1-Ora010002 Cdma2000 1x Principle Issue5.0

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ORA010002 CDMA2000 1x Principle

ISSUE 5.0


Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

Describe the development of mobile system

List the structure of CDMA2000 1X network

State the principle of CDMA2000 1X

State the key technology of CDMA2000 1X

Describe the air interface of CDMA2000 1X

Describe the numbers in CDMA2000 1X


Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Principle of SpreadingChapter 2 Principle of Spreading

Chapter 3 Technology of CDMA2000Chapter 3 Technology of CDMA2000

Chapter 4 Physical Layer of CDMA2000Chapter 4 Physical Layer of CDMA2000

Chapter 5 Number PlanningChapter 5 Number Planning



1.1 Development of Mobile Communicatins1.1 Development of Mobile Communicatins

1.2 Development of CDMA System1.2 Development of CDMA System

1.3 CDMA 2000 Network Structure1.3 CDMA 2000 Network Structure


Transmission Techniques

FrequencyTime

Power

FrequencyTime

Power

FrequencyTime

Power

CDMA

TDMA

FDMA

Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000

Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, GSM and DAMPS

Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS


Development of Mobile Communications

3G provides: Complete integrated service solutions High bandwidth Unified air interface Best spectral efficiency

Analog to Digital Voice to Broadband

AMPS

TACS

NMT

Others

1st Generation 1980s (analog)

GSM

CDMA IS95

TDMA IS-136

PDC

2nd Generation 1990s (digital)

UMTS WCDMA

CDMA 2000

TD-SCDMA

3rd Generation current (digital)


Difference of 3G Standards

3G system

CDMA2000

3GPP2

FDD mode

WCDMA

3GPP

FDD mode

TD-SCDMA

CWTS

TDD mode


Development of CDMA System

Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

Higher packet data rate and more diversified services

Smooth transit to 3G

IS95A 9.6kbps

CDMA2000 1x 307.2kbpsHeavier voice service capacity

Longer period of standby time

CDMA2000 3x

CDMA2000 1x EV

1x EV-DO

1x EV-DV

1995

IS95B 115.2kbps

1998

20002003


CDMA 2000 Network Structure


Questions

How many standards are there in 3G?

How to understand the three techniques of multi-access?

How many network elements are there in CDMA2000 1X network?


Chapter 2 Princple of SpreadingChapter 2 Princple of Spreading

2.1 Basic Conception2.1 Basic Conception

2.2 Communication Model 2.2 Communication Model


Direct Spread (DS)

Direct –Sequence Spread spectrum system mixes the input data with a fast sequence and transmits a wideband signal.

The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original information.

Transmission Receiving

Fast spreading sequence

Slow InformationSent

Slow informationRecovered

Wideband signal

Fast spreading sequence


Direct Spread (DS)

Spread sequence

Spread signal

Recover signal

Information signal bit

Spread sequence

Spread & De-spreadSpread & De-spread


Spectrum-domain Analysis

Spread

Power spectrum of information signal(narrow

band)

P()

Power spectrum of spread signal(broad

band)

Mixed signal’s power

spectrum(broad band and broad

band)

P()

P()

P()

P()

P()

integral/filtering

Recover signal’s

power spectrum (narrow band)

Mixed signal’s power spectrum(broad band

and narrow band)

Add

De-spread


Correlation

(a)

(b)

Correlation 100% so the functions are parallel

Correlation 0% so the functions are orthogonal


Sequence 2#

Output of integral circuit

Sequence 1#

1#2#

Orthogonal Function


Multiple Access

Code Division Multiple Address PrincipleCode Division Multiple Address Principle

Information bit 1#

Sequence 1#

Spread Signal 1#

Mixed Signal 1+2

Information bit 2#

Sequence 2#

Spread Signal 2#


Multiple Access

1st receiver resume process1st receiver resume process

Spread Sequence 1#

De-spread Signal

Mixed Signal

Output of Judgement

circuit


Multiple Access

2st receiver resume process2st receiver resume process

Spread Sequence 2#

De-spread Signal

Mixed Signal

Output of Judgement

circuit


Chapter 2 Princple of SpreadingChapter 2 Princple of Spreading

2.1 Basic Conception2.1 Basic Conception

2.2 Communication Model2.2 Communication Model


Communication Model

Source codingChannel Coding

Modulation RF transit

1

0 1 1 0 1 1

1

0 1 1 0 1 1

BitSymbo

lChip

Reverse

Forward

Source Decoding

Channel Decoding

De-Spread Demodulation RF receive

Scrambling

10011

00011

10011

01001

Spread

Unscrambling


Source Coding

There are 3 types of source coding in CDMA 2000 system:

