � Fencing all round the landfill facility and a security room at the entrance � Access roads within waste reception area and internal cement concrete roads for

landfill area with adequate surface drain arrangements � Sodium vapor lamps at every 30 m interval at all main roads and movable heavy duty

focus lamps � A vegetative cover of about 3 to 6 m width shall be provided along the boundary of the

landfill and shall be planted with all the native species. 8.13 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM

In order to ensure the optimal performance of the landfill site, check the environmental pollution and comply with the regulatory requirements, the following environmental parameters should be monitored on a regular basis.

� Quality of Leachate after Treatment � Surface Water Quality � Ground Water Quality � Quantity and Quality of Gas Generated � Ambient Air Quality

The above parameters should be monitored as per the standards stipulated in MSW Rules 2000. The frequency of sampling and locations for monitoring are presented in Table 8.4.

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The leachate quality after treatment should meet the standards recommended by MoEF in Municipal Soil Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 and presented in Table 8.5.

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�� 3267�&/2685(�3/$16�At the end of the useful life of the landfill, it should be closed and associated treatment and storage facilities are to be decontaminated in a safe and environmentally acceptable manner. The post closure plan should provide care for an extended period of time after closure such as for at least 25 years. This is an arbitrary time period, which can be lengthened or reduced depending on the technical information related to post closure pollutant migration. The following aspects should be taken into consideration for the closure of the facilities: -

� Decontaminate and decommission any waste treatment and storage facilities say leachate treatment facility

� Provide a final cover for the landfill � Control pollutant migration from the landfill via surface water, ground water and air. � Maintain the existing ground water monitoring network for the required period of post-

closure maintenance. � Continue to divert runoff from the landfill. � Prevent soil and wind erosion by a vegetative cover � Control surface water infiltration and ponding at the closed site � Maintain leachate collection, removal and treatment system � Maintain the integrity of the final cover and any liners � Restrict access to the Landfill as appropriate for the post-closure area.

�� 3267�&/2685(�$0(1,7,(6�$7�9(//$..$/�6,7(�The present landfill site at Vellakkal is recommended to have the following amenities:

(i) Ground Water Monitoring Wells

Numbers = 6 (1 up gradient: 5 wells along the sides in down gradient direction: all wells 30 m away from landfill)

(ii) Lysimeters Numbers = 2 Lysimeters



(iii) Gas Monitors Two portable gas monitors for landfill gas

(iv) Samplers Stainless steel/ HDPE samplers (25 nos) for (a) Groundwater samples (b) Leachate samples in vertical risers/wells Grab samplers for landfill gas (25 nos) at (a) Passive vents (b) Gas wells

(v) Down-hole Monitors

One multi-parameter down-hole groundwater monitoring system.



8.14 PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT

It is recommended to explore the alternative of involving private sector for construction and O&M of the proposed landfill under a specific duration based concession agreement with a guaranteed minimum of waste quantity delivered (or otherwise paid for) by the ULB and carefully structured arrangement for closure and post-closure monitoring.

8.15 DISPOSAL OF ACCUMULATED WASTE AND LAND RECLAMATION

�� %$&.*5281'�The existing dumping site at Vellakkal contains mixed MSW which has been accumulated for more than a 15 year period from 1988. Based on the discussions and field visits, the accumulated solid waste is piled in heaps for an average height of 2 m over two (2) locations, to the north and west of the sewage farm.

�� '(),1,7,21�Usually the term “Landfill reclamation” is used for expanding municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill capacity of a sanitary and scientifically managed landfill site and thus avoiding the high cost of acquiring additional land.

In the present context, this term refers to recovery of the dumping ground to convert the same into a Waste Processing and Disposal Complex incorporating landfills for the accumulated waste (to be covered immediately post disposal, landfill for future waste and composting facility for biodegradable waste.

The accumulated waste at the landfill is mixed in nature and dumping has been prevalent before a dedicated Bio-Medical Waste Management system was in place in Madurai. Therefore, the waste at the landfill is not suitable for composting or other processes and is also not a financially and technically feasible alternative to attempt bio-remediation of the existing waste and soil combination.

Therefore, the term remediation or reclamation essentially in this project report refers to recovery of the land and construction of a landfill and, if necessary closure of the same on an imminent basis by transporting the cleared accumulated and contaminated waste from the open dump site.

�� 1(('�)25�5(&/$0$7,21�$1'�$/7(51$7,9(6�Reclamation is an imminent requirement for the Vellakkal dumping site as the present environment in the dumping ground and its surrounding has been significantly damaged with a high potential for public health risk and irreparable damage to the elements.

The option of abandoning the existing area and scoping for additional or alternative site is also not financially viable. Further, this land is owned by Madurai Corporation and cannot be utilized for other purposes and is in the vicinity of Avaniyapuram Municipality and on the southern boundary limits of Madurai. This location is a potential threat since continued urbanization is bound to push the limits of urban settlements in Madurai towards the southern limit.

Therefore, it is justified to reclaim and landfill the accumulated waste in an environmentally safe manner to ensure that further environmental damage can be prevented.

�� (67,0$7('�48$17,7<�Based on the area, present scope of dumping, waste generation/ collection and the naturally occurring degradation, it is estimated that approximately 1,320,000 cu.m. may require reclamation. Soil sample analysis will be performed to detect the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and total metals (cadmium, chromium, hexavalent chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver and zinc). Additionally, TCLP tests can be conducted to ascertain the presence of hazardous wastes due to household hazardous wastes such as used lead / alkaline batteries, tube lights, thermometers, aerosol cans etc. After conducting the above soil test and obtaining the results the following steps have to be undertaken for reclamation and disposal of the existing solid waste.



�� 6&5((1,1*�352&(66�The phased operation of the dumpsite reclamation should embark on the following operations

Excavation

An excavator removes the contents of the dumpsite. A front-end loader then organizes the excavated materials into manageable stockpiles and separates out bulky material, such as appliances and lengths of steel cable.

Soil Separation (Screening)

A trommel (i.e., a revolving cylindrical sieve) separates soil (including the cover material) from solid waste in the excavated material. The size and type of screen used depends on the end use of the recovered material. For example, if the reclaimed soil typically is used as landfill cover, a 2.5-inch screen is used for separation. If, however, the reclaimed soil is sold as construction fill, or for another end use requiring fill material with a high fraction of soil content, a smaller mesh screen can be used to remove small pieces of metal, plastic, glass, and paper. It must be noted that trommel screens are more effective than vibrating screens for basic landfill reclamation.

The following be provided at the Vellakkal site for assessing the baseline characteristics before a new a scientific landfill takes its place: � Ground Water Monitoring Wells � Lysimeters � Gas Monitors � Samplers � Down-hole Monitors

The above-mentioned monitoring mechanisms are required to assess the existing environmental damage and determine other remedial actions that may be necessitated over the course of time. This also serves as a benchmark for assessing any environmental damage that may be caused by the new scientific landfill discussed in preceding section.

�� 6(&85('�/$1'�),//�Design of the landfill for accumulated waste has been performed along the same lines as the aforementioned landfill for future waste. Outline results of the design are furnished below: � Capacity : 13,20000cum � Desired depth : 13.6m (3.0m belowgroudlevel+10.6m above ground level) � Approximate size of landfill : 440mx220m � Actual size at bottom : 428mx218m � Actual size at top : 397.6mx137.6m

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�� 5(&29(5<�2)�0$7(5,$/�It is estimated that a 3-inch trommel screen can be used to reclaim the soil cover material. The weight ratio of reclaimed soil to overs (i.e., materials caught by the screen), after metals and recyclables are separated, is roughly estimated as 30 to 50%.

This measure will assist in reducing the demand on fresh earth cover which will be required to cover the layers of accumulated waste being spread and compacted in the landfill.

Reclaimed soil can be used on site as daily cover material for the new scientific landfill to be developed, thus avoiding the cost of importing cover soil.

�� 23(5$7,21$/�5,6.6�$1'�+$=$5'6�It is necessary that the following safety aspects while reclaiming and excavating the solid waste from the present open dumpsite

� Hazardous wastes that may be uncovered during reclamation operations are subject to special handling and disposal requirements. Management costs for hazardous waste can be relatively high, but may reduce future liability.

� Excavation raises a number of potential problems related to the release of gases. Methane and other gases, generated by decomposing wastes, can cause explosions and fires. Hydrogen sulphide gas, a highly flammable and odorous gas, can be fatal when inhaled at sufficient concentrations.

� Excavation of one landfill area can undermine the integrity of the neighbouring area, which can sink or collapse into the excavated area.

� Reclamation activities shorten the useful life of equipment, such as excavators and loaders, because of the high density of waste being handled.

The detailed costing for this additional job of disposal of existing solid waste is worked and presented in Chapter 11. The costs worked out are based on reclamation of the land without the likely revenue being generated from the dumped waste.

For the proposed reclamation activity to complete as described above it is anticipated that it may require at least 8 months to 12 months. It is recommended that this activity be taken up in parallel with compost yard development and will form part of site development of landfill.



9.0 CAPITAL AND ANNUAL O&M COST

9.1 BASIS OF COST ESTIMATION

Capital Cost of proposed improvements to the existing Municipal Solid Waste Management System has been estimated based on the following: � Design of the proposed improvements based on existing conditions, deficiency

analysis and applicable norms and standards � Applicable Schedule of Rates in Tamil Nadu, i.e. PWD � Market Quotes for non-standard items � Operational area-based rates for minor items of work � Consultant’s database of information from earlier project reports prepared

9.2 PHASING OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT

The proposed improvements are recommended for implementation under the following three (3) phases as outlined below: � Phase I (2007) – Improvement to existing system including landfill for accumulated

waste � Phase II (2009) – Replacement of Dual Dumper Placers and Dumper Binds (partial)

that have completed the due service life � Phase III (2011) – Replacement of Primary and Secondary Collection Equipment

(damaged) and also Landfill for Future Waste The aforementioned recommendation has been made to ensure full utilization of the available infrastructure and also to lower the financial burden on the ULB in the immediate stages.

9.3 CAPITAL COST

Abstract estimated capital cost for the proposed improvements to the Municipal Solid Waste Management System in Madurai is furnished in Table 9.1. Phase-wise cost estimate detail is furnished in Table 9.2:

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Rs. Lakhs 1 Primary Collection 369.78 2 Secondary Collection & Transportation 1,175.02 3 Landfill - Accumulated Waste 1,736.02 4 Landfill - Future Waste 1,301.29 5 Composting Plant 947.95 6 Auxiliary Facilities 854.12 7 Admin & Utilities 891.05 8 IEC Activities 125.00 9 Total Cost 7,400.23

10 Admin./Supervision Charges @3% 222.01 11 Cost incl. Admin./Superv. Charges 7,622.24 12 Deduction of Devolution from 12th SFC (102.00)13 Grand Total Cost 7,520.24



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9.4 CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN

Considering the level of improvement required and the level of effort that will be necessitated in implementing the proposed improvements, Phase I of the scheme shall be completed in two (2) years. A suggestive capital investment plan is outlined below.

