#1 George Washington, 1789-1797

• Est. Presidential precedents

• Judiciary Act, 1789

• First Bank of United States , 1791-1811

• The Bill of Rights, 1791

• French Revolution - Citizen Genet, 1793

• Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

• Jay’s Treaty with England, 1795

• Hamilton v Jefferson (loose v strict interpretations of the Constitution)

• Farewell Address, 1796

#2 John Adams, 1797-1801

• Federalist

• XYZ Affair, 1797

• 11th Amendment, 1798

• Alien Act, Sedition Act, 1798

• Avoids War with France

• Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) Resolutions, 1798

• "Midnight Appointments"/Judiciary Act of 1801

#3 Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809

• Democratic-Republican, Revolution of 1800

• Repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801

• Beginning of the Second Great Awakening, 1801-1840s

• Marbury v. Madison, 1803

• Louisiana Purchase, 1803, Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806

• 12th Amendment, 1804

• Embargo Act, 1807

• Congressional prohibition on slave trade into the US, 1808

#4 James Madison, 1809-1817

• Democratic-Republican, Father of the Constitution

• Repeal of Embargo Act, 1809, Non-Intercourse Act, 1809

• "War Hawks," 1811-1812 (John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay of KY)

• War of 1812 (1812-1814), “Star-Spangled banner” composed, 1814

• Treaty of Ghent, 1814

• Hartford Convention, 1814

• Battle of New Orleans, 1815

• The rechartering of the National Bank, 1816

The War of 1812(1812-1814)

• “2nd War of Independence”

• Impressment of US sailors

• Poorly fought, Washington D.C. captured, burned.

• Leadership of James Madison

• Siege of Ft. McHenry, Baltimore harbor, Star-Spangled Banner

• Battle of New Orleans 1815, Andrew Jackson national hero

#5 James Monroe, 1817-1825

• Democratic-Republican

• Completed the “VA Dynasty”

• Presided over alleged “Era of Good Feelings”

• Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

• McCulloch v. Maryland 1819

• Gibbons v. Ogden 1824

• Missouri Compromise 1820

• Monroe Doctrine 1823

#6 John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829

• National Republican

• First post-Revolution era President

• Controversial Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

• Tried to implement the “American System”

• Erie Canal

• Tariff of Abominations 1828

• German & Irish Immigration

Slavery: The Insidious Institution

• Colonial Founding

• Geographic, Economic, Cultural differences b/w North and South

• Louisiana Purchase and Cotton Gin led to explosion of slavery in the Deep South

• Core Issue: The Expansion of Slavery into New Territories.

• Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850

• Wm Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator

• Nat Turner’s insurrection, Underground RR

#7 Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837

• Democrat, “Kitchen Cabinet” & “Spoils System”

• Hero of New Orleans

• Jacksonian Democracy, 1st Common Man President

• Brutal Campaign v. JQA in 1828

• Indian Removal Act 1830, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831

• The Tariff of 1832 & Nullification Crisis (SC)

• Bank War v. Nicholas Biddle

• Black Hawk War

• Formation of Whig Party

#8 Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841

•Hand Selected by Jackson, Democrat

•“Little Magician”

•Amistad Affair

•Economic Panics of 1837 and 1839

•Liberty Party (Free Soilers) founded

#9 William Henry Harrison, 1841

•Whig Party’s Andrew Jackson

•“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”

•President for a Month

#10 John Tyler, 1841-1845

•Whig, “His Accidentcy”, Assumed full power of the Presidency, established important precedent.

•High Point of “Old Immigration”

•Kicked out of Whig Party for not supporting the American System.

•John C. Fremont surveys the Oregon Trail.

#11 James K. Polk, 1845-1849

• Democrat, Dark Horse

• Expansionist President, Manifest Destiny

• Accomplished his 4 goals

• Ethically questionable war with Mexico 1846-48

• Bear Flag Republic

• Brigham Young & Mormons in Utah

• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848

• Wilmot Proviso

Mexican-American War1846-48

• Texas border dispute with Mexico

• Santa Anna attacks US troops north of the Rio Grande

• “American blood has been shed on American soil”…Polk

• Gen. Zachary Taylor

• Gen. Winfield Scott

#12 Zachary Taylor, 1849-1850

• “Old Rough and Ready” hero of Mexican-American War.

• Whig

• Refused to pass Compromise of 1850.

• Southerner who took a strong stance against potential secessionists.

• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850 (Panama Canal)

• Died in Office

#13 Millard Fillmore, 1850-1853

• Whig who passed the Compromise of 1850, brought CA in as free state in exchange for a stronger Fugitive Slave Code.

• Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852

• American Party/The Know-Nothings, 1853

The Road to Civil War

• Compromise of 1850

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852

• Popular Sovereignty

• Bleeding Kansas 1856

• Dred Scott Case 1857

• John Brown at Harper’s Ferry 1859

• Election of 1860

#14 Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857

• Democrat, Least offensive candidate in 1852.

• Strived to keep the balance between Northern and Southern interest.