8K QCELP

13K QCELP

EVRC

Characteristic:

Support voice activity


Channel Coding

Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Encoding efficiency= (total input bits total output symbols)

Register

MU

X

00001011

Bit

00110001

00100111

0000110100101011

Symbol

Channel Coding: ConvolutionChannel Coding: Convolution


Channel Coding

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 23 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Input:

Output:

Transmission direction

Interleaver

Transmission direction

Write by row

Read by column

Channel Coding: Interleaving Channel Coding: Interleaving


Channel Coding

1 0 1 1

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

Without channel coding, receiver can’t correct any errors

1 0 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 10

After convolution, receiver can correct errors. But recovery capability is restricted by encoding complexity.

1 0 1 1

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 111 1

0 00

1

1 11

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

0 110 1

1 00

1

0 11

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

Source

Through the interleaving, the consecutive error codes can be corrected


Scrambling and Spreading

M Sequence for scrambling

Long Code

Short Code

Walsh Code for spreading



Two points are important here: Maximum number of shift register (N) Mask

The period of out put sequence is 2N -1 bits Only sequence offset is change when the mask is changed PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence

Out

0 0 1

1 1 0

M SequenceM Sequence



The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242 -1chips

The functions of a long code:

Scramble the forward CDMA channel

Control the insertion of power control bit

Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to

identify the mobile stations

Long Code Long Code



Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips

Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish different

sectors

Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN offsets

are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215/64=512).

PNa

PNc

PNb

Short Code Short Code



64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and each Walsh code is orthogonal to other

A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the position and m i

s the order. For example, W24 means 0101 code in W4 matrix

Walsh code is used to spread the forward traffic channel

W2n=Wn Wn

Wn Wn

W1=0

W2=0 0

0 1

W4 =

0 00 1

0 00 1

0 00 1

Walsh code

Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.

1 11 0

Walsh CodeWalsh Code


MS: Which BTS I should listen? MS: Which BTS I should listen?

A PN sequence (short code) with period of 215 bits, is used with 64bits offset. That is 512 total PN available to identify the 512 sectors/BTSs.

BTS BBTS A

PN 4

PN

108

BTS C

PN 52


Each MS has unique Walsh code. Normally CDMA2000 uses 64 array Walsh codes

MS-AMS-B

MS-C

MS-D

MS-E

MS-F

MS-G

MS-H

0000000…. A

0101010… B

0000111… C

0101010… 0

MS-B: Which is my signal?


A PN sequence (long code) with period of 242-1 bits which is used to Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel and identify the MS. A unique ESN is used as mask to ach

ieve unique starting point

MS-A

MS-B

MS-C

MS-D

MS-E

MS-F

MS-G

MS-H

BTS: Who is my Mr. D?


Modulation

QPSK

HPSK/OQPSK


Questions

How to understand spreading and multi access?

What is the main function of each step in communication model ?

How to understand the three types of codes in CDMA2000 1X ?

Why do we say CDMA system is self interference system ?


Technology Of CDMA2000

Power control

Rake Receiver

Soft handoff


Power Control

no power control

after power control

Far/near problem exists in wireless systemFar/near problem exists in wireless system


Power Control

CDMA is a self-interference systemCDMA is a self-interference system

no power control

after power control


Power Control

According to the directions, power control can be divided into:

Reverse power control

Forward power control

According to the types, power control can be divided into:

Reverse power control

− Reverse open loop power control

− Reverse closed loop power control

Forward power control

− Measurement report power control

− EIB power control

− Fast power control

Classification Of Power ControlClassification Of Power Control


Power Control

The mobile transmission power is determined by the following factors: Distance from the base station Load of the cell Circumstance of the code channels

The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received power.

Reverse Open Loop Power ControlReverse Open Loop Power Control

BTSMobile

Reverse Open LoopPower Control

BTS

BTS

Transmitting Power


Power Control

Reverse Closed Loop Power ControlReverse Closed Loop Power Control

BTS

Power Control Bit

Eb/Nt Value FER Value

Inner Loop Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

Change in Eb/Nt Value

BSC

BTS


Power Control

Fast Forward Power ControlFast Forward Power Control

FER Measurement

MS

Power Control Bit

Eb/Nt Comparator

BTS

FEREb/Nt


RAKE Receiver


RAKE Receiver

RAKE receiver can mitigates

multi-path fading and

enhance the receive

performance of the system.

