1

1. kavkasiis geografiuli garemo da mosaxleoba

kavkasia geografiulad, eTnikurad, enobrivad, konfesiurad da

kulturulad mravalferovani regionia. aq erTmaneTs enacvleba mTagrexilebi, zegnebi, dablobebi, tyeebi, Waobiani velebi, mSrali stepebi, mdinareebi, tbebi. mdebareobam da geografiulma garemom mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra kavkasiis regionis xalxTa cxovrebis wesi, maTi urTierToba erTmaneTTan da garesamyarosTan, maTi istoria.

kavkasias xSirad uwodeben xalxTa muzeums. aq daaxloebiT 50 sxvadasxva xalxi cxovrobs, dawyebuli erTobebiT, romelTa enaze ramdenime aseuli adamiani laparakobs, damTavrebuli didi eTnikuri jgufebiT, romlebic ramdenime milion adamians aerTianebs. aseTi mravalferovneba kavkasias ZvelTagan mosdgams. plinius umcrosis sityviT, romaelebs kavkasiaSi 80 Tarjimani sWirdebodaT. arabi geografebi ki kavkasions “enaTa mTas” uwodebdnen.

kavkasia yovelTvis asrulebda mniSvnelovan rols, rogorc damakavSirebeli rgoli evropasa da azias Soris. aTasobiT wlis manZilze regioni iyo an dapirispirebul imperiebs Soris buferuli zona an maTi Semadgeneli nawili. uZvelesi droidan regionSi gadioda sazRvrebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan yofda im eTnosTa gansaxlebis arealebs, xSirad sxvadasxva, arcTu iSviaTad _ dapirispirebul kulturul-civilizaciur wreebs rom ekuTvnodnen: aRmosavleT romis imperia, bizantia, parTia, arabebi, monRolebi, Turqebi, sparseTisa da osmalTa imperiebi, qristianoba da islami, sunizmi da Siizmi, xalxebi, romlebic ekuTvnodnen kavkasiur-iberiul, Turqul, semitur-qamitur enobriv jgufebs, indoevropuli ojaxis sxvadasxva ganStoebas, erTmaneTs swored aq xvdebodnen.

mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze, kavkasia sasazRvro zona (borderland) iyo. aq erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen imperiebi, xvdebodnen civilizaciebi da religiebi. igi warmoadgenda erTsa da imave dros xidsa da bariers CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris. mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri mdebareoba – istoriulad caristul ruseTs, sefianTa oransa da osmanTa imperias, XX saukuneSi ki regionul Zalebs – ruseTs, iransa da TurqeTs Soris, romelTac XXI saukuneSi dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi da aSS daemata, winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegis momtani iyo. samecniero literaturaSi aRiniSneba, rom kavkasiis xalxebma meti dakarges, vidre SeiZines TavianTi mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri poziciis gamo.

kavkasia istoriulad mudam CarTuli iyo saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio qselSi. mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas, romelic “Caketili” sazogadoebis kanonebiT cxovrobda, igi moklebuli iyo saSualebas, Seesrulebina satransporto derefnis funqcia, romelic erTmaneTTan daakavSirebda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs, CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs. ssrk-s daSlam kvlav SesaZlebeli gaxada aRniSnuli sakiTxis wamoweva.

dReisaTvis kavkasia evraziis kontinentis erT-erTi im regionTagania, romelsac ukanasknel aTwleulSi, iugoslaviasTan erTad, yvelaze metad Seexo eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebi da omebi.

teritoria. kavkasia moicavs 440 aTasi kv.km, daaxloebiT 30 milioni mosaxleobiT. misi teritoriisa da mosaxleobis zust gansazRvras

2

arTulebs is, rom Crd. kavkasiis administraciuli erTeulebi ufro CrdiloeTiT vrceldeba, vidre satitulo erebis tradiciuli gansaxlebis areali. rogorc Cans, amgvari politikuri rukis uzrunvelyofa adreul sabWoTa periodSi miznad isaxavda slavi mosaxleobis moqcevas am sazRvrebSi, demografiuli Semadgenlobis “ganzavebisaTvis”.

kavkasiis regions calkeul nawilebad yofs kavkasionis qedis ganStoebani. ukiduresad danawevrebuli topografia gasagebs xdis kavkasiis TvalSisacem eTnikur mravalferovnebas. mniSvnelovani topografiuli barierebi sxvadasxva xalxisa da tomis farTo integraciis gzaze gvixsnis eTnikuri identifikaciis TvalsaCino fragmentaciasa da lokalizacias. arcTu iSviaTad Temuri, tomobrivi, adgilobrivi, regionuli identobebi aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZendnen, vidre eTnonacionaluri identoba. aman, Tavis mxriv, Seqmna pirobebi kulturaTa da enaTa didi mravalferovnebis SenarCunebisaTvis1.

zogadi geografiuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT, kavkasia mTiani regionia Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris. magram es martivi geografiuli definicia aucileblad moiTxovs dazustebas. magaliTad, Tu SevecdebiT regionis gansazRvras ukanaskneli 200 wlis istoriisa da demografiuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, Crdilo sazRvari bunebrivad gaivlis kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT kalTebze an mis mosazRvre dablobebze, romlebic gamoyofs CrdiloeT kavkasiis mkvidri mcire xalxebis sacxovrebel areals rusebiT dasaxlebuli CrdiloeTi miwebisagan, Crdilo kavkasiis avtonomiebs _ karsnodarisa da stavropolis mxareebisagan, saidanac iwyeba sakuTriv ruseTi. dasavleTiT sasazRvro areals warmoadgens regioni, sadac erTmaneTs xvdeba, erTi mxriv, Turquli, meore mxriv ki qarTuli da somxuri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli teritoria. samxreTi sazRvari aranakleb Zneli gansasazRvria, radgan demografiuli TvalsazrisiT, mdinare araqsis (romelic politikur sazRvars warmoadgens) orive napiri azerbaijaneli TurqebiTaa dasaxlebuli; am sazRvris dadgena aseve problemuria qarTveli da somexi mosaxleobis TvalsazrisiTac.2

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde kavkasiis regionis geografiuli, kulturuli da eTnokonfesiuri kompozicia CrdiloeT kavkasiiTa da amierkavkasiiT iyo warmodgenili. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, mas Semdeg, rac amierkavkasiis samma respublikam damoukidebloba moipova, kavkasiis geopolitikuri suraTi radikalurad Seicvala, radgan regionis dayofis rusulma modelma Tavisi Tavi amowura.

niSandoblivia, rom rusi mkvlevrebis azriT, kavkasia, sityvis farTo gagebiT, moicavs ara mxolod amierkavkasiasa da CrdiloeT kavkasias, aramed kavkasiis stepur mTiswineTsac (Предкавказье), romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis stavropolisa da krasnodaris mxareebi da rostovis olqi. mkvlevarTa meore nawili, gamodis ra eTnodemografiuli kriteriumidan, kavkasias im teritoriiT SemosazRvravs, romelic dasaxlebulia mkvidri mTieli mosaxleobiT. isini Предкавказье-s, zogjer ki masTan erTad volgogradisa da astraxanis olqebs, agreTve yalmuxeTs, samxreT ruseTis regions uwodeben. maTi azriT, es, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, gardamavali zonaa, romelic raRac niSnebiT ruseTs,

1 Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.: Международные отношения, 2001, c.10. 2 Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus, p.19.

3

raRaciT ki CrdiloeT kavkasias emsgavseba. migraciulma procesebma, romlebic mravali Taobis manZilze mimdinareobda CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris, TandaTanobiT Znelad gansasazRvri da pirobiTi gaxada sazRvari Предкавказье-sa da CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens damakavSirebel rgols amierkavkasiasa da Предкавказье-s Soris3.

termini “transkavkasia” (amierkavkasia) rusuli “zakavkazie”-dan modis da niSnavs kavkasionis qeds miRma arsebuls, anu swored ruseTis xedvas asaxavs. dRes farTod gamoiyeneba ufro neitraluri termini – samxreT kavkasia. politikurad igi moicavs sam damoukidebel saxelmwifos – somxeTs, azerbaijans da saqarTvelos.

Tanamedrove geopolitikuri realobis amsaxveli kidev erTi warmodgeniT, kavkasiis socialur-ekonomikuri sivrce moicavs CrdiloeT, centralur da samxreT nawilebs. Tu tradiciuli midgomis Tanaxmad, mocemul regionSi Sedis mxolod postsabWoTa teritoriebi (CrdiloeT kavkasia – avtonomiuri saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi – da amierkavkasia – azerbaijani, saqarTvelo da somxeTi), am warmodgenis Tanaxmad, masSi eqceva iranis Crdilo-dasavleTi olqebi – samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasia _ da TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi olqebi (yarsi, ardagani, arTvini da sxv.) _ samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasia. es imiTaa motivirebuli, rom mravali saukunis manZilze, ruseTis mier kavkasiis dapyrobamde, es miwebi erTian social-ekonomikur da eTnokulturul sivrces Sedgendnen, sadac dResac cxovroben kavkasieli xalxebi. samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasia (TurqeTi) da samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasia (irani) erTad Seadgenen samxreT kavkasias4.

kavkasiel mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, kavkasiis diqotomiur dayofas ruseTis (CrdiloeT) da araruseTis (samxreT) kavkasiad safuZvlad edo ruseTis politikosTa neba. aseTi dayofis Sedegad eTnokulturulma tradiciebma kavkasiaSi Rrma transformacia ganicada5. amaze dayrdnobiT, keTdeba daskvnebi imis Taobaze, rom a) istoriuli meTodi naklebad gamosayenebelia kavkasiis socialuri realobis Sesaswavlad, radgan kavkasiis kulturul-istoriul ganviTarebaSi Sewyvetilia memkvidreobiTi xazi, rac ruseT-kavkasiis oms (XIX s.) ukavSirdeba. man seriozuli ziani miayena kavkasiur genofonds, daangria aq istoriulad Camoyalibebuli cxovrebis wesi da regionis xalxTa unikaluri kultura. SemdgomSi ar momxdara cxovrebis Zveli tradiciuli formebis aRdgena, cxovreba moewyo im rusuli modelis mixedviT, romelic teqnogenuri civilizaciis principebs emyareboda da ar iyo sakuTriv kavkasiuri socialur-kulturuli sistemis logikuri gagrZeleba6.

cxadia, CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiad dayofas mxolod politikosTa neba ar gansazRvravda da es arc XIX saukuneSi, kavkasiaSi ruseTis damkvidrebis Semdeg momxdara. am dayofas, gacilebiT Zveli politikuri mizezebis garda, geografiuli da kulturuli faqtorebic ganapirobebda. isic unda iTqvas, rom saukuneTa manZilze kavkasia, dayofis

3 Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.: Международные отношения, c.44-45. 4 Исмаилов Э., Полухов Э. Противостояние «старых» и «новых» игроков на политической карте Кавказа. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, № 4 (34), c.48. 5 Шадже А.Ю. Феномен кавказской идентичности. - Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1 (29), с.36. 6 Дамениа О.Н. Кавказская культурная общность: миф или реальность. – Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1, с.51.

