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Transcript of 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form...
![Page 1: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1Language Typology
Anna Siewierska&
Dik BakkerLancaster University
Variationin
Structure:Form and Meaning
![Page 2: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2Language Typology
Typology: what is it?
What is language typology about?
![Page 3: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3Language Typology
Typology: what is it?
What is language typology about?
1. Looks at 'all' the languages of the world
![Page 4: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4Language Typology
Typology: what is it?
What is language typology about?
1. Looks at 'all' the languages of the world
2. Describes differences and correspondences between them
![Page 5: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5Language Typology
Typology: what is it?
What is language typology about?
1. Looks at 'all' the languages of the world
2. Describes differences and correspondences between them
3. Systematizes these observations
![Page 6: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6Language Typology
Typology: what is it?
What is language typology about?
1. Looks at 'all' the languages of the world
2. Describes differences and correspondences between them
3. Systematizes these observations
4. Tries to explain them (optional)
![Page 7: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7Language Typology
Typology: goal
What should be the overall impression?
![Page 8: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8Language Typology
Typology: goal
What should be the overall impression?
- Languages are (very) different on the outside
![Page 9: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9Language Typology
Typology: goal
What should be the overall impression?
- Languages are (very) different on the outside
- When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common
![Page 10: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10Language Typology
Typology: goal
What should be the overall impression?
- Languages are (very) different on the outside
- When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common
- They make choices from restricted options for largely the same categories
![Page 11: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11Language Typology
Typology: goal
What should be the overall impression?
- Languages are (very) different on the outside
- When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common
- They make choices from restricted options for largely the same categories
→ They serve the same purpose: human communication
![Page 12: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12Language Typology
Typology: goal
What should be the overall impression?
- Languages are (very) different on the outside
- When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common
- They make choices from restricted options for largely the same categories
→ They serve the same purpose: human communication
→ They should be learned in first 5-7 years
![Page 13: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13Language Typology
Typology: how?
How to proceed?
![Page 14: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14Language Typology
Typology: how?
How to proceed?
- Start out from what they already know about language:
![Page 15: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15Language Typology
Typology: how?
How to proceed?
- Start out from what they already know about language:
- English: spoken vs written; formal vs informal; etc
![Page 16: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16Language Typology
Typology: how?
How to proceed?
- Start out from what they already know about language:
- English: spoken vs written; formal vs informal; etc
- English dialects (local!)
![Page 17: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17Language Typology
Typology: how?
How to proceed?
- Start out from what they already know about language:
- English: spoken vs written; formal vs informal; etc
- English dialects (local!)
- Other languages known to the particular group:
Welsh, Gaelic, Romany, Urdu, Pashto, French, …
![Page 18: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18Language Typology
Typology: how?
How to proceed?
- Start out from what they already know about language:
- English: spoken vs written; formal vs informal; etc
- English dialects (local!)
- Other languages known to the particular group:
Welsh, Gaelic, Romany, Urdu, Pashto, French, …
- European languages
![Page 19: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19Language Typology
Typology: how?
How to proceed?
- Start out from what they already know about language:
- English: spoken vs written; formal vs informal; etc
- English dialects (local!)
- Other languages known to the particular group:
Welsh, Gaelic, Romany, Urdu, Pashto, French, …
- European languages
- Rest of the world
![Page 20: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20Language Typology
Typology: how?
Further requirements:
![Page 21: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21Language Typology
Typology: how?
Further requirements:
- No jargon but terms they know
![Page 22: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22Language Typology
Typology: how?
Further requirements:
- No jargon but terms they know
- Interactive: involve them
![Page 23: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23Language Typology
Typology: how?
Further requirements:
- No jargon but terms they know
- Interactive: involve them
- Clear, simple examples from 'exotic' languages
![Page 24: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24Language Typology
Typology: how?
Further requirements:
- No jargon but terms they know
- Interactive: involve them
- Clear, simple examples from 'exotic' languages
- Sound and Pictures
![Page 25: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25Language Typology
Typology: how?
Two forms of implementation of the course:
![Page 26: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26Language Typology
Typology: how?
