Module 01: Psychology’s History. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Ancient Greeks: –...
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Transcript of Module 01: Psychology’s History. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Ancient Greeks: –...
Module 01:Psychology’s History
Psychology’s Roots
Prescientific Psychology
• Ancient Greeks:– Psychology has its roots in Ancient Greek
Philosophy (600-400 B.C.E.)– Socrates/Plato-mind is separate from the body &
knowledge is born within us– Aristotle-believed careful observation was the
key; knowledge NOT innate.
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
Psychology’s Roots
Prescientific Psychology (cont.)
• Rene Descartes
• Francis Bacon
• John Locke
• Empiricism
-agreed with & built on the ideas of Socrates & Plato that the mind & body were separate
-a founder of modern science, his influence can still be seen in modern psychological science
-Tabula Rasa (blank slate); we are born knowing nothing
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born• Wilhelm Wundt
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born• Wilhelm Wundt
– 1st psychological laboratory- University of Leipzig (1879)
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born• Wilhelm Wundt
– 1st psychological laboratory- University of Leipzig (1879)
– Focused on the self-examination of conscious experience by objective observation of one's consciousness
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born– Reaction time experiment (demonstrated there
is a difference between actual perception & one’s awareness of one’s own perception)
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born– Reaction time experiment (demonstrated there
is a difference between actual perception & one’s awareness of one’s own perception)
– 1st experiment designed specifically to measure mental processes; led to Wundt being called the “father of experimental psychology.”
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born– Reaction time experiment (demonstrated there
is a difference between actual perception & one’s awareness of one’s own perception)
– 1st experiment designed specifically to measure mental processes; led to Wundt being called the “father of experimental psychology.”
– One of his students, G. Stanley Hall, established the 1st U.S. Psychology laboratory, at Johns Hopkins University
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born• Psychology as a science in the late
19th/early 20th century would soon become organized into varied schools of thought.
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological Science is Born• Psychology as a science in the late
19th/early 20th century would soon become organized into varied schools of thought.
• The early schools would be: Structuralism Functionalism Behaviorism
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Structure
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Structure• Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Structure• Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
– Classified the the mind by breaking it down into component parts (or structures)
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Structure• Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
– Classified the the mind by breaking it down into component parts (or structures)
– Sensations and thoughts were structures of the mind
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Structure• Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
– Classified the the mind by breaking it down into component parts (or structures)
– Sensations and thoughts were structures of the mind
–Structuralism
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Structure
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Structure‾ Structuralism was strictly based on
introspection
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Structure‾ Structuralism was strictly based on
introspection
‾ Very strict experimental methodology
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Structure‾ Structuralism was strictly based on
introspection
‾ Very strict experimental methodology
‾ After Titchener’s death, structuralism faded away.
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function
• William James
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function
• William James
• What purpose (function) does the mind serve?
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function
• William James
• What purpose (function) does the mind serve?
• How does the mind help the individual adapt to his environment?
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function
• William James
• What purpose (function) does the mind serve?
• How does the mind help the individual adapt to his environment?
• Based on Darwinism
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function
• William James• What purpose (function) does the
mind serve? • How does the mind help the
individual adapt to his environment?
• Based on Darwinism–Functionalism
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function• Experimental psychology
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function• Experimental psychology• Exploration of behavior & thinking through scientific
experiments
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function• Experimental psychology• Exploration of behavior & thinking through scientific
experiments• Mary Calkins-1st woman to complete doctoral
coursework; also 1st woman to be president of the APA (American Psychological Association)
Psychology’s Roots
Thinking About the Mind’s Function• Experimental psychology• Exploration of behavior & thinking through scientific
experiments• Mary Calkins-1st woman to complete doctoral
coursework; also 1st woman to be president of the APA (American Psychological Association)
• Margaret Floy Washburn-1st woman to be granted a PhD in psychology.