4

miuxedavad, garkveul mTlianobas inarCunebda – xan geopolitikuri, xan (garkveulwilad) kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. Tumca dayofis tendencia, istoriulad, erTianobis tendenciaze Zlieri iyo.

kavkasiis erTian geopolitikur da kulturul sivrced moazrebis SesaZleblobaze samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss vxvdebiT. magaliTad, j.kaSias azriT, “geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT, amierkavkasia da CrdiloeT kavkasia TiTqos erTian sivrces ver unda qmnides kavkasionis qedis simaRlisa da “kedlurobis” gamo. es sakiTxi am sivrcis iberokavkasiuri koncefciis sazRvrebSi moqcevis tradiciasTan ufro Cans dakavSirebuli, vidre seriozul integralur analizTan”7. garda amisa, yuradRebas iqcevs kidev ori momenti: erTis mxriv, geopolitikuri da istoriuli pirobebi gansazRvravda zogadkavkasiuri kulturul-tipologiuri safuZvlebis Camoyalibebas, kavkasiis integraluri veqtorebis CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken orientaciis fonze (am orientacias ki, j.kaSias azriT, safuZvlad edo kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT gaSlili sivrcis auTvisebloba da is garemoeba, rom am didi sivrcis aTviseba arc erT Crdilokavkasiel xalxs ar SeeZlo); meores mxriv, ara mxolod mTeli kavkasiis, aramed amierkavkasiis geopolitikuri konfiguraciac ki, misi Semadgeneli xalxebis kulturuli da civilizaciuri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, ambivalenturobiT xasiaTdeba8.

garda amisa, Cndeba kiTxva: XIX saukunemde aravis da arafers miuyenebia ziani kavkasielTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli cxovrebis wesisaTvis da man uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunemde uwyveti da erTgvarovani saxiT moaRwia? an es “cxovrebis wesi” mTeli kavkasiis masStabiT erTnairi iyo? marTalia, xazi esmeba kavkasiis xalxTa erTian istoriul beds, erTgvarovan socialur wyobas, sameurneo cxovrebis formebisa da teqnologiebis erTgvarovnebas, magram, Tavi rom davaneboT am erTgvarovnebis istoriuli dasabuTebis aucileblobas, rac aucileblad moiTxovs imis gaTvaliswinebas, rom kavkasiaSi mxolod mTielebi ar cxovroben da arsebobs baris mosaxleobac, xom viciT, rom maT arseboba da ganviTareba sxvadasxva kulturul-civilizaciur garemoSi uxdebodaT da es garemo araerTxel Secvlila?

samecniero TvalsazrisiT, miuRebelia orive ukiduresoba: erTi mxriv, CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiis damakavSirebeli kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis uaryofa, meore mxriv, maTTvis gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba da gansxvavebebze Tvalis daxuWva.

eTnolingvisturi da religiuri ruka. samxreT kavkasiis mosaxleoba moicavs sam mTavar xalxs: azerbaijanelebs (6 mln), qarTvelebs (4 mln) da somxebs (3,5 mln kavkasiaSi), aseve naklebad mravalricxovan xalxebs. saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mosaxleoba mravaleTnikuria, somxeTisa _ TiTqmis monoeTnikuri (95% somxebi, 2% rusebi da 2%-ze naklebi iezidi qurTebi – erTaderTi mniSvnelovani eTnikuri umciresoba). saqarTveloSi satitulo eri Seadgens mosaxleobis 70%-ze naklebs; mTavari umciresobebia somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, berZnebi da afxazebi. azerbaijanSi azerbaijanelebi Seadgenen 83%-ze mets, daRestneli xalxebi - 3%-ze mets, rusebi – 2,5%.

7 kaSia j. mijaWvuli saqarTvelo. _ Jurn.: iveria (qarTul-evropuli institutis Jurnali). # 3, Tbilisi-briuseli, 1993, gv.6. 8 kaSia j. dasax. naSr., gv.8.

5

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleoba gacilebiT mravaleTnikuria. aq warmodgenilia xalxTa ramdenime jgufi, maT Soris ZiriTadia:

Ø kavkasiuri modgmis xalxebi: vainaxebi (CeCnebi, inguSebi da wova-TuSebi), daRestneli xalxebi _ avarebi, lezgebi, dargoelebi da lakebi – Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi;

Cerqezebi (es ukanasknelni xelovnurad dayofili yabardoelebad, adiReelebad da Cerqezebad) _ kavkasiis Crdilo-dasavleTSi. Ø Turquli da iranuli modgmis xalxebi.

iranuli modgmis xalxebs warmoadgenen osebi da TaTebi. Crd.kavkasiis Turquli modgmis xalxebi arian yaraCaebi da balyarebi (faqtobrivad erTi da igive xalxi, molaparake erTi da igive enis or dialeqtze) – Crd.kavkasiis centralur nawilSi, da yumuxebi da noRaelebi daRestanSi. kavkasiis xalxebi 4 enobriv jgufs ganekuTvnebian: kavkasiur,

indoevropul, Turqul da semitur. Ø kavkasiur enaTa jgufi:

qarTveluri _ qarTuli ena qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri (lazuri), svanuri ganStoebebiT.

Crdilokavkasiuri _ afxazur-adiReuri (moicavs yabardoul (Cerqezul), adiReur, ubixur, afxazur da abazur enebs) da naxur-daRestnuri (CeCnuri da inguSuri, avarul-didouri, lakur-dargouli da lezguri) jgufebi. rogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, CrdiloeT kavkasiis enobrivi

situacia ramdenime ZiriTadi niSniT xasiaTdeba: lingvisturi mravalferovneba; mravali sxvadasxva enis koncentracia mcire teritoriaze; mravalenovneba (multilingvizmi); enobrivi, eTnikuri da geografiuli sazRvrebis gansxvaveba; rusuli enis farTo gavrceleba (am TvalsazrisiT, bolo wlebSi garkveuli cvlilebebi moxda).

arc erTi avtonomiuri erTeuli ar aris monolingvuri, metic _ TiToeul maTganSi saxelmwifo enis statusiT ramdenime ena sargeblobs: yaraCai-CerqezeTSi – 5 (abazuri, yaraCauli, Cerqezuli, noRauri, rusuli); yabardo-balyareTSi _3 (yabardouli, balyaruli, rusuli); Crd. oseTSi – 2 (osuri, rusuli); adiReSi – 2, daRestanSi – 14, CeCneTSi – 2 (CeCnuri da rusuli), inguSeTSi (inguSuri da rusuli) – 2.

Tanamedrove enobriv situaciaze Crd.kavkasiaSi gavlena iqonia rigma faqtorebma. bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze regionSi mimdinareobs politikuri da nacionaluri faseulobebis transformaciis rTuli procesi, xelisuflebaTa da sazRvrebis cvlilebebi, dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi. adamianur msxverplTan erTad, amas mohyva araerTi mcire enis dazaraleba da, rig SemTxvevebSi, isini ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen. mokled SevexoT am faqtorebs:

1. warsulis memkvidreoba: enobriv situacias cvlida deportaciebi, genocidi, totalitaruli reJimi – enebis xelovnuri dayofa an, piriqiT, maTi xelovnurad Sereva.

2. geopolitika: sazRvrebis cvlilebani, konfliqtebi, omebi, eTnikuri wmenda, terorizmi da sxva tragikuli movlenebi.

3. demografiuli faqtori: migraciis maRali done, devnilTa nakadebi.

6

4. ekonomikuri sirTuleebi: ekonomikis ngreva, siRatake, umuSevroba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebis dabali SesaZlebloba.

5. arastabiluri socialuri da politikuri situacia: gayofili ojaxebi, korufcia, danaSaulis maRali done.

6. fsiqologiuri faqtori: garTulebuli damokidebuleba mezobel eTnosebs Soris, undobloba, SiSi, eTnikuri daZabuloba, mtruli damokidebuleba konkretuli eTnikuri jgufis, enis, kulturis mimarT.

7. kulturuli faqtori: cxovrebis tradiciuli wesis rRveva, dominanturi kultur(eb)is mier mcire kulturaTa asimilacia.

8. religiuri faqtori: sabWoTa periodSi religiis devna, romelic trdiciuli cxovrebis wesis, enisa da kulturis SenarCunebis erT-erTi saSualeba iyo; postsabWoTa periodSi – radikaluri religiuri moZraobebis (vahabizmi da fundamentalisturi moZraobebi) gaCena-gavrceleba.

9. saganmanaTleblo politika: tradiciuli saganamanaTleblo praqtikis ugulebelyofa, enis swvalebis tradiciis dakargva an araraseboba.

10. administraciuli faqtori: saxelmwifo struqturebis arasakmarisi an araefeqturi nabijebi umciresobaTa enebis SenarCunebisaTvis.

11. lingvisturi faqtori: damwerlobis mqone enebis xarjze, damwerlobis armqone enebis dakargva; am enebis matarebelTa dabali politikuri kapitali da enebis dabali statusi.

rac Seexeba rusul enas: misi statusi garkveulwilad SeizRuda im erTeulebSi, sadac satitulo enebi arsebobs. sxva problemaa is, rom am erTeulebSi saxelmwifo enis statusi ar aqvs yvela didi eTnikuri jgufis enas, magaliTad, yaraCai-CerqezeTSi 14 didi eTnosis enebidan es statusi aqvs xuTs. meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axali perspeqtivebi gaCnda adre represirebuli xalxebisa da enebis identobis aRorZinebisaTvis.

indoevropeli xalxebidan samxreT kavkasiaSi cxovroben somxebi, romelTa winaprebs Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi anatoliidan mosulebad miiCneven. meore Zveli indoevropuli jgufia osebi, romlebic didi kavkasionis centralur nawilSi cxovroben da iTvlebian aRmosavleT iranidan mosuli momTabareebis STamomavlebad, romlebic Zv.w. VII-ax.w. IV saukuneebSi moZraobdnen samxreT-dasavleTis stepebSi, vidre iqidan hunebma ar gandevnes. isini alanebis saxeliT iyvnen cnobili. xandaxan maT skviTebisa da sarmatebis saxeliTac ixsenieben. indoevropelebs ganekuTvnebian slavuri jgufis warmomadgenlebic, romlebic ZiriTadad rusebiTa da ukrainelebiT arian warmodgenilni. garda amisa, indoevropul jgufs warmoadgenen qurTebi, TaliSebi, TaTebi, berZnebi, boSebi, gansaxlebulni kavkasiis sxvadasxva arealSi.

Turqulenovani jgufi warmodgenilia azerbaijanelebiT samxreT kavkasiaSi. isini Sereuli eTnikuri warmomavlobisani arian, fiqroben, rom isini, nawilobriv mainc, Camoyalibdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis mkvidri mosaxleobisa da midielebis Serevis Sedegad. maTi sparsizacia moxda sasanelTa batonobis periodSi (III-VII ss.), Turqizacia ki _ selCukTa dapyrobebis Sedegad XI saukuneSi.

7

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi am enobrivi jgufis warmomadgenlebi arian yivCaRuri modgmis Turquli xalxebi: yumuxebi, noRaelebi, yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi. yumuxebi, iseve rogorc Turquli modgmis sxva xalxebi, ZiriTadad, muslimebi arian. ramdenime saukunis manZilze maTi ena lingua franka-s funqcias asrulebda regionSi, magram XX saukuneSi rusulma gamodevna. rogorc fiqroben, noRaelebi calke jgufad Camoyalibdnen oqros urdos daSlis Sedegad. maTi umravlesoba momTabare iyo XX saukunemdec ki. yaraCaelebisa da balyarelebis warmomavloba mTlad naTeli ar aris.

semituri jgufis erTaderTi warmomadgenlebi kavkasiaSi asirielebi arian. Turqebis mier devnilma asirielebma ruseTis imperiis teritorias Tavi I msoflio omis dasaruls Seafares. ZiriTadad, qalaqebSi cxovroben.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis Tanamedrove eTnikuri ruka sabWoTa periodSi Seiqmna, rodesac gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufebi iZulebiT daajgufes avtonomiur erTeulebad. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi amis yvelaze mkafio magaliTia, erTi mxriv, Turquli modgmis yaraCa-balyarelebis, meore mxriv ki Cerqezuli modgmis yabardo-Cerqezebis dayofa. gamyofi xazis gatareba aRmosavleT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT da, Sesabamisad, yaraCa-balyareTisa da yabardo-CerqezeTis respublikebis arseboba sruliad logikuri iqneboda, radgan pirvelni faqtobrivad erTi xalxia da saerTo ena aqvT, meoreni aseve erTi xalxia da axlo monaTesave enebze laparkoben. magram stalinma amjobina am teritoriis gayofa CrdiloeT-samxreTis RerZis gaswvriv da Seqmna yaraCa-CerqezeTisa da yabardo-balyareTis respublikebi. maTi teritoriebi ganivrco CrdiloeTisaken, raTa maT SemadgenlobaSi moqceuliyo rusebisa da kazakebis didi raodenoba. radgan Cerqezuli da Turquli modgmis xalxebs ar hqondaT saerTo istoria da ramdenime saukunis Tanacxovrebis manZilze daugrovdaT urTierTwyena da eWvebi, rusul mosaxleobas SeeZlo lideris rolis Sesruleba am jgufebs Soris urTierTobaSi da centris winaaRmdeg kavkasielTa raime erTiani qmedebis Tavidan acileba. Cerqezebi, Tavis mxriv, sam nawilad dayofili aRmoCndnen – adiRebad, Cerqezebad da yabardoelebad; vainaxebi aseve xelovnurad dayves CeCnebad da inguSebad. aseve moskovis survilisamebr xdeboda avtonomiuri regionebis ierarqiuli statusis Secvla, an maTi Seqmna Tu gauqmeba. sadao nacionaluri teritoriebis Seqmnam, agreTve mogviano xanis deportaciebma sabWoTa xanis dasasrulisaTvis seriozuli problemebi Seqmna. xelovnurad Seqmnil binacionalur respublikebs (yabardo-balyareTis, yaraCa-CerqezeTis) gaxleCis safrTxe daemuqra, zog xalxSi ki gaerTianebis survili gaCnda – magaliTad lekebSi, romlebic orad arian gayofili daRestansa da azerbaijanis respublikas Soris.

dRes Crd. kavkasiis mravalricxovani xalxebi ruseTis federaciis 7 avtonomiur respublikasa da sam “araeTnikur” mxaresa da olqSi arian ganawilebuli: yaraCai-CerqezeTi, yabardo-balyareTi, adiRe, CeCneTi, inguSeTi, CrdiloeT oseTi da daRestani; stavropolisa da krasnodaris mxareebi da rostovis olqi.