Two forms of implementation of the course:
1. Comprehensive: series of 1 hour lessons < 5 (min), 7, 9, … , 15 (max) >
- General introduction- 2 lessons per topic (max = 6):
L1: introduction to the topicL2: exercises and discussion
- Closing lesson
![Page 27: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27Language Typology
Typology: how?
Two forms of implementation of the course:
1. Comprehensive: series of 1 hour lessons < 5 (min), 7, 9, … , 15 (max) >
- General introduction- 2 lessons per topic (max = 6):
L1: introduction to the topicL2: exercises and discussion
- Closing lesson
2. Compact: 2 or 3 x 1 hour
![Page 28: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28Language Typology
Versions
Version 1: Comprehensive
![Page 29: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29Language Typology
Comprehensive
Maximum 15x 1 hour lesson:
![Page 30: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30Language Typology
Comprehensive
Maximum 15x 1 hour lesson:
I. What is Typology?
![Page 31: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31Language Typology
Comprehensive
Maximum 15x 1 hour lesson:
I. What is Typology?
T1. Articles (2 x Intro + exercise + Discussion)
![Page 32: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32Language Typology
Comprehensive
Maximum 15x 1 hour lesson:
I. What is Typology?
T1. Articles (2 x Intro + exercise + Discussion) T2. Word Order (I + e + D)T3. Negation (I + e + D)T4. Passive (I + e + D)T5. Pronominal subjects (I + e + D)T6. Subject versus Object (I + e + D)
![Page 33: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33Language Typology
Comprehensive
Maximum 15x 1 hour lesson:
I. What is Typology?
T1. Articles (2 x Intro + exercise + Discussion) T2. Word Order (I + e + D)T3. Negation (I + e + D)T4. Passive (I + e + D)T5. Pronominal subjects (I + e + D)T6. Subject versus Object (I + e + D)
C. Concluding lesson
![Page 34: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34Language Typology
Topics
I. INTRODUCTION
![Page 35: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Speaker of a language
“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”
![Page 36: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Speaker of a language
“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”
Some: English is their only language mother tongue
![Page 37: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Speaker of a language
“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”
Some: English is their only language mother tongue
?
![Page 38: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Speaker of a language
“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”
Some: English is their only language mother tongue
Some: English + other language(s):
![Page 39: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Speaker of a language
“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”
Some: English is their only language mother tongue
Some: English + other language(s):
> both are mother tongue multilingual
![Page 40: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Speaker of a language
“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”
Some: English is their only language mother tongue
Some: English + other language(s):
> both are mother tongue multilingual ?
![Page 41: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Speaker of a language
“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”
Some: English is their only language mother tongue
Some: English + other language(s):
> both are mother tongue multilingual
> second language
![Page 42: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Speaker of a language
“Everyone in ENGLAND speaks ENGLISH”
Either as a first or a second language
The same English everywhere in England ?
![Page 43: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
English
England
ENGLISH
![Page 44: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
English
England Lancashire
ENGLISH LANCASHIRE DIALECT
![Page 45: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
English
England Lancashire Lancaster
ENGLISH LANCASHIRE LANCASTER DIALECT ACCENT
![Page 46: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Dialects
Dialects:
English
Lancashire:
![Page 47: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Dialects
Dialects:
English
Lancashire:
‘That were me brother what went to America’
?
![Page 48: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Dialects
Dialects:
English
Lancashire:
‘That were me brother what went to America’
was my who
![Page 49: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Dialects
Dialects:
English
Lancashire:
‘That were me brother what went to America’
was my who?
![Page 50: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Dialects
Dialects:
English
Lancashire:
‘That were me brother what went to America’
was my who Standard English
![Page 51: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Dialects
English in the UK = around 45 dialects
![Page 52: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Dialects
English in the UK = around 45 dialects
NORTH: Lancashire Cumbrian
Geordie Tyke
![Page 53: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Dialects
English in the UK = around 45 dialects
NORTH: LancashireCumbrian
Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse
Brummie
![Page 54: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Dialects
English in the UK = around 45 dialects
NORTH: LancashireCumbrian
Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse
BrummieSOUTH: Cockney
RP
![Page 55: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Dialects
English in the UK = around 45 dialects
NORTH: LancashireCumbrian
Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse
BrummieSOUTH: Cockney
Received Pronunciation ('BBC English')
![Page 56: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Dialects
English in the UK = around 45 dialects
NORTH: LancashireCumbria
Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse
BrummieSOUTH: Cockney
Received Pronunciation ('BBC English')
STANDARD:Writing
Education...
