1 The US Army Post Civil War 1865-1898 2 TLOs and ELOs Understand the effect demobilization and...
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Transcript of 1 The US Army Post Civil War 1865-1898 2 TLOs and ELOs Understand the effect demobilization and...
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The US Army Post Civil War1865-1898
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TLOs and ELOs
• Understand the effect demobilization and reconstruction had on the US Army
• Understand the rise of the National Guard and how it differed from the militia of an earlier era
• Understand the Army’s role in non-military missions of the era
• Understand the relative isolation of the Army during this period as well as it’s increasing professionalism
• Understand the significance of the Army’s role in the Frontier Wars.
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Themes I’d stress:
• Going from a large convention force to a more historically “normal” force.
• New missions and challenges- Reconstruction and Indian Wars• Looking inward- professional development• Technology implemented or ignored
• Reading from two chapters:– Chapter 13: Darkness and Light: The Interwar Years, 1865-1898– Chapter 14: Winning the West: The Army in the Indian Wars, 1865-
1890
4Army Career, 1876?
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Relevance to Today?
The Civil War and large volunteer army
Massing on Mexico border- show of force
Non-standard missions- stability and support
Non-standard missions- fighting an irregular enemy
Professional education improvements
Questioning relevance of traditional branches
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Size of the Army(Post Civil War Army)
• Volunteers – 1.2M in May 1865– 400K by Nov 1865– 11K in 1866– 0 in 1867
• Regular Army– Held at 54K in 1866– 37K in 1869– 27.5K in 1876– <25K in 1877 (field strength)– Stays at this level until 1898
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Organization of the Army(Regular Establishment)
• 1861-65 - 19 regiments of infantry, 6 of cavalry, 5 of artillery
• 1866 (Reorganization) - 45 regiments of infantry, 10 of cavalry, 5 of artillery, 6 black regiments (38th, 39th , 40th, & 41st Infantry, 9th & 10th Cavalry), 4 Veteran Reserve Corps
• 1869 (Consolidation) - 25 regiments of infantry, 10 of cavalry, 5 of Artillery, 4 black regiments (24th & 25th Infantry, 9th & 10th Cavalry), up to 1000 Indian scouts
• No brigades, divisions, or corps
• Smallest Army ever in proportion to U. S. population (63 million in 1890)
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Employment
• Reconstruction• Civil Disturbances• Indian Pacification
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Reconstruction
• Army was the primary instrument of Congressional Reconstruction
• Reconstruction Act of 1867, divided the eleven ex-Confederate States, excluding Tennessee, into five military districts.
• After about 1867, only 8,100 troops were stationed in the South.
• Never large enough to guarantee rights of freedmen or overawe Southern population
• Last Federal troops finally removed from South in 1877
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US Army role- Johnson’s Reconstruction
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned LandBureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land
(1865-69)(1865-69)
• Relief of blacks and whites in war torn south
• Admin justice in relationship to freed slaves
• Management abandoned and confiscated land
• regulation black labor under new conditions
• education of blacks
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Top: Primary school for Freedmen, Vicksburg, MS
Bottom: Primary School for Freedmen in charge of Mrs. Green, at Vicksburg, Mississippi.
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Scalawags
Carpetbaggers
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Grant, CG
Stanton, Sec of War
1866: Johnson declares rebellion at an end, and civil government restored
Elections of 1866: violence, CSA officials elected
Grant issues circular
Take orders from Congress if removed
Also increases Army’s role in maintaining order
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US Army role- Radical Reconstruction
Maintain orderMaintain order
Military districtsMilitary districts
Enforce laws:Enforce laws:VotingFight white supremacists groupsPlace in the middle between local officials, citizens, and
freed blacks- everyone against them.
Sherman (Commanding General after Grant): Sherman (Commanding General after Grant):
“No matter what change we may desire in the feelings and thoughts of the people. . .we cannot accomplish it by force. Nor can we afford to maintain . . . an army large enough to hold them in subjugation.”
Neither Republicans or Democrats “seems to care a damn of the service of the country.”