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Sl.no Project Components Base costAdmin/Superv Charges - 3% Total cost

1 Primary Collection Sub-Component Rs. In lakhs 2007-08 2008-09 Rs. In lakhs Rs. In lakhs 2007-08 2008-09Providing bins for Door-Door Collection 130.66 3.92 134.58 40.37 94.21 Containerized Tri-Cycles 139.29 4.18 143.46 28.69 114.77 Equipment for Garbage Recovery Personnel (1205 nos. + 25% spare stock) - First Year Supply Only 22.37 0.67 23.04 5.76 17.28 Equipment for Street Sweeping Personnel (1622 nos. + 25% spare stock) - - First Year Supply Only 42.72 1.28 44.00 11.00 33.00 Tipper Lorries - Used for Construction/Other Debris Collection 34.74 1.04 35.78 26.84 8.95

2 Secondary Collection Sub-ComponentContainer Bins for Residemtial Areas (1.25 MT Capacity) 213.15 6.39 219.54 54.89 164.66 Container Bins for Market, Bus Stand, Commercial, Railway Station etc., (1.25 MT Capacity) 66.15 1.98 68.13 27.25 40.88

3 Transportation Sub-ComponentDual Load Dumper Placer Vehicles 669.60 20.09 689.69 172.42 517.26 MSW Mobile Compactor mounted on WB Chassis Truck with Driver 105.46 3.16 108.62 27.16 81.47 Mechanical Street Sweepers - Tractor Mounted 48.00 1.44 49.44 24.72 24.72 Mini-Loaders (BobCats or equiv.) with Skid Steering or suitable 72.66 2.18 74.84 37.42 37.42

4 Waste Processing & DisposalSanitary Landfill for Accumulated Waste 1,736.02 52.08 1,788.10 894.05 894.05 Aerobic Composting Facility 947.95 28.44 976.39 341.74 634.65 Auxiliary Facilities at MSW Processing & Disposal Complex: (1) 854.12 25.62 879.75 219.94 659.81 Sanitary Landfill for Proposed Waste Generation (Present & Future)

5 Administration ComplexAdministration and Utilities Complex incl. HT Sub-station 891.05 26.73 917.79 458.89 458.89

6 IEC Activities 125.00 3.75 128.75 38.63 90.13

Total Cost 6,098.94 182.97 6,281.91 2,409.76 3,872.15

Investment PlanTime Frame



10.0 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY ANALYSIS

10.1 ULB FINANCES

�� ,1752'8&7,21�The Madurai Corporation (MC) maintains a Corporation Fund for managing the finances of the MC. The accounts of the Municipal/Corporation Fund were maintained on cash basis (single entry accounting system till the FY 1999-2000. The financial status of the MC has been reviewed for the last five years, commencing from the financial year 2000-01. Currently the urban local bodies of Tamil Nadu maintain three separate funds, namely General Fund, Water & Drainage Fund and Education Fund. For the purpose of this analysis, Education Fund is clubbed with General Fund, because it is more of reimbursement in nature. But MC does not maintain statement of account exclusively for SWM. For further analysis, the items of each fund are categorized under the following major heads: � Revenue Account: All recurring items of income and expenditure are included under

this head. These include taxes, charges, salaries, maintenance expenditure, debt servicing, etc. � Capital Account: Income and expenditure items under this account are primarily non-recurring in nature. Income items include loans, contributions by GoTN, other agencies and capital grants under various State and Central Government capital programmes and income from sale of assets. Expenditure items include expenses booked under developmental works and purchase of capital assets.

� Deposits and Advances: Under the municipal accounting system, certain items are compiled under advances and deposits. These items are temporary in nature and are essentially adjustments for the purpose of recoveries and payments. Items under this head include library cess, income tax deductions, pension payments, provident fund, payment and recoveries of advances to employees and contractors, etc.

�� ),1$1&,$/�67$786�Revenue income of the MC has grown to a level of Rs. 8555.42 lakhs in the FY 2004-05 from Rs. 7645.05 lakhs in FY 2000-01, at an annual growth of 2.98 percent. Revenue expenditure also increased at an average annual rate of 1.24 percent. The MC maintained revenue surplus as well as an overall surplus consistently over the assessment period except during the FY 2001-02. The overall surplus is to the tune of Rs. 782.96 lakhs. The table below presents the overall financial status of the MC during the assessment period.

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6RXUFH��0DGXUDL�&RUSRUDWLRQ�� Capital income comprises of loans, grants and contribution in the form of sale proceeds of assets and contribution. A major share of capital income is in the form of loans and grants. The capital account has witnessed a deficit-implying utilization of revenue surpluses to fund capital works. However, during FY 2001-02 and FY 2002-03 the capital account witnessed a surplus resulting from loans drawn but not utilized to the full extent. The following sections present detailed review of revenue and capital accounts, primarily aimed at assessing the municipal fiscal status and providing a base for determining the ability of MC to sustain the planned investments. �� 5(9(18(�$&&2817�The revenue account comprises of two components, revenue income and revenue expenditure. Revenue income comprises of internal resources in the form of tax and non-tax items. External resources are in the form of shared taxes/ transfers and revenue grants from the State Government. Revenue expenditure comprises of expenditure incurred on salaries, operation & maintenance and debt servicing. Revenue Income The revenue sources of the MC can be broadly categorized as own sources, assigned revenues and grants. The source-wise income generated during the review period is presented in the table below. Own-source income includes income from resource mobilization activities of the MC in the form of taxes, fees for building permission, trade licenses, etc. Own revenue sources are further classified as tax revenue and non-tax sources that are generated by various sections of the MC. The salient features of this revenue head is further elaborated in the following section. Tax Sources: The sections contributing tax income include property tax, professional tax and other taxes. Property tax is the largest revenue-generating item. Non-Tax Sources: Non-tax sources include all non-tax revenues such as fees and charges levied as per the Municipal Corporation Act. Such revenue sources include income from special services, income from properties, interest on investments and miscellaneous items etc. In order to review the cost recovery aspect of Water Supply operations, the revenue income and expenditure of these operations are discussed separately.

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1RWH��$ERYH�ILJXUHV�H[FOXGH�:DWHU�'UDLQDJH�$FFRXQW�6RXUFH��0DGXUDL�&RUSRUDWLRQ�� The essential features of this head of revenue income are listed below: � Income from own sources accounts for about 60

percent of revenue income, and has increased at an average rate of 7.55 percent per annum.

� The fall in the growth rate during the financial year 2001-02 is due to the stabilization of the swift growth after quinquennial revision and low realization of miscellaneous income. � The swift rise in own-source income (FY 2002-03) is due to high property tax realisation due to quinquennial revision.

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1RWH��$ERYH�ILJXUHV�H[FOXGH�:DWHU�'UDLQDJH�$FFRXQW�6RXUFH��0DGXUDL�&RUSRUDWLRQ�� Income through own-source heads that contribute substantially towards revenue income include the following: � Property Tax: The most important category in the own sources of income is the

property tax. Property tax is based on the Annual Rental Value (ARV) of property and is the single largest and most elastic source of revenue. There are a total of 133900 assessed properties within the MC area and during the assessment period, there was a consistent growth of an average of above 2 percent per annum in the number of assessments. The swift rise in current demand during FY 2001-02 is primarily attributed to the above stated increase in assessments and quinquennial revision of ARV. The property tax levied is 27 percent of the ARV and includes the general tax (12 percent), water and drainage tax (10 percent) and education tax (5 percent). It is observed that the MC maintained a high current collection of about 80 percent on an average during the assessment period. However, the arrears collection has not increased significantly as it remained less than 25 percent during all years under this assessment. The average overall (both current and arrears) collection efficiency was about 46 percent. The current collection performance of the MC has witnessed an increasing trend from 73 percent to 79 percent during the assessment period. However during the FY 2001-02, current collection performance has observed as high as 86 percent. The maximum arrear collection was achieved during the FY 2000-01 & FY 2002-03 and the same was as low as 10 percent during FY 2001-02.

� Professional Tax: The MC also collects professional tax from all registered organizations, companies or firms, public or private, individuals and State & Central

Source-Wise Revenue Income (Average of 2000-01 to 2004-05)

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ns26%

Own Sources -

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Own Sources -

Taxes28%



Government departments. Currently 19,700 assesses are registered with the MC. Low average collection of 38 percent observed during the review period and the current collection is around 72 percent during the same period.

Own Sources-Non Tax: This item head comprises of income from municipal properties, fees on municipal services (building permission, etc.), income from interest on investment and miscellaneous services. On an average, through the assessment period, own source-non tax income constitutes 32 percent of the total revenue income. Income from remunerative enterprises, income from fees and fines constitute the major revenue sources under this item head. Income through non-tax own sources of the MC has grown over the assessment period at a CAGR of about 11.72 percent. Income from remunerative enterprises is the non-tax income in the form of rentals from assets like shopping complexes, market fee, parking fee and income from other real assets owned by the MC. Income from the remunerative assets of the MC contributed 12.65 percent of the revenue income during the assessment period and registered a CAGR of 7.84 percent. Income from municipal properties, markets and other remunerative assets witnessed inconsistent collection performance during the assessment period. The average revenue mobilized during the review period under this item head is Rs. 804.90 lakhs and is under increasing trends during last two years. Assigned Revenues: This item head comprises of income from GoTN/State transfers of MC income collected by the state line department. Transfers are in the form of MC’s share of taxes levied and collected by the GoTN from establishments/operations within the MC limits. Surcharge on transfer of immovable properties and entertainment tax, are the major items on which these revenues are realized by the MC. Income through assigned revenues contributes around 13.35 percent of revenue income and it is growing at an average compounded annual growth rate of 2.35 percent during the review period. It is observed that the inflow from this account head has been inconsistent due to delays in transfers and deductions at source towards MC’s debt repayment commitments and/ or other dues payable to GoTN. The details of the assigned revenues are given below: � Entertainment Tax: The Commercial Tax (CT) Department collects entertainment tax

from 38 cinema halls (with a total capacity of 19,500 seats) functioning within the MC area. The CT Department transfers 90 percent of the total tax collection to the MC, and retains 10 percent towards management charges. Entertainment tax accounts for around 3.78 percent of total revenue income. � Stamp Duty: Surcharge on stamp duty is another assigned revenue source, accounting for 11 percent of revenue income during the assessment period. It is levied in the form of a surcharge on stamp duty applicable on all properties registered or transferred within MC limits. The Registration Department collects and 90 percent of the collections are transferred to the MC.

Revenue Grants and Contribution: This item mainly comprises revenue grants and compensations from the State Government under various heads. The regular grants include the SFC grants and the others include aid grants, grants for services like roads, buildings, maternity and child welfare, public health, contributions for elementary and secondary schools and etc. Grants which are for specific purposes are ad-hoc in nature. In case of MC, revenue grants and contributions constitute about 25 percent of the total revenue income. SFC Devolution is major item of grants, which is transferred as part SFC recommendation. The fluctuation in SFC grant is due to delay and deduction at source.

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1RWH��$ERYH�ILJXUHV�H[FOXGH�:DWHU�'UDLQDJH�$FFRXQW�6RXUFH��0DGXUDL�&RUSRUDWLRQ�� Revenue Expenditure Revenue expenditure of the MC has been analyzed based on expenditure heads broadly classified under the following departments - General Administration and Tax Collection, Public Works and Roads, Street Lighting, Public Health & Conservancy, Town Planning and Miscellaneous Items. Water supply and drainage revenue expenditure is analyzed separately and the same is presented. Revenue expenditure is further classified under Establishment, Operation & Maintenance and Debt Servicing.

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Note: Above figures exclude Water Drainage Account Source: Madurai Corporation; 2006 Establishment Expenditure: Establishment expenditure alone accounts for about 65 percent of revenue expenditure, excluding water supply and drainage account. Debt servicing of the Corporation accounts for around 12.41 percent of the revenue expenditure was made from general fund during the review period. For the assessment period, revenue expenditure has grown at an average rate of 6.67 percent. Though the growth rate of establishment expenses has been falling, the actual results of privatisation efforts are yet to reflect on accounts. In the coming years, these expenses are expected to go down due to the reforms taken up by the MC. It is necessary that the MC goes ahead with such privatization initiatives so as to improve upon and allocate more amounts for the O&M and debt servicing. Operations and Maintenance: Operation and maintenance expenditure of all sections together accounts for 23 percent of revenue expenditure and had increased at an average rate of 9.36 percent per annum. General Administration, Public Health & Conservancy, Street Lighting are the major expenditure items. O&M expenses are dominated by power charges for street lighting and that for general administration, while that for the upkeep of roads has been very minimal. Street lighting sector can be put for privatisation and implement energy conservation measures to curtail the costs on repairs, replacements and power charges. Debt Servicing: A review of the outstanding loan statement of the MC, as on March 31, 2005, i.e., at the start of the FY 2004-05 reveals that the net outstanding debt liabilities of MC are at Rs. 9838.53 lakhs. The total amount of loans drawn by the MC till date is Rs. 10,123.08 Lakhs, majority of it from TWAD Board. It needs mention that the ratio of outstanding loans to current demand of property tax is about 408.92 percent. The ratio in terms of ARV (estimated at Rs. 6,824) is 0.91; thereby indicating that the MC is capable of leveraging additional debt to finance its projects as this is below the threshold of 2 to 3

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(generally considered by Financial Institutions). The table below presents the agency wise outstanding loans of the MC.

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Source: Madurai Corporation; 2006 Salaries of staff directly working in the water supply department are booked under this head, while salaries of other engineering staff performing administrative functions related to water supply are booked under the engineering section of general fund. Expenditures incurred under this account comprised of 64 percent on establishment costs, 14 percent power charges and other operation & maintenance expenses accounts 22 percent. No debt servicing was made during the assessment period. The cost recovery in case of only water charge to expenditure incurred for water supply work out to about 54 percent on an average. Thus, the above analysis indicates that the current tariff is not able to fully recover the O&M expenses, when it is compared with only water and sewerage charges. Major share of water supply income is derived by way of water and drainage taxes (as part of



property tax), which account for around 64 percent of water supply and drainage income. There are a total of 76,700 water supply service connections as of 2004-05 provided by the MC in the city. The average collection performance of water charges for the review period is about 70 percent for the current demand. The collection performance for the arrears is about 56 percent while the overall average collection performance for both current and arrear demand is about 62 percent. The cost recovery in the sector is about 64 percent with regard to only water and drainage charges, indicating low coverage. The numbers of House Service Connections stand at 60 percent of the property tax assessments. The unauthorized connections and un-assessed properties need to be brought under the user charges and property tax gambit to effect cost recovery on the investments.