![Page 57: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Dialects
English in the UK = around 45 dialects
NORTH: LancashireCumbria
Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse
BrummieSOUTH: Cockney
Received Pronunciation ('BBC English')
STANDARD:Different,Not Better
![Page 58: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
WesternEurope
![Page 59: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
English
Spanish
Portuguese
French
Dutch
DanishIcelandic
Italian
German
WesternEurope
![Page 60: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
English
Spanish
Portuguese
French
Dutch
DanishIcelandic
Italian
German
WesternEurope
![Page 61: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Other languages
In Europe: 150 languages
How many in the world? ?
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62
Other languages
In Europe: 150 languages
How many in the world?
Currently spoken 7000+ languages
In Europe around 2% only
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63
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64
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65
Languages
Languages:
Currently spoken: 7,000
Extinct (known): 500 ?
![Page 66: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Languages
Languages:
Currently spoken: 7,000
Extinct (known): 500 Latin, Etruscan, Hittite, Babylonian, Old Egyptian, …
![Page 67: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Languages
Languages:
Currently spoken: 7,000
Extinct (known): 500 Latin, Etruscan, Hittite, Babylonian, Old Egyptian, …
1 more every 2 weeks
![Page 68: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68Language Typology
Communalities
Reasons for languages to have something in common:
![Page 69: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69Language Typology
Communalities
Reasons for languages to have something in common:
- Inherited (language families):
![Page 70: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70Language Typology
Communalities
Reasons for languages to have something in common:
- Inherited:
Germanic: English Dutch German
cow koe Kuh
![Page 71: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71Language Typology
Communalities
Reasons for languages to have something in common:
- Inherited:
Germanic: English Dutch German
cow koe Kuh
Romance: French Spanish Italian
vache vaca vacca
![Page 72: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72Language Typology
Communalities
Reasons for languages to have something in common:
- Inherited
- Language contact:
![Page 73: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73Language Typology
Communalities
Reasons for languages to have something in common:
- Inherited
- Language contact:
English: pig sheep
porc mutton
French: porc mouton
![Page 74: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74Language Typology
Communalities
Reasons for languages to have something in common:
- Inherited
- Language contact:
English: pig sheep climb
porc mutton ascend
French: porc mouton ascendre
![Page 75: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75Language Typology
Communalities
Reasons for languages to have something in common:
- Inherited
- Language contact:
English: pig sheep climb
porc mutton ascend
French: porc mouton ascendre?
![Page 76: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76Language Typology
Communalities
Reasons for languages to have something in common:
- Inherited
- Language contact
- Chance:
![Page 77: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77Language Typology
Communalities
Reasons for languages to have something in common:
- Inherited
- Language contact
- Chance:
'Shut the door' ~ 'Je t'adore' < = I adore you >
![Page 78: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
![Page 79: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
![Page 80: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
Germanic: English Dutch German
cow koe Kuh
![Page 81: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
Germanic: English Dutch German
cow koe Kuh
Plural cows koeien Kühe
![Page 82: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
English: We went into an antique-shop
![Page 83: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
English: We went into an antique-shop
Turkish: Bir antikaci-dan içeri girdik
![Page 84: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
English: We went into an antique-shop
Turkish: Bir antikaci-dan içeri girdik
An antique-shop into
![Page 85: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
English: We went into an antique-shop
Turkish: Bir antikaci-dan içeri gir
An antique-shop into went
![Page 86: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
English: We went into an antique-shop
Turkish: Bir antikaci-dan içeri girdik
An antique-shop into went-we
![Page 87: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
- Language change:
![Page 88: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
- Language change:
Chaucer (1400):But now, sire, lat me se what shal I seyn
![Page 89: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
- Language change:
Chaucer (1400):But now, sire, lat me se what shal I seyn
2000:But now, sir, let me see what I shall be
![Page 90: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
- Language change:
Chaucer (1400):But now, sire, lat me se what shal I seyn
2000:But now, sir, let me see what I shall be
![Page 91: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
- Language change:
Chaucer (1400):But now, sire, lat me se what shal I seyn
2000:But now, sir, let me see what I shall be
![Page 92: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92Language Typology
Differences
Reasons for languages to be different:
- Other choice for solution common problem
- Language change:
Chaucer (1400):But now, sire, lat me se what shal I seyn (Dutch = syn)
2000:But now, sir, let me see what I shall be (Dutch = zyn)
![Page 93: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93Language Typology
Topics from typology
6 Topics from Typology:
![Page 94: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94Language Typology
Topics from typology
6 Topics from Typology:
- From 'easy' to 'complex'
![Page 95: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95Language Typology
Topics from typology
6 Topics from Typology:
- From 'easy' to 'complex'- Related to each other:
e.g. Word Order ~ Passive ~ Subject
![Page 96: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
96Language Typology
Topics from typology
6 Topics from Typology:
- From 'easy' to 'complex'- Related to each other:
e.g. Word Order ~ Passive ~ Subject - First 'What is this in the English language, and what does it?'
