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Transcript of 1 ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I ECE 495 - INTEGRATED SYSTEMS I Designing for Cradle to...
1ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
ECE 495 - INTEGRATED SYSTEMS I
Designing for Cradle to Grave: Environmental Concerns
Timothy Burg
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
The Gathering Storm - You are Competing in a World Economy
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ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Career Note – You are Competing in a World Economy
• “Rising Above The Gathering Storm, Revisited - Rapidly Approaching Category 5”– Prepared for National Academy Engineering
• The Academies advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
– The 2005 report focuses on the ability of Americans to compete for jobs in the evolving global economy.
• The possession of quality jobs is the foundation of a high quality life for the nation’s citizenry.
• The report paints a daunting outlook for America.
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
The Gathering Storm - Manufacturing Factoids
• Among manufacturers of photovoltaics, wind turbines and advanced batteries, the top ten global firms by market capitalization include two US firms. The other firms are from China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Spain, Taiwan and the U.K.
• Bethlehem Steel marked its 100th birthday by declaring bankruptcy
• Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. (electronics manufacturing, Foxconn, Taiwan) employs more people than the worldwide employment of Apple, Dell, Microsoft, Intel and Sony combined.
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
The Gathering Storm – Education Factoids
• When MIT put its course materials on the worldwide web, over half of the users were outside the United States
• In 2000 the number of foreign students studying the physical sciences and engineering in United States graduate schools for the first time surpassed the number of United States students.
• The United States ranks 20th in high school completion rate among industrialized nations and 16th in college completion rate.
• China’s Tsinghua and Peking Universities are the two largest suppliers of students who receive PhD’s—in the United States
Of 40 accepted applicants in ECE for Fall 2011, ~ 2 are US citizens
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
The Gathering Storm - Technology Factoids
• In 2009, 51 percent of United States patents were awarded to non-United States companies.
• GE has now located the majority of its R&D personnel outside the United States.
• China has now replaced the United States as the world’s number one high-technology exporter.
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
The Gathering Storm - You are Competing in a World Economy
• Bottom line – you must compete in a world economy.
Good technical skillsGood communication skillsGood language skillsAble to relocate and adaptGood business skills
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Example – Without control: rivers, streams, oceans, and underground water are polluted
Cuyahoga River Fire ‘69
Water Pollution
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Example – Without control: industry and automobile emissions pollute the air
A view of the South Pole from NASA’s “Total Ozone mapping Spectrometer” satellite.
Air Pollution
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Example – Without control: radioactive materials can be dispersed into air, soil, and waterways
A city near the Chernobyl plant that was abandoned due to radioactive fallout.
Three Mile Island Disaster in Harrisburg, PA
Radiation
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Example – Without control: waste can accumulate
Waste Storage
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Example – US Government has defined minimum expectations for environmental stewardship
• National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA)• First law written that
– established national framework for protecting the environment and
– created an enforcer of the law -The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has primary responsibility
• Is our basic national charter for protection of the environment
All Environmental Laws & Regulations
NEPA
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Example – With control: rivers, streams, oceans and underground water can be preserved
Cuyahoga River Fire ‘69 Cuyahoga River today
Today
ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Example – Evaluating Environmental Impacts
Electric cars are promoted as the environmentally benign future of transportation. Ads assure us of "zero emissions," and President Obama has
promised a million on the road by 2015.
A 2012 comprehensive life-cycle analysis in Journal of Industrial Ecology Electric Car – manufacturing produces 30,000 pounds of carbon-dioxide emissions (50% of lifetime) Conventional Car – manufacturing produces 14,000 pounds of carbon-dioxide emissions (17% of lifetime).
Is it benign? Is it better than conventional car?
If a typical electric car is driven 50,000 miles over its lifetime, the huge initial emissions from its manufacture means the car will
actually have put more carbon-dioxide in the atmosphere than a similar-size gasoline-powered car driven the same number of
miles.
What is the start and end of the lifetime in this analysis?
15ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Generic Product Development
IdentifyNeed Research
Specifications
Concepts
Design
Prototype
Testing
Retire
Maintain
Use by Customers
Distribute and Sell
Manufacture
Environmental Impact is part of the Design:• Look ahead to the
product lifecycle and find possible impacts.
• Optimize design to make system as environmentally friendly as possible
• Comply with regulations.
16ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Stages
1 – Raw Materials Acquisition
2 - Manufacture
3 - Use4 - Final Disposal
Total environmental impact of a productis the sum of the impacts at each stage
17ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Stage 1: Raw Materials Acquisition
Raw Materials in Electronics and Semiconductor Industry:
• Metals• Plastics
Acquiring the Lithium needed to manufacture the LiIon batteries
(Bolivia)
Copper Mine(US)
18ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Stage 2: Manufacturing of the product
The processing of the raw materials creates pollutants
both in the workplace environment and in the
exterior environments, e.g.Cadmium
LeadMercury
Circuit Board Cleaners
19ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle 3: Use - Distribution (Shipping)
20ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
What is in US landfills?
• What type of trash takes up the most space in US landfills?
a. plasticb. metalc. paperd. yard waste
21ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle 3: Use - Distribution (Packaging)
• Dell recently announced their plan:– Cut $8 million in costs. – Eliminate 20 million pounds of packaging material
22ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle 3: Use - Consumption
Vampire energy – energy used by electronic devices even though they are “off”
Wasted vampire energy accounts for over 4% of all the energy consumption in US• consumption means 100
million tons of oil each year. • translates to 1% of all the
energy used in the entire world.
23ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Stage 4: Disposal/Recycle/Waste Management
Scale of problem
We throw out about 130,000 computers each day
Americans buy more than 100 million cell phones each year
What percent of municipal solid waste (MSW) is
electronics?
Disposal Of Electric Devices Has Environmental Impact
1-4%
24ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Stage 4: Disposal/Recycle/Waste Management
• Batteries:• May contain Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni, Li• Americans buy 3 billion dry-cells every
year (each year each person discards 8 batteries)• 99 million wet-cell batteries are manufactured each
year– More that 95% of car batteries are recycled – 21
lbs Pb, 3 lbs plastic, and H2SO4 per battery
25ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Stage 4: Disposal/Recycle/Waste
Recovering Materials from Semiconductors‘e-waste’ has valuable copper, gold, silver, platinum and palladium as well as lead but the metals are difficult to separate
26ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Environmental Goal
• Foster environmentally conscious design and manufacturing
• Increase purchasing and use of more environmentally sustainable electronics
• Increase safe, environmentally sound reuse and recycling of used electronics
27ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Environmental Friendly Design
Utilize Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Concepts to estimate environmental impact.
Apply the Four Rs to mitigate environmental impact.• Remove (substitute something with less impact)• Recycle • Reuse (Re-purpose)• Reduce (Increase product life)
28ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Analysis (Assessment) LCA
• Quantifying (measuring) the Environmental Impact of a Product
• Life Cycle Analysis (Assessment) LCA – Is a “cradle-to-grave” method (tool) that attempts to measure the total environmental impact for the entire life (life cycle) of a specific product
• LCA takes into account the inputs (energy and raw materials), the emissions, and other important factors for the total product process - for all 4 stages of the life cycle.
29ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Overview
Phase 2
Inventory Analysis
Phase 3
Life Cycle Impact Assessment LCIA
Phase 4
Interpretation
Define the goal and
purpose of a Life Cycle Assessment
Develop a list of the inputs
and outputs of the system
1. Assign each inventory item to an Environmental Impact Category;
2. Calculate the 12 Environmental Indices for each Environmental category;
3. Normalize the 12 Environmental Indices;
4. Sum the 12 normalized values for the Performance Score.
Interpret the results of the Life Cycle assessment. Consider the performance
of the product by each
environmental impact and
the Performance
Score
Phase 1
Goals, Definition & Scope
30ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Analysis (Assessment) LCA
Phase 1
Goals, Definition & Scope
Phase 2
Inventory Analysis
Phase 3
Life Cycle Impact Assessment LCIA
Phase 4
Interpretation
Phase 1 Procedures
1. Define the Goals of the project i.e. is the life cycle assessment to be used for a single product environment assessment or for a comparison the environment of two or more products.
