1 CHAPTER 17 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity.
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Transcript of 1 CHAPTER 17 Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity.
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CHAPTER 17
Intelligent Software Agents and Creativity
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Intelligent Software Agents: An Overview
Intelligent Agent (IA): Computer program that helps a user with routine computer tasks
New Technology Other Names
Software agents Wizards Knowbots Intelligent software robots Softbots Bots
Agent: Someone employed to act on one’s behalf
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Definitions of Intelligent Agent “Intelligent agents are software entities that carry out some set of
operations on behalf of a user or another program, with some degree of independence or autonomy and in so doing, employ some knowledge or representation of the user’s goals or desires.” (“The IBM Agent”)
An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through effectors (Russell and Norvig, 1995, p. 33)
Autonomous agents are computational systems that inhabit some complex dynamic environment, sense and act autonomously in this environment and by doing so realize a set of goals or tasks for which they are designed (Maes, 1995, p. 108)
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More Definitions A persistent software entity dedicated to a specific purpose.
“Persistent” distinguishes agents from subroutines; agents have their own ideas about how to accomplish tasks, e.g., their own agenda. “Special purpose” distinguishes them from entire multifunction applications; agents are typically much smaller” (Smith et al., 1994)
Intelligent agents continuously perform three functions: perception of dynamic conditions in the environment; action to affect conditions in the environment; and reasoning to interpret perceptions, solve problems, draw inferences, and determine actions (Hayes-Roth, 1995)
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Intelligence Levels and Power
0: Straight orders
1: User initiated search by key words (search engines)
2: Have user profiles (software agents)
3: Have learning and deductive capabilities
(learning or truly intelligent agents)
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Possible Components of an Agent
Owner Author Account Goal Subject description Creation and duration Background Intelligent subystem
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Intelligent Agent Characteristics
Autonomy (empowerment)
Agent takes initiative, exercises control over its actions Goal-oriented Collaborative Flexible Self-starting
Operates in the background Mobile agents
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Communication (interactivity) Automates repetitive tasks Reactivity Proactiveness (persistence) Temporal continuity Personality Mobile agents Intelligence and learning
Single Task
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Why Intelligent Agents?
Information Overload Data doubles annually (in large enterprises (1998))
Can analyze only about 5% Most efforts: discover patterns, not meaning, not what to do Reduces decision making capabilities by 50%
Much caused by the Internet/Web How to filter data How to identify relevant sources of data
Intelligent agents can assist searching
Save time: agents decide what is relevant to the user
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Decision support Front-line decision support Repetitive office activity Mundane personal activity Search and retrieval Domain experts
Reasons for Intelligent Agent Technology Growth
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Agent Classification and Types
Taxonomic tree to classify autonomous agents (Figure 17.1)
Autonomous agents
Software agents
Computational agents
Task-specific agents
Artificial life agents
Robotic agentsBiological agents
Entertainment agents Viruses
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Application Types Organizational and personal agents
Private agents vs. public agents
Software (simple) agents and intelligent agents
Mobile agents
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Classification by Characteristics
Agency
Intelligence
Mobility
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Degree of autonomy and authority vested in the agent Key value of agents More advanced agents can interact with other entities
Agency
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Intelligence
Degree of reasoning and learned behavior
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Mobility
Degree to which agents travel through the network Static Mobile scripts Mobile with state Nonmobile agents defined in 2-D (Figure 17.2a) Mobile agents defined in 3-D (Figure 17.2b)
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Classification by Application Area
Assist in workflow and administrative management Collaborate with other agents and individuals Support electronic commerce Support desktop applications Assist in information access and management Process mail and messages Control and manage the network access Manage systems and networks Create user interfaces
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Internet-based Software Agents
Software Robots or Softbots
Major Categories
E-mail agents (mailbots) Web browsing assisting agents Frequently asked questions (FAQ) agents Intelligent search (or Indexing) agents Internet softbot for finding information Network Management and Monitoring
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Patrol Application Management Tabriz WatchGuard AlertView InterAp Mercury Center’s Newshound Infosage