8

religiebi da eTnosebi samxreT kavkasiaSi. ZiriTadi konfesiebi da maTi istoriuli da teritoriul-eTnikuri lokalizacia

saqarTvelo mdebareobs samxreT kavkasiis dasavleT nawilSi.

dasvleTidan esazRvreba Savi zRva, samxreT-dasavleTidan – TurqeTi, samxreT-aRmosavleTidan – somxeTi, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT – azerbaijani.

teritoria – 69,7 aTasi kvadratuli kilometri. dedaqalaqi – Tbilisi, romlis mosaxleoba 1,1 milions aRwevs, rac saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 1/4-ia. sididiT meore qalaqia quTaisi.

saxelmwifo ena – qarTuli, romelic ganekuTvneba iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa qarTvelur jgufs. qarTul enas aqvs sakuTari damwerloba, romelic 33 aso-niSans Seicavs. afxazeTSi, qarTulTan erTad, saxelmwifo enis statusi aqvs afxazursac. Sesabamisad, qveynis mTel teritoriaze samarTalwarmoeba da saxelmwifo saqmeTa warmoeba qarTul enaze unda mimdinareobdes. Tumca, eTnikuri umciresobebis kompaqturad gansaxlebis raionebSi mosaxleobis didma nawilma, sabWoTa memkvidreobis wyalobiT, qarTuli ena ar icis, rac xSirad politikuri spekulaciis sagnad iqceva xolme.

rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTveluri enebis jgufSi Sedis qarTuli, svanuri da megruli. rac Seexeba lazurs, igi megrulis dialeqtadaa miCneuli da ZiriTadad TurqeTSia gavrcelebuli. saqarTveloSi am enaze mxolod erT sofelSi – sarfSi – laparakoben.

ena iyofa dialeqtebad. sakuTriv qarTulSi 17 dialeqtia. dialeqtebSi gamoiyofa kiloebi.

saqarTvelo Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiTa da istoriiT tradiciulad polieTnikuri qveyanaa. 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi 90-ze meti erovnebis warmomadgeneli cxovrobda. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba iyo 5,4 milioni adamiani. eTnikuri umciresoba Seadgenda mTeli mosaxleobis 29,87%. yvelaze didi iyo somxuri saTvistomo (437 aTasi adamiani, 8,1%); rusuli (341 aTasi, 6,3%); azerbaijanuli (307,6 aTasi, 5,7%), osuri (164,1 aTasi, 3,5%), berZnuli (100,3 aTasi, 1,8%).

eqspertTa SeafsebiT, 2002 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 4,6 milion adamianamde Semcirda (afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis gareSe – 4,3 milionamde). rogorc vxedavT, 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1/5-iT Semcirda. qarTvelebis ricxvi saqarTveloSi 1989 wels 3,7 milions udrida – 83,8%), bolo aRweramde ki (2002 w.) 3,3%-iT Semcirda, anu saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kleba ZiriTadad sxva erovnebebis xarjze moxda. amitom satitulo eris wili saerTo maCvenebelSi 70,1%-dan 83,8%-mde gaizarda. eTnikuri umciresobebis procentuli raodenobac 15,9%-mde Semcirda. maT Soris somxebi Seadgenen 220 aTass (5,5%), rusebi 85 aTass (2,1%), azerbaijanelebi 200 aTass (5,0%), osebi 38 aTass (0,9%), berZnebi 21 aTass (0,5%). 2004 wlis ivlisisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Seadgenda 4.693.892 adamians, aqedan qarTvelebi _ 70,1%, somxebi – 8,1%, rusebi – 6,3%, azerbaijanelebi – 5,7%, osebi – 3%, afxazebi – 1,8%, sxvebi – 5%.

gansxvavebulia qarTvelebis xvedriTi wili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareSi. dasavleT saqarTvelos provinciebSi qarTvelTa xvedriTi wili Zalian maRalia, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi. samcxeSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 73%-ia, qvemo qarTlSi – 44%, javaxeTSi ki – mxolod 3%. 2002 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos iurisdicqiaSi myofi 59

9

raionidan qarTvelebi umravlesobas Seadgendnen 53-Si. axlaqalaqisa da ninowmindis raionebSi, agreTve walkaSi (berZnebis emigraciis Semdeg) didi umravlesoba somxebia, xolo marneulis, bolnisisa da dmanisis raionebSi – azerbaijanelebi.

cxinvalisa da afxazeTis cnobili movlenebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi 286 aTasi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piria. garda amisa, saqarTvelodan 100 aTasamde ltolvili saqarTvelos farglebs gareT cxovrobs.

qarTvelebs ara aqvT mravalricxovani da Zlieri diasporebi sazRvargareT. 1989 wels sxva sabWoTa respublikebSi cxovrobda 194 aTasi qarTveli. mokavSire respublikebidan yvelaze meti qarTveli cxovrobda ruseTSi (130 aTasi), ukrainaSi (23 aTasi), azerbaijanSi (14 aTasi, aqedan 12 aTasi saingiloSi, Tumca am maCvenebelSi igulisxmeba mxolod qristiani ingiloebi, _ muslimi ingiloebi, romelTa raodenoba gacilebiT metia, azerbaijanelebad iwerebian).

TurqeTsa da iranSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenobis dadgena SeuZlebelia, radgan iq mosaxleobis aRwera erovnebis dafiqsirebas ar iTvaliswinebs. varaudoben, rom TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenoba (lazebTan erTad) 500 aTasi unda iyos (igulisxmeba isini, romelTac SenarCunebuli aqvT ena da Tavs Turqebad ar Tvlian). fereidneli qarTvelebis saerTo raodenoba 225 aTasi unda iyos. evropasa da amerikaSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenoba 1990-ian wlebamde 5-6 aTas kacs ar aRemateboda. 90-ian wlebSi qveyana, savaraudod, 350-400 aTasma qarTvelma datova.

qarTvelebi sami ZiriTadi subeTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeba – qarTebis, megrelebisa da svanebisagan. meoTxe jgufi – lazebi – dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze cxovrobs.

qarTebi ramdenime eTnografiul jgufad arian warmodgenili. dasavleT saqarTveloSi aseTi jgufebia imerlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi, raWvelebi da leCxumlebi; aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, mTiulebi, moxeveebi, fSavelebi, xevsurebi da TuSebi. eTnografiul jgufebSi kidev gamoyofen ufro mcire, subeTnografiul jgufebs: kaxelebisagan – qiziyelebs, mTiulebisagan – gudamayrelebs, ingiloebSi ganarCeven qristian da muslim ingiloebs, mesxebSi – marTlmadideblebsa da kaTolikeebs. calke unda davasaxeloT wova-TuSebi (bacbebi), romelTac gansxvavebuli ena aqvT (igi qarTvelur enaTa jgufs ar miekuTvneba da CaCnur-inguSuri enebis monaTesavea), magram religiiT, kulturiT, tradiciebiTa da gvarebiT ar gansxvavdebian qarTvelebisagan.

qarTvelebis garda, afxazebi erTaderTi xalxia Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovreb xalxTa Soris, romelTac saqarTvelos gareT samSoblo ar gaaCniaT.

sabWoTa kavSirSi mosaxleobis konfesiuri Semadgenloba ar aRiricxeboda, ris gamo oficialuri statistika aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb ar arsebobda. saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis konfesiuri struqtura pirvelad 2002 wels dadginda9. aRweris Tanaxmad, mosaxleobis 88,6% qristianuli aRmsareblobisaa, 9,9% mahmadiania, 0,1% _ iudeveli, sxvebi 0,8% Seadgenen, 0,6% arc erT aRmsareblobas ar miakuTvnebs Tavs.

saqarTvelo erT-erTi uZvelesi qristianuli qveyanaa, romlis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi aRmsarebloba istoriulad marTlmadideblobaa.

9 saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis pirveli sayovelTao erovnuli aRweris ZiriTadi Sedegebi. saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti. Tb., 2004.

10

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qristianTa ZiriTadi nawili – 83,9% marTlmadidebelia. maTi saerTo wili mosaxleobaSi Seadgens 83,8%.

qarTveli marTlmadideblebi mosaxleobis 65% Seadgenen, muslimebi – 11%, rusi marTlmadideblebi – 10%, somexi grigorianelebi – 8%, sxvebi – 6%.

2002 wlis monacemebiT, morwmune qarTvelebis 94% marTlmadidebelia, 3,8 % _ muslimi, 0,3% _ kaTolike. sxva aRmsareblobaTa mimdevrebis raodenobis Sesaxeb monacemebi ar aris. 28 aTasi kaci ar aRiarebs arc erT religias.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebebidan qristianobas aRiareben rusebi (ZiriTadad – marTlmadideblobas, nawili seqtantebia – malaknebi, duxoborebi, staroverebi), somxebi (ZiriTadad monofiziti-grigoriznelebi, mcire nawili – kaTolikebi), berZnebi (marTlmadideblebi), aisorebi (nestorianelebi da kaTolikebi), polonelebi (kaTolikebi), germanelebi (protestanti-luTeranebi). azerbaijanelebi muslimi Siitebi arian (mcire nawili – suniti).

osebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi arian, afxazTa nawili aseve marTlmadidebeli qristiania, nawili ki _ mahmadiani. orive am xalxSi Zlieria warmarTobis tradiciebi.

1997 wels afxazeTis msoaxleobis anketireba Catarda, romelmac aCvena, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili Tavs morwmuned Tvlis. maTi umravlesoba marTlmadideblur eklesiebSi inaTleba, magram maTi qristianoba formalur xasiaTs ar scdeba morwmune marTlmadidebelTa did nawils bundovani warmodgena aqvs sarwmunoebis Sinaarsobriv mxaresa da yvelaze didi qristianuli dResaswaulebis mniSvnelobazec ki. es is xalxia, vinc aRiarebs, rom arsebobs yovlisSemamneli RmerTi, magram ar esmiT wminda samebis mniSvneloba, ar kiTxuloben saxarebas, biblias, ar marxuloben. did qristianul dResaswaulebzec ki, eklesiebSi wirvaze misul morwmuneTa ricxvi did ar aris. am dResaswaulebis aRniSvnis ritualSi mkafiod iCens Tavs warmarTuli elementebi.

qristiani afxazebis gverdiT, ZiriTadad gudauTis raionSi, muslimi afxazebic cxovroben, magram Tanmimdevrul da gaazrebul morwmuneebad verc isini CaiTvlebian. maT bundovani warmodgena aqvT yuranze da didad arc mis swavlas eswrafvian. ar icaven marxvas, arc Wama-smaSi aqvT dawesebuli SezRudvebi. gamonakliss Seadgenen muhajirTa STamomavlebi, romlebic afxazeTSi omis Semdeg dabrundenen axlo aRmosavleTidan. muslimi afxazebi sunitebi arian. marTalia, maTi ricxvi sul ramdenime aseulia, magram maTi TxovniT soxumsa da gudauTaSi samlocvelo saxlebi daarsda: soxumSi – 2000 wels, gudauTaSi – 2004 wels. afxaz muslimTa sasuliero sammarTvelo soxumSi 1999 wels daregistrirda. maTi lideria afxaz muhajirTa STamomavali adel gablia.

afxazeTSi cxovroben kaTolikebic. afxazeTi dRes krasnodaris mxaris samxreT nawilSi Semavali kaTolikuri eklesiis SavizRvispira samrevlos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. afxazeTis kaTolikur samrevlos saTaveSi soWis kaTolikuri eklesiis qsenZi, poloneli bogdan severini udgas, romelic ruseTSi gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi Cavida. qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis saomari fazis dasrulebis Semdeg severinma de-faqto xelisuflebisagan oficialuri nebarTva miiRo, ezruna kaTolikuri eklesiis ganaxlebaze. Tavdapirvelad RvTismsaxureba soxumis botanikuri baRis klubSi aRevlineboda, Semdeg kaTolikeebs daubrunes Zveli 1930 wels CamorTmeuli eklesia, romelic mrevlis TaosnobiT SekeTda da 1996

11

wels iq pirveli RvTismsaxureba aRevlina. dReisaTvis afxazeTSi kaTolikeTa ricxvi 150 aRwevs. maTi umravlesoba polonelebi da somxebi arian. eklesiis ori uxucesi swored am erovnebebis warmomadgenlebi arian. maT specialuri momzadebis kursi gaiares da roca qsenZi soWidan Camosvlas ver axerxebs, wirvas isini atareben.