�� &$3,7$/�$&&2817�Capital income comprises of loans, grants and own contributions. The detailed components of capital income are detailed in the table below. An analysis of this account indicates that grants & contributions have contributed the maximum share of income under this account. While on an average 51 percent of the capital income is in the form of grants and contributions like 11th and 12th Finance Commission grants for public works and roads, about 30 percent from revenue account transfer for capital works and 19 percent is in the form of loans from various agencies. New loans were acquired during the assessment period for public works and roads.

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6RXUFH��0DGXUDL�&RUSRUDWLRQ�� The majority of capital expenditure has been directed towards public works and roads, sewerage and general purpose over the past five years. This is due to fact TNUDF/TUFIDCO had funded most of the roads and sewerage works during the assessment period. Analysis of capital income and capital expenditure indicates that the account was in surplus during the FY 2001-02 and FY 2002-03,

Source-Wise Capital Income (Average of 2000-01 to 2004-05)

Grant-in-Aid f rom

GoTN27%

Grants from Central

Government9%

Loan Account

64%

Source-Wise Capital Expenditure (Average of 2000-01 to 2004-05)

Street Lighting

1%

Public Health and Sanitat ion

1%

Others22%

Sewerage23% Water

Supply9%

Storm Water Drains

4%

Roads and Culverts

40%



indicating lesser utilization of allocated funds or just start of utilization of allocated funds. �� .(<�),1$1&,$/�,1',&$7256�$1'�,668(6�The revenue account of the MC shows a deficit only during 2001-02 and the operating ratio is almost touching two during that year due to swift increase in debt servicing. The MC is able to maintain the operating ratio below unity even after increase in debt servicing payments and O&M on general administration and new projects taken up over the past five years.

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6RXUFH��0DGXUDL�&RUSRUDWLRQ��DQG�$QDO\VLV� The MC has generated over 67 percent of revenue income through its own sources, which is a commendable feat. Dependency on grants and assigned revenue is only to the extent of 21 percent. 11 percent is by way of assignments or transfers from GoTN, which is an indirect form of own-source revenues, however realisation of which amounts is dependent on timely transfers from GoTN. Expenditure towards debt servicing has been inconsistent while the average is about 16 percent of revenue income during the review period, which is below the accepted threshold level of 25 percent. This figure might require review in light of overdue and/ or unaccounted figures due to deduction at source by GoTN. It is observed that about 67 percent of revenue income is spent on salaries, which is very high considering the average or threshold generally considered at 35 to 40 percent of revenue income. Though the operating ratio is below unity, the actual situation would vary on inclusion of any major outstanding liabilities. This is because some of the heads of the municipal accounts are still under a cash system and in order to derive the true operating ratio a critical assessment of outstanding receivables and payments needs to be carried out. Moreover, debt servicing payments are not made as per schedule and hence are overdue, which if accounted might change these ratios. While the capital account has been consistently in deficit, indicating any meagre revenue surplus available being utilized to fund the capital works. However, the available revenue surplus would be under strain if debt servicing is done as per schedule under the current resource mobilization pattern. Following are some of the key issues and conclusions based on the review and assessment MC finances and discussions with relevant MC officials. � Maintenance and Reporting of Accounts: The State Government deducts debt due by

the MC and then transfers funds (SFC devolution) while the MC records do not capture such apportionment. Also, the MC does not maintain department/sector wise salary expenditure as mentioned in the Accounting Manual.

� Revenue Realization: Taxes and charges are major own sources of revenue income.



Being more dynamic in nature and within the control of the MC, these revenue incomes have potential to contribute more to the Corporation Fund. Besides low tax rates and charges levied, the actual demand itself is not established. Key issues regarding the above comprise of a) low water supply and drainage coverage witnessed there are chances of illegal or unauthorized connections in the city; and b) financial transaction trends not commensurate with population growth trends, resulting in reduction in per capita expenditure levels � Fund Application: About 67 percent of the total expenditure is on establishment-related heads, leaving relatively lower amounts for expenditure on operation and maintenance of services.

�� 675$7(*,(6�)25�,03529(0(17�Start Planning

� Revise the existing action plan for solid wastes management and prepare similar plan every year

� Break this action plan into monthly activity schedule and prepare estimate of expenses keeping provision of unforeseen expenses and tourist season

� Assess requirements of funds for each ward every month and then have a consolidated figure for each Zone every month and maintain the same

Prioritization

� Prioritize activities in each so that funds can be allocated accordingly � Avoid wasteful expenditure or expenses for non-prioritized activities

�� &267�5(&29(5<�6<67(0�

The cost recovery systems as suggested earlier are:

� Adopt cost recovery system for SWM services provided by MC. � Fix administrative charges or sanitation taxes, which are service specific. � Closely monitor collection of such charges. Revise the charges if required, so that no

one is undercharged or overcharged. �� 38%/,&�35,9$7(�3$571(56+,3�

� No waste management system can be successful without public private partnership. The MC should list out all activities, which can be performed by NGOs or private sector

� The expenses for such involvement of NGOs and private section should be assessed and mechanism has to be formulated for recovering these expenses from the public, who are being provided service

� Let the public monitor and control these NGOs and private sector by allowing direct interface between them

� Private sector could be invited to take up the compost plant and Landfill O&M activities on a contractual basis as per prevailing categories such as BOT etc.

10.2 FINANCIAL VIABILITY ANALYSIS

�� ,1752'8&7,21�The objective of a financial viability analysis is to ensure that the proposed scheme can be implemented in a sustainable manner without unduly burdening the urban local body. Project and financial aspects have been designed in such a way that they address the concerns of various stakeholders and provide sufficient information about financial viability of the project including pertinent risk factors. Key issues that shall be addressed for project implementation on a sustainable format include the below listed parameters:

� Certainty of revenue flow � Project costing and financing structure � Perceived risks of the project



� Sensitivity to cost and revenue flow The proposed underground sewerage scheme has been designed and costing performed for an optimum level of service based on the target design population. A cost estimate has been made for various components of the project including capital cost and annual O&M charges.

�� &$3,7$/�&267�²�352326('�)81',1*�3$77(51�Per JnNURM, the proposed capital investment is funded by the Central Government (50%) and State Government (20%) and the investment required is given in the Table 10.10. MC has to obtain a loan support from any financial institutions to an amount of Rs. 6.28 crores to support the estimated capital investment. Accordingly, cash flow statement is made considering 20 year repayment period at an interest rate of 8.25% with 3 year moratorium period.

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Costs include price escalation, physical contingency and supervision charges. No working capital margin has been made in the project cost as the project relies on the monthly charges from domestic and commercial consumers based on the usage and thus assumed that there will be regular flow of cash and therefore does not necessitate such provision.

�� $118$/�20�&267�Annual maintenance cost of the proposed scheme under expenditure heads of establishment costs, energy charges and repairs/replacements has been estimated and listed below:

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�� 352-(&7�),1$1&,1*��3+$6,1*�Financial viability analysis has been performed for the proposed scheme based on Central Govt. Grant from JnNURM @50%, State Govt. Contribution @ 20%, ULB contribution @ 20%. The debt contribution has been assumed at 10% of the total project cost. Financial viability has been assessed based on one debt source at 8.25% interest per annum repayable over a period of 20 years with a initial moratorium of three years during the implementation and commission stages. Phase-I project components are phased over a two year period. Phase II and III have been stipulated for implementation with a time-lag of three (2009) and five years (2011) respectively from the present stage, but falling within the JnNURM (“Mission”) period.



�� 5(9(18(�)/2:�²�$668037,216��%$6,6�Revenue flow for the proposed scheme shall be in the form of conservancy service charges, sale proceeds from compost and recyclable materials. Proposed tariff and revenues have been considered based on the prevailing nominal charges that are levied in similar towns and prevalent sale value of finished compost obtained from processing MSW. Details of revenue assumptions are presented in Table 10.13.

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�� $66(660(17�2)�352-(&7�),1$1&,$/�9,$%,/,7<�Financial viability analysis of the proposed scheme has been performed based on the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) method. Analysis reveals that, based on the estimated Capital and O&M Costs, and a collection efficiency of 100%, the project viability3 is medium and is a viable proposition over the loan repayment period. However, in the interim period (first 5 to 8 years), the project requires moderate budgetary support towards managing the annual O&M costs, debt servicing and unexpected contingencies. The project IRR and cash flow was subjected to a sensitivity analysis of different scenarios as outlined below. It was observed that under all scenarios simulated, the project viability continued to remain medium as shown in Table 10.14.

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Although the financial viability analysis points to a healthy proposition, it is imperative to mention that the viability is completely hinged on the optimum scenario and necessary financial discipline on part of the ULB. Financial viability is only specified in this report as a simulation and is to be utilized only for research and project report preparation purposes. �� $118$/�20�&267�The MC should treat SWM as a specific exclusive project, which requires a large dose of capital investment and continuously increasing operation and maintenance costs over the

3 If the IRR is > 18%, then the project viability is rated high, if IRR is between 12% -18%, it is rated medium and if less than 12%, the project viability is rated low.



years. Hence there has to be specific plan for raising the necessary funds for this purpose. In previous chapters, some of the ways and means by which the required finances can be raised to operationalize the SWM project are discussed. The income / expenditure statement for the proposed SWM department for primary and secondary collection including the supervisory cost for the compost plant and sanitary landfill and the likely surplus / deficit during the year 2009 is given in Table 10.15. This deficit can be offset by further cost recover system in processing and disposal systems through private participation. It is strongly recommended that the running and maintenance of compost plant and sanitary landfill may be given on BOOT basis. The profitability for compost plant and sanitary landfill is given in other section of this Chapter.

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Salary and Wages

The salary and wages component for the proposed separate SWM Department is given in the Table 10.16 for each personnel together with their designation and the department.

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Annual operation and maintenance cost for proposed vehicles

The following Table 10.17 gives the operation and maintenance cost of the vehicles involved in Primary & Secondary collection and at processing and disposal site.

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Cash Flow Statement for the proposed scheme including loan repayment schedule suggested is enclosed as Tables 10.18 and 10.19.



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�� &$6+�² )/2:�67$7(0(17�Cash-flow statement has been made considering the probable revenue and expenditures heads and it is presented in the Table 10.19. From the following table it is observed that during 2013 the project shall be self-sustained in its operation also it starts accumulating revenue surpluses for the development of the scheme. During 2010 project shall face a high cumulative deficit of Rs. 2.87 crores and it starts turn from this deficit position to surplus till the year 2012. At the end of the repayment period 2029, this project will fetch a cumulative revenue surplus of Rs. 55.45 crores. 7DEOH��&DVK�)ORZ�6WDWHPHQW�

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10.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

�� ,1752'8&7,21�Analysis of the resultant socio-economic benefits from implementing a project and the capital and maintenance costs incurred are as critical as the financial viability analysis. Economic Analysis basically enables the project implementing/ facilitating agency and the pertinent government authority to grasp the significance and need of a utilities project, such as an underground sewerage scheme.

In estimating the Economic Rate of Return (ERR), pertinent and tangible economic benefits have been evaluated and corresponding annual cost savings compared with the project capital and annual O&M costs.

�� (&2120,&�%(1(),76�Cost Savings from Recovered Labor Days

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The aforementioned estimate of cost savings has been made based on the following parameters, data and assumptions:

� Average of 8 days of hospitalization and/or absence from work per year per person of 15% of the workforce has been adopted based on sample data collected from medical institutions

� A nominal wage of Rs.175.00 per person based on prevailing pattern of the workforce in the project area and the Government stipulated Minimum Wages Act

Cost Savings across Health Care Sector

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The aforementioned estimate of cost savings across the health sector is basically the reduced spending through subsidies in the form of medicines, hospital maintenance, energy charges and related that will be achieved through improved sanitation condition and health scenario. The following assumptions have been made in estimating cost savings:

� Approximately 15% of total population is assumed to need health related services. � Around 60% of the population that requires health related services are assumed to

utilize the government run facilities. � After the project, only around 5% of the population that uses public health facilities is

assumed to utilize the services. � On average medical expenditure per person is assumed to be Rs.600 per year.

