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Prologue: The Story of Psychology
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Prologue: The Story of Psychology
Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology
Psychological Science is Born
Psychological Science Develops
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Prologue: The Story of Psychology
Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Big Debate
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
Psychology’s Subfields
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Psychology’s RootsPrescientific Psychology
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In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas.
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Prescientific PsychologyConfucius (551-479 B.C.)
In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the importance of an educated mind.
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Prescientific PsychologyHebrew Scriptures
Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the body.
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Prescientific PsychologySocrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.)
Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued
to exist after death, and ideas were innate.
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Prescientific PsychologyAristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge
(ideas) grow from experience.
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Prescientific PsychologyRene Descartes (1596-1650)
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial
mind and physical body communicated.
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Prescientific PsychologyFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)
Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental method.
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Prescientific PsychologyJohn Locke (1632-1704)
Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.
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Prescientific Psychology
Mind and body are connected
Mind and body are distinct
The Hebrews Socrates
Aristotle Plato
Augustine Descartes
What is the relation of mind to the body?
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Prescientific Psychology
Some ideas are inborn
The mind is a blank slate
Socrates Aristotle
Plato Locke
How are ideas formed?
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Psychological Science is BornStructuralism
Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting
experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.
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Psychological Science is BornFunctionalism
Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism,
which opposed structuralism.
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Psychological Science is BornThe Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and
its effects on human behavior.
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Psychological Science DevelopsBehaviorism
Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject
matter of scientific psychology.
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Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic Psychology
Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth
potential and our need for love and acceptance.
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Psychology Today
We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what
we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).
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Psychological Associations & Societies
The American Psychological Association is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000
members world-wide, followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.
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Psychology’s Big Debate
Nature versus Nurture
Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
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Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsNeuroscience How the body and
brain enables emotions?
How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?
Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?
How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
Behavior genetics
How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?
To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?
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Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Psychodynamic
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?
How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?
Behavioral How we learn observable responses?
How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?
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Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective Focus Sample QuestionsCognitive How we encode,
process, store and retrieve information?
How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?
Social-cultural
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?
How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?
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Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Psychologist What she does
BiologicalExplore the links between brain and mind.
DevelopmentalStudy changing abilities from womb to tomb.
CognitiveStudy how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits.
SocialExplore how we view and affect one another.
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Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Data: APA 1997
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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Psychologist What she does
ClinicalStudies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
CounselingHelps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.
EducationalStudies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
Industrial/Organizational
Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.
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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Data: APA 1997
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A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with
psychotherapy.
Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments
like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.
Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
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Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads.
Question: Ask questions. Make notes. Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections
and chapters in entirety. Review: Margin definitions. Study learning
outcomes. Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with
quizzes.
Close-upYour Study of Psychology
Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)
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Distribute your time. Listen actively in class. Overlearn. Be a smart test-taker.
Close-upAdditional Study Hints