2. Determine the boundaries and the type of information needed
3. Define the scope of the project
31ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Analysis LCA
Phase 1
Goals, Definition & Scope
Phase 2
Inventory Analysis
Phase 3
Life Cycle Impact Assessment LCIA
Phase 4
Interpretation
1. Develop a flow diagram of the processes
2. Develop a list identifying and quantifying the inputs and outputs for each process in the entire system
Figure - Material Flow Diagram for the production of a tallow-based bar soap
32ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Analysis LCA
Phase 1
Goals, Definition & Scope
Phase 2
Inventory Analysis
Phase 3
Life Cycle Impact Assessment LCIA
Phase 4
Interpretation
Step 1. Assign each Inventory Item to an Environmental impact category
Fossil Fuel Depletion
Indoor Air Quality
Habitat Alteration
Global Warming
Acidification
Eutrophication
Water Intake
Criteria Air Pollutants
Human Health
Smog
Ozone Depletion
Ecological Toxicity
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Ammonia
Hydrocarbons
Halon, etc
Step 2 Calculate an Impact index for each environmental impact category
Calculate ‘impact potential index’ for each impact category (example- Global Warming) by the following equation:
– GWP = ∑mi x GWPi where m = mass in grams and GWPi is the factor obtained from a table similar to the BEES table below.
33ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Analysis LCA Phase 3 (cont.)
Phase 1
Goals, Definition & Scope
Phase 2
Inventory Analysis
Phase 3
Life Cycle Impact Assessment LCIA
Phase 4
Interpretation
Step 3 Normalize the 12 Environmental Impact indexes so they can be compared by a scale impact value. For example, the Global Warming normalization value is 25,582,640.09 g CO2 equivalents/year/capita.
Step 4. Step 4. Calculate the Environmental Performance Score (EP Score) by summing the 12 normalized impact indexes.
34ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Phase 1
Goals, Definition & Scope
Phase 2
Inventory Analysis
Phase 3
Life Cycle Impact Assessment LCIA
Phase 4
Interpretation
LCA continuation of Phase 3 Steps 3-4
The data can be displayed in various ways. The LCA for 5 types of floor covering is shown to the right. The 12 environmental impacts are colored-coded to provide additional detailed information.
35ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Example of a life cycle analysis:
compact florescent lights (CFL) versus incandescent
light bulbs
Life Cycle Assessment for CFLs
36ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Assessment for CFLs
• Mercury in the bulb is obviously not desirable.• However, when the entire life cycle is considered, this
may not be as detrimental to the environment as first thought.
37ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Life Cycle Assessment for CFLs
• Manufacture Phase– Handling and storage of mercury
• Distribution– Packaging contamination
• Consumer Phase– Use significantly less energy than traditional light bulbs
(75% less)– Clean-up of broken bulb– Ultraviolet radiation
• Disposal (waste) Phase– Mercury waste– Electronic waste
Addresses an important environmental concern
Creates new potential environmental concerns
Considering the entire product life cycle,
CFL is a better choice than incandescent
38ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Professional Note: Code of Electrical Engineers
• IEEE Code of Electrical Engineers• We, the members of the IEEE, recognition of the
importance of our technologies in affecting the quality of life throughout the world… agree:
• to accept responsibility in making decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment
39ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
Conclusions – Your design decisions affect us all
End
40ECE 495 – Integrated System Design I
References
• EPA - Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practices. http://www.epa.gov/NRMRL/lcaccess/pdfs/600r06060.pdf
• Must be Purchased – ISO 14040 and 14044.
• Free copy of NIST BEES Computer Program - www.bfrl.nist.gov/oae/software/bees.html <
• NIST Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) http://www.wbdg.org/tools/bees.php