Cost Savings in Personal Expenditure on Health Care

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The cost savings estimated above relates to the reduction in annual personal spending of the affected population in the form of medicines, day-care, medical fee etc that is expected to be achieved post implementation of the proposed scheme. The following parameters and assumptions have been considered in estimating the cost savings:

� The average expenditure per family per month expended for treatment of sanitation related diseases is assumed to be Rs.80.00

� More than 60% of personal expenditure is expected to be reduced post implementation Reduced expenditure on sanitation and conservancy by ULB - Madurai Corporation - i.e., Drain and Water Body Cleaning for MSW Removal

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Increased Employment Opportunities

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Based on total annual savings in cost through implementation of the proposed underground sewerage scheme and the pertinent Capital and Annual O&M costs, the Economic Rate of Return (ERR) for the project has been estimated over the design period as 18.67%.

Other socio-economic benefits that are non-tangible and that could not be quantified as part of this study include general enhancement in the environmental profile of the town, other employment opportunities created due to project implementation, increase in land value and standard of living due to an improved environment and related. It is expected that the ERR will be much higher than indicated above if all the aforementioned benefits were considered.

�� 6800$5<��&21&/86,216�Based on the viability analysis performed and the present condition of the Solid Waste Management System in Madurai Corporation that requires imminent improvement, therefore implementation of the scheme is amply justified from the technical, financial and socio-economic standpoints.



11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

11.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

Madurai Corporation has proposed a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and Composting Complex at its site located in Vellakal, Madurai South Taluk, Madurai District in the State of Tamil Nadu. The land proposed for the landfill project is 110 acres and is owned by Madurai Corporation (MC). The proposed site for the development is located at a distance of 6 km South of Madurai City.

Madurai Corporation has engaged Community Consulting India Pvt. Ltd. Chennai for carrying out the Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA) study and to prepare the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed scheme, specifically, the Sanitary Landfill and Composting Complex development.

Accordingly, reconnaissance survey of the region was carried out and various sampling locations were identified to monitor the environmental parameters. Subsequently, monitoring has been performed for Meteorology, Ambient Air Quality, Water Quality, Soil Characteristics, Ecology and Noise Levels at the specified locations. The other studies such as Demography, Socio-economic profile, Land use pattern, Hydro Geological features etc. are based on secondary data collected from various government and non government agencies.

The fieldwork to study all the above environmental attributes was carried out during the post monsoon months from November 2006 to January 2007 as per the guidelines specified by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). The Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA) report is prepared based on the primary data generated from the study area and the data collected from the secondary sources.

11.2 PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTION

The proposed MSW landfill and composting complex will be located at the aforementioned site in Vellakal in Madurai south Taluk of Madurai district. Topographically the area is of flat terrain and the climatic condition of this area is semi arid. The maximum temperature goes upto 41.6oC during summer in the month of April and the minimum temperature goes down to 20.9oC during winter in the month of December. The average humidity in the area ranges from 69 to 77%. The average annual rainfall in the region is about 850 mm. The maximum rainfall in the area is from the northeast monsoon. The winds in the area are light to moderate during summer and winter. However, the speed of the wind increases during the end of the summer season. The details of the environmental setting are given in Table 11.1.

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11.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS

The proposed Sanitary Landfill is based on the base line features of the identified site at Velakkal. The overall approach to the development of the sanitary landfill for MC is formulated to satisfy the regulatory requirements of MoEF, CPHEEO guidelines and with the objective of implementing an environmentally responsible and effective system of non-biodegradable and non-recyclable solid waste from the municipal system in accordance with the MSW Handling Rules 2000.

Two landfills are proposed for implementation. The first landfill shall be constructed to essentially dispose the existing waste (mixed and contaminated) that has been accumulated over the past nearly 15 years without any level of sorting and/or processing. This measure is recommended to achieve the dual objectives of compliance with the aforementioned rules and to reclaim valuable land for construction of the landfill for future waste, compost facility and other related utilities.

11.4 WASTE VOLUME AND LANDFILL CAPACITY

The MC generates about 450 MT of solid waste every day at a per capita generation of about 0.382 kg/cap/day and is projected to generate about 517 MT of solid waste by the year 2016 and during ultimate stage of 2026 it is projected that about 650 MT of solid waste is likely to be generated in a day.

The quantum of biodegradable MSW, to be processed at the compost facility, has been estimated at approximately 250T per day during 2006 and 300 MT per day during 2016 for which compost plant is designed. The quantum of non-biodegradable MSW and the inert rejects of the compost facility for Land filling have been estimated at 185 MT per day as on 2006 and 296 MT per day after 16 years i.e. design period for the landfill as per CPHEEO Manual. Details of the landfill design and phasing are furnished in earlier section on Sanitary Landfill as part of this report.

11.5 COMPOST YARD FACILITY

The MC has earmarked a site of 110 Acres in Vellakkal in Avaniyapuram Village for Compost Yard and Landfill Complex. Out of this, the MC has allotted 30 Acres for development of Compost Yard. The total land requirement for landfill for 16 years design period would be 40 acres. The balance land of 40 acres could be utilized for future expansion of Compost Yard as and when required. Design details of the proposed composting facility are furnished in earlier section of this report.

11.6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF THE STUDY AREA

�� 35(6(17�67$786�The baseline environmental studies serve to assess existing environmental conditions of the study area and identify critical environmental attributes. This would facilitate comparison of the resultant environmental conditions in the post project scenario with present day conditions and would help in preserving the environment without any further deterioration and at the same time, safeguarding the interest of the study area. The existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline conditions which are described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, ecology, socio-economic profile, land use, places of archaeological importance etc.

The present study incorporates the data generated during November 2006 -January 2007 and the secondary data collected from various Government, Semi-Government and Public sector organizations. Secondary data has also been collected from various scientific studies done in the study area by different organizations.

Baseline environmental status has been established for various environmental attributes within a study area of 10 km radius around the project site and an Environmental Management Plan has been prepared for the project. The major environmental disciplines covered in the EMP include Ambient Air Quality, Water Quality, Soil Quality, Noise Levels,



Ecology (terrestrial and aquatic), Land Use, Geology, Hydrogeology and Socio-Economic conditions in the study area.

The baseline status of major environmental disciplines and the findings are presented below in Table 11.2.

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�� 0(7(252/2*<�During this observation period, the maximum temperature recorded was 41.6oC and minimum temperature was 20.9oC. During the study period the relative humidity recorded ranged from 69% to 77%. The skies for the most part of the study period were observed to be clear.

�� $0%,(17�$,5�48$/,7<�The ambient air quality has been monitored at six locations in the study area. The monitored ambient air quality data indicates that the concentrations of SPM, RPM, SO2, NOx, and Co at site are above the limits specified by the National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standards for residential and rural areas.

�� :$7(5�48$/,7<�To assess the physical and chemical properties of surface and ground water, surface water and ground water samples from the study area were collected. The results of analysis indicated that the surface and ground water quality is not in conformity with the specified standards indicating potential contamination from the disposal of mixed and contaminated MSW.

�� 62,/�48$/,7<�Six soil samples from the pipeline corridor were collected and analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The pH of soil indicates to be ‘neutral’ to ‘slightly alkaline’. The soils in the area are reported to be moderately fertile on account of the prevailing levels of NPK contents.

�� 12,6(�/(9(/6�Ambient noise levels were measured at six locations in the study area. The monitored day and night noise levels in the areas indicated that daytime noise level and nighttime noise levels were within the prescribed noise limits.

�� %,2/2*,&$/�(19,5210(17�There are no significant agricultural crops in the study area. There is no patch of reserved forest in the study area. A few types of birds, few species of mammals and reptiles have been observed in the study area. Based on the field studies and review of published literature, it is established that there are no endangered and protected flora and fauna in the study area.



�� 62&,2�(&2120,&�(19,5210(17�About 169 villages that are covered under the study area consisted of 11,30,611 souls in 2001. The study area consists of a variety of health and educational facilities of different kinds. The study area has a well-developed communication network consisting of national highways and state highways and other district roads and railways.

11.7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The Environmental Impact Assessment during construction as well as the operational phases of the project is summarized in the Table 11.3.

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11.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Environment Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development in the area of the proposed project. Adequate environmental management measures need to be incorporated during the entire planning, construction and operating stages of the project to minimize any adverse environmental impact and assure sustainable development of the area. The proposed project is likely to provide new economical uplift, not only in the study area but also for the region as a whole. An overall Environmental Management Plan for the project can improve the supportive capacity of the study area and also to preserve it.

�� $,5�32//87,21�&21752/�$1'�0$1$*(0(17�Construction Phase

During construction period, there is likely generation of dust and NOx emissions. This can be attributed to construction activity and vehicular movement. The transport vehicles using



petrol or diesel would be properly maintained to minimize smoke in the exhaust. Water sprinkling is required to be performed to reduce the dust emission.

The dust rising out of the construction area shall be contained within the project site by providing a screen all round the construction area. The temporary roads to be laid during construction will be sprinkled with water to negate any dust rising out of the same due to movement of vehicles. Electrically operated construction equipments are recommended over the diesel-operated equipments in reducing the air emissions. Also offsite structural fabrication and rapid on site construction shall contribute to the reduction in emissions at the construction site.

Operation Phase

There is no major pollutant envisaged from the proposed sanitary landfill but during composting the smell nuisance is like to arise which would not be higher than the present condition of open dumping of waste. The emissions from generator sets proposed for the power backup and the Fugitive emissions from the landfill are two sources, which are to be mitigated, and the following mitigation measures are proposed to reduce the dust levels in the ambient air environment:

� Maintaining and / or reestablishment of a grass cover on area where there is no On-going activity.

� Frequent watering of unpaved roads and stockpile areas – cover material. � Using dust control sprays during loading and unloading of waste. � Minimizing working distances for internal transport of wastes. � Installation of a metrological station � Periodical monitoring of ambient air quality � Odor control by rapid stabilization and disposal of wastes at the along with daily cover

placement

Landfill Gas (LFG) results from the bio-degradation of wastes at elevated temperatures. There is a need for landfill gas management to minimize the risk of migration of this LFG beyond the perimeter of the site and to reduce the same into services and buildings on site. It not only avoids unnecessary ingress of air into the landfill but also minimizes the risk of landfill fires, damage to soils and vegetation within the restored landfill area.

For the safe release of this gas, an active gas venting system is recommended. This would comprise a gas-venting layer of 200 mm thick granular soil on top of the solid waste and gas vents of 150 mm diameter perforated HDPE pipes (15 Nos.) for venting the gas collected. The entire infrastructure will be developed to cater the requirements of MSW Rules, 2000

�� 12,6(�&21752/�$1'�0$1$*(0(17�Construction Phase

The noise impact on the surrounding population during the construction phase should be within the acceptable limits. High noise generating equipment, if used, should not be operated during the night to eliminate any possible discomfort to the nearby residents. Community noise levels are not likely to be affected due to the physical barriers. Earmuffs should be provided to the workers and it should be enforced to use them.

Operation Phase

The ambient noise level in the project site is well within the prescribed limits. During the operation phase the routine movement of vehicles is likely to generate noise. Adequate steps to maintain the noise levels within the prescribed limits should be taken. For the same all the DG set facilities shall be insulated and acoustic measures should be followed.



�� :$67(:$7(5�0$1$*(0(17�Construction Phase

The required water quantity for construction will be utilized from the available resource in the project area. Impact on water quality during construction phase may be due to non-point discharge of sewage generated from the construction workforce stationed at the site. Construction activities for the proposed development can have minor impact on hydrology and ground water quality of the area if the construction waste leaches into ground. Potential sources of impacts on the hydrology and ground water quality during the construction phase would be soil runoff, improper disposal of construction debris and Spillage of oil and grease from the vehicles and wastewater stream generated from on site activities such as vehicles washing, workshop etc. Precautions and preventive measure will be taken at the site during construction to avoid any ground and surface water contamination; hence the overall impact on water environment during construction phase due to proposed project is likely to be insignificant.

Operation Phase

During the operation phase the projected use of groundwater will be within the capacity of the natural system to replenish itself and groundwater mining will be avoided particularly in dry season. The water required for increasing the moisture content of the composting material will be recycled after treatment. To ensure that the impacts are minimized the following general measures in addition to water minimization practices as to be followed.

� Clear Water Diversion: Since a major portion of the landfill is in the open environment, there is a potential for contamination. To minimize the wastewater/ leachate generation, it is proposed that water from all over the site shall be removed through surface drains. In addition, runoff water from the capped portion of the landfill and temporary cap of the landfill shall be carefully diverted to the storm water stream to ensure that the wastewater generated is minimized.

