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FE-411 FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY

Prof. Dr. Mehmet D. Öner

Grading 2 Hourly exams 20 % each

Laboratory 20 % Final exam 40 %

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1-Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts by Michael L. Shuler , Fikret Kargi ,

Prentice Hall Ptr; 2 edition (October 31, 2001)

2-Bioprocess Engineering Principlesby Pauline M. Doran , Elsevier Science & Technology

Books,5th ed 2000

3- Principles of Fermentation Technology by P F STANBURY , A. WHITAKER, S. Hall ,

Butterworth-Heinemann;2 edition(May 3, 1999)

4- Microbiology and Technology of Fermented Foods by Robert W. HutkinsIFT press, Blackwell Publishing, 2006

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How are the many fields How are the many fields and disciplines of and disciplines of

Biotechnology organized?Biotechnology organized?

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BiotechnologyBiotechnology: Biotechnology is the : Biotechnology is the scientific activity concerning the integrated scientific activity concerning the integrated application of biochemistry, microbiology application of biochemistry, microbiology and processand process technology on biological technology on biological systems on the behalf of industrialsystems on the behalf of industrial processes and environmental processes and environmental management..management..

Biochemical engineeringBiochemical engineering The application The application of engineering principles to biologically of engineering principles to biologically based processes (in fermentation based processes (in fermentation processes: manipulating living cells so as to processes: manipulating living cells so as to promote their growth and production in a promote their growth and production in a desired way); Maximize productivity desired way); Maximize productivity Minimize costsMinimize costs

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Biotechnology Sub-DivisionsBiotechnology Sub-Divisions Red biotechnology -Red biotechnology - applied to applied to medical medical processes; Examples: processes; Examples:

designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, engineering genetic designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, engineering genetic cures to cure diseases through genomic manipulation.cures to cure diseases through genomic manipulation.

White biotechnology - White biotechnology - known as known as grey biotechnologygrey biotechnology, applied , applied to industrial processes. Example: designing of an organism to to industrial processes. Example: designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical; tends to consume less in resources produce a useful chemical; tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes when used to produce industrial goodsthan traditional processes when used to produce industrial goods..

Green biotechnologyGreen biotechnology - applied to agricultural processes. - applied to agricultural processes. Example - designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific Example - designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals. Green biotechnology might produce certain agricultural chemicals. Green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. Example: engineering a plant to express a pesticide, agriculture. Example: engineering a plant to express a pesticide, thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides. thereby eliminating the need for external application of pesticides.

Blue biotechnologyBlue biotechnology - - the marine and aquatic applications of the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.

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What is Food Biotechnology?What is Food Biotechnology?

Food biotechnology is the evolution of traditional agricultural techniques such as crossbreeding and fermentation.

It is an extension of the type of food development that has provided nectarines, tangerines and similar advancements.

It is a process that has resulted in improved nutrition, taste, quality and freshness of many foods today.

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History of History of BiotechnologyBiotechnology

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Stages of BiotechStages of Biotech AncientAncient ClassicalClassical ModernModern

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Ancient BiotechAncient Biotech Not known when biotech Not known when biotech began exactlybegan exactly

Focused on having food Focused on having food and other human needsand other human needs

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Ancient BiotechAncient Biotech Begins with early civilizationBegins with early civilization

Developments in agriculture Developments in agriculture and food productionand food production

Few records existFew records exist

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Classical BiotechClassical Biotech Follows ancientFollows ancient

Makes wide spread use of Makes wide spread use of methods from ancient, methods from ancient, especially fermentationespecially fermentation

Methods adapted to industrial Methods adapted to industrial productionproduction

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Classical BiotechClassical Biotech Produce large quantities of Produce large quantities of

food products and other food products and other materials in short amount materials in short amount of timeof time

Meet demands of Meet demands of increasing populationincreasing population

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Classical BiotechClassical Biotech Many methods Many methods developed through developed through classical biotech are classical biotech are widely used today.widely used today.

