1 Dilemmas of the “societal interest” Normative approaches: societal consensus is based on...
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Dilemmas of the “societal interest”• Normative approaches: societal consensus is based on approved laws,
rules and plans + their ethical content and a rights-based approach:– (1) Substantive (human dignity, equal treatment and property rights) and– (2) Procedural (fairness or due process, sound administration and transparency, and
public participation) aspects• Utilitarianism approaches:
– Aggregating individual preferences and the use of a cost-benefit analysis as an example of welfare economics
• Dialogical approaches:– a result of an interactive process among concerned stakeholders and affected parties
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Environmental problems as social justice
• Welfare-related incentives vs. norms and values:– Norms rule what solutions are
legitimate– Values influence what resolutions of
environmental conflicts are considered just
• distributive and procedural aspects of environmental justice:– …those whose interests are not
endorsed by a particular environmental decision that their interests can count in other decisions
(Paavola 2007)
Public involvement in decision-making, participatory approaches
Mediation and negotiation for plan/scheme/strategy development
O. Likhacheva, Pskov State UniversityD. Blyshchyk, Odessa State Environmental University
Information and Communication for Natural Resource managementPilot course
Federal Siberian University, 16-22 February 2014
Agroforestry in Haiti (1990s) (1)
• 33% of all land slopes more than 20 %• 1/3 of the country lies above 400 m• 20% of land is considered arable, 50% is under agricultural
production• Forested land dropped from 30% (1940) to 10% (1970) and
1,2-2% (currently)
Agroforestry in Haiti (1990s) (2)
• not-inclusiveness of people affected in the planning process
• Ignoring of traditional knowledge and conservation technologies
Reconstruction of dendropark (2013)
• Natural resource management problems
• complex, • uncertain, • multi-scale, • affect multiple actors • affect multiple agencies
• Demand for decision-making •transparent,• flexible to changing circumstances, • that embraces a diversity of knowledge and values
What does “public participation” mean?
• Participation is a process that facilitates dialogue among all actors, mobilizes and validates popular knowledge and skills, supports communities and their institutions to manage and control resources, and seeks to achieve sustainability, economic equity and social justice while maintaining cultural integrity (Renard, Krishnarayan, 2000)
• Public participation is an “…active involvement of people in making decisions (about the implementation of processes, programmes and projects, etc.) which affect them” (Slocum, Thomas-Slatyer, 1995)
1950s• recognition that the project will fail or reduce
success if all the stakeholders do not participate effectively.
• recognition the need for empowerment of communities so they may participate in decisions which affect them:– All the stakeholders have a right to be involved.
• belief that ordinary people are capable of critical reflection and analysis and their knowledge is relevant and necessary.
• Arnstein (1969):– Citizen Power: Citizen
Control, Delegated Power, Partnership
– Tokenism: Placation, Consultation, Informing.
– Non-participation: Therapy, Manipulation.
Participatory typology
Distinguishing between the degree to which stakeholders are engaged
Lawrence (2006) “transformative” participation
NGO, COSECHA, project sustainability monitoring
(in Guatemala and Honduras)
Wheel of participation (Davidson, 1998)
Public participation spectrumINFORM CONSULT INVOLVE COLLABORATE EMPOWER
Participation goalTo provide the publicwith balanced and objective informationto assist them inunderstanding theproblems, alternatives,opportunities and/orsolutions
To obtain publicfeedback on analysis, alternatives and/ordecisions
To work directly with the public throughoutthe process to ensure that public concerns and aspirations areconsistently understoodand considered
To partner with the public ineach aspect of the decision including the development of alternatives and the identification of the preferred solution
To place final decision makingin the hands of the public
Promise to the public
We will keep youinformed
We will keep you informed, listen to and acknowledgeconcerns andaspirations, provide feedback on how public inputinfluenced thedecision
We will work with you to ensure that your concerns andaspirations are directly reflected in the alternatives developed and provide feedbackon how public input influenced the decision
We will look to you for direct advice and Innovationin formulating solutions and incorporate your advice andrecommendations into the decisions to the maximumextent possible
We will implementwhat you decide
Reasons for participation
• The opportunity to make better decisions• Better public acceptance of and compliance with the
decisions made / creation of social support among stakeholders
• Social justice / increase legitimacy • In addition:– community engagement enables the public to go beyond
participation in a decision to be made by government (increase of participation is a powerful catalyst towards achieving other objectives), to become motivated to support a new perspective or issue and take action themselves
Stakeholder analysis: description of groups
• Sectors (public, private, representing sector of economy)
• Functions (administrator, researcher, local resident, land owner
• Level of actions (national, local, etc.)
• Geography (living in the area, living in the indirectly affected area, not from the area)
• Socio-economic profile (income, age, gender)
• Level of interest/effect (directly affected, indirectly affected)
• Experience of the topic
• Known or likely position (supporting, opposing, in conflict with other groups, etc.)
Components necessary for effective public participation (1)Process issues
• Recognition the importance of participation, • Be inclusive • Valuing the public• Balance out differences in power • Trust among stakeholders• Flexibility and learning by doing• Continuity of resources and efforts• Identifying benefits
Components necessary for effective public participation (2)Structural issues
• Access to trusted data• Timelines• Planning for outreach and education• Knowledge exchange and capacity building• Attracting the right participants• Dealing with personality• The limits of stakeholder representation• The drawbacks of consensus
Thank You for attention!!!