afxazeTis kaTolikur mrevls regularulad ugzavnis humanitarul daxmarebas ruseTSi poloneTis saelCo, poloneTis sazogadoebrivi kaTolikuri eklesia “karidasi”.

rac Seexeba seqtebs. afxazeTSi aqtiur saqmianobas ewevian kriSnaidebi, romlebmac jer kidev 1989 wels, pirvelad sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze, soxumSi aRniSnes TavianTi erT-erTi religiuri dResaswauli. maT SemadgenlobaSi sxvadasxva erovnebis axalgazrdebi Sedian. Tumca maTi moRvaweoba ramdenadme Senelda mas Semdeg, rac 1995 wels soxumSi maTi savaWro sawyobi dawves da sami dRis Semdeg kriSnaidebis lideri igor qorTua mokles10.

sxva seqtebidan afxazeTSic, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze, aqtiurad saqmianoben baptistebi da ieRovelebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi arc erTi erovneba ar aris monokonfesiuri. garda sakuTari tradiciuli aRmsareblobisa, yvela eTnosSi gvxvdebian sxva Zveli Tu axali aRmsareblobis mimdevrebi.

nebismier koloniur qveyanaSi nacionalizmis aRmavloba, rogorc wesi, iwvevs tradiciuli religiuri institutebisadmi sazogadoebis interesis zrdas. marTlmadidebloba saqarTveloSi, tradiciulad, ganixileba rogorc erovnulobis, qarTvelobis atributi. qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis marTlmadidebeli eklesia da aRmsarebloba faseulia, pirvel rigSi, swored erovnuli identifikaciis TvalsazrisiT. sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls religiuri atributikisa da ritorikis sistematuri gamoyenebiT mimdinareobda. amoqmedda araerTi Zveli eklesia, aSenda axali. gaizarda sasuliero saswavlebelTa ricxvi, gaixsna sasuliero akademia. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri avtokefaluri eklesia 35 eparqiad iyofa.

mTlianobaSi, somxuri eklesiisagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac zesaxelmwifoebrivi institutis funqciebi SeiZina, qarTuli eklesia naklebad iyo CarTuli politikur da saxelmwifoebriv procesebSi. igi ufro CrdilSi yofnas amjobinebda da adgils uTmobda politikur liderebs (ssrk-s daSlisa da religiuri identobis Ziebis procesis dawyebis Semdegac ki). amave dros, mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze, rodesac qveynis politikuri da kulturuli sazRvrebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveoda da eTnikuri siWrelec bunebrivi movlena iyo, swored religia iyo barieri ucxoTa kulturuli eqspansiisa da asimilaciis gzaze, erovnuli konsolidaciis efeqturi iaraRi.

rac Seexeba umciresobebs, saqarTveloSi aris 11 somxuri samociqulo, 3 somxuri kaTolikuri, 8 rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia, 3 kaTolikuri taZari, 15 muslimuri meCeTi, 14 sinagoga.

eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturul ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs 361 skola da 190 damoukidebeli saskolo seqtori mSobliuri enis swavlebiT. universitetebSi arsebobs arsaxelmwifo enaze moqmedi fakultetebi; 4

10 religiebi, konfesiebi da seqtebi afxazeTSi. – gaz. “afxazeTis axali xma”, 19-26. 03.2005, gv 12.

12

saxelmwifo da 5 saxalxo Teatri. eTnikur umciresobaTa enaze gamoicema 21 gazeTi da 4 Jurnali.

unda aRiniSnos, rom eTnikur saTvistomoebSi araerTgvarovani situaciaa. magaliTad, qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelebi ganaTlebas ZiriTadad azerbaijanul enaze iReban, Sida qarTlisa – qarTul enaze. Tbilissi mcxovrebi somxebi integrirebuli arian qarTul sazogadoebaSi, rasac ver vityviT mesxeT-javaxeTis somxebze, romelTa umravlesoba qarTul enas ar flobs. berZnuli diaspora iyofa berZnulenovan da Turqulenovan nawilad, ebraelebi – qarTulenovan da aSkenaz (rusulenovan evropel) ebraelebad da a.S.

qveyanaSi arsebobs 120-ze meti arasamTavrobo organizacia, romlebic sxvadasxva eTnikur Tems warmoadgens. maTi nawili, faqtobrivad, romelime politikuri partiis danamatia, nawili ki, umoqmedoa. maTi monawileobis xarisxi qveynis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maRali ar aris, Tumca ukanaskneli 2-3 wlis manZilze garkveuli winsvla SeimCneva.

somxebi saqarTveloSi yvelaze msxvil eTnikur umciresobas Seadgenen. isini ZiriTadad Tbilissa da istoriuli javaxeTis raionebSi cxovroben. somxebi saqarTveloSi kompaqturad bolo 170 wlis manZilze arian dasaxlebuli, ruseT-TurqeTis 1828-1829 ww. omis Semdeg.

1989 wlis aRweris mixedviT, saqarTveloSi somxebis raodenoba 437 aTass aRemateboda, maTi umravlesoba javaxeTsa da mesxeTSi cxovrobda.

eTnokonfesiuri TvalsazrisiT, mesxeT-javaxeTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli regionia. igi gamoirCeva, agreTve, samxedro-strategiuli mniSvnelobiT.

samcxe-javaxeTi samxreT saqarTvelos mxarea, romelic TurqeTsa da somxeTs esazRvreba. danarCeni saqarTvelosagan mcire kavkasionis qedi yofs. 1989 w. aRweris mixedviT, mosaxleoba 231,649 kacs Seadgens. aerTianebs 6 raions: axalcixes, adigens, axalqalaqs, aspinZas, borjomsa da ninowmindas. administraciuli centria qalaqi axalcixe.

mosaxleobis udides nawils qarTvelebi da somxebi Seadgenen. saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somexTa umravlesoba – 200 000 _ swored mesxeT-javaxeTSi cxovrobs. 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, javaxeaTis mosaxleobaSi somxebi 53,7% Seadgendenen, amJamad maTi Sefardeba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da 90% (somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT – 97%) miaRwia, mesxeTSi ki – 1/3-s.

saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs sxva regioni, sadac eTnikuri umciresoba ase kompaqturadaa dasaxlebuli.

eTnikur mravalferovnebas religiuric emateba. qarTvelebis umravlesoba marTlmadidebelia, somxebisa – monofozoti-grigorianeli. Tumca aq istoriulad Zlieria rogorc qarTuli, ise somxuri kaTolicizmi. rusuli mosaxleobis (romelic bolo TxuTmet weliwadSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda) umravlesobas Seadgens duxoborebis qristianuli seqta, romelic ninowmindis raionis or sofelSi cxovrobs. erovnuli moZraobis wlebSi aWaridan gadmoasaxles stiqiuri ubedurebiT dazaralebuli qarTveli muslimebi. arian, agreTve, baptistebi, ormocdaaTianelebi, ieRovas mowmeebi da sxva mcire religiuri jgufebi.

saukuneebis manZilze es regioni qarTuli, somxuri da osmalur-Turquli samyaroebis gadakveTaze mdebareobda. Sesabamisad, eTnokonfesiuri suraTis sirTulec mas istoriulad mosdgams. istoriuli mexsiereba gavlenas axdens eTnokonfesiuri jgufebis dRevandel ganwyobasa da qcevaze.

13

1828 wels, roca ruseTma samcxe-javaxeTi samxedro gziT daipyro da Tbilisis guberniis Semadgenlobasi Seiyvana, mosaxleobis umravlesobas muslimebi Seadgendnen, qarTuli da somxuri qristianuli Temebis umetesoba ki, kaTolike iyo. muslimi mosaxlebis eTnikuri warmomavloba mecnierTa davis sagania. nawili maT did nawils warmoSobiT Turqad Tvlis, sxvebis azriT ki, isini gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi arian. ruseTTan SeerTebis dros maTi didi nawili osmaleTisadmi ufro loialuri iyo, vidre ruseTisadmi. am sababiT, generalma paskeviCma “arasando” muslimi mosaxleoba osmaleTSi gandevna, maT nacvlad ki anatolieli somxebi Camoasaxla. dRevandeli javaxeTis somxebis didi nawili swored maTi STamomavalia.

miuxedavad amisa, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili muslimi rCeboda. 1944 wlis 15 noembers mxaris mTeli muslimi mosaxleoba – 90 aTasze meti adamiani, TurqeTTan faruli TanamSromlobis braldebiT, centralur aziaSi gadaasaxles da maT adgilas saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan (ZiriTadad zemo imereTidan da raWidan) daaxloebiT 30 aTasamde qarTveli Camoasaxles.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom 1999 wels, evropis sabWoSi Sesvlisas, saqarTvelom aiRo valdebuleba, 12 wlis vadaSi gadaewyvita deportirebulTa repatriaciis problema. magram es sakiTxi azrTa did sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs.

1988 wels mTian yarabaRSi dawyebulma movlenebma javaxeTis somxebs erovnuli moZraobis dawyebisaken ubiZga. mTian yarabaRsa da javaxeTs bevri ram aqvT saerTo: orive somxeTs emezobleba, orive regionSi somxebi mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenen. bevri axalqalaqeli somexi aqtiurad monawileobda yarabaRis omSi. javaxeTis somxebs Zlieri eTnikuri TviSegneba aqvT. 1988 wels adgilobrivma somxebma Seqmnes moZraoba “javaxki” (javaxeTis somxuri saxelwodebis mixedviT). misi oficialuri mizani iyo somxebis kulturuli TviTmyofadobis dacva da regionis ganviTareba. JRerda avtonomiis idea, rasac periodulad enacvleboda somxeTTan gaerTianebis moTxovna.

“javaxkis” nacionalisturad ganwyobilmma frTam Camoayaliba politikuri partia “virki” (saqarTvelos istoriuli saxelwodeba somxur enaze), romlis orientacia prorusuli da antiTurqulia. misi mizania saqarTvelos federaluri mowyoba da mis SemadgenlobaSi javaxeTis damoukideblad CarTva.

javaxeTSi ruseTis samxedro bazebis arseboba da mesxeTSi sacxovreblad dabrunebis mosurne “Turqi mesxebis” problema kidev ufro Zabavs viTarebas.

azerbaijanis respublika mdebareobs samxreT kavkasiis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi. mas esazRvreba: CrdiloeTiT – ruseTis federacia (daRestani), Crdilo-dasavleTiT – saqarTvelo, samxreT-dasavleTiT – somxeTi da TurqeTi, samxreTiT – irani, aRmosavleTiT – kaspiis zRva.

teritoria – 86.600 kvadratuli kilometri. dedaqalaqi _ baqo. mosaxleobis raodenoba 7.770.000 kacia, maT Soris: azerbaijaneli –

83%, rusi – 5,6%, lezgebi – 2,4%, somxebi – 2%, xunZebi – 0,6%, ukrainelebi – 0,4%, TaTrebi – 0,4%. kaxis, zaqaTalisa da belaqnis raionebSi kompaqturad arian dasaxlebuli qarTvelebi; lenqoranis dablobze cxovroben TaliSebi.

TviT cneba “azerbaijani” im teritoriasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic XX s. 20-ian wlebSi azerbaijanis ssr SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, mxolod XX

14

s. dasawyisSi gaCnda, xolo damkvidrda 1918 w. 28 maiss azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg.

azerbaijanis saxelmwifoebrioba amJamindel sazRvrebSi dadginda sabWoTa ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris moskovis 1921 w. 16 martis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.

religiuri sfero azerbaijanSi garkveul aRmavlobas ganicdis. es, pirvel rigSi, exeba dominirebad konfesias – islams. Tumca aRmavloba da ganviTareba azerbaijanisaTvis sxva tradiciul religiebsac Seexo. amasTan, gaCnda aratradiciuli, adre ucnobi mimdinareobebic. es, garkveulwilad, aixsneba wina 70 wlis mdgomareobiT, sazogadoebisaTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebze pasuxebis ZiebiT konfesiur sferoSi, gareSe Zalebis gaqtiurebiT.

iseve rogorc TiTqmis yvelgan, politikuri Zalebi religias iyeneben rogorc masebze zemoqmedebisa da sakuTari gavlenis ganmtkicebis instruments, gareSe Zalebi – aseve sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis.

rogorc aRvniSneT, azerbaijanSi ZiriTadi religia islamia, Tumca gavrcelebulia qristianoba da iudaizmic. muslimTa umravlesoba azeria, TiTqmis yvela isini Siitebi arian.

qveyana SeiZleba daiyos or “muslimur zonad”: samxreTi moicavs teritorias baqo-Semaxa-evlaxi-ganja-gazaxi-naxWevnis xazidan samxreTisaken, iranis sazRvramde. aq morwmuneTa ZiriTadi nawili Siitia: azerebi, TaliSebi, TaTebi, qurTebis nawili. arian sunitebic: axiska, TaTrebi, qurTebis nawili. aq cxovroben marTlmadidebeli qristianebic – rusebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, qarTvelebi; rusi raskolnikebi da seqtantebi; germanelebi – kaTolikeni da luTeranebi; udebi – monofizitebi; somexi-grigorianebi; iudevelebi – juuri (mTis ebraelebi), aSkenazebi (evropeli ebraelebi), qarTveli ebraelebi. XX-XXI ss. mijnaze gaCnda aratradiciuli mimdinareobebi: muslimuri – vahabitebi da nursistebi, nakSbandielebi, feizulistebi da sxv.; induisti-kriSnaitebi; protestantuli Temebi (qristianuli)11.