� Further to this, the storm water/ runoff collected from potential areas of contamination shall be collected through a controlled leak proof channel and shall be stored in a first flush retention pond-lined and the same shall be tested to meet the storm water quality prior to discharge the same into the water courses.

� To minimize the leachate generation, temporary cap shall be provided during monsoon period and the clear water shall be diverted beyond the bunds.

� Proper care shall be taken to ensure that all waters coming in contact with the wastes shall be considered as leachate and will be treated/ disposed off accordingly.

� Ensuring that there is no movement of waters through the lined areas and bunds, that will isolate work areas from the surrounding environment. This will be made possible by using compacted clay or similar material for bunding.

� Periodical monitoring of surface and groundwater quality through network of monitoring wells.

Leachate Collection and Treatment System

An inert landfill that implements strict waste acceptance criteria may not require an Leachate collection and Removal System (LCRS). The purpose of the leachate collection layer is to allow the removal of leachate from the landfill and to control the depth of the leachate above the liner. The Municipal Solid Waste Rules 2000, stipulate a minimum liner of composite barrier of 1.5 mm High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) geo-membrane or its equivalent overlaid by 900 mm of soil (clay or amended soil) of permeability co-efficient not greater than 1 x 10-9 m/s with the water table at least 2 m below the base of clay or amended soil. Considering these specifications the following containment measures are recommended at Velakkal landfill site.



� Drainage layer of 150 mm thick granular soil permeability value of 1 x 10-4 m/s; � Slotted HDPE pipes of 200 mm diameter and using 2 % lateral slope with 1 %

longitudinal slope and 25 m c/c spacing � 900 mm thick compacted clay liner of permeability 1.00 x 10-9 m/s (native soil

amended with additives such as Bentonite to reach the desired level of permeability); and

� 150 mm thick daily cover primarily extracted from the native soil and compacted to the permeability level of native soil.

�� 0$1$*(0(17�3/$1�)25�+($/7+�5,6.�)$&7256�Medical Checkup of workers: All the employees shall be required to undergo a medical checkup before joining the facility. Medical checkup will be conducted on a monthly basis and the health conditions monitored.

Safety Equipment: The employees shall be supplied with hand gloves mask, safety suites and make it mandatory for them during handling the waste from collection point to disposal in landfill.

First Aid Facilities: All the first aid facilities for immediate mitigation of emergency situation shall be made available at the facility.

Nutritional Feed Plan: During routine medical checkup a nutritional feed plan shall be provided to employees recommending them for proper nutrition.

Restriction in work period: No employee shall be made to work beyond 8-hrs/ day and shall have one day off in a week. Each employee shall be eligible for leaves as per the prevailing industrial laws. Further, restrictions shall be placed on pregnant women, old people and child labour working at the MSW landfill site.

Insurance of Employee: ESI and other GIC insurance shall be provided for employees to cover their health care expenses.

11.9 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT

Green belt has been recommended as one of the major component of EMP, which will further enhance environment quality through:

� Mitigation of fugitive emissions including odor � Attenuation of noise levels � Wastewater reuse � Creation of an aesthetic environment. � Prevent spreading of particulate and other atmospheric pollutants in the nearby areas � Provide resting, feeding and breeding site for fauna.

The green belt development around the site area will control the soil erosion due to run-off and improve visual amenity. The various measures proposed to mitigate the potential impacts include:

Landscaping and re-vegetation to ensure the final landform is compatible with existing landscape of the surrounding area.

Development of wood–lot greenbelt will mask the landfill activities from surrounding settlements existing now and in the future.

The access road to the landfill is designed in such away as not to have a direct view of the landfill operations, thus not creating any negative visual impacts.

The impact on flora and fauna are negligible. The proposed activities actually improves the flora and fauna of the region by way of a well planned and planted vegetation over 110 acres of the project site.



11.10 SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN

The establishment of the proposed MSW landfill project at this place will generate direct, indirect and self-employment opportunities in this area and improve their economic. The following principles would be followed to ensure socio economic development in the project area,

� Labourers shall be given medical facilities � Proper sanitation facilities shall be provided at working spot � Facilities like first aid need to be provided � Employment strategy would include preferential employment of local labour. � General recruitment procedures shall be transparent, public and open to all. � Recruitment procedure shall be publicized in advance.

11.11 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

The frequency of monitoring may be decided in consultation with the TNPCB. Sampling ports in the stacks/vents should be provided in accordance with CPCB guidelines. Monitoring and auditing of the facility shall, in conjunction with QA/ QC procedures assist the operation of the facility by:

� Providing an early warning of potential liabilities. � Reducing operational costs. � Training the staff and defining the responsibilities. � Facilitate the equipment and materials requirement adequate for the required program. � Providing up to date procedure specifying operational methods. � Maintenance and calibration of the equipment both for operations and monitoring, � Retention of records

On going monitoring of the various components of the physical environment is recommended to be performed during the operational period of the facility and also during the post-closure period. It is proposed to undertake the monitoring as a part of the normal operation of the facility

� Leachate quantity and quality � Surface quantity up and down- gradient � Groundwater levels and chemical quality immediately surrounding, up gradient and

down- gradient of the facility and in all nearby village water supply bores � Air quality within and immediately surrounding the site, and in nearby villages

11.12 MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SITE CLOSURE

At the end of the useful life of the landfill, it should be closed and associated treatment and storage facilities are to be decontaminated in a safe and environmentally acceptable manner. The post closure plan should provide care for an extended period of time after closure such as for at least 25 years. This is an arbitrary time period, which can be lengthened or reduced depending on the technical information related to post closure pollutant migration. The following aspects should be taken into consideration for the closure of the facilities: -

� Decontaminate and decommission any waste treatment and storage facilities say leachate treatment facility

� Provide a final cover for the landfill � Control pollutant migration from the landfill via surface water, ground water and air. � Maintain the existing ground water monitoring network for the required period of post-

closure maintenance. � Continue to divert runoff from the landfill. � Prevent soil and wind erosion by a vegetative cover



� Control surface water infiltration and ponding at the closed site � Maintain leachate collection, removal and treatment system � Maintain the integrity of the final cover and any liners � Note in a document examines in a title search such as deed, that the land has been

used to deposit solid wastes and that its use without consulting MC is strictly prohibited.

� Restrict access to the Landfill as appropriate for the post-closure area. 11.13 POST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Post closure monitoring of the landfill will be done primarily as a compliance requirement in addition to social responsibility, this also provides an early warning towards possible adverse impacts on human health and the environment.

The Post-Closure program of monitoring for water quality in the groundwater and surface waters down gradient of the landfill will be similar to the established operational stage of the facility. The frequency of monitoring may be varied from time to time depending on changing circumstances. There shall be post-closure monitoring of air quality, noise, visual effects, etc. during the post-closure period however this need will be reviewed periodically.



12.0 HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT & CAPACITY BUILDING

12.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter highlights the issues in institutional arrangements for solid waste management in MC. Direct and indirect financial instruments of cost recovery and generation control are advocated, taking into account their operational hurdles in capacity building of the local urban body. It is suggested that the in-formal sector be organized and that the private sector participate more widely in collection and recycling. It is also suggested that nongovernmental organizations begin to train marginal workers and build awareness among the poor as to the techniques and opportunities of solid waste collection.

12.2 HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

Though MC has been doing solid waste management since its establishment, it has not been felt that subject of solid waste management requires adequate knowledge and skill along with updated information about relevant techniques and technologies. Therefore, no proper systems have been developed to improve the service. In order to implement the provisions of Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, knowledge of new technology and methods coupled with training at all levels are necessary. It is recommended that while implementing improved solid waste management system, dedicated efforts should be made by MC to inculcate among its officers and staff a sense of pride in the work they do and to motivate them to perform and give their optimum output to improve the level of services of the city and the image of the local body.

12.3 TRAINING

Municipal solid waste management activities involves composting facilities landfills transportation and routing of vehicles, street sweeping primary collection and secondary collection including effective segregation it is very important to impart knowledge to the waste generators especially the ladies and children’s who are responsible for segregation at source thereby composting quality and recovery of revenue through valuable recyclable waste are achieved. To achieve imparting training to primary collection personals and supervisory employees is a must. Similarly the importance of the segregation usage of the recyclable shall also be made known through workshops and as well as conducting competition among the school children. Dos and dons shall also be printed and should be supplied to the each residence. As most of the activities are additional the personal likely to be involved in each are shall be subjected to advance training exposing the facts and figures from construction phase to operational phase, to facilitate proper training to each set of personal proper training programmers shall be formulated in local language, the executive level people should also get trained. The training should also contain a checking mechanism with this the knowledge gained and performance

Based on the assessments and requirements comprehensive training schedule for providing training to the Corporation officials SHG’s rag pickers are suggested and given in Table 12.1.

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Work norms as described in Table 12.2 may be considered by MC.

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12.5 A SEPARATE SWM DEPARTMENT

In MC, the administration of SWM department is solely under the Health Department headed by the City Health Officer reporting to the Commissioner. However, engineering aspects of SWM are under the Engineering Department. This sometimes causes lack of coordination. Further, the Health officers are handling a part of the Solid waste management in addition to their principal function of taking preventive health measures. Hence these health officers can be gradually made free from this responsibility and replaced by Environmental or Public health engineers. It is recommended that entire administration including engineering aspect should be under only one officer, in the cadre of an Executive Engineer who is directly under the control of Commissioner. A typical organization structure for the proposed SWM department is given in Figure 12.2. It is based on the norms given in the CPHEEO manual on MSW. Central workshop:

The central workshop shall be under the control of one assistant engineer who should responsible for the keeping all the automobiles and earth moving vehicles under road worthy and reporting to AEE (waste processing) site. Transportation: Routing of vehicles collecting the waste from various location distribution of vehicles for the secondary collection, distribution of vehicles for emergency work, distribution of storage containers maintenance of all the transportation vehicles and containers and water washing vehicles and containers will be under the control of an assistant engineer and he shell reporting to AEE operation 1& 2. Primary and secondary collection operations: The Madurai Corporation at present divided into four operation zones. An Assistant executive engineer may be exclusively engaged for primary collection of entire city. He will be assisted by two AE’s. Each should under the control of who is responsible for the entire operation in the juristiction and ensure�and responsible for door to door collection , primary and secondary transportation, ensuring supply of adequate community containers for regular operation and for public functions, marriage halls etc. coordinate with the AEE



waste processing site and also responsible for effective segregation of waste and clearing the waste from vegetable markets and commercial areas increasing the frequencies so as to avoid public complaints due to stagnation of odourable waste. The Assistant Engineers in charge of Collection, one in each zone, shall be responsible for the collection in their respective zones with the assistance of sanitation officers, sanitary inspectors, etc., and monitor the secondary collection, movements of dumper bins and street sweepings and administration. For every ward, there can be one sanitary sub-inspector/sanitary inspector in each ward and he can be assisted with two sanitary supervisors (a person who can read, write and report). An another AEE shall be responsible for Routing, transportation and vehicle maintenance. He will be assisted by two AE’s one for transportation and one for workshop. The AEE (Collection) shall coordinate with AEE’s (Transportation, Processing & Disposal) and both should discuss & program the schedules so that waste reaches the Site segregated and vehicle reaches the site staggered manner. The Assistant Engineers in charge of Processing and Disposal look after both processing and disposal sites to be supported by lower level of supervisors at the site. For waste processing site another AEE shall be engaged, he will be assisted by two AE’s. The roles and responsibilities of the staffs at various levels are described in the Table 12.3.

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12.6 INTER DEPARTMENTAL CO-ORDINATION

The Commissioner is the occupier of the total operations and responsible for obtaining adequate funds and assistance from govts. He is responsible for legal compliances.



12.7 PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

Privatization, a more economic approach is considered as one option to improve the collection process and success in segregation. Compost operations and land fill operations are other major activities should be considered for priviatisation Madurai Corporation should encourage SHGs and reputed NGOs and where ever necessary sponsors to involve all labour intensive operations. Incentives may be encouraged to the highly performing sections will further improve the quality of solid waste segregation and collection process.

12.8 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS)

The NGOs play a crucial role in reaching the communities helping to create awareness about the environmental impacts associated with the disposal of wastes. A well-organized environmental program by NGOs can initiate motivation for involvement in the MSWM program thus ensuring a continuous participation. They can also ensure a user-free based waste disposal system that would enable the continuity of operation. Some Voluntary organizations and NGOs are already active in MC. A list of NGOs active in the city of Madurai is provided in the Annexure - 18.