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Modern BiotechModern Biotech Manipulation of genetic Manipulation of genetic

material within organismsmaterial within organisms

Based on genetics and the Based on genetics and the use of microscopy, use of microscopy, biochemical methods, related biochemical methods, related sciences and technologiessciences and technologies

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Modern BiotechModern Biotech Often known as genetic Often known as genetic engineeringengineering

Roots involved the Roots involved the investigation of genesinvestigation of genes

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People in BiotechPeople in Biotech

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Anton Van LeeuwenhoekAnton Van Leeuwenhoek Developed single lens Developed single lens

microscope in 1670’smicroscope in 1670’s

First to observe tiny First to observe tiny organisms and document organisms and document observationsobservations

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Gregor MendelGregor Mendel Formulated basic laws of Formulated basic laws of

heredity during mid 1800’sheredity during mid 1800’s

Austrian Botanist and monkAustrian Botanist and monk

Experimented with peasExperimented with peas

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Johan Friedrich MiescherJohan Friedrich Miescher Swiss BiologistSwiss Biologist

Isolated nuclei of white blood Isolated nuclei of white blood cells in 1869cells in 1869

Led to identification of nucleic Led to identification of nucleic acid by Walter Flemmingacid by Walter Flemming

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Ernst RuskaErnst Ruska Build the first electron Build the first electron

microscope in 1932microscope in 1932

German electrical engineerGerman electrical engineer

Microscope offered 400X Microscope offered 400X magnificationmagnification

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Alexander FlemingAlexander Fleming( British)( British)

Discovered penicillin in 1928Discovered penicillin in 1928

First antibiotic drug used in treating First antibiotic drug used in treating human diseasehuman disease

Observed growth of molds (Penicillium Observed growth of molds (Penicillium genus) in a dish that also contacted genus) in a dish that also contacted bacteria then bacteriabacteria then bacteria close to the molds close to the molds were deadwere dead

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Alexander FlemingAlexander Fleming Extracting and purifying Extracting and purifying

the molds took a decade of the molds took a decade of researchresearch

Penicillin first used in 1941Penicillin first used in 1941

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Watson and CrickWatson and Crick James WatsonJames Watson

Francis CrickFrancis Crick

Collaborated to produce Collaborated to produce the first model of DNA the first model of DNA structure in 1953structure in 1953

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Watson and CrickWatson and Crick Described DNA dimensions Described DNA dimensions

and spacing of base pairsand spacing of base pairs

Had major impact on Had major impact on genetic engineering genetic engineering carried out todaycarried out today

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WatsonWatson Born in the USBorn in the US

Crick – born in EnglandCrick – born in England

Collaborative research at Collaborative research at Cambridge University in EnglandCambridge University in England

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Norman E. Borlaug(USA)Norman E. Borlaug(USA) Developed wheat varieties Developed wheat varieties

producing high yieldsproducing high yields

Developed wheat variety that Developed wheat variety that would grow in climates where would grow in climates where other varieties would notother varieties would not

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BorlaugBorlaug Nobel Peace Prize in 1971Nobel Peace Prize in 1971

Credited with helping Credited with helping relieve widespread hunger relieve widespread hunger in some nationsin some nations

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Ian Wilmut (british)Ian Wilmut (british) Cloning of a sheep named Dolly Cloning of a sheep named Dolly

in 1997in 1997

Produced from tissue of an Produced from tissue of an adult sheepadult sheep

Previous cloning efforts had Previous cloning efforts had been from early embryosbeen from early embryos

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DEFINITION OF FOOD FERMENATION:Microbial(1) activities(2), usually anaerobic(3), on suitable substrate under controlled(4) or uncontrolled (5) conditions resulting(6) in the production of desirable (7) foods or beverages which are characteristicaly more stable(8), palatable(9) and nutritious(10) than the raw substrate.

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Where to work?1-Fermentation industry beer, wine, dairy fermentation, pickling, oriental fermented foods

2- Industrial fermentations organic acids, antibiotics, medicine

3-New product development genetic engineering

4-Teaching, Research, Extension, University, Government, Industry

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