![Page 97: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
97Language Typology
Topics from typology
6 Topics from Typology:
- From 'easy' to 'complex'- Related to each other:
e.g. Word Order ~ Passive ~ Subject - First 'What is this and what does it?'- Branch out to dialects/languages-in-Britain
![Page 98: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
98Language Typology
Topics from typology
6 Topics from Typology:
- From 'easy' to 'complex'- Related to each other:
e.g. Word Order ~ Passive ~ Subject - First 'What is this and what does it?’- Branch out to dialects/languages-in-Britain- Further into Europe
![Page 99: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
99Language Typology
Topics from typology
6 Topics from Typology:
- From 'easy' to 'complex'- Related to each other:
e.g. Word Order ~ Passive ~ Subject - First 'What is this and what does it?'- Branch out to dialects/languages-in-Britain- Further into Europe- Rest of the world
![Page 100: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
100Language Typology
Topics
T1. ARTICLES
![Page 101: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
101Language Typology
Articles
Article: what is it in English?
'We went to see the football match' vs'We went to see a football match'
![Page 102: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
102Language Typology
Articles
Article: what is it in English, and what does it?
'We went to see the football match' vs'We went to see a football match'
→ Definite: Hearer supposed to know which one→ Indefinite: Hearer NOT supposed to know which one
![Page 103: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
103Language Typology
Articles
Article: what is it in English, and what does it?
'We went to see the football match' vs'We went to see a football match'
→ Definite: Hearer supposed to know which one→ Indefinite: Hearer NOT supposed to know which one
Definite also in case there is only ONE:
The capital of Lancashire is Preston
![Page 104: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
104Language Typology
Articles
About the function:
→ Seems to be important that hearer knows what/which I am talking about, to avoid misunderstandings:
'This is a new player, add her to the story' vs 'I am talking about the one you know, so keep all information about her available'
![Page 105: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
105Language Typology
Articles
About the function:
→ Seems to be important that hearer knows what/which I am talking about, to avoid misunderstandings:
'This is a new player, add her to the story' vs 'I am talking about the one you know, so keep all information about her available'
Would all languages have this device? ?
![Page 106: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
106Language Typology
Articles
About the form: Variation with a language
the [δә] boy the [δI] other one
a [ә] / [eī] boy an [әn] other one
![Page 107: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
107Language Typology
Articles
Local English dialect: Variation across dialects
The same, but possible differences in pronunciation and possibly also use:
Cf. Lancashire dialect:
Oh yes yes they were a primary school (.) Miss Riley she were er (.) er in the [δ] infants you see and then you went up into the [‘] big school
![Page 108: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
108Language Typology
Articles
Scots Gaelic:
am balach = the boy
But:
- balach = a boy
![Page 109: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
109Language Typology
Articles
Conclusion < first version >:
Languages have a definite article, form is different per language,and even per dialect.
Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'.
![Page 110: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
110Language Typology
Articles
Conclusion < first version >:
Languages have a definite article, form is different per language,and even per dialect.
Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'.
But: based on only 2 languages ...