Particularly for ensuring 100% door-to-door collection, it is strongly recommended that the MC should adopt following methodology:

Select the Divisions to be handed over to NGOs/Voluntary organizations /SHGs

Select Each Division based on their Knowledge of the area and experience.

Advise to prepare cost recovery Formula for providing their service

Including sweepers’ salary

Gradually extend the NGOs work to other stages of MSW management and monitor them

12.9 LEVY OF ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES

It is high time to begin levying administrative charges in the form of sanitation tax to make the system of solid waste management sustainable. The Corporation should estimate the expenses proposed to be incurred on overall solid waste management in compliance with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and handling) Rules, 2000 and accordingly divide it among various areas like residential (posh/medium class/slum) market, hotels and restaurants etc and work out sanitation tax to be recovered from these establishments.

Littering should be banned in the city and there should be penal provision on the part of residents or anybody who indulges in littering. Servicing to the commercial and trade activities shall be stopped. It is suggested that provision should be made in the relevant by-



laws, rules etc. to levy taxes on pay and use principles All Trading activities shall be taxed such a way the entire cost of operations are met with.

12.10 SANITATION GRIEVANCE CELL

Municipal solid waste (Management and Handling) Rules should be implemented in letter and spirit and clean and green city concept should be driven home by ensuring efficient services and redressing grievances of public about sanitation. The grievances should not only be restricted to the Corporation officials but if there is any complaint against any resident or tourist or hotelier littering waste, it should be attended immediately and punitive measures should be taken. In order to materialize this, a dedicated sanitation grievance cell should be opened. The City health officer should head the sanitation grievance cell. The contract numbers and the punitive measures for various categories of offences should be publicized widely. The operation and maintenance expenses of such grievance cell should be met through amount gathered as fines.



13.0 HEALTH ASPECTS

13.1 SPECIAL ATTENTION TO SLUMS

There are 216 slum pockets in the city of Madurai. Waste management in the slum areas is not satisfactory and needs to be corrected with immediate effect. Though it was informed by the MC that there has not been any case of severe health problems due to unsanitary conditions so far, it is strongly suggested that specific and discreet measures are required to be taken for improving waste collection, sweeping and temporary waste storage at slum areas. The slum dwellers are also need to be educated about the health impact of solid wastes. Following measures need to be taken immediately for the slum areas: • Organize awareness program in each slum area. • Formulate group of slum dwellers consisting of youngster and provide them with

necessary information on waste management. • Identify a suitable NGO, which can work with slum dwellers for improving sanitary

conditions in the slum. • Organize health check up camps with the help of health department of corporation and

Chief District Medical Officer’s offices especially for slum areas. • Instruct the sanitary workers not to neglect slum areas and provide good services. • Instruct the concerned sanitary inspector to take special care of slum areas under their

division. • Instruct sanitary workers not to litter wastes at and around the waste collection centers. • Increase the collection frequencies so that community bins with waste shall not be kept

for longer durations 13.2 LOW COST SANITATION PROGRAM TO PREVENT OPEN DEFECATION

Open defecation is rampant in the areas where low-income group people reside. The corporation has taken some measures for setting up public toilets, however, the number of public toilet set up is still less. It is strongly recommended to establish free public toilets in all the slum areas and more of pay and use toilets at tourist places like areas close to temple, commercial areas and other religious locations on. Mobile toilets are other options which can be put up during festivals.

13.3 TEMPORARY TOILETS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES

Madurai being a large city, there are many construction sites. So, infrastructure development projects involving construction of road, commercial complexes etc are in pipeline. This means that significant number of construction sites will be operative in near future involving group of construction workers and laborers. It is recommended that MC should be in touch with the authorities and contractors and enforce setting up of temporary toilets/Mobile toilets for construction workers and laborers at these sites. on cost recovery basis.

13.4 COVERING OF BUILDINGS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

It is recommended that MC should enforce rule of covering of buildings under construction so as to avoid dust and particulate matter in the surrounding areas. This should be made applicable to only large construction sites like construction of commercial complex, multistory building or multiplex.

13.5 CATTLE NUISANCE

. The cattle deteriorate the sanitary conditions by moving in and around the waste and spreading it on the larger area. Punitive measures should be put into practice for owners of such cattles. Pay and use cattle sheds are also considered away from the living areas



13.6 HEALTH MONITORING FOR SANITARY WORKERS

The MC organizes health check up camps for the sanitary workers. Public living close to the processing site and to sanitary labourers and their families should get the medical attention free of cost in addition to the regular health check up. More importantly, these should be documented with spirit for long term planning and shared with other local bodies and international bodies. More and more awareness programs shall be conducted to impart the importance of cleanliness, causes due to not wearing the safety and health wares during handling of waste.

13.7 PREVENT INDISCRIMINATE USE OF PESTICIDES

Use of pesticides particularly in domestic areas should be banned. However, in gardens & public parks use of pesticides may be allowed in a scientific manner. The Managers of such gardens and public parks should be asked to maintain records to type and amount of pesticides they have used.



14.0 INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION ASPECTS

14.1 INTRODUCTION

As generators of MSW, the public must be aware of the hazards posed by ineffective management of the refuse. Hence the government, environmental organizations and other groups are required to play a key role in bringing about this awareness through role play in the MSWM programs which in turn creates a sense of ownership among the individuals thus developing keen interest for shouldering responsibilities. Unless the public are involved throughout the MSWM programs by the implementing agencies, awareness cannot be achieved.

The participation of the Public is an underlying principle of the MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000. Citizens have to take an interest in solving the problem of solid waste. The corporation should emphasize on spreading awareness in general public on this account.

14.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

No efforts towards reduction or recycling of wastes can be successful without effective public involvement. The corporation should target school children and women and involve them in waste management activities. The mechanism based on information, education and effective communication should be formulated for ensuring public participation. The Corporation may evolve schemes like “Bhagidari” presently active in Delhi at pilot scale. Formation of resident welfare associations in residential areas will be the first step in this direction. It is to be noted that once public is aware about such issues, the corporation can be best assured that they would be getting adequate public participation in their endeavour for scientific waste management. Once the public comprehend and acknowledge the main constraints and challenges in the system, participation can be noticed in forms like:

• Voluntary involvement in MSWM campaigns; • Following of rules and regulations concerning waste disposal; • Willingness to pay adequate fees and charges; • Source separation and effective use of the facilities; and • Voicing any environmentally unethical behavior on the part of the pubic or the

government. 14.3 PUBLIC INFORMATION, EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND AWARENESS

PROGRAMS

Various measures which were discussed with corporation and can be taken up for public educations and information are as following:

1. Involve professional agencies for preparing strategy for effective and easy to

understand communication. 2. Public should be made aware about the fact that sanitary officer is in charge of

solid waste management department and he can be consulted on all issues related to waste management and on all the grievances may be directed to him. His office phone number should be widely publicized.

3. Use hoardings at public places displaying messages requesting public

participation. 4. Display board can be placed or passed on public transport system like cycle

rickshaws, which is highly utilized by the tourists.



5. Print and electronic media can be utilized for passing information to public messages form the Mayor of corporation can be telecast on local cable TV.

6. All councilors should be made responsible in their respective areas for

disseminating information about reduction, reuse and recycling of wastes. 7. A short training may be provided to schoolteacher, who in turn will teach school

children for minimization of wastes in their homes. 8. Ward level committees may be formed under the supervision of respective

councilor to ensure public involvement and rewards like “ward of the month” may be announced.

9. NGOs should be called upon for playing vital role in communicating with public and

guiding them for waste management related issues. Rewards like “NGO of the year” may also be instituted to encourage them.

10. Those hotels and restaurants, which are in forefront in ensuring proper waste

management and in reduction of waste generation, may be rewarded. 11. The Mayor and the Commissioner themselves should become examples by

following the best waste management practices in their homes as well as offices. 14.4 AWARENESS OF SOURCE SEGREGATION TO PUBLIC

The term sorting indicates separation and storage of individual constituents of waste material so as to facilitate material and energy recovery and reduce the load on the final disposal of MSW in the landfill. The public should be educated about the desirable sorting stream, the following could be educated to the public and households which will help the corporation to achieve better management of Solid Waste.

1. Dry recyclable materials – Paper, plastic, cardboard and cartons, containers,

packaging, glass, metals, tags, rubber wood, foils, wrappings, pouches, sachets, tetra packs (rinsed), cassettes, computer diskettes, printer cartridges and electronic parts, discarded clothing, furniture and equipment.

2. Bio-waste and Horticultural waste – Food waste (including eggshells and

bones), flower and food wastes, house sweepings, vegetable peelings. 3. Hazardous materials in household waste: Aerosol cans, batteries from

flashlights and button cells, bleaches and household kitchen and drain cleaning agents, car batteries, oil filters and car care products and consumables, cosmetic items (Chemical based), Insecticides and their empty containers, light bulbs, tube lights and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), containers of Paint, oils, lubricants, glues, thinner etc., pesticides and their empty containers, photographic chemicals, Styrofoam and soft foam packing from new equipment, thermometers and mercury-containing products.

Apart from the scientifically proven ideas, citizens can generate innovative ideas in day-to-day life to reduce the total quantity of waste generated.

14.5 AWARENESS ABOUT REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE WASTE TO PUBLIC

The corporation should emphasize on spreading awareness in general public on reduction of waste generation at source; reuse it by making some other useful product out of the waste or in the same form but with different application or hand in over to recyclers for recycling. The following measures may be taken to reduce, reuse and recycle of waste generation:



1. All residents should be asked to reduce generation of food waste as far as possible. They should be asked to hand over food waste to animal breeders for feeding animals, if possible.

2. All hoteliers should be asked to put signboards or display notices to the visitors

advising them not to generate waste or minimize waste generation. 3. Traders who are collecting recyclable waste from citizens should be encouraged

and should be given incentives in terms of reduction in taxation fee or license fee per ton of recyclable waste collected by them.

4. Usage of hard to recycle packaging material like PET bottles, metal coated plastic

films and multi film packs should be discouraged. 5. Usage of thin polythene bags (less than 20 micron) should be prohibited. 6. All floating population should be instructed not to liter any waste and minimize

waste generation in the city to keep it clean and green. Such instructions may be given at bus stands, railway stations and other public places through display boards.

7. Temple management should be asked to advise devotees not to generate waste in

the temple premises. 8. NGOs and voluntary organizations should be encouraged to organize awareness

programs and campaigns for reuse and recycle of waste. The corporation may even think of extending nominal financial support to such NGOs.



15.0 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

15.1 INTRODUCTION

It is suggested that MC can go for carbon credits under Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). A brief note on this process for preparing project design document (PDD) under CDM is covered in this section. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was established under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol as a way of promoting sustainable development while minimizing the costs of limiting greenhouse gas emissions. In return for investing in a CDM sustainable development project, companies or project proponents will earn "certified emission reductions" that developed countries may use to meet their Kyoto commitments. It is supervised by an Executive Board, which is responsible to the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC. In order to qualify, a CDM project must deliver multiple benefits: credits for reducing GHG emissions to the investors and sustainable development to the developing country which hosts the project and contributes to stabilizing GHG concentrations in the atmosphere below dangerous levels. A successful CDM energy project can, for example, earn certified emission reductions (CERs) during a minimum of seven and a maximum of 21 years. By using CERs, industrialized countries and companies can comply with their Kyoto and/or national targets at costs below those commonly encountered for domestic projects. By being mutually beneficial, the CDM can break new ground in North-South collaboration for the global commons.

15.2 KYOTO PROTOCOL

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), adopted in 1992 and ratified in 1994, established an international legal framework to address global climate change. Parties to the Convention agreed to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the Earth’s atmosphere by returning to 1990 GHG emissions levels. At the 3rd Conference of the Parties (COP 3), held in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, the parties adopted the Kyoto Protocol, which commits industrialized countries (defined as Annex I countries in the Protocol) to attaining legally binding GHG reduction targets during the period between 2008 and 2012. These commitments are an average of 5% below 1990 GHG emissions levels. In November 2001, at COP 7 in Marrakech, Morocco, the parties reached an agreement on the legal text needed to implement the Protocol. In industrialized countries, most GHG emissions are produced by private companies and individuals. Each country will, therefore, have to either regulate or encourage large GHG emitters to reduce these emissions. However, the Kyoto Protocol provides for a variety of measures to achieve GHG reductions through three special “Flexibility Mechanisms” — the Clean Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation, and International Emissions Trading.