Receive set

Calculate the time delay and signal strength

Combiner

Correlator 1

Correlator 2

Correlator 3

Searcher correlator

output

Recover signal

from single path

and adjust it’s

time delay

90°

0°

0°

90°


Soft Handoff

Pilot SetsPilot Sets

An active pilot is a pilot whose paging or traffic channels are actually being monitored or used.

The pilot that not in the active set but potential to be demodulated

The pilot that not included in the active set or the candidate set but being possible to be added in the candidate set

Other pilot

Active Set Active Set

Candidate Set

Candidate Set

Neighbor Set

Neighbor Set

Remaining Set

Remaining Set

Searcher correlator

All pilot that can be detected by searcher correlator is classify to four pilot set.


Soft Handoff

Soft/softer handoff means MS can keep traffic channel with two or more sectors.

Soft handoff—involves traffic channel from more than one BTS and Multi-path combination in the BSC.

Softer handoff—involves traffic channel from two or more sectors of one BTS and Multi-path combination in the BTS.

Soft Handoff And Softer HandoffSoft Handoff And Softer Handoff


Soft HandoffImportant Parameters of Soft handoffImportant Parameters of Soft handoff

Sector A

Add Threshold (T_ADD)

DropThreshold (T_DROP)

Time

Ec/Io

Sector B

Guard Time(T-TDROP)

Soft Handoff Region

T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff.

T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot.

T_TDROP is a timer.


Soft Handoff

Dynamic Soft HandoffDynamic Soft Handoff

NeighborSet

Candidate

Set

ActiveSet

Candidate Set

TIME

ActiveSet

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

NeighborSet

T_TDROP T_TDROP

T_ADD

T_DROP

Pilot strengt

hP1

P2

1. P2>T_ADD

2. P2> [(SOFT_SLOPE/8) * 10 * log10(PS1) + ADD_INTERCEPT/2].

4. P1< [(SOFT_SLOPE/8) * 10 * log10(PS2) +DROP_INTERCEPT/2]

7. P1<T_DROP


Questions

Why CDMA system need power control ?

What is the function of the RAKE receiver ?

What is the difference between hard handoff and soft handoff ?

Why can CDMA system support soft handoff ?


Physical Layer Of IS95



Forward pilot channel is spread over W0 and modulated with

short code directly

BTS transmits the pilot channel continuously

The Pilot channel carries no data

Forward Link: Pilot ChannelForward Link: Pilot Channel

Pilot channel(all-zeros)

W064



The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize with the network. W32 is used to spread Sync Channel. The synchronization message includes:

− Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN

− System time: SYS_TIME

− Long code state: LC_STATE

− Paging channel rate: P_RAT Here note that, sync channel rate is 1200bps

Forward Link: Sync ChannelForward Link: Sync Channel

To

QP

SK

cod

er

2.4kbps 4.8kbps 4.8kbps

Code symbol

Repetitive code

symbol

1.2kbps

Convolution encoderr=1/2,K=9

symbol repetition

Block interleaving

Sync Ch bits

W3264



The paging channel transmits:

− System parameters message

− Access parameters

− Neighbors list

− CDMA channels list message The frame length of a paging channel is 20ms W1 ~ W7 are spared for the Paging Channels

spreading

To

QP

SK

cod

er

Paging channel bits

19.2/9.6Kbps 19.2kbps

19.2kbpsCode symbol

9.6/4.8 kbps

Convolution encoder

r=1/2,K=9

Symbol repetition

Block interleaving

Paging channel address mask

Long code PN

generator

decimator

1.2288Mcps

19.2kbps

W164

Forward Link: Paging ChannelForward Link: Paging Channel



I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)

PN 1.2288 Mcps

Repetitive symbol

19.2kbps

8.6kbps9.6kbps

4.8kbps2.4kbps1.2kbps

Add frame quality indicator bits(12,10,8,6)

Add 8 encoded tail

bits

Convolution encoder

r=1/2,K=9

Symbol repetition

Forward traffic channel

(172/80/40 or

16bits/frame)

Block interleaver

19.2kbps

MUX

Long code generator

Power control bits

Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps)

Baseband filter

I(t)

Q(t)decimator

+ ∑QPSK Modulation


19.2ksybps9.6ksybps4.8ksybps2.4ksybps

Sin(2pfct)