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•States rejoin Union
•Democratic rule continues
•No (violent) vengeance on the losers
•African-Americans make some gains:
Slavery ends
Freedman schools, public education
Income grew
Legalized families
•Southern economy remains backwards
•Corruption taints rebuilding effort
•For African-Americans:
Never met promises of 14th (male suffrage), 15th Amendments (no right or vote denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude)
Allows Jim Crow laws to “legally” circumvent amendments
Blacks still subject to a century of racism and discrimination
Results of ReconstructionPositive Negative
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Civil Disturbances
• Generally labor disputes and strikes
• Over 300 - Most notable cases:
– Railroad strikes of 1877 - preserve order
– Pullman Strike of 1894 - strike-breakers
– Militia (National Guard) called upon even more than Regular Army
• Major success during this period came in 1887 when Congress raised annual appropriation to militia from $200,000 (since 1808) to $400,000
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National Guard movement1880s- 1890s
1879- National Guard Association1881-1892- every state revises their military code
Volunteer Soldier of America1887
The Military Policy of the United States1904
Emory UptonSen John Logan
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• Army was isolated from American societyDuty was:
– Distant from population centers (frontier)– Distasteful (policing strikes)
• Intellectual trends against a army
• “Business Pacifism”
Wars are obsolete
Therefore armies are unnecessary
Army Challenges
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Argument that it created the ethos of the Army still seen today:
• Professional education system• Self policing• Apolitical officer corps• Expected to operate with little guidance of oversight
Isolation of the Army on the Frontier
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Definition of Professionalism – Initial membership and future advancement required mastery of a body of theoretical knowledge unique to its service.
• Expertise• Responsibility• Corporateness
Education – Being created during this period
Professionalism
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Development of Army Professionalism
The Military Policy of the United States
1904
COL Emory UptonGEN William Sherman
RADM Stephen Luce
Creation of School of Application for
Infantry and Cavalry 1881
Creation of Naval War College, 1884
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Professionalism (Doctrine)
• Unofficial– Cavalry Journal– Army-Navy Journal– Journal of the Military Service Institution of the US– Emory Upton (a voice crying in the wilderness, dies young and insane)
• Official– Only bright spot - “CGSC” at Fort Leavenworth– In 1881, not the same school as today, but the mission is very similar
No guiding head, no ‘Official’ Army Doctrine
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Officer development
• Lieutenant to Captain - Seniority in the Regiment
• Major to Colonel – Seniority in the Arm– LT to Major – 24 to 26 Years
– Major to Colonel – 33 to 37 Years
• Aging Officer Corps - No Retirement Pension Until Late 1880s
“There will not be one-fourth part of the present field officers in the Army physically capable of supporting the hardships of an active campaign. They will be worn-out old men.”
Army and Navy Journal
Fredrick BenteenCaptain
(1866 – 1883)
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Training
• Colonel: $3,500
• 2d Lieutenant: $1,400
• Sergeant: $264
• Privates: $156“Small salaries are best for young officers who know little of the real value of money. It teaches them to avoid extravagance and practice economy.”
Congressman Banning
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Training(Personnel)
• Officer Corps– Aging with stagnant, seniority promotion system– Congressional mandate, < 1/2 pre-war regulars– No retirement pension until late 1880s– Temporary wartime ranks abolished – Generals become captains
• Enlisted Soldiers– Many foreigners– Inhospitable duty stations– Few incentives to stay– Many reasons to “leave”– Underpaid ($16 to $13/month), and unpaid (Jul-Nov 1877)
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Soldiers
• Foreign Paupers – 50% of the Ranks– Outstanding Soldiers
and NCO’s
• Turnover– Death– Desertion– Discharge
• Training– 21 Year Old Recruit– 3 to 4 Weeks– Basic Skills– Weak Horsemanship
and Marksmanship
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Other sources of manpower
• “Buffalo Soldiers”– 9th, 10th Cavalry– 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st Infantry
• Combined into 24th and 25th Infantry
4% desertion rate vs 24% Army average
• “Indian Scouts”– Various tribes– Played on natural tribal
hostilities
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Equipment
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Origins of Army
customs?
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Training(Weapons)
• Civil War weapons were obsolete but plentiful
• Army made the decision to maintain a single shot rifle
• Adopted a center-fire cartridge
• Artillery remains muzzle-loading until Spanish-American War
• With no allocated funds, marksmanship training is non-existent until 1890s (after several disasters)
• Enemy is often better armed and supplied
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New weapons technology ignored
Old technology called into question
Impact railroads, telegraph, naval developments
Technology
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Indian Pacification
“It gives me great pleasure to announce to Congress that the benevolent policy of the Government, steadily pursued for nearly thirty years, in relation to the removal of the Indians beyond the white settlements is approaching to a happy consummation. . .
What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms . . . ?”
President Andrew Jackson message to Congress “On Indian Removal” (1830)
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Indian Pacification
• Best known role of the 19th century US Army
• Fought 943 engagements between 1865 and 1898
• The Army never used more than 4000 troops except in the Sioux War of 1876 and the Nez Perce War of 1877
• Included two disasters– Fetterman (80 men) in December 1866– Custer (250 men) in June 1876
• Nature of the struggle– Indians usually fought using hit-and-run tactics– Army struggled with tactics and strategy
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Army Opponents
MAJ GEN Winfield S. Hancock advised Congress in 1876 that Indian Service of the Army was:
“Entitled to No Weight”
in determining the proper strength, composition, and organization of the Army.