• Gadsden Purchase 1853

• KA-NB Act 1854

• The caning of Sen. Charles Sumner

#15 James Buchanan, 1857-1861

•Democrat

•Weak, ineffectual President.

•Dred Scott Case

•Lincoln-Douglas Debates

•Watched as South Carolina seceded from the Union.

#16 Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865

• Republican, widely considered Greatest American President

• Strong stance against the expansion of slavery

• Assault on Ft. Sumter 1861

• Tensions with Gen. McLellan

• Moderate politician, became more radical as President

• Emancipation Proclamation

• Choosing of General Grant

The Civil War• From Ft. Sumter to

Appomattox Courthouse, 4 long years of war were the darkest chapter in US history. (approx 620k killed)

• Lincoln’s leadership and superior logistics won over the superior generals and soldierly prowess of the South.

• Antietam, Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Sherman’s March, Appomatox

• Lincoln’s Assassination

Reconstruction

• Lincoln is dead, the South is defeated, Blacks are free, and a generation of American men (620,000) are dead (X2 wounded).

• Andrew Johnson

• 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

• Freedman’s Bureau

• Military Reconstruction Act

• Compromise of 1877

#17 Andrew Johnson, 1865-1869

• Jacksonian Democrat who clashed with Radical Republicans (Stevens & Sumner) over Reconstruction.

• Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, Radicals override Johnson’s veto.

• KKK and violence in the South

• Violated Tenure of Office Act, impeached but not removed.

#18 Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877

• Republican, Union General, 2 scandal-ridden terms.

• Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring

• Crushed Klan activities in the South.

• Jim Crow Laws in the South

• Indian Wars out West, Battle of Little Big Horn 1876

• Completion of 1st Transcontinental RR.

• Panic of 1873

#19 Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881

• Republican

• Compromise of 1877, End of Reconstruction

• Munn v. Illinois 1877

• RR Strike 1877

• Knights of Labor Convention

• Greenback Labor Party

• Hayes clashes with Conkling, spoils system.

# 20 James A Garfield, 1881

• Republican

• Stalwarts & Half-Breeds

• Booker T. Washington founds the Tuskegee Institute

• Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor

• Assassinated by Charles Guiteau

# 20 Chester A. Arthur, 1881-1885

• Republican

• Standard Oil Incorporated 1882

• Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

• Pendleton Act 1883 Patronage reform

• Oklahoma Land Rush

• Union Pacific RR Strike

#22 Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889

• Democrat

• Era of New Immigration begins

• Haymarket Square Riot 1886

• Wabash v. Illinois 1886

• AF of L founded by Samuel Gompers 1886

• Interstate Commerce Act 1887

• Dawes Severalty Act 1887

#23 Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893

• Republican, pro-business, high tariff

• Jane Addams Hull House 1889

• NAWSA 1890

• Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890

• McKinley Tariff 1890 (49.5%!)

• Wounded Knee Massacre 1890

• Ellis Island opens 1892

• Homestead Massacre 1892

#24 Grover Cleveland, 1893-1897

• Democrat, non-consecutive terms

• Panic of 1893, J.P. Morgan bails out the Government.

• Cleveland refuses Hawaiian annexation 1893

• Eugene Debs forms American Railway Union Pullman Strike 1894

• Coxey’s Army marches on D.C.

• Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

#25 William McKinley, 1897-1901

• Republican, Big Business candidate

• New Imperialism (TR) and emphasis on Naval strength

• Annexation of Hawaii

• Open Door Policy

• Assassinated in Buffalo, TR assumes the Presidency

Spanish-American War 1898

• Spanish in Cuba, DeLome` Letter, USS Maine

• Commodore George Dewey Manila Bay

• Rough Riders (TR) in Cuba

• Filipino rebellion led by Emilio Aguinaldo 1899

• Anti-Imperialist League

• Treaty of Paris 1899: Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines $20 mil

• Platt Amendment for Cuba

#26 Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1908

• Republican, The 3 C’s of the Square Deal

• Northern Securities Case

• TR intervenes in Coal Strike

• Muckrakers

• The Politics and Building of the Panama Canal

• Hepburn Act

• Antiquities Act , National Parks

• Roosevelt Corollary, Gunboat Diplomacy

• Panic of 1907, J.P. Morgan bailout

#27 William H. Taft, 1909-1913

• Republican

• Payne-Aldridge Tariff

• Trust-Busting

• Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

• Dollar Diplomacy

• Feud with TR

• Election of 1912 (Taft, TR, Wilson, Debs)

#28 Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921

• Democrat

• 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments

• Underwood Tariff 1913

• Federal Reserve Act 1913

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914

• Federal Trade Commission 1914

• Espionage and Sedition Acts

• Palmer Raids and Red Scare 1920

World War I

• WWI 1914-18 (1917-18 for US)

• Nationalism, Alliances, Militarism and Assassination in Sarajevo.

