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Relationships in home & community environments: A transactional and dialectic analysis
Barbara B.Brown, Carol M.Werner, & Irwin Altman
IAPS conference, July 7-10, 2004; Vienna, Austria
Version of a chapter to appear in:D. Perlman & A. Vangelisti, The Cambridge
handbook of personal relationships. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Barbara B.Brown, U of U, 225 S 1400 E Rm228 SLC, UT 84112-0080
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Transactional world view
Holistic: Environment has physical, social/cultural, psychological, & temporal aspects, not separable parts
Goal: Understand patterned & changing nature of these aspects Aristotelian “formal cause,” not just
“efficient cause”
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Dialectic approach
Relationships are fueled by dialectic Opposition Unity Change
Relationship dialectics include Engagement Affect Regulation
We focus today on engagement Change & coexistence of openness &
closedness forces 3 historical eras + projecting future changes
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Dialectics of Open-Closed (O/C)
Privacy regulation theory Openness and closedness forces exist:
O/C Simultaneously, holistically Changing over time
Multiple ways to achieve desired O/C Verbal & paraverbal Use of cultural rules for engagements Use of physical environment
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Our transactional model (Altman, Brown, & Werner)
Environments create & reflect opportunities,
constraints convey messages
Settings defined by Multiple domains & levels
Physical, policy, culture, psychology At macro & micro scale Exhibiting change & stability
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Early Colonial era: O/c
Households large & perhaps non-nuclear
Civil, church authorities highly engaged w. families
Shared labor, space, hi neighboring
Civil authority Church
Parents,
children,
boarders
Neighbors
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Sample Colonial homes
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Victorian era homes
Somewhat smaller families Many more barriers around family And between men, women, children At home, in public
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Openness: Mothers provide open, tranquil domestic settings & events
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Victorian estate allows o/C
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Divisions to maintain (1888 estate)
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Separate his and her fireplaces
Separate places by age, sex, status
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Separate Victorian chairs: His & hers
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Anti-separation sentiment ends era
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Early suburban era homes
Smaller families & homes Intimate, companionate, informal Men, women separate roles Child focused (Kids seen & heard)
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1950s “His” chair What does HE like to come home to? . .
The loving wife? The laughing kiddies? The pipe and slippers? Faithful Fido? YES . . . and his “care chasing” Clevelander.
Here’s the new addition for his family of affections! Another treasure to tuck in his favorite corner--the chair whose comfort chases cares away . . . the chair so comfortable that fatigue and tension flee in a flurry of pleasant dreams . . . the chair
designed to support every body line . . . and cushioned in resilient Blocksom Paratex rubberized hair! So watch him carefully, my fair lady. Watch as the back, seat and foot-rest automatically synchronize in motion . . . adjusting to his favorite position. Yes watch carefully, for comes tomorrow, you too can steal a few moments of heavenly bliss from the family favorite . . .
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Early suburban era problems
Nuclear family dominance Isolates women w/o paid jobs Or time starves those w. paid jobs Isolates non-drivers: kids, elders, poor
Sprawling landscapes & bigger homes Loss of community spaces
(neighborhood schools, porches) & addition of commute time
Attractions: TV, air conditioning, back patio
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Future predictions: O/C variations
Changes in society, technology, housing, communities
Openness & Closedness variations may include: More openness or closedness at home More openness or closedness
between home and community Changed regulatory mechanisms or
times
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More openness with community
Co-housing, neighborhood work centers
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More closedness from community
Escaping crime, traffic noise
Or drawn to large and comfortable interiors
Gated community ad: “Nurture yourself in this loving environment. Nature, peace, and tranquility can be yours.”
Testimonial: Julian has a friendly, safe and peaceful lifestyle not found in today's cities and suburbs. Beauty abounds everywhere
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More closedness within homes
For home workers, “refilled nests,” elders cared for by others, abuse victims
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More closedness within homes
Parents & children in separate or joined structures
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More openness within homes
Housing for singles, childfree couples, empty nesters, immigrant families
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Summary
Demographic, technological, cultural changes
Demonstrate a need for a variety of physical supports
For more and less openness & closedness
Within the home and between home & community