1. Importance of Carbon 2. Functional Groups 3. Physical Properties 4. Types of Formulas 5. Isomers...

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Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. Importance of Carbon 2. Functional Groups 3. Physical Properties 4. Types of Formulas 5. Isomers 6. The IUPAC System

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Transcript of 1. Importance of Carbon 2. Functional Groups 3. Physical Properties 4. Types of Formulas 5. Isomers...

Page 1: 1. Importance of Carbon 2. Functional Groups 3. Physical Properties 4. Types of Formulas 5. Isomers 6. The IUPAC System.

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

1. Importance of Carbon2. Functional Groups3. Physical Properties4. Types of Formulas5. Isomers6. The IUPAC System

Page 2: 1. Importance of Carbon 2. Functional Groups 3. Physical Properties 4. Types of Formulas 5. Isomers 6. The IUPAC System.

Functional Groups

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115. (a) List two characteristics of a homologous series. (1) 115. (a) one general formula/same general formula;

differ by CH2;similar chemical properties;gradual change in physical properties; 1

Award [1] for any two of the above characteristics.  

State two characteristics of a homologous series. 68. (a) same general formula;

successive members differ by CH2, Do not allow elements or just “they”.

similar chemical properties; Allow same/constant

gradual change in physical properties;◦ Do not allow change periodically.

same functional group; 2◦ Award [1] each for any two.

Key Terms

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A functional group is an atom or combination of atoms which gives an organic molecule its distinctive and characteristic chemistry.

The term “functional group” is linked to the concept of a homologous series.

A homologous series is a group of molecules with the same general formula and the same functional group.

They have similar physical and chemical properties (albeit with trends e.g. increasing boiling point with increasing carbon chain length).

Key Terms

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Functional groups have:1. The same functional group

2. The same general formula, but successive members differ by –CH2

3. The same chemical properties

4. Their physical properties change gradually

Characteristics of homologous series/classes

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Homologous series and the Functional Group that makes them special

Homologous series

Prefix or Suffix

Examples Functional Groups

Alcohols -olEthanol

CH3CH2OH R –OH

Aldehydes -alEthanalCH3CHO

Carboxylic Acid -anoic acid Ethanoic acidCH3COOH

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A functional group is a specific atom or group of atoms that confers a particular chemical property on a molecule, e.g the -OH group in ethanol

Each one of the following homologous series/class has a characteristic functional group.

Functional Groups

1. Alkane2. Alkene3. Alkyne4. Alcohol5. Aldehyde6. Ketone7. Carboxylic acid

8. Halogenoalkane9. Amine 10.Amide 11.Ester 12.Ether13.Nitrile 14.Arenes

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Class with characteristic

Functional Groups

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Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkyne

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Aldehyde & Carboxylic Acid

Aldehyde functional group; carboxyl is the functional group

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Alcohol, Aldehyde, and Ketone

Functional Group: hydroxyl aldehyde carbonyl

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Please identify the functional group and write

down the name of the corresponding homologous

series

Functional Groups

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Aldehyde (functional group and class)

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Functional group: cyanoClass: Nitrile

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Alkane

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Functional Group: carbonylClass: Ketone

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Halogenoalkane(Haloalkanes)

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Functional Group: esterClass: ester

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Functional Group: amidoClass: amide

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Functional Group: carboxylClass: carboxylic acid

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Functional Group: aminoClass: Amine

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Alkene

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Functional Group: hydroxylClass: alcohol

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Identification of a functional group in a compound

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Again!!!Please identify the

functional group and write down the name of the

corresponding homologous series

Functional Groups

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Functional Group: hydroxylClass: alcohol

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Functional group: cyanoClass: Nitrile

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Function group: carbonylClass: ketone

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Aldehyde (class and functional group)

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Ester (class and functional group)

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Ester (class and functional group)

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Halogenoalkane(Haloalkanes)

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Alkene

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Alkane

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Functional Group: amidoClass: amide

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Functional Group: carboxylClass: carboxylic acid

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Functional Group: aminoClass: amine

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Functional Group: carbonylClass: Ketone

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Aldehyde (class and functional group)

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Page 41: 1. Importance of Carbon 2. Functional Groups 3. Physical Properties 4. Types of Formulas 5. Isomers 6. The IUPAC System.

Nomenclature1. Must memorize

prefixes (up to 6 for IB)2. To name, look at the

formula for the hydrocarbon

3. Determine if it is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne

4. Use the prefix for the number of carbons

5. Add ending (ane, ene, yne)

Prefix # of carbon atoms

Meth- 1

Eth- 2

Prop- 3

But- 4

Pent- 5

Hex- 6

Hept- 7

Oct- 8

Non- 9

Dec- 10

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Meth-

One Carbon

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Eth-

Two Carbons

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Prop-

Three Carbons

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But-

Four Carbons

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Pent-

Five Carbons

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Hex-

Six Carbons

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Trying Again the Prefixes

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Prop-

Three Carbons

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Eth-

Two Carbons

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Hex-

Six Carbons

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But-

Four Carbons

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Pent-

Five Carbons

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Meth-

One Carbon


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