CrdiloeTi zona mdebareobs ufro CrdiloeTiT – saqarTvelosTan da ruseTTan sazRvrisken. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili sunitia: lezgebi da avarelebi, krizebi da waxurelebi, budugebi da xinalugebi, ingiloTa nawili da azerebi. qristianebi warmodgenili arian rusebiT (ZiriTadad raskolnikebi da seqtantebi), udinebiT (monofizitebi), marTlmadideblebiT – ingiloTa nawili, iudevelebiT – juuriT12.

ssr kavSiris Seqmnis win azerbaijanSi arsebobda 2000-mde meCeTi, romelTa didi nawili 1930-ian wlebSi daangries an daxures. marTalia, meore msoflio omis wlebSi zogierTi meCeTi kvlav amoqmedda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo stalinis politikiT – nebismieri, maT Soris religiuri faqtoris gamoyenebiT moexdina sabWoTa xalxis mobilizacia nacisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

1976 wels azerbaijanSi 16 registrirebuli meCeTi (14 Siituri da ori sunituri, aqedan 7 – baqoSi) da madrasa arsebobda, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis droisaTvis maTi ricxvi 200-mde avida (araregistrirebulebis CaTvliT). sxva wyaros monacemiT, 1994 wlisaTvis arsebobda 84 religiuri

11 Гусейн-Заде Р. А. Религия и политика: Взаимоотношения на азербайджанском фоне. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и Кавказ. № 3 (33), 2004, c.149. 12 iqve.

15

dawesebuleba, meCeTebis CaTvliT, romlebic xSirad aralegalurad an naxevrad legalurad moqmedebda13.

2004 w. dasawyisisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebobda 1300 moqmedi meCeTi da islamis sxva sakulto obieqti; sxva konfesiaTa 40-ze meti sakulto nageboba. baqoSi dRes sami marTlmadidebluri taZaria. respublikaSi aris raskolnikebisa da seqtantebis samlocveloebi, Svidi sinagoga, maTgan erTi, romelic baqoSi mdebareobs da yvelaze didia kavkasiaSi, aigo 2003 wels “joinTis” saxsrebiT. dedaqalaqSi rekonstruirebulia kaTolikuri eklesia, kidev erTs safuZveli Caeyara 2003 wels, azerbaijanSi romis papis vizitis dros.

azerbaijanSi dRes arsebobs saswavlo dawesebulebebi da kursebi tradiciul konfesiaTa safuZvlebis Sesaswavlad: baqos islamuri universiteti filialebiT sxvadasxva raionSi; madrasebi – saSualo saswavlo dawesebulebani, meCeTebTan, eklesiebTan, sinagogebTan Seqmnilia saswavlo kursebi.

faqtia, rom postsabWoTa azerbaijanSi “religiuri renesansi” erovnuli TviTSegnebis zrdis paralelurad mimdinareobs. baqos ekonomikur da politikur kvlevaTa centris monacemebiT, 90-iani wlebis bolos azerbaijanelebis mxolod 4-6% Tu iyo “aqtiuri” morwmune da damcveli religiuri miTiTebebisa da cxovrebis wesisa, 87-92% ki iseT kategorias Seadgenda, romelic acxadebda, rom muslimi iyo, Tumca naklebad an saerTod ar asrulebda religiur ritualebs. danarCen 3%-s aTeistebi warmoadgendnen. azerbaijanelebis umravlesoba aqtiurad stumrobs meCeTs religiur dResaswaulebze, Tumca aSuras uqme dRes, rodesac muhamedis SvilTaSvils husein ibn alis glovoben da TviTgvemis ritualebic tardeba, sagrZnoblad pasiuroben. rogorc am sakiTxebis mkvlevari raul motika askvnis, kavkasiis qveynebSi islami istoriulad ganpirobebul adgilobriv TaviseburebaTa garemoSi ganviTarda da mowyda saerTaSoriso muslimur moZraobebsa Tu mimdinareobebs. Tavdapirvelad, sazRvris gaxsnis Semdeg, mravali axalgazrda ewvia TanamoZme TurqeTis saswavleblebs. Tumca 90-iani wlebis bolosaTvis oficialur da naxevradoficialur saswavleblebs azerbaijanelebi ukve amreziT uyurebdnen, dainaxes ra, rom ucxoeTSi swavlamiRebuli da samSobloSi dabrunebuli axalgazrdebi ukve Riad qadagebdnen sunitur ideebs da arc “Sahsei-vahseis” tradiciis gmobas eridebodnen.14.

formaluri niSniT, meCeTebi ar iyofa Siitur da sunitur meCeTebad (vahabitTa meCeTebis gamoklebiT, sadac mxolod am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi dadian).

2004 w. dasawyisisaTvis savaldebulo registracia gavlili hqonda 230 konfesiur Tems, maT Soris: 201 muslimurs, danarCens – qristianuls – rusul da qarTul marTlmadideblurs, luTeranuls, romaul-kaTolikurs, axalsamociqulos, moloknebs, meSvide dRis adventistebs, ormocdaaTianelebs, ieRovas mowmeebs, iudevelTa sxvadasxva mimdinareobas da sxv15.

13 Саттаров Р. Ислам как политический фактор в постсоветском Азербайджане. – В журн.:Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, № 4 (34), с.9. 14 xinCagaSvili S. eTnikuri da religiuri situaciis dinamika kavkasiaSi (postsabWoTa periodi). – saqarTvelos mecn.akad. politologiis institutis weliwdeuli – 2003. Tb., 2003, gv.71. 15 iqve, gv.151.

16

vahabizmi azerbaijanSi ar aris “mebrZoli”, Semtevi xasiaTisa. morwmuneebs igi izidavs “religiaSi ubraloebis” ideebiT. sainteresoa, rom man mimdevrebi pova adgilobriv eTnoreligiur umciresobebSi – lezgebSi, avarelebsa da waxurebSi, romelTac amiT gamoxates protesti maTi samoqalaqo uflebebis SezRudvis winaaRmdeg.

ufro zogadi TvalsazrisiT, aratradiciuli mimdinareobaTa gaCena gareSe Zalebis metoqeobis Sedegia, romlebic sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis nebismier saSualebas iyeneben, maT Soris – konfesiursac. aratradiciuli mimdinareobani xels uwyoben religiis, pirvel rigSi, ZiriTadis – islamis – politizacias.

ramdenadac azerbaijani upiratesad Siituria, gansakuTrebiT mkafiod Cans “iranis kvali”. Teirani moqmedebs Tavisi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis, religiur-saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebis, misionerebis, masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa, agreTve “gavlenis agentebis” meSveobiT, gansakuTrebiT – samxreT zonaSi. aSkaraa iranis konfesiuri aqtivobis politizacia. magram is faqti, rom azerbaijanSi arc erTi iranuli meCeTi ar aris, am ukanasknelis sust religiur gavlenaze metyvelebs.

1990 wlis zamTarSi azerbaijanelebma, kerZod, naxWevanelebma iranis sasazRvro simagreebi daangries, iq mcxovreb TanamoZmeebTan didi xniT gawyvetili urTierToebebis aRdgenis niSnad (CrdiloeT iranSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi iranis mosaxleobis 1/3 Seadgenen da 2-3-jer metni arian, vidre TviTon azerbaijanSi. paralelurad, 1918-20 ww. azerbaijanis mmarTveli partiis musavatis lozungi “Turqizmi, modernizacia da islami” kvlav popularuli gaxda. dRes azerbaijanuli sazogadoebis nawili azerbaijanul nacionalizms da TviTmyofadobas mxolod did Turqul kulturul konteqstSi ganixilavs, im dros, roca meore nawili panTurqizms “azerbaijanizmis” sawinaaRmdego doqtrinad Tvlis da qemal aTaTurqis midgomas yvelaze misaReb gamosavlad miiCnevs. amavdroulad, sazogadoebis orive nawilisTvis miuRebelia proiranuli ideologiuri orientacia, ris mizezi ara marto sabWoTa mediis xangrZliv antiiranul propagandaSi unda veZioT, aramed yarabaRis konfliqtSic, sadac irani somxeTis partniorad aRiqmeboda. unda gaviTvaliswinoT aseve iranSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanuli diasporis mZime uflebrivi mdgomareoba, romelic kidev ufro laxavs iranis imijs azerbaijanelis TvalSi.

sekularuli TurqeTi moqmedebs religiur organizaciaTa oficialuri struqturebis meSveobiT, pirvel rigSi – baqosa da naxWevanSi. dedaqalaqSi gaxsnilia Turquli universiteti “kavkasia”.

marTalia, TurqeTi sunituri qveyanaa, magram mas azerbaijanSi ufro myari poziciebi da samoqmedo areali aqvs, agreTve hyavs meti “gavlenis agenti”, vidre irans. amas ramdenime mizezi aqvs: 1) azerebis mexsierebaSi daleqilia is faqti, rom sparsuli saxelmwifoebi 2500 welia cdiloben arasparselTa deeTnizacias, anu atareben eTnocidis politikas. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iranis saxelmwifos politika mkafiod Camoayaliba mohamed reza-Sah fexlevim: erTi qveyana, erTi istoria, erTi eTnosi, erTi kultura, erTi religia, erTi ena. 2) Turquli da azerebis enebi erT jgufs ekuTvnis. 3) irani aqtiurad TanamSromlobs somxeTTan, romelsac azerbaijanis teritoriis 16% aqvs mitacebuli, mxars uWers mTiani yarabaRis aralegitimur respublikas. 4) iranSi keTilganwyobiT ekidebian adgilobriv somxur Tems: Tumca am Teokratiul saxelmwofiSi moqmedebs “mSrali kanoni”, magram somxebs aqvT arayis gamoxdis ufleba; erT-erTi

17

somxuri eklesia gamocxadebulia “arqiteqturis faseul istoriul Zeglad” da daculia saxelmwifos mier. mexuTe, TurqeTi azerbaijans samxedro da politikuri TvalsazrisiT exmareba; misi teritoria azerbaijanisaTvis dasavleTisaken gasasvleli erT-erTi “derefania” – wina aziis muslimuri samyarosaken, euTo-sa da nato-saken.

mniSvnelovani daikava suniturma arabulma aRmosavleTmac. vahabizmi islamis oficialuri formaa muslimuri samyaros erT-erT

umdidres qveyanaSi – saudis arabeTSi, romelic amave dros aSS strategiuli partnioria. amitom SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom vahabizmis gavrcelebas azerbaijanSi ara mxolod konfesiuri, aramed politikuri xasiaTic aqvs.

vahabizmi aRwevs CrdiloeT kavkasiidanac – daRestnidan da CeCneTidan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi “mediatoris” rolSi gamodian azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi lezgebi, avarelebi da waxurebi. meoreSi – CeCnebi, romlebic moZraoben azerbaijans, saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris, an damkvidrdnen azerbaijanSi, sadac gadian mkurnalobisa da reabilitaciis kurss, zogi maTgani adgilobriv umaRles saswavlebelSic swavlobs.

qristianuli dasavleTi aseve iyenebs sxvadasxva arxs, maT Soris – konfesiursac. maT mier tardeba religiuri mimarTulebis konferenciebi da seminarebi.

200 welze metia, azerbaijanSi mcxovreb ingiloTa Soris Tavis saqmianobas eweva saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia, romelmac qristianad moaqcia am eTnoreligiuri jgufis nawili. amgvar prozelitebs uqmnian swavlis pirobebs saqarTveloSi, aZleven qarTul saxelebsa da gvarebs. samSobloSi isini brundebian rogorc “gavlenis agentebi”.