• Lusitania 1915, Sussex Pledge

• Zimmerman Telegram

• German Unrestricted Submarine warfare

• AEF under Gen. Pershing

• 14 Points, Treaty of Versailles Debate

#29 Warren G. Harding, 1921-1923

• Republican, “Return to Normalcy”

• Nativism, Immigration Quota Act 1921

• Teapot Dome Scandal

• Washington Naval Conference

• Ushers in Isolationism

• Dies in Office

#30 Calvin Coolidge, 1923-1929

• Republican, Pro-business policies “The business of American is business”

• Consumerism

• Immigration Act of 1924 (2% quota from 1890)

• Scopes Monkey Trial 1925

• Sacco & Vanzetti executed 1927

• Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaws war 1928

#31 Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933

• Republican

• Black Tuesday Oct. 29th, 1929

• Global Depression

• Hawley-Smoot Tariff hike 1930

• Reconstruction Finance Corporation…Limited Government intervention to relieve crisis

• Bonus Army Marchers driven from D.C. 1932

#32 Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-1945

• Democrat, ushers in the New Deal (3 Rs), 100 Days

• FDIC, AAA, CCC, TVA, NRA, WPA, etc, Social Security

• Instills Confidence but limited recovery.

• Schecter v. United States 1935, Confrontation with Supreme Court

• 2nd New Deal, Keynesian Economics, Critics of FDR

World War II

• Appeasement towards Hitler, invades Poland 1939

• Japanese militarism, invasion of China 1930s

• From Isolationism to Intervention: Neutrality Acts, Cash & Carry, Lend-Lease

• Pearl Harbor 2-Front War

• FDR’s leadership and industrial capacity win the war.

European Theater 1942-45

• North Africa Italy France

• FDR, Churchill, Stalin

• Eisenhower’s leadership

• Air Supremacy

• D-Day, Battle of the Bulge

• Liberation of Concentration Camps

• V-E Day

Pacific Theater 1942-45

• Coral Sea & Midway ‘42

• Island Hopping: Guadalcanal, Philippines, Iwo Jima, Okinawa

• Firebombing Japanese cities

• Hiroshima & Nagasaki ‘45

#33 Harry S. Truman, 1945-1953

• Democrat, defeats Dewey in ‘48

• Potsdam Hiroshima, Nagasaki

• Desegregation of Armed Forces

• Cold War Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan

• Berlin Airlift, NATO

• Red Scare, Joseph McCarthy

• Fair Deal

Korean War 1950-53

• N. Korean communist invasion of South (38th parallel)

• UN police action to restore statues quo

• Clash with Chinese

• Gen. MacArthur v. Truman

• Restoration of South Korea, 36k US killed, 900k Chinese, 3 mil Koreans

• Hot War within Cold War

#34 Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953-1961

• Republican, the 50s suburbanization, affluence

• Earl Warren, Brown v. B.O.E. 1954

• Montgomery Bus Boycott ‘55-’56, Little Rock H.S. ’57, Sit-ins ’60

• Support for Diem in S. Vietnam

• Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957

• Sputnik, NASA, U-2 Incident ‘61

• Military Industrial Complex

#35 John F. Kennedy, 1961-1963

• Democrat, New Frontier

• Bay of Pigs ‘61, Flexible Response, Military Advisers in S. Vietnam

• Berlin Wall ’61

• Cuban Missile Crisis ‘62

• MLK Birmingham, March on Washington ‘63

• Assassinated in Dallas, 11.22.63

#36 Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1968

• Democrat

• Great Society & War on Poverty

• Gulf of Tonkin 1964, escalation in Vietnam, Tet Offensive ‘68

• Civil Rights Act ‘64, Voting Rights Act ‘65

• Race Riots, Anti-war demonstrations, Counterculture

• Assassinations MLK, RFK

• Chicago Riot Dem Convention

Vietnam 1954-75

• US support for S. Vietnam ‘54

• Military Advisers ‘61

• Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolution ‘64

• Operation Rolling Thunder and escalation ‘65-68.

• Tet Offensive ’68, Anti-War Movement

• Vietnamization, Cambodia, Paris Peace Accords ‘73

• Fall of Saigon ‘75

#37 Richard M. Nixon, 1968-1974

• Republican, Silent Majority

• Peace with Honor, Vietnamization, Cambodian Incursion

• Kent State Massacre ‘70

• Détente with Chinese & Soviets

• Recession, Fuel shortages

• Election of ‘72, Watergate

• Executive Privilege battle and Resignation

#38 Gerald Ford, 1974-1976

• Republican, never elected

• Pardons Nixon ‘74

• Helsinki Accords ‘75

• Fall of Saigon ‘75, US evacuation

• OPEC Crisis continues

#39 Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981

• Democrat, D.C. outsider

• Pardons draft dodgers ’77

• Recession, Inflation, Energy Crisis

• Camp David Accords ‘79

• Iran Hostage Crisis ‘79

• SALT II Talks

• Crisis of Confidence Speech ‘79

#40 Ronald Reagan, 1981-1989

• Republican leader of the “Republican Revolution”

• Supply Side Economics

• Assassination attempt

• Budget Battle, lower taxes, less entitlement spending.

• SDI Initiative, increased military spending

• Pressure on Gorbachev

• Iran-Contra Affair