![Page 111: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
111Language Typology
Articles
English:
the boy
a boy
![Page 112: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
112Language Typology
Articles
English: Dutch:
the boy de jongen
a boy een jongen
![Page 113: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
113Language Typology
Articles
English: Dutch: German:
the boy de jongen der Junge
a boy een jongen ein Junge
![Page 114: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
114Language Typology
Articles
English: Dutch: German:
the boy de jongen der Junge
a boy een jongen ein Junge
![Page 115: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
115Language Typology
Articles
English: Dutch: German:
the boy de jongen der Junge
a boy een jongen ein Junge
![Page 116: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
116Language Typology
Articles
English: Dutch: German:
the boy de jongen der Junge
a boy een jongen ein Junge
Different, but sound more or less the same
![Page 117: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
117Language Typology
Articles
English: Dutch: German:
the boy de jongen der Junge
a boy een jongen ein Junge
Different, but sound more or less the same
![Page 118: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
118Language Typology
Articles
Scots Gaelic:
am balach = the boy
balach = a boy
![Page 119: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
119Language Typology
Articles
Scots Gaelic: Welsh:
am balach = the boy y gwlad = the country
balach = a boy gwledydd = a country
![Page 120: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
120Language Typology
Articles
Scots Gaelic: Welsh:
am balach = the boy y gwlad = the country
balach = a boy gwledydd = a country
![Page 121: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
121Language Typology
Articles
Scots Gaelic: Welsh:
am balach = the boy y gwlad = the country
balach = a boy gwledydd = a country
![Page 122: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
122Language Typology
Articles
Not learned much: coincidence???
NO → family relationship:
English, Dutch, German, Danish, Swedish, ...:
Sisters: GERMANIC languages
Welsh, Scots Gaelic, Irish, Breton, ...:
Sisters: CELTIC languages
![Page 123: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
123
English
Welsh
Dutch
German
WesternEurope2009
Gaelic
English
Danish
Breton
![Page 124: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
124
Year100 BC
![Page 125: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
125
Celtic
Year100 BC
![Page 126: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
126
Celtic Germanic
Year100 BC
![Page 127: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
127
Celtic Germanic
Latin
Year100 BC
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128
Celtic Germanic
Latin
Year0
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129
Celtic Germanic
Latin
Year0
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130
Celtic Germanic
Latin
Year400 AD
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131
Celtic Germanic
Latin
Year400 AD
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132
Celtic Germanic
Latin
Year900 AD
Scots Gaelic
Irish
Welsh
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133
Celtic Germanic
Latin
Year900 AD
Scots Gaelic
Irish
Welsh
GermanDutch
English
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134
Celtic Germanic
Romance
Year900 AD
Scots Gaelic
Irish
Welsh
GermanDutch
English
Italian
Spanish
French
![Page 135: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
135Language Typology
Articles
Conclusion < first version >:
Languages have a definite article, form is different per language.
Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'.
![Page 136: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
136Language Typology
ArticlesConclusion < second version >:
Languages have a definite article, form is different per language.
Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'.
Looking at languages from the same family does not reveal much more about definiteness since languages tend to inherit the same system from their ancestor language. This is still visible after many hundreds of years.
![Page 137: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
137Language Typology
ArticlesConclusion < second version >:
Languages have a definite article, form is different per language.
Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'.
Looking at languages from the same family does not reveal much more about definiteness since languages tend to inherit the same system from their ancestor language
BUT: only two families out of many hundreds ...
![Page 138: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
138Language Typology
Articles
English (GERM): Spanish (ROM): Gaelic (CELT):
the boy el joven am balach
a boy un joven balach
![Page 139: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
139Language Typology
Articles
English (GERM): Spanish (ROM): Gaelic (CELT):
the boy el joven am balach
a boy un joven balach
![Page 140: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
140Language Typology
Articles
English (GERM): Spanish (ROM): Gaelic (CELT):
the boy el joven am balach
a boy un joven balach
![Page 141: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
141Language Typology
ArticlesConclusion < = second version NOTHING NEW >:
Languages have a definite article, form is different per language.
Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'.
Looking at languages from the same family does not reveal much more about definiteness since languages tend to inherit the same system from their ancestor language
BUT: all these languages in close contact (Western Europe)
![Page 142: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
142
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143
SLAVICLANGUAGES:
Russian
Polish
Czech
Croat
...