Utley
Frontier Regulars, 45
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• Indians– Fought as individuals – Tied to forage and families– No hierarchy– Did not believe in decisive combat– Small success was magnified
• Army– Caught in a “no win” situation– Want to fight a conventional fight– Ability to sustain with rail and rivers– Conduct of winter campaigns– Must be everywhere; small forces piecemealed
Army Opponents
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Winning the West
The U.S Army in the Indian Wars
1865-1890
Indian WarsBozman Trail & Hancock’s War
1866-1868
Cheyenne/ArapahoeCheyenne/Arapahoe
Nez PerceNez Perce
KiowaKiowa
ApacheApache
ComancheComanche
SiouxSioux
ModocModoc
Colville
Walla Walla
Steilacoom
Vancouver
Klamath
Churchill
Halleck
Douglas
Bridger
FettermanReno
Laramie
D.A. Russell
McPherson Kearney
Omaha
Randall
Sully
Leavenworth
HarkerLarned
Dodge
RichardsonGriffin
Concho
StocktonDavis
Quitman
Bliss
Stanton
SeldonCummings
Bayard
BowieLowell
McDowell
Verde
Yuma Apache
WingateUnion
Bascom
Sumner
GarlandLyon
Boise
Hall
Ellis
BufordBentonShaw
Clark
Phil Kearny
C.F. Smith
Riley
HayesWallace
Cheyenne/ArapahoeCheyenne/Arapahoe
Nez PerceNez Perce
KiowaKiowa
ApacheApache
SiouxSioux
ModocModoc
ComancheComanche
Indian WarsSouthern Plains War
1868-1869
Cheyenne/Arapaho
Kiowa/Comanche
Sioux
McPherson Kearney
Omaha
Colville
Walla Walla
Steilacoom
Vancouver
Klamath
Churchill
Halleck
Douglas
BridgerLaramie
D.A. Russell
Randall
Sully
LeavenworthRiley
Hayes HarkerLarned
Dodge
Wallace
Supply
Sill
RichardsonGriffin
Concho
StocktonDavis
Quitman
Bliss
Stanton
SeldonCummings
Bayard
BowieLowell
McDowell
Verde
Yuma Apache
WingateUnion
Bascom
Sumner
GarlandLyon
Boise
Hall
Ellis
BufordBentonShaw
Clark
Phil Kearny
C.F. Smith
FettermanReno
Nez PerceNez Perce
ApacheApache
SiouxSioux ModocModoc
Indian WarsApache 1871-75
Red River War 1874-75Sioux War 1876
Cheyenne/Arapaho
Kiowa/Comanche
Colville
Walla Walla
Steilacoom
Vancouver
Klamath
Churchill
Halleck
Douglas
BridgerLaramie
D.A. Russell
Randall
Sully
Leavenworth
HarkerLarned
Dodge
Supply
RichardsonGriffin
Concho
StocktonDavis
Quitman
Bliss
Stanton
SeldonCummings
Bayard
BowieLowell
McDowell
Verde
Yuma Apache
WingateUnion
Bascom
Sumner
GarlandLyon
Boise
Hall
Ellis
BufordBentonShaw
Clark
Phil Kearny
C.F. Smith
Sioux
McPherson Kearney
Omaha
Harker
Riley
HayesWallace
Robinson
Yates
Huachuca
Thomas
Meade
KeoghAbraham Lincoln
Sill
FettermanReno
Nez PerceNez Perce
ModocModoc
Indian Wars(North West)
Modoc War 1872-73Nez Perce War 1877
Cheyenne/Arapaho
Kiowa/Comanche
Sioux
SiouxSiouxSioux
Sioux
Colville
Walla Walla
Steilacoom
Vancouver
Klamath
Churchill
Halleck
Douglas
BridgerLaramie
D.A. Russell
Randall
Sully
Leavenworth
HarkerLarned
Dodge
Supply
RichardsonGriffin
Concho
StocktonDavis
Quitman
Bliss
Stanton
SeldonCummings
Bayard
BowieLowell
McDowell
Verde
Yuma Apache
WingateUnion
Bascom
Sumner
GarlandLyon
Boise
Hall
Ellis
BufordBentonShaw
Clark
Phil Kearny
C.F. Smith
Modoc/Klamath
Nez Perce
McPhersonOmaha
Harker
Riley
HayesWallace
Kearney
Robinson
Yates
Abraham Lincoln
Huachuca
Thomas
Meade
Keogh
Sill
Missoula
Lapwai
FettermanReno
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Questions?