1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that...
-
Upload
lorin-west -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
2
Transcript of 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that...
![Page 1: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Chapter 8
Covalent bonding
![Page 2: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
I. Octet Rule What is the Octet Rule?
The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire a full set of 8 valence electrons
Create a drawing of Mg and Cl, Al and Cl
![Page 3: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
II. Covalent BondsA Chemical Bond occurs when electron
are shared.
Hydrogen and Hydrogen
A molecules are formed from the overlap of orbitals and sharing of electrons
![Page 4: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Covalent bondsa. Nonmetals hold onto their valence
electrons.
b. They can’t give away electrons to bond.
Still want noble gas configuration.
c. Get it by sharing valence electrons with each other.
d. By sharing both atoms get to count the electrons toward noble gas configuration.
![Page 5: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Its all in the distancea. Too far no bond
b. Too close electrons repel
c. Just right and a molecule is born
A molecules are formed from the overlap of orbitals and sharing of electrons
![Page 6: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Covalent clip
Covalent_Bonds.asf
![Page 7: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
III. Molecule A. a covalently bonded compound.
– 1. Tend to occur between non metals that are close together on the periodic table.
– a. diatomic molecules – occur naturally in nature
a. this is a more stable arrangement.
H H F F Br Br Cl Cl N N
![Page 8: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
![Page 9: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
I. Single Covalent BondA. A sharing of two valence electrons.
1.Only nonmetals and Hydrogen.
2.Different from an ionic bond because they actually form molecules.
3. Two specific atoms are joined.
![Page 10: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
How does H2 form? The nuclei repel
++
![Page 11: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
When Atoms Combine to make Molecules
Fig 8-1
Atoms contain both positive and negative charges. When they come Together they arrange themselves so that the attractive forges of oppositeCharges is greater than the repulsive forces of like charges
![Page 12: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
How does H2 form?
++
The nuclei repel But they are attracted to electrons They share the electrons
![Page 13: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
How to show how they formed It’s like a jigsaw puzzle. I have to tell you what the final formula
is. You put the pieces together to end up
with the right formula. For example- show how water is formed
with covalent bonds.
![Page 14: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Water
H
O
Each hydrogen has 1 valence electron
Each hydrogen wants 1 more
The oxygen has 6 valence electrons
The oxygen wants 2 more
They share to make each other happy
![Page 15: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Water Put the pieces together The first hydrogen is happy The oxygen still wants one more
H O
![Page 16: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Water The second hydrogen attaches Every atom has full energy levels
H OH
![Page 17: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
use acetate sheets to work on page 244 1-5 to create lewis structures
Use a square of acetate to show each atom (use vis a vis pens only)
Show the overlap of orbitals Draw the outcome in your notebook-use
structural formula (line to represent pair) Circle the shared pairs
![Page 18: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Lewis structure 1. PH3
2. H2S
3. HCl
4. CCl4
5. SiH4
![Page 19: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Lewis structure Use molecular model kit to build 1. PH3
2. H2S
3. HCl
4. CCl4
![Page 20: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Covalent Bond Formation
Covalent bond forms by overlap of orbitals. Two types of bonds
Sigma bond: all single bonds are sigma bonds
Pi bond: in multiple bonds: the first one is sigma, all other bonds are pi.
There areSingle bondsMultiple bonds (double and triple only)
![Page 21: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Two types of Bonds Sigma bonds from
overlap of orbitals along the axis connecting the nuclei between the atoms
Pi bond ( bond): perpendicular overlap of p-orbitals above and below the axis connecting the atoms
![Page 22: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Sigma bond: s-s Orbital Overlap
![Page 23: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Pg 247- # 12 a-e
![Page 24: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
III. Multiple BondsA. Sometimes atoms share more than
one pair of valence electrons.