Cos(2pfct)

Walsh code

decimator

+

+Baseband

filter

+

+

Forward Link: Traffic Channel (FCH And SCCH)Forward Link: Traffic Channel (FCH And SCCH)



4.8 ksps (307.2kcps)Orthogonal spreading

28.8 ksps

Data burst randomizer

Long code PN

generatorLong code mask

Repetitive symbol

Walsh code


Baseband filter

I(t)

Q(t)

∑

QPSK Modulation

Sin(2pfct)

Cos(2pfct)

+

+Baseband

filter

+

+


1/2 PN chips Delayed time=406.9ns

Reverse Link: Access ChannelReverse Link: Access Channel Repetitive symbol

28.8 ksps

Code symbol

14.4 ksps4.4 kbps 4.8 kbpsAdd 8 encoder tail

bits

Convolutionencoder

r=1/3,K=9

Symbol repetitionAccess

channel (88

bits/frame)

Block interleaving


Physical Layer Of IS95Reverse Link: Traffic Channel (FCH And SCCH)Reverse Link: Traffic Channel (FCH And SCCH)

8.6kbps9.6kbps


Add frame quality indicator bits(12,10,8,6)

Add 8 encoded tail

bits

convolution encoder

r=1/3,K=9

Symbol repetition

Reverse traffic channel

Block interleaver


28.8Ksybps14.4Ksybps7.2Ksybps3.6Ksybps

4.8 kbps (307.2kbps)

PN chips1.2288 Mcps

Orthogonal spreading

Data burst randomizer

Long code PN

generatorLong code mask

Walsh code


Baseband filter

I(t)

Q(t)

∑QPSK Modulation

Sin(2pfct)

Cos(2pfct)

+

+Baseband

filter

+

+


1/2 PN chips Delayed time=406.9ns


Physical Layer Of CDMA2000Symbol

repetitionDefinition of IS2000’s Channel:


Physical Layer Of CDMA2000

Symbol repetition

Forward Channel: F-QPCHForward Channel: F-QPCH

0 1 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 152047... 4

1.28SF-PCH

F-PCH 80ms

F-QPCH

1 32 4 1 2 3 4

20ms 20ms20ms20ms20ms20ms20ms20ms

A1 B1 A2 B2



Forward Channel: F-CCCHForward Channel: F-CCCH

20ms frame (9.6kbps)

172 information bits 12 CRC bits8 encoders

tails bits


744 information bits 16 CRC bits 8 encoders tails bits


360 information bits 16 CRC bits 8 encoders tails bits

172 information bits

16 CRC bits 8 encoders tails bits

5ms frame (38.4kbps)With QPCH together, F-CCCH shared by many mobiles carries mobile-specific messages.



F-DCCH is a dedicated signaling

channel.

F-DCCH can carry user data that is

typically low-rate.

Forward Channel: F-DCCHForward Channel: F-DCCH

20ms frames (9.6kbps)

172 information bits12 CRC

bits

8 encoders tails bits

5ms frames (9.6kbps)

24 information bits 16 CRC bits 8 encoder tails bits



Forward Channel: F-SCHForward Channel: F-SCH

64

48

16

32

12

9600 19200 38400 76800 153600 307200 614400

Data rate -bps-

W01 =0

W02 =00

W12 =01

W04 =0000

W24 =0011

W14 =0101

W34 =0110

W08 =00000000

W48 =00001111

W28 =00110011

W68 =00111100

W18 =01010101

W58 =01011010

W38 =01100110

W78 =01101001

( W016 ,W8

16)

( W416 ,W12

16 )

( W216 ,W14

16 )

( W616 ,W14

16 )

( W116 ,W9

16 )

( W516 ,W13

16 )

( W316 ,W11

16 )

( W716 ,W15

16 )

The different Walsh codes corresponding to different data rates



The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel

Initialization

Tracing

Reverse Coherent Demodulation

Power Control Measurement

Base station enhances the received

performance and increases the capacity by

means of coherent demodulation of the

Reverse Pilot Channel.