1990 wlidan periodulad Cndebian emisrebi vatikanidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom islamis aratradiciuli mimdinareobebi

popularulia axalgazrdobaSi, aratradiciul mimdinareobebTan brZola ufro politikuri

xasiaTisaa, vidre religiuri. amrigad, politikuri xelisufleba akontrolebs situacias

konfesiur sferoSi. misi damokidebuleba uaryofiTia aratradiciuli mimdinareobebis mimarT.

somxeTis respublika samxreT kavkasiis mTianeTSi mdebareobs.

teritoria – 29,8 aTasi kvaretuli kilometri. dedaqalaqi – erevani. CrdiloeTiT esazRvreba saqarTvelo, aRmosavleTiT – azerbaijani,

dasavleTiT – TurqeTi, samxreTiT – irani. somexi xalxis istoriul bedSi somxeTis respublikis Tanamedrove

teritorias XX s. dasawyisamde ganmsazRvreli roli ar Seusrulebia. somxeTis didi nawili Sedioda osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, sadac somexTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 2,5 mln Seadgenda. maTi umravlesoba aRmosavleTis 6 vilaieTSi cxovrobda. sakmaod mravalricxovani somxuri diaspora arsebobda ruseTSi da mis sazRvrebs gareTac. e.hobsbaumi werda, rom Tanamedrove somxeTi – es aris yvelaferi is, rac darCa mas Semdeg, rac yvela danarCen teritoriaze, sadac adre somxebi cxovrobdnen, isini gawyvites an gandevnes iqidan16.

1998 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT, somxeTis mosaxleoba 3 793 200 mcxovrebs Seadgens, maTgan 95%-ze meti eTnikuri somexia. ena – somxuri,

16 Хобсбаум Э. Нации и национализм после 1790 года. М., 1998, с.263.

18

romelic indoevropuli ojaxis somxur jufs ganekuTvneba. ganarCeven aRmosavlur da dasavlur saliteraturo enas; dasavlur saliteraturo enaze somxuri diaspora metyvelebs, aRmosavlurze ki somxeTSi mcxovrebi somxebi laparakoben. somxur enas aqvs sakuTari damwerloba, romelic 39 aso-niSans Seicavs.

sakuTriv somxeTis garda, eTnikuri somxebi cxovroben msoflios mraval qveyanaSi da mZlavr da gavlenian somxur diasporas qmnian. sazRvargareT somxebis gansaxlebis ZiriTadi centrebia ruseTi (armaviri, rostovi, moskovi) – 800 000, saqarTvelo (javaxeTi da Tbilisi) – 500 000, TurqeTi (ZiriTadad stamboli) – amJamad 85 000, aSS (ZiriTadad kalifornia)– 1 000 000, argentina – 85 000, safrangeTi – 500 000, libani – 150 000, irani – 200 000, siria – 130 000, kanada – 60 000, avstralia – 30 000. sul somxuri diaspora msoflios 60 qveyanaSia gafantuli.

somxeTSi cxovroben rusebis, iezidebis, berZnebisa da ebraelebis eTnikuri umciresobebi, agreTve aisorebi da ukrainelebi. somxeTSi mcxovreb azerbaijanelTa umravlesobam 1980-90-iani wlebis mijnaze datova sacxovrebeli da Tavi azerbaijansa da ruseTs Seafara17.

somxebis didi umravlesoba monofiziti qristiania. isini qveynis mosaxleobis 80% Seadgenen. sazRvargareT mcxovreb somexTa nawili kaTolike da protestantia. amJamad somxeTis samociqulo grigorianul eklesias saTaveSi udgas uzenaesi patriarqi da sruliad somexTa kaTalikosi eCmiaZinisa garegin II.

somxeTis samociqulo eklesia erT-erTi uZlieresi somxuri organizaciaa. kavkasiaSi qristianul eklesiebs Soris igi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri da damoukidebelia. Seqmna ra eklesiaTa ganStoebuli qseli, eCmiaZini sabWoTa periodSic da axlac akontrolebs did somxur diasporas, rac saSualebas aZlevs, uSualod monawileobdes somexi xalxis cxovrebaSi, xSirad ki _ sagareo politikuri orientirebis firmirebaSic. imis dasturad, rom somxur eklesias did rols aniWeben rogorc Tavad somxeTis, aseve msoflios politikosebi, gamodgeba is faqti, rom 2001 w. zafxulSi aSS-Si vizitis dros somexTa kaTolikosi garegin II piradad prezidentma jorj buSma miiRo. aseTi pativi ar rgebiaT arc ilia II, arc samxreT kavkasiis muslimTa sulier liders18. ukanaskneli ramdenime saukunis manZilze somxuri eklesia ZiriTadi damakavSirebeli rgolia somxeTsa da mis ucxour diasporas Soris.

rTuli istoriuli viTarebis gamo, somxuri eklesiis centri xSirad icvleboda. Tavdapirvelad igi vaharSapatSi mdebareobda, Semdeg – dvinsa da anisSi, Semdeg – amasiasi dakilikiis somxeTSi. 1441 wels somxuri eklesiis centri gaxda eCmiaZini19.

grigorianuli eklesiis struqtura 4 ZiriTad elements moicavs: 1) eCmiaZinis yovelTa somexTa sakaTalikoso, romelic grigorianuli eklesiis centrad iTvleba; misi meTauri uzenaesi patriarqisa da araratis saerToerovnuli deda-eklesiis kaTalikosos tituls atarebs da yovelTa somexTa laTalikosad moixsenieba; 2) kilikiis didi saxlis sakaTalikoso

17 giorgi xelaSvili. cnobari somxeTze. – saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri, # 35, 2000, ianvari, gv.3. 18 Исмаилов Э., Полухов Э. Противостояние «старых» и «новых» игроков на политической карте Кавказа. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, № 4 (34), c.50. 19 giorgi xelaSvili. cnobari somxeTze. – saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centri, # 35, 2000, ianvari, gv.39.

19

– rezidenciiT antiliasSi; 3) ierusalimis sapatriarqo – rezidenciiT ierusalimSi da 4) konstantinopolis sapatriarqo – rezidenciiT stambolSi. ukanaskneli sami centri deda-eklesiis iurisdiqciaSia, magram sargeblobs Sinagani administraciuli avtonomiiT.

IX saukunidan, mas Semdeg, rac somxuri mosaxleoba mTel msoflioSi mimoifanta, somxuri eklesiis mniSvneloba metad gaizarda da man universaluri xasiaTi SeiZina. gansxvavebuli kulturisa da religiis qveynebSi damkvidrebis miuxedavad, eklesiam SeinarCuna organizaciuli da dogmaturi mTlianoba.

1986 wlis mdgomareobiT, somxeTSi 29 registrirebuli da 34 araregistrirebuli religiuri organizacia moRvaweobda.

1997 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis religiur saqmeTa komitetma registraciaSi gaatara 16 konfesia da religiuri gaerTianeba: somxeTis samociqulo eklesia, warmarTebi, iezidebi, kaTolikuri eklesia, iudevelTa Temi, ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesia, kriSnaitebi, bahaistebi, meSvide dRis adventistebi, evangelist-ormocdaaTianelebi, baptistebi da sxv.

somxeTSi didi gavrceleba pova religiurma seqtebma, romlebic registrirebuli arian rogorc saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, kavkasiaSi warmodgenilia oTxive msoflio

klasikuri religia: qristianoba samxreT kavkasiaSi ramdenime versiis saxiT gvxvdeba.

misi mTavari sayrdenebia qarTuli marTlmadidebluri da somxuri monofizituri eklesiebi. osebis mniSvnelovani umravlesoba marTlmadidebeli qristiania, aseve rusebic, romlebic Seadgenen 3% somxeTSi, 4% azerbaijanSi da 6% saqarTveloSi, agreTve, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. afxazTa nawili qristiania, nawili – muslimi, Tumca orive Serwymulia warmarTul tradiciasTan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kavkasiaSi gamoCndenen protestantuli misiebi, magram maT cota mimdevari hyavT (SedarebiT meti warmateba hqondaT somxeTSi), agreTve amerikuli organizacia “ieRovas mowmeebis” mimdevrebi.

kaTolikeni saqarTveloSi pirvelad 1230 wels gamoCndnen. pap ioane XXII ZalisxmeviT 1329 wlidn TbilisSi daarsebulma kaTolikeTa saepiskoposom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi samisionero moRvaweoba gaaCaRa. XVII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi moRvaweobdnen Teatineli misionerebi. XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi qarTvelma kaTolike berebma stambolSi qarTuli kongregacia daaarses. kaTolikoba yvelaze farTod gavrcelda samcxesa da SavSeTSi, axalcixeSi, gorSi, quTaisSi. 1845 wlidan 1993 wlamde saqarTvelos laTinur kaTolikeTa episkoposi ruseTSi imyofeboda, 1993 wels Seiqmna amierkavkasiis laTinuri wesis samociqulo administracia, romelic moicavda saqarTvelos, azerbaijnisa da somxeTis laTin kaTolikeebs.

2002 wlis aRweriT, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi kaTolikeni mosaxleobis 0,8% Seadgenen. maTi didi nawili mesxeT-javaxeTSi cxovrobs, maTi umravlesoba eTnikurad somexia.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi kaTolikeni tipikonis mixedviT 3 nawilad iyofian: 1) laTinuri tipikonisani, 2) somxuri tipikonisani, 3) siriul-qaldeuri tipikonisani. kaTolikeTa umravlesoba laTinur wess misdevs, maT Soris TbilisSi mcxovrebi somxebic.

axal religiur situaciaSi kaTolikeni raime mniSvnelovan rols ar asruleben.

20

luTeranebi saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi germaneli kolonistebis Camosaxlebis Semdeg gaCndnen. luTeranuli eklesia ki, saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebidn arsebobs.

dRes somxuri samociqulo eklesia saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia Svidi eklesiiT: TbilisSi 2, baTumSi 1, danarCeni – mesxeT-javaxeTSi. isini erTi episkoposis sulieri mfarvelobis qveS imyofebian, misi kaTedra TbilisSia, wminda giorgis eklesiaSi. saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis cnobiT, 2002 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi somxur-grigorianuli aRmsareblobisa iyo mosaxleobis 3,9%.

islamis mimdevarTa xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis 9,9% Seadgens. warmodgenilia orive versiis saxiT: azerbaijanelebis 75% Siitia, iseve, rogorc am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi TaliSebi Tu sxva erovnuli umciresoba. sunituri ganxra ki sakmaod Zlieria CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleobis umravlesobaSi, aseve aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis, azerbaijanis (25%), alaniisa (20-30%) da afxazeTis (35%) mosaxleobaSi; sunituri islami arsebobs rogorc Safiituri (daRestnis xalxebi), ise hanafituri (CeCneTi da inguSeTi, Cerqezebi, yaraCaebi da balyarebi, aWarlebi saqarTveloSi, azerbaijanelTa umciresoba – 15-25%, muslimi osebisa da muslimi afxazebis umciresoba _ 20-30% da 35%) skolebis saxiT20.

religiisaken Semobrunebis saerTo tendenciam islamis gaaqtiurebazec imoqmeda. gaizarda meCeTebisa da ucxoeTSi wargzavnil sasuliero pirTa ricxvi. aseTi tendencia dafiqsirda qvemo qarTlSi, pankisSi, aWaraSi, guriasa da afxazeTSi. maT hyavT tradiciuli mrevli da gaaCniaT sxva religiebT n, gansakuTrebiT marTlmadideblobasTan TanamSromlobis saukunovani tradiciebi. amasTan, isalmi saqarTveloSic ver ascda saerTo tendenciebs, aqac Tavi iCina fundamentalizmis niSnebma.

iudaizmis mimdevaria 20 000-mde qarTveli ebraeli, aseve ZiriTadad azerbaijanSi da daRestanSi warmodgenili TaTebisa da mTis ebraelebis sazogadoeba. arian aseve aSkenazi ebraelebi, romlebic ZiriTadad baqoSi cxovrobdnen da romelTa didi nawili israelSi wavida, qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo.

iudevelebis ricxvi bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematurad mcirdeboda. erTi mxriv, amis mizezi isa, rom iudaizmi monoeTnikuri religiaa da masobriv prozelitizms, qristianobisa da islamisagan gansxvavebiT, iudaizmi ar eweva. meore mxriv, iudevelTa migracia wamyvani tendencia iyo msoflioSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSirSi ki – 70-ani wlebidan. israelSi asvlis saerTo tendenciasTan erTad, saqarTvelodan iudevelTa emigracias xeli Seuwyo bolo wlebSi Seqmnilma mZime socialurma da ekonomikurma viTarebam. dRes TbilisSi 2 sinagogaa. aseve sinagoga arsebobs yvelgan, sadac ebraelebi kompaqturad saxloben: quTaisSi, baTumSi, soxumSi, qarelSi, onSi.

budizmis mimdevrebi ki arian kalmuxebi, romlebic specialur literaturaSi xSirad arc moixsenieben kavkasiaSi mcxovrebTa Soris, Tumca maT (122 000 mosaxle) mWidro urTierToba aqvT samxreTiT mcxovreb daRestnel xalxebTan. isini daRestnis CrdiloeTiT, kaspiis zRvis Crdilo-dasavleTiT cxovroben. maTi urTierToba kavkasielebTan sul ufro intensiuri xdeba.