B. A double bond is when atoms share two pair (4) of electrons.
C. A triple bond is when atoms share three pair (6) of electrons.
![Page 25: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Carbon dioxide CO2 - Carbon is central
atom ( I have to tell you)
Carbon has 4 valence electrons
Wants 4 more Oxygen has 6 valence
electrons Wants 2 more
O
C
![Page 26: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Carbon dioxide Attaching 1 oxygen leaves the oxygen 1
short and the carbon 3 short
OC
![Page 27: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Carbon dioxide Attaching the second oxygen leaves
both oxygen 1 short and the carbon 2 short
OCO
![Page 28: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
![Page 29: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
![Page 30: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
![Page 31: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
![Page 32: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
![Page 33: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more
OCO
![Page 34: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the
bond
OCO
![Page 35: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the
bond
OCO8 valence electrons
![Page 36: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the
bond
OCO8 valence electrons
![Page 37: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in the
bond
OCO
8 valence electrons
![Page 38: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
How to draw them Add up all the valence electrons. Count up the total number of electrons
to make all atoms complete octet rule. Subtract. Divide by 2 Tells you how many bonds - draw them. Fill in the rest of the valence electrons
to fill atoms up.
![Page 39: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Examples NH3
N - has 5 valence electrons wants 8
H - has 1 valence electrons wants 2
NH3 has 5+3(1) = 8
NH3 wants 8+3(2) = 14
(14-8)/2= 3 bonds 4 atoms with 3 bonds
N
H
![Page 40: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
N HHH
Examples Draw in the bonds All 8 electrons are accounted for Everything is full
![Page 41: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Examples HCN C is central atom N - has 5 valence electrons wants 8 C - has 4 valence electrons wants 8 H - has 1 valence electrons wants 2 HCN has 5+4+1 = 10
HCN wants 8+8+2 = 18
(18-10)/2= 4 bonds 3 atoms with 4 bonds -will require multiple
bonds - not to H
![Page 42: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
HCN Put in single bonds Need 2 more bonds Must go between C and N
NH C
![Page 43: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
HCN Put in single bonds Need 2 more bonds Must go between C and N Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add
NH C
![Page 44: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
HCN Put in single bonds Need 2 more bonds Must go between C and N Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add Must go on N to fill octet
NH C
![Page 45: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Another way of indicating bonds
Often use a line to indicate a bond Called a structural formula Each line is 2 valence electrons
H HO =H HO
![Page 46: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Structural Examples
H C N
C OH
H
C has 8 electrons because each line is 2 electrons
Ditto for N
Ditto for C here Ditto for O
![Page 47: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Build the molecules using the molecular model kit.
HCN H2O NH3
CH4
C2H2
PH3
H2S http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYFE5usl
aNo
![Page 48: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYFE5uslaNo
![Page 49: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
IV. Bond strengthA. bond strength is the energy needed to
break a covalent bond1. Bond length and atom size help
determine bond strengtha. The shorter the bond length The greater the bond strength
i. single bond – longest length ii. Double bond – medium lengthiii triple bond – shortest length
WHICH HAS THE GREATEST BOND STRENGTH?
![Page 50: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
B. Energy is needed to create and break a covalent bond.
1.Energy is released when a covalent bond forms
2. Bond dissociation energy- is needed to break a bond
a. always a positive number
i. It takes 159KJ/mol to break F2
Would it take more or less to break N2 - why?
![Page 51: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
V. Chemical reaction energyA. Endothermic reaction – energy is
needed1. More energy is needed to break the bond
than is needed to create new bond.
AB + energy A + B
NH4SCN + Ba(OH) + energy ( freezes to wood because heat is pulled from the reaction
![Page 52: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
B. Exothermic reaction – energy is released
1. more energy is released when bonds form than is needed to break bonds
A + B AB + energy
CaCl + baking soda and water energy is released as heat
Hw: pg 247 1-12
![Page 53: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
![Page 54: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
I. Naming compoundsA. Two types
1. Ionic - metal and non metal or polyatomics.
2. Covalent- we will just learn the rules for 2 non-metals.
![Page 55: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Covalent compounds Two words, with prefixes. Prefixes tell you how many. mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, Hepta,
octa, nona, deca First element whole name with the
appropriate prefix, except mono. Second element, -ide ending with
appropriate prefix. Practice
![Page 56: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Writing Formulas Two sets of rules, ionic and covalent To decide which to use, decide what the
first word is. If is a metal or polyatomic use ionic. If it is a non-metal use covalent.