![Page 144: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
144Language Typology
Articles
English: Polish:
the boy chłopiec
a boy chłopiec
![Page 145: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
145Language Typology
Articles
English: Polish:
the boy chłopiec
a boy chłopiec
![Page 146: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
146Language Typology
Articles
English: Polish:
the boy chłopiec
a boy chłopiec
N.B. Polish speakerswith English as asecond language
often 'forget' the article
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147Language Typology
Articles
Conclusion < third version >:
Languages may or may not have a definite article.
If they have a definite article, they may also have anindefinite article.
The system seems to be inherited from the ancestor language, because sister languages tend to have the same system.
![Page 148: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
148Language Typology
Articles
Language Types (OBSERVED):
NO ARTICLES
Polish (SLAV)
ARTICLES
ONLY DEFINITE
Welsh (CELT)
DEFINITE & INDEFINITE
English (GERM)
Spanish (ROM)
![Page 149: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
149Language Typology
Articles
Language Types (OBSERVED):
NO ARTICLES ARTICLES
ONLY DEFINITE DEFINITE & INDEFINITE
Universal Rule (???):
Only indefinite article when also definite
![Page 150: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
150Language Typology
Articles
Language Types (LOGICAL):
NO ARTICLES ARTICLES
ONLY DEFINITE DEFINITE & INDEFINITE
ONLY INDEFINITE
![Page 151: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
151Language Typology
Articles
Universal Rule (???):
Only indefinite article when also definite
![Page 152: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
152Language Typology
Articles
Universal Rule (???):
Only indefinite article when also definite
TEST on more languages:
GERM/CELT/ROM/SLAV: related → European Super Family
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153Language Typology
Articles
Universal Rule (???):
Only indefinite article when also definite
TEST on more languages:
GERM/CELT/ROM/SLAV: related → European Super Family
Ideally: all languages of the world (7000+): NOT AVAILABLE
![Page 154: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
154Language Typology
Articles
Universal Rule (???):
Only indefinite article when also definite
TEST on more languages:
GERM/CELT/ROM/SLAV: related → European Super Family
Ideally: all languages of the world (7000+): NOT AVAILABLE
Minimally: one language per family (250 – 400) < SAMPLE >
![Page 155: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
155
No articles (188) 44%
Definite and Indefinite article (133)30%
Only Definite article (76) 17% 56%
Only Indefinite article (41) 9%
WALS
N = 438
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156Language Typology
Articles
English: Gaelic: Turkish Polish:
the boy an balach oğlan chłopiec
a boy balach bir oğlan chłopiec
Counter example to (potential) rule
![Page 157: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
157Language Typology
Articles
Conclusion < fourth version; definitive (???) >:
Slightly more than half of the languages have articles.
More than half of these have both a definite and anindefinite article
Of those that have only one type, twice as many have a definite article than an indefinite one
![Page 158: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
158Language Typology
Articles
Language Types (LOGICAL = OBSERVED):
NO ARTICLES ARTICLES
ONLY DEFINITE DEFINITE & INDEFINITE
ONLY INDEFINITE
Right Sample
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159Language Typology
Articles
Polish: English: Gaelic: Turkishchłopiec the boy am balach oğlanchłopiec a boy balach bir oğlan
44% > 30% > 17% > 9%
Articles NOT necessary: often clear in context
![Page 160: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
160Language Typology
Articles
Polish: English: Gaelic: Turkishchłopiec the boy am balach oğlanchłopiec a boy balach bir oğlan
44% > 30% > 17% > 9%
Articles NOT necessary: often clear in context
Alternatives: Demonstrative (THIS, THAT)Numeral (ONE)Possessive (MY, HIS) Adjctive (NEW, OTHER, CLOSE, BIG)
![Page 161: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
161Language Typology
Articles
Polish: English: Gaelic: Turkishchłopiec the boy am balach oğlanchłopiec a boy balach bir oğlan
44% > 30% > 17% > 9%
Articles NOT necessary: often clear in context
Alternatives: Demonstrative (THIS, THAT)Numeral (ONE)
Historical Source
![Page 162: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
162Language Typology
Articles
Polish: English: Gaelic: Turkishchłopiec the boy am balach oğlanchłopiec a boy balach bir oğlan
44% > 30% = 2x 17% = 2x 9%
If present, why this distribution?