Psychological Science Develops
Psychological Science Develops
• Sigmund Freud
Psychological Science Develops
• Sigmund Freud• Emphasized emotional responses to childhood
experiences and our unconscious thoughts affected our behavior
Psychological Science Develops
• Sigmund Freud• Emphasized emotional responses to childhood
experiences and our unconscious thoughts affected our behavior
• Psychology was a “science of mental life”
Psychological Science Develops
• Sigmund Freud• Emphasized emotional responses to childhood
experiences and our unconscious thoughts affected our behavior
• Psychology was a “science of mental life”
• This definition of psychology would persist until the 1920’s
Psychological Science Develops
• Sigmund Freud• Emphasized emotional responses to childhood
experiences and our unconscious thoughts affected our behavior
• Psychology was a “science of mental life”• This definition of psychology would persist
until the 1920’s• Freud’s influence on psychology would
continue as Freudian psychology would be a major force in psychology until the 1960’s
Psychological Science Develops
Psychological Science Develops
• Behaviorism
Psychological Science Develops
• Behaviorism– human behavior is influenced by learning
& behavior can (unlike feelings/thoughts) be observed by scientists
Psychological Science Develops
• Behaviorism– human behavior is influenced by learning
& behavior can (unlike feelings/thoughts) be observed by scientists
– John B. Watson
Psychological Science Develops
• Behaviorism– human behavior is influenced by learning
& behavior can (unlike feelings/thoughts) be observed by scientists
– John B. Watson
– Rosalie Raynor
Psychological Science Develops
• Behaviorism– human behavior is influenced by learning
& behavior can (unlike feelings/thoughts) be observed by scientists
– John B. Watson
– Rosalie Raynor• “Little Albert” experiment
Psychological Science Develops
Psychological Science Develops
• B.F. Skinner
Psychological Science Develops
• B.F. Skinner– “study of observable behavior”
Psychological Science Develops
• B.F. Skinner– “study of observable behavior”
– Reinforcement-if actions lead to positive outcomes, those outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and vice versa
Psychological Science Develops
• B.F. Skinner– “study of observable behavior”
– Reinforcement-if actions lead to positive outcomes, those outcomes are more likely to be repeated, and vice versa
– Operant conditioning: use of reinforcement to cause the repetition of desired behaviors.
Psychological Science Develops
Psychological Science Develops
• Humanistic psychology
Psychological Science Develops
• Humanistic psychology• Less limiting than behaviorism & Freudian psychology;
focused on how our environment can nurture/limit our growth
Psychological Science Develops
• Humanistic psychology• Less limiting than behaviorism & Freudian psychology;
focused on how our environment can nurture/limit our growth
-Carl Rogers
Psychological Science Develops
• Humanistic psychology• Less limiting than behaviorism & Freudian psychology;
focused on how our environment can nurture/limit our growth -Abraham Maslow
-Carl Rogers
Psychological Science Develops
• Humanistic psychology• Less limiting than behaviorism & Freudian psychology;
focused on how our environment can nurture/limit our growth -Abraham Maslow
-Carl Rogers
Psychological Science Develops
• Humanistic psychology• Less limiting than behaviorism & Freudian psychology;
focused on how our environment can nurture/limit our growth -Abraham Maslow
-Carl Rogers
• Cognitive Neuroscience
Psychological Science Develops
• Humanistic psychology• Less limiting than behaviorism & Freudian psychology; focused
on how our environment can nurture/limit our growth -Abraham Maslow
-Carl Rogers
• Cognitive Neuroscience• Exploration of human’s perception, processing, & memory of
information
Psychological Science Develops
• Humanistic psychology• Less limiting than behaviorism & Freudian psychology; focused on
how our environment can nurture/limit our growth -Abraham Maslow
-Carl Rogers
• Cognitive Neuroscience• Exploration of human’s perception, processing, & memory of information
-Phrenology -Brain mapping
EXIT TICKET
Briefly describe (2-4 sentences) one of these Historical Approaches to Psychology:
StructuralismFunctionalismBehaviorismFreudian PsychologyHumanistic PsychologyCognitive Neuroscience
Definition Slides
Empiricism
= the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.
Structuralism
= early school of psychological thought that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
Functionalism
= a school of psychological thought that explored how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Experimental Psychology
= the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.
Behaviorism
= the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
• Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Humanistic Psychology
= a historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.
Cognitive Neuroscience
= the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).
Psychology
= the science of behavior and mental processes.
Nature-Nurture Issue
= the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
• Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.
Natural Selection
= the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Levels of Analysis
= the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
Biopsychosocial Approach
= an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.
Behavioral Psychology
= the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.
Biological Psychology
= the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.
• Some biological psychologists call themselves– behavioral neuroscientists, – neuropsychologists, – behavior geneticists, – physiological psychologists, or – biopsychologists.
Cognitive Psychology
= the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Evolutionary Psychology
= the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection.
Psychodynamic Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
Social-Cultural Psychology
= the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.
Psychometrics
= the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
Basic Research
= pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
Developmental Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
Educational Psychology
= the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.
Personality Psychology
= the study of an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Social Psychology
= the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Applied Research
= scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychologists
= the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
Human Factors Psychologists
= an I/O subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
Counseling Psychology
= a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, and marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
Clinical Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treat people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatry
= a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
Positive Psychology
= the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
Community Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
Testing Effect
= enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information.
• Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
SQ3R
= a study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.