![Page 57: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
PREFIXESMono - one di - twoTri- threeTetra- four penta- five hexa- six Hepta- sevenOcta - eight nona - nine deca - ten
![Page 58: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
CO2
CO CCl4
N2O4
XeF6
N4O4
P2O10
Naming Covalent Compounds
![Page 59: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Covalent compounds The name tells you how to write the
formula
Sulfur dioxide diflourine monoxide nitrogen trichloride diphosphorus pentoxide
Work on naming ditto
![Page 60: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
![Page 61: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
I. Acids Substances that produce H+ ions when
dissolved in water. All acids begin with H. Two types of acids: Oxyacids Non Oxyacids- Binary Acids
![Page 62: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
A. Binary Acids 1. Binary Acids( Hydrogen and one
other element
– A. hydro + element name + IC + acid
– Examples
– 1. HCl-
– 2. HF-
3. HBr-
![Page 63: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
B. Oxyacids 1. oxyacids- (hydrogen + oxyanions)
– a. name anion + (ic or ous) + acid• i. use of ic or ous depends on the number of oxygen
atoms in the oxyanion
Examples:HNO3- nitric acid HNO2 –Nitrous acid
H3 PO4-phosphoric acid
H2PO3 phosphorous acid
HC2H3O2 –acetic acid
![Page 64: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
H2SO4
sulfuric acid
H2SO3
sulfurous acid
![Page 65: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Formulas for acids hydrofluoric acid- HF
carbonic acid- H2CO3
hydrosulfuric acid
phosphorous acid
![Page 66: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Hydrates Some salts trap water crystals when
they form crystals. These are hydrates. Both the name and the formula needs to
indicate how many water molecules are trapped.
In the name we add the word hydrate with a prefix that tells us how many water molecules.
![Page 67: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Hydrates In the formula you put a dot and then
write the number of molecules. Calcium chloride dihydrate =
CaCl22 Chromium (III) nitrate hexahydrate =
Cr(NO3)3 6H2O
![Page 68: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
![Page 69: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
I. ResonanceA. When more than one dot diagram with
the same connections are possible.
1. SO2
Which one is it? Does it go back and forth. It is a mixture of both, like a mule.
![Page 70: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
7020 Oct 97 Bonding and structure (2) 70
Sulfur Dioxide, SO2
••O OS
••
••
••
••••••
bring inleft pair
OR bring inright pair
These equivalent structuresare called:
RESONANCE STRUCTURES. The proper Lewis structure
is a HYBRID of the two.
Each atom has OCTET . . . . . BUT there is a +1 and -1 formal charge
••O OS
••
••
••
••••
••O OS••
••
••
••
••
+— —+
Rules 1-3 O—S —O
![Page 71: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
Draw the resonance structure
O3
SO3
SO2
![Page 72: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
![Page 73: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
Coordinate Covalent Bond When one atom donates both electrons
in a covalent bond. Carbon monoxide CO
OC
![Page 74: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Coordinate Covalent Bond When one atom donates both electrons
in a covalent bond. Carbon monoxide CO
OC
![Page 75: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
Coordinate Covalent Bond When one atom donates both electrons
in a covalent bond. Carbon monoxide CO
OC
![Page 76: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
How do we know Have to draw the diagram and see what
happens. Often happens with polyatomic ions and
acids.
Work on drawing lewis structures from packet
![Page 77: 1 Chapter 8 Covalent bonding 2 I. Octet Rule l What is the Octet Rule? l The octet rule states that atoms lose gain or share electrons in to acquire.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062517/56649f275503460f94c3ea45/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77