Network Management and Monitoring
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Electronic Commerce Agents
Need identification Product brokering Merchant brokering Negotiation Purchase and delivery Product/service evaluation
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Other Agents
Operating systems agents Supply chain management agents Spreadsheet agents Workflow and administrative management agents Competitive intelligence agents Software development agents Data mining / Web mining agents Monitoring and alerting agents Collaboration agents
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Wizards in Microsoft Windows NT Operating Systems Add user accounts Group management Managing file and folder access Add printer Add/remove programs Network client administrator Licenses Install new modems Spreadsheet agents: make software more friendly
Operating Systems Agents
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Workflow and Administrative Management Agents
Ascertain and automate user needs or business processes
Example - FlowMark
Software development Many routine tasks can be done or supported by agents
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One of the most important capabilities of information technology
Can sift through large amounts of information
Challenge: intelligent agents to sift and sort
Categories Intelligent agents Query-and-reporting tools Multidimensional analysis
Data Mining
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Subsets (Etzioni, 1996)
Resource discovery
Information extraction
Generalization
Web Mining
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Monitoring and Alerting: NewsAlert
Monitors data by personalized rules
Automatically delivers alerts to the user’s desktop into personalized newspapers
Organizes alerts by user-specified subject areas
Provides smart tools so users can investigate the context of an alert and communicate findings to others
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Key Components of NewsAlert
Software agents
Alert objects
Newspaper client
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Electronic Newspapers
Combine features of a paper newspaper
Familiar format
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Collaboration by Agents
Lotus Notes/Domino Server: Comprehensive collaborative software
Includes Notes Agents: automates many Notes tasks
Agents operate in the background performing routine tasks
Agents can be created by designers within an application
Agents can either be private or shared
Collaboration: Natural area for agent-to-agent interaction and communication
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Distributed AI, Multi-agents, and Communities of Agents
Software agents must communicate, cooperate and negotiate with each other
Refine requests and queries through evolving dialogue Intelligent agents work together in multiple agent systems Agents can communicate, cooperate and/or negotiate Easy to build agents with small specialized knowledge But complex tasks require much knowledge Agents need to share their knowledge
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Hotel Agents
User Airline Agents
Car Rental Agents
Agent
Car RentalCompanies
Hotels
Airlines
Buyer Sellers
Figure 17.7 A Multi-agent System for Travel Arrangements
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Agents control a telecommunications network
Can enter into agreements with other computers that control other networks about routing packets more efficiently
Agent in a blackboard architecture
Routing in Telecommunication Networks
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Personal digital assistants (PDA) Shared (global) databases Agents (softbots) travel out on the Internet and collect information from shared
databases Traffic control Coordination of vehicular traffic Air traffic control The University of Massachusetts CIG Searchbots
Software agents make decisions based on communication and agreements with other agents
Soon: Agents coordinating sellers and buyers
More Multiple Agents
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Topics in Multiagent Systems
Negotiation in electronic commerce
Coordination
The nature of the agents
Learning agents
Cooperation and collaboration
Communities of agents
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Data monitoring Data gathering Modeling Domain managing Preference learning
(Table 17.1)
DSS Agents
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Cost Justification Security Privacy Industrial Intelligence and Ethics Other Ethical Issues Agent Learning Agent Accuracy Heightened Expectations System Acceptance System Technology Strategic Information Systems
Managerial Issues
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Agents can simplify our use of computers
Agents can provide friendly software assistance
Agents promise to hide complexity
Agents perform actions we do not do ourselves
Agents could enhance human intelligence
Agents provide support to Net users in handling the information overload problem
Conclusions
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Agents are unlike other technological advances
Agents have some level of intelligence, some form of Self-initiated and Self-determined goals
There is the potential for Social mischief Systems that run amok Loss of privacy Further alienation of society
But: Danger!
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Can Eliminate Such Problems
Develop rules for well-behaving agents
Determine the accuracy of information collected
Respect restrictions of other servers
Do only authorized work