MUX A

Pilot( all '0's)

Power Control Bit

N is the Spreading Rate number

Pilot PowerControl

Power Control Group= 1536 NPN Chips

384 NPN Chips

Reverse Pilot Channel

Reverse Channel: R-PICHReverse Channel: R-PICH



The Function of R-EACH

initiate communication with the base station and to respond to

a Paging Channel message

transmit its access request

Reverse Channel: R-EACHReverse Channel: R-EACH

R-EACH DataReverse Pilot Channel

Preamble (All 0s) R-EACH Frame Data

T preamble



To support data traffic, the R-SCH has two unique characteristics:

only carry user traffic data and does not carry any signaling traffic

Should be set up and torn down rather quickly

Reverse Channel: R-SCHReverse Channel: R-SCH

R-FCH

R-SCH

Bursting data is coming


RC Combination Regulation

Radio Configuration

Spreading Rate

Max Data Rate* (kbps)

Effective FEC Code Rate

OTD Allowed FEC EncodingModulation

1** 1 9.6 1/2 No Conv. BPSK 2** 1 14.4 3/4 No Conv BPSK

3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK4 1 307.2 1/2 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK5 1 230.4 3/8 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK6 3 307.2 1/6 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK7 3 614.4 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK8 3 460.8 1/4 or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK9 3 1036.8 1/2or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK

RadioConfiguration

SpreadingRate

Max Data Rate*(kbps)

Effective FECCode Rate

OTDAllowed

FEC Encoding Modulation

1** 1 9.6 1/3 No Conv 64-ary ortho 2** 1 14.4 1/2 No Conv 64-ary ortho

3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK(307.2) (1/2)

4 1 230.4 3.8 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK5 3 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK

(614.4) (1/3)6 3 460.8 1/4 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK

(1036.8) (1/2)

Reverse Radio Configuration

Forward Radio Configuration


RC Combination Regulation RC1 and RC2 corresponds respectively

to rate set 1 and rate set 2 in IS- 95A/B

system.

CDMA2000 Forward RC: RC1~RC5

Reverse RC: RC1~RC4

Rules:

Forward RC1, Reverse RC1


Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC3


RC 1

RC 2

RC 3

RC 4

RC 5

RC 1

RC 2

RC 3

RC 4

RC 5

RC 3

RC 4

RC 4

RC 3

F-FCH RCs

R-DCCH/SCH RCsF-DCCH/SCH RCs

R-FCH RCs


Questions

How many types channels are there in I595 system ? And what

are the functions of these channels ?

What is the function of F-SCH and R-SCH in CDMA 2000 ?

The capacity of CDMA2000 is more than that of IS95, could you

give reasons?

How do you understand radio configuration ?


Definition of Coverage Areas

Location area

MSC area

PLMN area

Service area

Sectorarea

Cell area


MIN/IMSI (identity/international mobile subscriber identity )

Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity

For example, 0907550001/460030907550001

15 digits

3 digits 2 digits

IMSI

MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI


ESN (Electronic Serial Number )

023 17 ……18……2431 ……

Manufacturer’s number

Retained Equipment SN

A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify single MS. An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:

For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone)The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.


MDN (Mobile directory number)

CC + MAC + H0H

1H

2H

3 + ABCD

International mobile subscriber DN

National valid mobile subscriber number

Mobile directory number

For example, 8613307550001

subscriber number


TLDN (Temporary local directory number)

+CC MAC H0H 1H2 ABC+ ++44

Temporary local directory number

For example, 8613344755001


Location Area Identity (LAI)

PAGING message is broadcast within a local area, the size of

which depends on traffic, paging bearer capability, signaling

flow , etc.

Format: MCC+MNC+LAC

MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is

460.

MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the

MNC of Unicom is 03.

LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD

code. 0000 cannot be used with FFFE.

For example, 460030100


Global Cell Identity (GCI)

The unique ID of a cell in PLMN

Format: LAI+CI

CI: Cell Identity, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code, pre

defined by the engineering department. The first 3 digits and

the last digit represent the base station number and the sector

number respectively. For an omni-directional site, the last digit

of CI is 0.

For example, 4600301001230 shows base station number 123

contains an omni-directional site


SID/NID

In the CDMA2000 1X network, the service area consists of systems

and networks that are identified respectively by the system

identification (SID) and network identification (NID).

The system judges whether the MS is roaming according to the SID

and NID.

NID= t

NID= u NID= v

SID=L

SID=N

SID=K

SID=M


Summary

The difference of three types of multi-access

The function of each process in

communication mode

Three key techniques

The physical layer of IS95 and CDMA2000

SummarySummary

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Thank You

1-Ora010002 Cdma2000 1x Principle Issue5.0

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Transcript of 1-Ora010002 Cdma2000 1x Principle Issue5.0