20 Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus Curzon. 2001, p.21.

21

rac Seexeba religiur seqtebs, seqtantebis momravleba kavkasiaSi ruseTis damkvidrebas ukavSirdeba. kavkasiis ruseTTan SeerTebis procesis paralelurad, SemoerTebul miwebze iqmneboda rusuli dasaxlebebi. es saSualebas iZleoda, Semcirebuliyo saokupacio jaris raodenoba da misi Sesanaxi xarjebi, anu dasuliyo isini Cveulebrivi samxedro garnizonebis odenobamde. es, agreTve, daaCqarebda SemoerTebuli miwebis aTvisebis process.

aRniSnuli miznis ganxorcieleba, amave dros, ruseTidan “gansakuTrebiT saSiS” seqtaTa gaZevebisa da marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobisagan maTi izolaciis xerxs warmoadgenda.

ukve 1831 wels yarabaRis provinciaSi gaCnda donis kazakebidan gamosuli duxoborebis pirveli dasaxleba yizil-yiSlayi. momdevno wels naxWevnis guberniaSi molokanTa pirveli sofeli – bazar-Cai aRmocenda. gadmosaxlebuli seqtantebis garda, kavkasiaSi mravali seqtanti nebayoflobiTac modioda.

kidev ufro adre, 1817 wels, saqarTveloSi gamoCndnen germaneli kolonistebi, romlebic dasaxldnen Tbilisisa da elizavetopolis guberniebSi. 1830 wels maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT 2000 kacs Seadgenda. yvela isini protestantebi iyvnen.

general ermolovis dros, strategiuli mniSvnelobis punqtebSi Seqmnili garnizonebis gverdiT, iqmneboda samxedro dasaxlebani – e.w. Stab-binebi, sadac jariskacebi, samxedro samsaxuris paralelurad, sakuTar meurneobasac misdevdnen da ojaxebic hyavdaT. ase gaCnda marTlmadidebelTa soflebi. maTTan erTad, izrdeboda gadmosaxlebul seqtantTa raodenobac. maT asaxlebdnen magistralur mimarTulebebze, romelTac ruseTisaTvis strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda. erTi talRa dasaxlda im trasis gaswvriv, romelic SemdgomSi ruseTsa da irans Soris ZiriTad savaWro magistralad iqca: Tbilisi-elizavetopoli (ganja)-yazaxi-deliJani-elenovka (sevani)-axta (razdani)-erevani.

meore talRa gansaxlda ruseTis jarebis TurqeTisaken moZraobis strategiulad mniSvnelovan trasaze: Tbilisi-aleqsandropoli (giumri)-yarsi-erzrumi. seqtantebis gverdiT, aqac iqmneboda marTlmadidebelTa soflebic.

1835 w. gaCnda subotnikebis seqtanturi dasaxleba elenovka (sevani), 1842 wels – nikitino (fioletovo), Semdeg voroncovka, voskresenka da sxv.

sul XIX s. 30-40-ian wlebSi amierkavkasiaSi gaCnda 30-ze meti rusuli dasaxleba. TurqeTTan 1853-1856 ww. da 1877-1878 ww. omebis Semdeg farTo masStabiT mimdinareobda TurqeTidan amierkavkasiaSi somxebis gadmosaxleba, gansakuTrebiT erevnis guberniasa da SavizRvispireTSi. SemoerTebul miwebze rusebisa da somxebis dasaxlebiT ruseTi am miwa-wylis saboloo Semomtkicebas cdilobda.

seqtantebis mimarT nikoloz I represiuli politikis Sedegad, amierkavkasiaSi Tavi moiyara sxvadasxva seqtebma: duxoborebma, moloknebma, xlistebma, subotnikebma, skopcebma da sxv.

rusuli administracia xels uwyobda seqtantebis gadmosaxlebis process. magaliTad, maT didad mfarvelobda voroncovi. gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo seqtantTa Casaxlebis procesi yarsis olqSi 1877-1878 ww. omis Semdeg. ukve XX s. dasawyisisaTvis iq rusuli mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 11.000 kacs Seadgenda.

erevnis guberniaSi rusebis ricxvi 4150 iyo, baqos guberniaSi – 11.500, Tbilisis guberniaSi – 3204, elizavetopolis guberniaSi – 2987.

22

politikur-ekonomikurma da demografiulma procesebma garkveuli gavlena iqonia rus seqtantTa yofaze. drois Sesabamisad icvleba maTi cxovrebis wesi, faseulobani, orientacia. maTi mimdevrebis raodenoba klebulobs, radgan Temis axalgazrda wevrebi sacxovreblad ruseTis federaciaSi gadadian. es procesi jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris dros daiwyo da dResac grZeldeba, Tumca es, ZiriTadad, socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, da ara religiuri SeuwynareblobiT. isic unda iTqvas, rom yofiT niadagze SeiniSneba faruli daZabuolba samcxe-javaxeTSi mcxovreb duxoborebsa da maT mezobel somxebs Soris.

dRes staroverebi arian guriaSi (urek-malTayvis monakveTi), samegrelosa da zemo svaneTSi, aseve Sida qarTlSi, centri aqvT TbilisSi. staroverebi Camoyalibdnen eTnikur-religiur jgufad, magram, Sereuli qorwinebebis gamo, staroveroba gavrcelda qarTvelebSic. amasTan, isini ar ewevian prozelitizms da zemoT dasaxelebuli SemTxvevebi erTeuli faqtebia. staroverebis, iseve rogorc duxoborebisa da moloknebis religiuri Temebis arseboba saqarTveloSi araviTari konfliqturi muxtis matarebeli ar aris.

baptizmi saqarTveloSi 1867 wlidan vrceldeba. am wels germanelma kolveitma TbilisSi baptisturi wesiT monaTla molokanTa seqtis yofili wevri n.i.voronini. 1895 wlisaTvis TbilisSi ukve arsebobda gavleniani baptisturi religiuri gaerTianeba, romelsac amierkavkasiasa da ruseTSi cnobili baptisti presviterebi ganagebdnen. didi xnis manZilze baptistTa TemebSi ZiriTadad rusi erovnebis moqalaqeeebi yvnen gaerTianebuli. 1920 wlidan baptizmi gavrcelebas iwyebs qarTvel mosaxleobaSic.

baptistTa msoflio sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, dRes Tbilisi miCneulia baptizmis gavrcelebis adgilad yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze. amJamad saqarTvelos yvela regionSi moqmedeben baptistTa samlocvelo saxlebi qarTuli, rusuli, osuri da somxuri religiuri TemebiT. farTovdeba qarTveli baptistebis kavSirebi baptistTa msoflio gaerTianebebTan. isini ufasod avrceleben religiur literaturas, exmarebian erTmorwmuneebs21.

ormocdaaTianelTa seqtis mimdevrebi saqarTveloSi moRvaweobas meore msoflio omisa da momdevno periodSi iwyeben da TavianT moZRvrebas omis dros evakuirebuli rusi mosaxleobis erT nawilSi avrceleben. 1946-1952 wlebSi maT SeZles seqtis TemTa Semadgenlobis gazrda da qarTveli erovnebis moqalaqeTa moqcevac. 1970-iani wlebidan ormocdaaTianelTa saqmianoba gaaqtiurda qarTvel, somex da os mosaxleobaSi22.

bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi yvelaze aqtiurad saqmianoben ieRovelTa seqtis warmomadgenlebi. es seqta ori mimarTulebis saxiTaa warmodgenili: pirveli mimarTuleba XIX s. 40-ian wlebSi warmoiSva ruseTSi, meore ki – 1884 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. ieRovelTa religiuri korporacia mtkice struqturiTa da discipliniT gamoirCeva, rasac uzrunvelyofs bruklinis ieRovelTa religiuri centris aqtiuri da mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba23.

21 gegeSiZe d. religiuri konfesiebi da denominaciebi saqarTveloSi (istoria da Tanamedroveoba). – saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis politologiis institutis weliwdeuli – 2002, Tb., 2002, gv.226-227. 22 iqve, gv.228. 23 iqve, gv.229.

23

gardamavali periodi yvelaze xelsayreli garemoa aratradiciuli idea-Sexedulebebis gavrcelebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg yofil sabWoTa sivrceSi, moxsnili akrZalvebis da sruli sakanonmdeblo anarqiis fonze, ukve moqmedi jgufebis gverdiT, intensiurad iwyes Semosvla axalma seqtebma da religiurma jgufebma. bunebrivia, maT Soris gansakuTRebuli aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen Zlieri finansuri mxardaWeris mqone jgufebi. seqtebis momZlavrebas xeli Seuwyo imanac, rom sabWoTa periodis aTeistur propagandas ukvalod ar Cauvlia: misi erT-erTi Sedegi iyo tradiciuli religiuri codnis Sesusteba da danawevreba, rasac mohyva gaucxoeba sazogadoebasa da tradiciul religiur Sexedulebebs Soris. sabWoTa saxelmwifos ideologiuri manqana mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze negatiur sazogadoebriv azrs ayalibebda religiaze; mTeli Taobebi aRizardnen mebrZoli aTeizmisa da tradiciuli religiebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyobiT. axali ideebi ki, romlebic Tanamedroveobis Sesatyvisi formiT miewodebaT, SedarebiT misaRebi aRmoCnda. tradiciul seqtebTan erTad, axal religiur moZraobebs da aratradiciul seqtebs, romlebic “rkinis fardis” arsebobis pirobebSic ki axerxebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris sivrceSi moqmedebas, aTeisturi da komunisturi idealebis sruli diskreditaciis Semdeg TavianTi Sexedulebebis Tavisuflad gavrcelebisa da axali sivrcis aqtiuri aTvisebis SesaZlebloba miecaT.

saqarTveloSi moqmedi axali religiuri jgufebidan umravlesoba qristianuli mimarTulebisaa ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo: jer erTi, saqarTvelo qristianuli qveyanaa, meore, qristianoba erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli religiaa Tanamedrove msoflioSi.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom farTod gamoyenebuli termini “axali religiebi” pirobiTia da gulisxmobs im mimdinareobebs, romlebic arsebobis SedarebiT mcire periods moiTvlian, Zvel tradiciebze dayrdnobiT, axal garemosTan Sesatyvisad ganviTardnen da gavrceldnen. xSirad maT “axalgazrdul religiebad”, “seqtebad” an “religiur-filosofiur msoflmxedvelobebadac” moixsenieben. literaturaSi aseve xSirad mimarTaven emociurad naklebad datvirTul aRniSvnebs, magaliTad, “religiuri gansakuTrebuli jgufebi”, “axali religiuri moZraobebi”, “totalitaruli seqtebi” da sxv. anglo-amerikul samyaroSi maT, Cveulebriv, “denominaciebs” uwodeben, konfliqtis matarebel jgufebs ki _ “kultebs” an “destruqciul kultebs”24.

Tu amgvar jgufebs Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT davajgufebT, Semdeg suraTs miviRebT: 1. qarTuli jgufebi (sapatriarqodan gamoyofili _ mkalaviSvilis jgufi, ivanovis jgufi, gankveTili moZRvrebi an axlad Seqmnili – mZleveli, promeTes cecxli); 2. ucxouri jgufebi (axalsamociqulo eklesia, ormocdaaTianelebi, ieRovelebi, meSvide dRis adventistebi, saxarebiseulad morwmuneni, xsnis kavSiri, WeSmariti qristianebi, bostonis jgufi, munizmi); aRmosavluri jgufebi (kriSnaizmi, rajneSizmi); islamuri jgufebi (vahabizmi, bahaizmi); gansakuTrebuli jgufebi (saiantologia, anTroposofia).

kavkasiuri islamis fenomeni. kavkasiuri islami aris tradiciuli muslimuri religiis araseqtanturi, ordenebze damyarebuli erT-erTi,

24 xuciSvili q. religiuri situaciis cvlileba da usafrTxoebis problema Tanamedrove sqarTveloSi. Tb., 2004, gv.18.