15.3 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides a means for countries or companies to financially contribute towards GHG reduction measures — and a limited number of sequestration projects — in developing countries, provided that these projects also result in sustainable development, as defined by the host country, and are implemented in an environmentally benign manner. In return, the investing company receives a “certified emissions reduction” (CER). Under CDM MC can make revenue receipt of carbon credits towards GHG reduction from MSW by having compost plant. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is expected to bring both technological and financial resources to the success of proposed composting and Landfill project at Vellakkal. From our initial study it was noticed that the revenue generation through Certified



Emissions Reductions (CER) is substantial for MC, which would be an additional income enough to develop the compost plant and Sanitary Landfill. From an environmental perspective, the project helps in avoidance of methane (a greenhouse gas with high global warming potential) as well as any leachate that would otherwise have generated from the current practice of waste disposal. By producing manure through the aerobic decomposition, the project helps in replacing the use of chemical Fertilizers and hence contributes to environmental and health of the general public in many ways. From social perspective, the project helps in bettering the environmental conditions in the city of Madurai by Hygienic treatment of Solid Waste resulting in improvement. The project proposes to provide employment opportunity to about 30 persons directly, whereas a large number of persons would be directly involved in the waster collection, marketing of fertilizers etc. From an economic angle, the project by converting the waste into valuable products i.e., Manure, helps in reducing the demand on the limited natural resources. Being a project that contributes significantly to environmental improvement and social development in many ways while deriving the economic value of wastes can be considered to contribute to sustainable development. Hence it is eligible as a CDM project.

15.4 METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED FOR PREPARATION OF PDD

The methodology to be adopted for preparing PDD under CDM process is as follows: Baseline methodology: Avoided emissions from organic waste through composting.

This baseline methodology shall be used in conjunction with the approved monitoring methodology (“Avoided emissions from organic waste composting at landfill sites”). This methodology is selected since this project activity produces compost from the waste originally intended for landfill. This project activity avoids methane emissions by diverting organic waste from dumping at a landfill, where methane emissions are caused by anaerobic processes, to a composting plant. Because the composting process is basically aerobic, methane generation is avoided. The GHG involved in the baseline and project emissions are CO2, CH4 and N2O. The Figure 15.1 gives the overview of the project cycle showing official timelines and responsibilities



The development of Project design document involves the following steps �� ,'(17,),&$7,21�2)�%$6(/,1(�6&(1$5,2�

All realistic and credible baseline alternatives will be identified and in doing so, relevant policies and regulations related to the MSW rules, 2000 will be taken into account. In addition, the assessment of alternative scenarios will take into account local economic and technological circumstances.

�� 6(/(&7,21�2)�352-(&7�%281'$5<�The project boundary will be selected. The spatial extent of the project boundary is the site of the project activity where the waste is composted. This includes the facilities for sorting, aerobic conversion and composting and on-site electricity transport fuel use, and the landfill site.

�� (67,0$7,21�2)�%$6(/,1(�(0,66,21�The various emission sources of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) as listed below will be identified from the project boundary and included for estimation of carbon emission reduction

• Emission from electricity use • Emission from fuel from on-site use.

),*85(��29(59,(:�2)�352-(&7�&<&/(��6+2:,1*�2)),&,$/�7,0(/,1(6�$1'�5(63216,%,/,7,(6�



• Emission from composting �� &$/&8/$7,21�2)�(0,66,21�5('8&7,21�

The emission reductions from the project activity will be calculated in terms of total carbon equivalents (t CO2.e) by the following equation

ERy = BEy – PEy – Ly

Where: ERy is emissions reductions in year y (t CO2e) BEy is emissions in the baseline scenario in year y (t CO2e) PEy is emissions in the project scenario in year y (t CO2e) Ly is leakage in year y (t CO2e)

The carbon credit generated from this CDM project, called Certified Emissions Reductions (CER) (equal to one ton of CO2). This is a marketable commodity that may be exchanged with other corporations or national governments. The MC may also choose to bank these CERs so they can be traded in future commitment periods after 2012. It is recommended that MC may take steps to prepare the PDD documents to obtain the carbon credits under CDM process on the lines mentioned above.

Solid Waste Management for Madurai Corporation Project Report urai District, TN, India i


CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1 1.1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT - OVERVIEW ..................................................................1

1.1.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 CATEGORIZATION & CLASSIFICATION OF MSW .................................................................................................. 1 1.1.3 PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MSW................................................................................................. 2

1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................2 1.3 OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................................................3

2.0 PROJECT AREA PROFILE ..................................................................................................4 2.1 MADURAI - HISTORY & GROWTH ...........................................................................................................4 2.2 MADURAI CORPORATION – REGIONAL SETTING................................................................................4

2.2.1 REGIONAL LINKS ................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.2.2 PHYSICAL FEATURES ........................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.3 CITY MANAGEMENT & GOVERNANCE ................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.4. DEMOGRAPHY AND DENSITY ............................................................................................................................... 5

2.3 POPULATION PROJECTION........................................................................................................................6

3.0 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...................................................8 3.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................................................8 3.2 SOURCE & WASTE CHARACTERISTICS..................................................................................................8

3.2.1 SOURCE................................................................................................................................................................ 8 3.2.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS................................................................................................... 10 3.2.3 SOLID WASTE DENSITY ..................................................................................................................................... 11

3.3 ESTIMATED PER CAPITA GENERATION...............................................................................................11 3.4 PRESENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM) SYSTEM................................................................13

3.4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 13 3.4.2 PRESENT ORGANIZATION STRENGTH ................................................................................................................. 13 3.4.3 STORAGE AT SOURCE......................................................................................................................................... 13 3.4.4 PRIMARY COLLECTION SYSTEM......................................................................................................................... 14 3.4.5 STREET SWEEPING ............................................................................................................................................. 15 3.4.6 COLLECTION BINS FOR SECONDARY TRANSPORTATION .................................................................................... 16 .4.7 WASTE TRANSPORTATION TO DUMPING SITE .................................................................................................... 17 3.4.8 PRESENT SYSTEM OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL..................................................................................................... 19

3.5 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS.................................................................................................................19 3.5.1 GENERATION OF SOLID WASTE.......................................................................................................................... 20 3.5.2 STORAGE AT SOURCE......................................................................................................................................... 20 3.5.3 PRIMARY COLLECTION SYSTEM......................................................................................................................... 21 3.5.4 STREET CLEANSING ........................................................................................................................................... 22 3.5.5 TEMPORARY STORAGE OF WASTES.................................................................................................................... 23 3.5.6 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................ 23 3.5.7 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES............................................................................................................ 24

3.6 OBSERVATIONS, ISSUES AND CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................25 3.6.1 GENERATION OF SOLID WASTE.......................................................................................................................... 25 3.6.2 SEGREGATION AT THE SOURCE .......................................................................................................................... 26 3.6.3 PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE........................................................................................................... 26 3.6.4 STREET CLEANSING ........................................................................................................................................... 26 3.6.5 TEMPORARY STORAGE OF WASTES.................................................................................................................... 27 3.6.6 TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES TO DUMP SITE ................................................................................................... 27

3.7 KEY ISSUES/ PROBLEMS..........................................................................................................................28

4.0 LEGAL ASPECTS.................................................................................................................31 4.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................31 4.2 LEGAL PROVISIONS IN THE CONSTITUTION ......................................................................................31 4.3 MSW (M & H) RULES, 2000 .......................................................................................................................31 4.4 COMPLIANCE WITH MSW (M & H) RULES, 2000 .................................................................................32

5.0 MSW COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION – PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS33 5.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................33

5.1.1 GENERATION OF SOLID WASTE.......................................................................................................................... 33 5.1.2 SEGREGATION AND STORAGE OF WASTE AT THE SOURCE OF GENERATION....................................................... 33

5.2 PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE ..........................................................................................36 5.3 STREET SWEEPING....................................................................................................................................39 5.4 TEMPORARY STORAGE OF WASTES.....................................................................................................41 5.5 COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE.........................................................................................................41

5.5.1 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE ....................................................................................... 41 5.5.2 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 45 5.5.3 COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE OF MSW BY SOURCE OF GENERATION ............................................................ 47

5.6 PRIORITY ACTIONS FOR IMPROVING SWM SYSTEM........................................................................51

Solid Waste Management for Madurai Corporation Project Report urai District, TN, India ii


5.6.1 CONTROL OF PLASTIC WASTES ......................................................................................................................... 51 5.6.2 LEVY OF SERVICE CHARGES .............................................................................................................................. 52 5.6.3 MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY ....................................................................................................................... 54

6.0 WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL – TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS...............55 6.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................55 6.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION......................................................................................................................55 6.3 REVIEW OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES .......................................................................................55

6.3.1 SANITARY LANDFILL DISPOSAL......................................................................................................................... 55 6.3.2 INCINERATION.................................................................................................................................................... 56 6.3.3 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION ..................................................................................................................................... 56 6.3.4 GASIFICATION/ PYROLYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 57 6.3.5 REFUSE DERIVED FUEL - RDF ........................................................................................................................... 57 6.3.6 COMPOSTING ..................................................................................................................................................... 57 6.3.7 OTHER AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................................................. 58 6.3.8 CHOICE OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................................................................... 58

6.4 RECOMMENDED TECHNOLOGY FOR WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL ..............................60 6.5 DISPOSAL OF NON-EASILY BIODEGRADABLE & NON-RECYCLABLE WASTES .........................60

7.0 BIODEGRADABLE WASTE PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL .....................................61 7.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION ...........................................................................................................................61 7.2 OPERATION DETAILS ...............................................................................................................................62 7.3 FINISHED COMPOST STORAGE & HANDLING ....................................................................................63

7.3.1 DETERMINING WHEN THE COMPOST IS DONE ..................................................................................................... 63 7.3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATURE COMPOST ......................................................................................................... 64 7.3.3 FINISHED COMPOST STORAGE & HANDLING...................................................................................................... 64

7.4 SITE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROPOSED COMPOST YARD AT VELAKKAL .........................64 7.4.1 LOCATION AND AREA ........................................................................................................................................ 64 7.4.2 TOPOGRAPHY & SOIL LITHOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 64

7.5 DESIGN OF COMPOST YARD...................................................................................................................66 7.6 EQUIPMENT FOR COMPOST YARD........................................................................................................67 7.7 OPERATIONAL CONTROLS......................................................................................................................67

7.7.1 PROCESS MONITORING AND CONTROL.............................................................................................................. 67 7.7.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ................................................................................................................. 68 7.7.3 TROUBLESHOOTING ........................................................................................................................................... 69 7.7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................. 69

7.8 RECORD KEEPING .....................................................................................................................................69

8.0 PROPOSED SANITARY LANDFILL.................................................................................71 8.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................71 8.2 SITE CHARACTERISTICS..........................................................................................................................71

8.2.1 LOCATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 71 8.2.2 GEOLOGY AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................ 71

8.3 LANDFILL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................71 8.3.1 WASTE VOLUME AND LANDFILL CAPACITY ...................................................................................................... 71 8.3.2 DESIGN PERIOD.................................................................................................................................................. 72

8.4 CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS OF LANDFILL COMPONENTS .....................................................................72 8.4.1 LANDFILL FOOT PRINT....................................................................................................................................... 72 8.4.2 PROFILE AND CROSS SECTION OF LANDFILL SITE .............................................................................................. 72

8.5 LANDFILL DESIGN ....................................................................................................................................74 8.5.1 DATA FOR LANDFILL DESIGN ............................................................................................................................ 74 8.5.2 MASS BALANCE OF MSW MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN MADURAI ....................................................................... 74 8.5.3 LANDFILL PHASES.............................................................................................................................................. 75

8.6 LEACHATE MANAGEMENT.....................................................................................................................75 8.6.1 LEACHATE CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................................................... 75 8.6.2 LEACHATE VOLUME AND QUANTITY ................................................................................................................. 76 8.6.3 LEACHATE COLLECTION AND REMOVAL SYSTEM (LCRS).................................................................................. 77 8.6.4 LEACHATE STORAGE .......................................................................................................................................... 79 8.6.5 RE-CIRCULATION OF LEACHATE......................................................................................................................... 79

8.7 GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT ..............................................................79 8.7.1 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................................ 79 8.7.2 SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT....................................................................................................................... 80 8.7.3 DESIGN OF SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE AT VELLAKKAL SITE......................................................................... 80

8.8 LINING SYSTEM.........................................................................................................................................80 8.8.1 CRITERIA FOR LINING SYSTEM FOR SANITARY LANDFILL ................................................................................... 80

