11

Chap. 19Chap. 19

Sec. 1Sec. 1

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Period after Civil War known as Period after Civil War known as Gilded Gilded Age.Age.

gilded means “coated with thin layer of gilded means “coated with thin layer of gold paint.gold paint.

Some believed glitter of society was hiding Some believed glitter of society was hiding problems.problems.

Two concerns that shaped politics:Two concerns that shaped politics: Industrialists and other wealthy people Industrialists and other wealthy people

were getting rich were getting rich public’s expensepublic’s expense.. Wide spread Wide spread corruptioncorruption or dishonesty in the or dishonesty in the

government.government.

The Gilded Age

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Spoils SystemSpoils System

Made popular by Andrew Jackson (1824)Made popular by Andrew Jackson (1824) (Patronage) – the Spoils System(Patronage) – the Spoils System

RewardedRewarded political supporters with political supporters with government jobs.government jobs.

Problems?Problems?- some were not qualified- some were not qualified- led to corruption- led to corruption

Reforms were neededReforms were needed Rutherford Hayes started steps to end Rutherford Hayes started steps to end

spoils systemspoils system

44

Steps at ReformSteps at Reform

Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes started steps to end started steps to end spoils systemspoils system

James GarfieldJames Garfield Called for reform in Called for reform in

civil service- all civil service- all federal jobs except federal jobs except elected/militaryelected/military

Shot by an angry Shot by an angry office seekeroffice seeker

55

Civil Service CommissionCivil Service Commission

In 1883 – the In 1883 – the Pendleton ActPendleton Act created created the the Civil Service CommissionCivil Service Commission responsible for filling jobs in the federal responsible for filling jobs in the federal

government on the basis of merit.government on the basis of merit. Set-up exams for federal jobs- those Set-up exams for federal jobs- those

who scored highest got the positionwho scored highest got the position Set-up to end spoils systemSet-up to end spoils system Chester Arthur- worked with Congress to Chester Arthur- worked with Congress to

help end spoils systemhelp end spoils system

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Controlling Big BusinessControlling Big Business Big business controlled the Big business controlled the

governmentgovernment Reformers wanted help against Reformers wanted help against

railroads and monopoliesrailroads and monopolies In 1887 - Interstate Commerce Act- In 1887 - Interstate Commerce Act-

forbade forbade unfair practicesunfair practices like rebates like rebates and set up theand set up the

ICC (ICC (Interstate Commerce Interstate Commerce CommissionCommission) set up to oversee the ) set up to oversee the railroad industryrailroad industry

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Sherman Antitrust Act - Sherman Antitrust Act - 18901890

Although difficult to enforce the Although difficult to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act was designed to Sherman Antitrust Act was designed to prohibited trusts from limiting or prohibited trusts from limiting or destroying competitiondestroying competition

Judges ruled for big business Judges ruled for big business (railroads)(railroads)

Was used against labor unionsWas used against labor unions Eventually used against monopoliesEventually used against monopolies

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Corruption: A Serious Problem Corruption: A Serious Problem in City Governmentin City Government

Politicians called Politicians called bossesbosses controlled controlled work locally and demanded work locally and demanded payoffspayoffs from businesses.from businesses.

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ProgressivesProgressives Reformers who wanted to improve American lifeReformers who wanted to improve American life

Not a single group- backed many causesNot a single group- backed many causes Believed in public interest- good of the peopleBelieved in public interest- good of the people Many were women- played a leading roleMany were women- played a leading role

• *The *The Wisconsin IdeaWisconsin Idea was a set of Progressive was a set of Progressive reforms proposed by: reforms proposed by:

• Robert La FolletteRobert La Follette- Included the creation of Included the creation of commissionscommissions, made up of , made up of

experts to solve problems.experts to solve problems.- Some states put power in the hands of the Some states put power in the hands of the votersvoters

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Progressives and Political Progressives and Political ReformsReforms

RecallRecall Allowed voters to remove elected officials from Allowed voters to remove elected officials from

officeoffice PrimaryPrimary

Voters choose their party’s candidateVoters choose their party’s candidate Wisconsin- first state with primaryWisconsin- first state with primary

InitiativeInitiative Voters have the right to put a bill directly before Voters have the right to put a bill directly before

the state legislature- with enough signaturesthe state legislature- with enough signatures ReferendumReferendum

Gave voters the power to make a bill- get Gave voters the power to make a bill- get referendum, then votereferendum, then vote

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Other Progressive ReformsOther Progressive Reforms

Lower tariffsLower tariffs The Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress The Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress

the power the power to pass an income taxto pass an income tax Graduated income tax (the more you make, Graduated income tax (the more you make,

the more you pay in taxes)the more you pay in taxes) (1913) 17(1913) 17thth amendment- amendment- required the required the

direct election of U.S. senators (used to be direct election of U.S. senators (used to be elected by legislatures who could be elected by legislatures who could be influenced by special interests)influenced by special interests)

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MuckrakersMuckrakers

Muckraker became a term for Muckraker became a term for crusading journalists.crusading journalists.