24

arcTu ise Zveli ganStoeba. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ZiriTadad or ordens vxvdebiT: “nakSbandias” da “kadirias”.

nakSbandiis ordenis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Suaazieli muhamed baha al-din al-nakSbandi (1328-1389), romlis moZRvrebam XVI-XVII saukuneebSi cvlilebebi ganicada da TurqeTSi gavrcelebis Semdeg kavkasiaSic Semovida. igi Semoitana CeCnebis pirvelma erovnulma gmirma, Seix mansurma. CeCen-daRestnelTa winaaRmdegobis gatexvis Semdeg es ordeni fexs CerqezeTSi ikidebs. Tanamedrove ruseTis teritoriaze misi ukanaskneli kvali 1917 w. revoluciis dros TaTar-baSkireTSi Cans. es sakiTxi safuZvlianad Seiswavla Telavivis universitetis profesorma moSe gamerma, romelmac didi yuradReba dauTmo Crdilokavkasielebis erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraobas da TurqeTis, iranis, ruseTis da safrangeTis geopolitikuri interesebis Sejaxebas XIX saukunis kavkasiaSi. safuZvlianad ikvlevs ra zemoT xsenebuli qveynebis, aseve somxeTis, saqarTvelos, fineTis da sxva qveynebis saarqivo masalebs, mecnieri askvnis, rom regionSi miuridizmis da, saerTod, islamis gavrcelebas myari niadagi swored carizmis ugunurma, aSkarad gamoxatulma antimuslimurma politikam Seuqmna. yazi muhamedisa da hamzaT-begis Semdeg, Samili rigiT mesame da yvelaze Zlieri imami aRmoCnda, romelmac SeZlo daRestnelebis da vainaxebis gaerTianeba erT Teokratiul militaristul saxemwifoSi _ imamatSi. cnobilia, rom igi mkacrad icavda orTodoqsul dogmebs da ukompromisod ebrZoda brma religiur fanatizms. im periodSi Sua aziidan kavkasiaSi specialurad igzavnebodnen Seixebi, romlebic agresiul da eqstremistul islams qadagebdnen. am mimdinareobis wevrebs igi sikvdiliT sjida25.

imam Samilis damarcxebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi kavkasiaSi dafuZnebas iwyebs kadiriis ordeni, romlis meTauri iyo mwyemsi xunta haji gaCievi. 1865 w. carizmma ar ordenis aRmofxvrac cada, rac Crdilo-kavkasielebisaTvis tragikul emigraciul movlenebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

XX saukunis Sua wlebidan iwyeba am ori ordenis xelaxla aRorZineba mTielebSi. 1877-78 ww. bolo SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis Semdeg gardatexa xdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiis sufistur saZmoSi. orive ordeni naxevradkonspiratiul moRvaweobas iwyebs da droebiT xels iRebs RazavaTze. am periodidan moyolebuli, 1917 wlamde, CeCneT-inguSeTis mosaxleobis erTi nawili nakSbandiis ordens ekuTvnoda, meore nawili _ kadiriis. sabWoTa periodSi aranairi mniSvnelovani gardatexa ar momxdara mTiel xalxTa sulier cxovrebaSi. wiTeli xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave sasuliero elitam Tavi faqtiurad komunistebadac gamoacxada, magram am qmedebam aranairi gavlena ar iqonia bolSevikebis gegmebze, romelic nebismieri religiis aRmofxvras isaxavda miznad. 1944 wlis CeCnebis masiurma deportaciam Sua aziaSi xelaxla aaRorZina sufisturi mimdinareobani mTielebSi. reabilitaciis Sedegad gadasaxlebidan dabrunebul mosaxleobas Tan kargad organizebuli, CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvis ukve tradiciuli religiuri dajgufebebi mohyva26.

25 xinCagaSvili S. vahabizmis problema kavkasiaSi. – kreb.: kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XIV, Tb., 2003, gv. 20. 26 iqve.

25

maSasadame, XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, kavkasiaSi islami ori ordenis _ nakSbandiis da kadiriis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. ordenis meTauri iyo ara mola, aramed amira an Seixi _ gvariTa da wodebiT im teritoriaze yvelaze asakovani da avtoritetuli pirovneba, teipis uxucesi. es yvelaferi imdenad iyo Serwymuli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebul nacionalur vainaxur tradiciebTan da mTis adaT-wesebTan, rom garkvevac ki Znelia, sad mTavrdeba erovnuli da sad iwyeba religiuri.

vahabizmis gamowveva. vahabizmi, sunituri islamis erT-erTi ganStoeba, XVIII saukunis Sua periodSi Camoyalibda arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, nejdis provinciaSi. misi fuZemdebelia ibn abd al-vahabi (1703-1792), romelmac gaixsena da ganaviTara daviwyebas micemuli XIV saukunis moRvawis _ ibn teibis ideebi. es ukanskneli qadagebda pirveladi, muhamedisdroindeli islamisa da Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis wesisaken, “uma_Temisaken” dabrunebas: yurani erTaderTi wminda wignia da WeSmaritma muslimma mxolod misi miTiTebebis Sesabamisad unda icxovros. vahabizmis ideologebi uaryofdnen wminda adgilebsa da wmindanebs _ maTi azriT, mxolod alahia Tayvaniscemis Rirsi. meore maTi moTxovna iyo ritualebis maqsimaluri gamartiveba, aseve sasuliero ierarqiis absoluturi gauqmeba. muslims unda ecxovra erTgvari komunis tipis sazogadoebaSi, sadac erTaderTi sasuliero piri iyo mola.

vahabis moRvaweoba garkveulwilad dakavSirebulia dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul erovnul moZraobasTan. Tumca dasawyisSi misi politikuri arsi iyo msxvil feodalTa da vaWarTa interesebis dasacavad arabTa tomebisa da wvrili samTavroebis gaerTianeba, feodaluri anarqiisa da tomobrivi ganxeTqilebis mospoba. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi TiTqmis mTeli arabeTis naxevarkunZuli gaerTianda vahabitTa feodalur saxelmwifod, romelic egviptelTa dapyrobis Semdeg (1811-1821 ww.) daiSala. 1821 w. vahabitebis saxelmwifo aRdga nejdis provinciis farglebSi da arsebobda XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedamde. XX saukunis dasawyisSi vahabitebis saxelwifo isev aRsdga ibn-saudis mmarTvelobis periodSi (1880-1953 ww.). 1931 wlidan oficialurad wodebuli saudis arabeTis saxelmwifo religia vahabizmia. Tanamedrove arabeTSi arsebuli vahabizmi mSvenivrad Seerwya mmarTveli fenis ekonomikur interesebs regionSi, rac axlo aRmosavleTSi navTobisa da Sesabamisad gavlenis sferos gadanawilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

vahabizmis ideebi gavrcelda indoeTSi, avRaneTSi, indoneziaSi da afrikis qveynebSi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom saudis arabeTis sazRvrebs gareT, gansakuTrebiT Sua aziaSi aRmocenebuli vahabituri seqtebi absoluturad sxva saxis movlenaa. am organizaciebma fexi ZiriTadad sxvadasxva qveynis yofil koloniebSi moikides, sadac socialuri mdgomareoba ukiduresad mZime iyo.

kavkasiaSi vahabizmis damkvidrebaze saubrisas Znelia politikis sferosgan gamijvna. ingliseli politikuri mimomxilveli iaan sepi Cvens regionSi Seqmnili viTarebis Sefasebisas aRniSnavs, rom saqme politizebul islamTan gvaqvs. misi TqmiT, XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidanve vahabizmis ideiT gamudmebiT spekulirebda komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba, romelic nebismieri saxis antisabWoTa moZraobas, romelic rame kavSirSi

26

iyo mahmadianuri rwmenis matarebel mosaxleobasTan, terorizmis, vahabizmisa da eqstremizmis gamovlinebad naTlavda27.

vahabizmis gaCena CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi uSualod ukavSirdeba mniSvnelovan politikur movlenebs. “perestroikis” paralelurad, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aSkarad gamoiRviZa erovnul-gamanTavisuflebelma moZraobam, romelTa Soris didi aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda vainaxuri sazogadoeba yofili disidentis _ isa kaZoevis meTaurobiT. am garemoebam didi problemebi Seuqmna ruseTis axladgamoCekil federacias, romlis eTnikurad sakmaod Wrel mosaxleobas CeCen-inguSTa politikuri zraxvebi cud magaliTad evlineboda. ruseTis mmarTvel wreebSi gadawyda, es problema adgilobrivi warmoSobis kadrebiT moegvarebinaT. marTalia, am meTodis gamoyenebam TaTrebis, CuvaSebis da kalmuxebis SemTxvevaSi gaamarTla, magram CeCneTSi dudaevis gageneralebam sxva Sedegi moitana. SemdgomSi, miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, arc respublikis “Signidan afeTqeba” moxerxda. ruseTis mmarTvelma wreebma gadawyvites, kavkasiisaTvis vahabiti ideologebi SeesiaT.

kavkasiaSi vahabituri ideologiis gavrcelebis sakiTxis ufro naTlad warmosaCenad saWiroa oriode sityviT SevexoT jihadis movlenas islamSi. Tavad muslimisaTvis religiaSi didi adgili ukavia RvTisadmi morCilebis princips. RvTis SiSi (“aT Tuka”) ar arsebobs jihadis gareSe, igi misi materialuri gamovlinebaa. Tumca Tavad termini “jihadi”, “jahada” sityvasityviT “alahis gzaze muyaiTs, muyaiTad mimavals” niSnavs da savsebiT gamoricxavs sxva religiis winaaRmdeg brZolas. Tavad muslimi Teologebis mtkicebiT, misi ZiriTadi arsi pirovnuli Tavisuflebis dacva-gafrTxilebaa da gaumarTlebelia religiuri devna an konfesiuri SuRlis gaCaReba am sityvis safarqveS. maTi azriT, Tavad islamis (arab. Tanxmoba, mSvidoba, morCileba) mimdevari valdebulia saTnoebiT moepyras sxva religias da swored aseTi saqcieliT warmoaCinos Tavisi rwmenis upiratesoba. vahabitur seqtebSi ki ibn-teibiseuli ideebis gaazrebam seriozuli damaxinjeba ganicada da saboloo jamSi rogorc erovnuli, ise wminda islamuri tradiciebis srul uaryofaSi gadaizarda, romlis Sedegadac isini RazavaTs (igive jihads) ara marto qristianebs (rasac yurani arc qadagebs), aramed sunitebsa da Siitebsac ucxadeben. aqedan gamomdinare, vahabizmi bunebiT savsebiT ucxo da agresiuli seqtaa da bunebrivia, adgilobrivi religiuri xelmZRvaneloba Tu mosaxleoba mas didi winaaRmdegobiT Sexvda, Tumca uSualod rusi biznesmenebiT zurggamagrebuli eqstemistebi mainc agrZelebdnen moRvaweobas da 1999 w. omis provocirebac moaxerxes ruseTsa da CeCenTs Soris. vainaxebma, saboloo jamSi, SeZles Tavsmoxveuli vahabituri mimdinareobisagan gaTavisufleba da sakuTari Zalebis konsolidacia, Tumca amis gakeTeba sakmaod gvian _ omis periodSi mouwiaT.

vahabituri moZraoba amjerad mTlianad kavkasiis regions emuqreba. am seqtis warmomadgenlebi 1990-iani wlebis bolos aqtiurad gamoCndnen balyarelebSi, Tumca maT mezobel xalxSi _ yabardoelebSi dasayrdeni ver naxes. faqtiurad, ukve feTqebadi viTarebaa yaraCai-CerqezeTSi, sadac vahabituri razmebis Seqmnas yvela adasturebs. xolo Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cerqezebis, adiReelebisa da afxazebis eTnikur da geografiul siaxloves, ar aris gamoricxuli am teroristuli seqtis damkvidreba dasavleT

27 iqve, gv. 21.

27

saqarTveloSic. vahabiturma ideologiam didi marcxi ganicada inguSeTsa da azerbaijanSi, rac am qveynebis xelmZRvanelebis, r. auSevisa da h. alievis piradi damsaxurebaa.

vahabizmi, romelsac specialistebi islamis ukiduresad politizebul, militaristul fenomenad moixsenieben, qristianuli seqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, humanitarul saqmianobas warmatebiT uTavsebs teroristul moRvaweobas, ris gamoc mTavari katalizatoris rols TamaSobs im tragikul movlenebSi, rac 90-iani wlebidan viTardeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da ris gamoc ucxoeli eqspertebi am regions “msoflios axali wesrigis uwesrigobas” uwodeben. vahabizmma aRmosavleT kavkasias didi ubedureba daawia da arc samxreT kavkasiasa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasavleT respublikebs uqadis ukeTes beds28.

28 xinCagaSvili S. vahabizmis problema kavkasiaSi. – kreb.: kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XIV, Tb., 2003, gv. 23.