8.9 LANDFILL GAS MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................81 8.9.1 QUANTITY OF LANDFILL GAS GENERATED ......................................................................................................... 81 8.9.2 LANDFILL GAS CONTROL.................................................................................................................................... 81

8.10 CONSTRUCTION PHASING ......................................................................................................................82 8.10.1 PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF DAILY ACTIVITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN IN THE LANDFILL SITE ........................ 84 8.10.2 WASTE DISCHARGE AND INSPECTION ................................................................................................................ 84 8.10.3 POLLUTION PREVENTION DURING OPERATION .................................................................................................. 84

8.11 FINAL COVER SYSTEM.............................................................................................................................86

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8.12 SITE INFRASTRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED ..................................................................87 8.12.1 SITE INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................................... 87

8.13 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM..........................................................................................87 8.13.1 POST CLOSURE PLANS ....................................................................................................................................... 88 8.13.2 POST CLOSURE AMENITIES AT VELLAKKAL SITE ................................................................................................ 88

8.14 PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT.........................................................................................................90 8.15 DISPOSAL OF ACCUMULATED WASTE AND LAND RECLAMATION .............................................90

8.15.1 BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................................................... 90 8.15.2 DEFINITION ........................................................................................................................................................ 90 8.15.3 NEED FOR RECLAMATION AND ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................. 90 8.15.4 ESTIMATED QUANTITY ...................................................................................................................................... 90 8.15.5 SCREENING PROCESS ......................................................................................................................................... 91 8.15.6 SECURED LAND FILL.......................................................................................................................................... 91 8.15.7 RECOVERY OF MATERIAL .................................................................................................................................. 92 8.15.8 OPERATIONAL RISKS AND HAZARDS ................................................................................................................. 92

9.0 CAPITAL AND ANNUAL O&M COST .............................................................................93 9.1 BASIS OF COST ESTIMATION..................................................................................................................93 9.2 PHASING OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT....................................................................................................93 9.3 CAPITAL COST ...........................................................................................................................................93 9.4 CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN.................................................................................................................96

10.0 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY ANALYSIS ..............................................97 10.1 ULB FINANCES...........................................................................................................................................97

10.1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 97 10.1.2 FINANCIAL STATUS............................................................................................................................................ 97 10.1.3 REVENUE ACCOUNT........................................................................................................................................... 98 10.1.4 WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE ACCOUNT ..................................................................................................... 102 10.1.5 CAPITAL ACCOUNT .......................................................................................................................................... 103 10.1.6 KEY FINANCIAL INDICATORS AND ISSUES........................................................................................................ 104 10.1.7 STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 105 10.1.8 COST RECOVERY SYSTEM................................................................................................................................ 105 10.1.9 PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP........................................................................................................................ 105

10.2 FINANCIAL VIABILITY ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................105 10.2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 105 10.2.2 CAPITAL COST – PROPOSED FUNDING PATTERN .............................................................................................. 106 10.2.3 ANNUAL O&M COST ....................................................................................................................................... 106 10.2.4 PROJECT FINANCING & PHASING ..................................................................................................................... 106 10.2.5 REVENUE FLOW – ASSUMPTIONS & BASIS....................................................................................................... 107 10.2.6 ASSESSMENT OF PROJECT FINANCIAL VIABILITY ............................................................................................ 107 10.2.7 ANNUAL O&M COST ....................................................................................................................................... 107 10.2.8 CASH – FLOW STATEMENT............................................................................................................................... 113

10.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................................................114 10.3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 114 10.3.2 ECONOMIC BENEFITS ....................................................................................................................................... 114 10.3.3 ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN (ERR)................................................................................................................ 115 10.3.4 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 115

11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...............................................................116 11.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................116 11.2 PROJECT SITE DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................116 11.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS.........................................................................................................................117 11.4 WASTE VOLUME AND LANDFILL CAPACITY ...................................................................................117 11.5 COMPOST YARD FACILITY ...................................................................................................................117 11.6 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF THE STUDY AREA ..........................................................................117

11.6.1 PRESENT STATUS ............................................................................................................................................. 117 11.6.2 METEOROLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 118 11.6.3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ................................................................................................................................... 118 11.6.4 WATER QUALITY ............................................................................................................................................. 118 11.6.5 SOIL QUALITY.................................................................................................................................................. 118 11.6.6 NOISE LEVELS.................................................................................................................................................. 118 11.6.7 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................ 118 11.6.8 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................... 119

11.7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT.........................................................................................119 11.8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN..........................................................................................119

11.8.1 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................... 119 11.8.2 NOISE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 120 11.8.3 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... 121 11.8.4 MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR HEALTH RISK FACTORS .......................................................................................... 122

11.9 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT................................................................................................................122 11.10 SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN..........................................................................................123 11.11 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ........................................................................................................123 11.12 MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SITE CLOSURE ........................................................................................123

Solid Waste Management for Madurai Corporation Project Report urai District, TN, India iv


11.13 POST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ............................................................................124

12.0 HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT & CAPACITY BUILDING .......................125 12.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................125 12.2 HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................125 12.3 TRAINING ..................................................................................................................................................125 12.4 WORK NORMS..........................................................................................................................................126 12.5 A SEPARATE SWM DEPARTMENT .......................................................................................................127 12.6 INTER DEPARTMENTAL CO-ORDINATION ........................................................................................128 12.7 PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION .....................................................................................................129 12.8 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS)...........................................................................129 12.9 LEVY OF ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES ..............................................................................................129 12.10 SANITATION GRIEVANCE CELL ..........................................................................................................130

13.0 HEALTH ASPECTS............................................................................................................131 13.1 SPECIAL ATTENTION TO SLUMS .........................................................................................................131 13.2 LOW COST SANITATION PROGRAM TO PREVENT OPEN DEFECATION .....................................131 13.3 TEMPORARY TOILETS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES ..........................................................................131 13.4 COVERING OF BUILDINGS UNDER CONSTRUCTION ......................................................................131 13.5 CATTLE NUISANCE.................................................................................................................................131 13.6 HEALTH MONITORING FOR SANITARY WORKERS.........................................................................132 13.7 PREVENT INDISCRIMINATE USE OF PESTICIDES ............................................................................132

14.0 INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION ASPECTS .....................133 14.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................133 14.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ........................................................................................................................133 14.3 PUBLIC INFORMATION, EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND AWARENESS PROGRAMS....133 14.4 AWARENESS OF SOURCE SEGREGATION TO PUBLIC ....................................................................134 14.5 AWARENESS ABOUT REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE WASTE TO PUBLIC...............................134

15.0 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM.......................................................................136 15.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................136 15.2 KYOTO PROTOCOL .................................................................................................................................136 15.3 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM.................................................................................................136 15.4 METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTED FOR PREPARATION OF PDD...................................................137

15.4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF BASELINE SCENARIO......................................................................................................... 138 15.4.2 SELECTION OF PROJECT BOUNDARY................................................................................................................. 138 15.4.3 ESTIMATION OF BASELINE EMISSION ............................................................................................................... 138 15.4.4 CALCULATION OF EMISSION REDUCTION ......................................................................................................... 139

Solid Waste Management for Madurai Corporation Project Report urai District, TN, India v


LIST OF TABLES

1.1 Average Per-capita Solid Waste Generation in Indian Cities 1

1.2 Physical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian Cities 2

1.3 Chemical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian Cities 2

2.1 Madurai Corporation – Salient Features 5

2.2 Population Growth in Madurai 5

2.3 Corporation of Madurai – Zone Level Information 6

2.4 Ward-level Density Pattern 6

2.5 Zone wise Slum Population 6

2.6 Projected Design Population 7

2.7 Ward wise Population Projection for Solid Waste Management 7

3.1 Sources of Solid Waste Generation 8

3.2 Waste Characterization - Physical 10

3.3 Waste Characterization – Chemical 11

3.4 Ward wise Population & Solid Waste Generation 12

3.5 Potential Sources 13

3.6 Salient Features of Solid Waste Generation 13

3.7 Status of Present Manpower 14

3.8 Description of MS Waste Container 16

3.9 Description of MS Dumper Bins 17

3.10 Description of SS Dumper Bins 17

3.11 Temporary Storage Points for Collection of Solid Waste 17

3.12 Vehicle Fleet and Transportation Capacity 18

3.13 Per- Capita Generation of Solid Waste in Indian Cities 20

3.14 Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Storage of Wastes with the Standards/Norms Prescribed in the Manual 21

3.15 Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Primary Collection with the Standards/Norms Prescribed in the Manual 22

3.16 Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Street Cleansing with the Standards/Norms Prescribed in the Manual 22

3.17 Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Temporary Storage Points with the Standards/Norms Prescribed in the Manual 23

3.18 Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Transportation of Wastes with the Standards/Norms Prescribed in the Manual 23

3.19 Comparison of Prevailing Situation of Disposal of Wastes with the Standards/Norms Prescribed in the Manual 25

5.1 Recommended Source Storage Requirements 34

5.2 Specifications and Usage of Tools for Street Cleansing Process 42

5.3 Vehicle Requirement for Collection and Transportation 46

5.4 Trend in Demolition Activity in MC 51

5.5 Details of Sanitary Workers and Mechanical Sweeping Machines 53

5.6 Present Service Charges 56

Solid Waste Management for Madurai Corporation Project Report urai District, TN, India vi


5.7 Revised Service Charges 57

5.8 Revenue Generation from Selling Recyclable Waste 57

7.1 Water Requirement (L) per cubic meter of Waste 67

7.2 Specification for Compost Quality 68

7.3 List of Equipments to be used in the composting operation 71

7.4 Record Form formats for monitoring at a Compost Site 74

8.1 Typical Chemical Characteristics of Leachate 80

8.2 Ambient Air Quality Standards at the Landfill Site 86

8.3 Landfill Design Summary 86

8.4 Components of Environmental Monitoring 91

8.5 Disposal Standards for Treated Leachate 92

8.6 Landfill Design Summary – For Accumulated Waste 95

9.1 Abstract Cost of Proposed Improvements 97

9.2 Proposed Capital Investment – Phase-wise Cost Estimate 98

9.3 Capital Investment Plan – Phase I 100

10.1 Summary of Finances of the Madurai Corporation 101

10.2 Summary of Revenue Income of the Madurai Corporation 102

10.3 Revenue Income from Own Sources (Tax and Non -Tax) 103

10.4 Revenue Income from Grants and Contributions of the Madurai Corporation 104

10.5 Summary of Revenue Expenditure of the Madurai Corporation 105

10.6 Outstanding Loan Statement of the Madurai Corporation 106

10.7 Summary of Water Supply and Drainage Account of the Madurai Corporation 106

10.8 Summary of Capital Account of the Madurai Corporation 107

10.9 Performance of Key Revenue Indicators of the Madurai Corporation 108

10.11 Proposed Funding Mechanism 110

10.12 Proposed Scheme O&M Cost - 2008 110

10.13 Revenue Assumptions 111

10.14 Sensitivity Analysis 111

10.15 Income/Expenditure Statement for Proposed SWM – 2009 112

10.16 Annual Salary of Personnel for the Proposed SWM Department 113

10.17 Annual Operation & Maintenance Cost 114

10.18 Repayment Schedule 116

10.19 Cash Flow Statement 117

11.1 Details of Environmental Setting 120

11.2 Baseline Environmental Status in Project Area 122

11.3 Pollution Sources and Frequency of Generation 123

12.1 Training Need Assessment 129

12.2 Work Norms 130

12.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Various Staff in SWM Department 131

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AHO Asst. Health officer BDW Biodegradable wastes CAA Constitutional Amendment Act CHO City Health Officer CSO Circle Sanitary Officer CII Confederation of Indian Industries CO2 Carbon Dioxide CH4 Methane CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environment Engineering Organization CPCB Central Pollution Control Board EPA Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 GoI Government of India GoTN Government of Tamil Nadu GL Ground Level HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene IMA Indian Medical Association K Potassium LDPE Low Density Poly-Ethylene LCRS Leachate collection and removal system LFG Landfill Gas MC Madurai Corporation MSW Municipal solid wastes MS Mild Steel MSWM Municipal Solid Waste Management MT Metric Tons MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests NBDW Non Biodegradable Waste NGO Non-Governmental Organization N Nitrogen NO2 Nitrous Oxide O2 Oxygen O&M Operation & Maintenance OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration P Phosphorus PWD Public Works Department SHGs Self Help Groups SSOR Standard Schedule of Rates SCC Supreme Court Committee SI Sanitary Inspector TPD Tons per day TOR Terms of Reference UNEP United Nations Environment Programme ULBs Urban Local Bodies

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