![Page 163: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
163Language Typology
Articles
Polish: English: Gaelic: Turkishchłopiec the boy am balach oğlanchłopiec a boy balach bir oğlan
44% > 30% = 2x 17% = 2x 9%
If present, why this distribution?
Two different forms clearer contrast than one vs noneMost important: difference → one is enough → economicalDefinite article more often stressed than indefinite
![Page 164: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
164Language Typology
Articles
Articles help to identify a referent (known to hearer or not)
![Page 165: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
165Language Typology
Articles
Articles help to identify a referent (known to hearer or not)
Two main types: languages with (I) and without articles (II) almost equally common ( = not a universal category)
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166Language Typology
Articles
Articles help to identify a referent (known to hearer or not)
Two main types: languages with (I) and without articles (II) almost equally common ( = not a universal category)
Three subtypes of (I):a. both finite and indefinite article presentb. only definite articlec. only indefinite article
![Page 167: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
167Language Typology
Topics
T2. WORD ORDER
![Page 168: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
168Language Typology
Word Order
Possibilities:
1. Alternative orders in the noun phrase, including constraints on combinations (DefN, IndefN, DemN, NumN, AN)
![Page 169: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
169Language Typology
Demonstrative – Noun Order
![Page 170: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
170Language Typology
Numeral – Noun Order
![Page 171: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
171Language Typology
Word Order
Possibilities:
1. Alternative orders in the noun phrase, including constraints on combinations (DefN, IndefN, DemN, NumN, AN)
![Page 172: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
172Language Typology
Word Order
Possibilities:
1. Alternative orders in the noun phrase, including constraints on combinations (DefN, IndefN, DemN, NumN, AN)
2. Main clause order (S / O / V):- simple definition of subject and object - variation in English & dialects- orders in other languages- basic order vs alternatives plus motivation
![Page 173: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
173Language Typology
Main Clause Order
![Page 174: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
174Language Typology
Topics
T3. NEGATION
![Page 175: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
175Language Typology
Topics
T4. PASSIVE
![Page 176: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
176Language Typology
Topics
T5. PRONOMINAL SUBJECTS
![Page 177: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
177Language Typology
Topics
T6. SUBJECTS VS OBJECTS
![Page 178: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
178Language Typology
Topics
C. CONCLUDING LESSON
![Page 179: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
179Language Typology
Conclusion
Resume over all topics, relating them to each other
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180Language Typology
Conclusion
Resume over all topics, relating them to each other
On the basis of the original statements:
- Languages are (very) different on the outside
- When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common
- They make choices from restricted options for largely the same categories
![Page 181: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
181Language Typology
Conclusion
Resume over all topics, relating them to each other
On the basis of the original statements:
- Languages are (very) different on the outside
- When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common
- They make choices from restricted options for largely the same categories
- What would be another interesting topic to look at??
![Page 182: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
182Language Typology
Topics
Version 2: Compact
![Page 183: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
183Language Typology
Compact
One 2 - 3 hour version, possibly 2 - 3 x 1 hour:
![Page 184: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
184Language Typology
Compact
One 2 - 3 hour version
1. What is typology?
![Page 185: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
185Language Typology
Compact
One 2 - 3 hour version
1. What is typology?
2. Languages of the world: areas and families
![Page 186: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
186Language Typology
Compact
One 2 - 3 hour version
1. What is typology?
2. Languages of the world: areas and families
3. One or more (simple) phenomena (Article? Word Order?)
![Page 187: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
187Language Typology
Compact
One 2 - 3 hour version
1. What is typology?
2. Languages of the world: areas and families
3. One or more (simple) phenomena (Article? Word Order?)
4. Relations between phenomena (only examples)
![Page 188: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
188Language Typology
Compact
One 2 - 3 hour version
1. What is typology?
2. Languages of the world: areas and families
3. One or more (simple) phenomena (Article? Word Order?)
4. Relations between phenomena (only examples)
5. Conclusion
![Page 189: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
189Language Typology
Compact
One 2 - 3 hour version
1. What is typology?
2. areas and families
3. One (simple) phenomenon
4. Relations
5. Conclusion
Very Compact Version
Probably better to make it into
“General introduction toLanguages of the World”
![Page 190: 1 Language Typology Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051819/551afe21550346f70d8b5470/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
190Language Typology
?