Muckrakers played an important role Muckrakers played an important role in exposing in exposing corruptioncorruption and other and other problems.problems.

Three well known muckrakers were Three well known muckrakers were Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, and Upton Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, and Upton Sinclair.Sinclair.

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Rousing Public OpinionRousing Public Opinion

Reformers wanted to ignite public Reformers wanted to ignite public angeranger

Lincoln Steffens - exposed corrupt Lincoln Steffens - exposed corrupt city officialscity officials

Ida Tarbell - targeted big businessIda Tarbell - targeted big business Upton Sinclair - “The Jungle”- Upton Sinclair - “The Jungle”-

revealed gross details about revealed gross details about meatpacking plantsmeatpacking plants

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Reforming City Reforming City GovernmentsGovernments

Growing cities- needed Growing cities- needed improvementsimprovements

Corruption- jobs for moneyCorruption- jobs for money Boss Rule- powerful politicians Boss Rule- powerful politicians

called called bossesbosses controlled all work controlled all work done in the city and demanded done in the city and demanded payoffspayoffs from businesses- from businesses- popular with the poorpopular with the poor

Tweed Ring- Boss William Tweed Ring- Boss William TweedTweed Cheated New York out of $100 Cheated New York out of $100

millionmillion Journalists exposed him- primarily Journalists exposed him- primarily

Thomas NastThomas Nast

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Political Cartoon VocabularyPolitical Cartoon Vocabulary Editorial: an article presenting an Editorial: an article presenting an

editor’s point of view or opinioneditor’s point of view or opinion Symbol: something that stands for or Symbol: something that stands for or

represents something elserepresents something else Caption: title of a drawing or Caption: title of a drawing or

illustrationillustration Caricature: an exaggeration of Caricature: an exaggeration of

personal characteristicspersonal characteristics Personification: attributing human Personification: attributing human

characteristics to animals or objectscharacteristics to animals or objects

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Reading Political CartoonsReading Political Cartoons

Look in your book on page 645Look in your book on page 645 Answer the questions under a) and b).Answer the questions under a) and b). A) who is the man on the right? What A) who is the man on the right? What

is he getting from the man in the is he getting from the man in the window?window?

What do you think the giver expects What do you think the giver expects in return?in return?

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1818

1919

Muckraker PicsMuckraker Pics

2020

Political CartoonsPolitical Cartoons

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Chap. 19Chap. 19Sec.2Sec.2

2222

A Reforming PresidentA Reforming President William McKinley elected president William McKinley elected president

(1896)(1896) Recognized strength of the ProgressivesRecognized strength of the Progressives Chose Theodore Roosevelt as VP in 1900Chose Theodore Roosevelt as VP in 1900

Theodore Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt: Became President in 1901 after Became President in 1901 after

McKinley was shot and killedMcKinley was shot and killed Known as a reformerKnown as a reformer War heroWar hero Was elected governor of NYWas elected governor of NY

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TR Takes on the TR Takes on the TrustsTrusts

Favored big business, but believe Favored big business, but believe government had to control or government had to control or break upbreak up bad bad truststrusts

(Bad trust- cheated the public and took (Bad trust- cheated the public and took advantage of their workers)advantage of their workers)

Launched lawsuit against Launched lawsuit against Northern Northern SecuritiesSecurities case (JP Morgan) case (JP Morgan) Roosevelt targeted for unfair practicesRoosevelt targeted for unfair practices Violated Sherman Anti-trust Violated Sherman Anti-trust Supreme Court ruled against Northern SecuritiesSupreme Court ruled against Northern Securities First time Sherman Anti-trust Act used to break up First time Sherman Anti-trust Act used to break up

truststrusts, not unions, not unions

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TR Takes on…cont.TR Takes on…cont. Roosevelt ordered other trusts to be broken Roosevelt ordered other trusts to be broken

up- became known as the “trustbuster”up- became known as the “trustbuster” 1902 Pennsylvania Coal Miners strike1902 Pennsylvania Coal Miners strike

First time the President sided with striking First time the President sided with striking workersworkers

Coal miners wanted better pay and a shorter Coal miners wanted better pay and a shorter workdayworkday

Owners refused to talk to unionOwners refused to talk to union Roosevelt threatened to send in troops to run the Roosevelt threatened to send in troops to run the

minesmines Owners worked to reach an agreementOwners worked to reach an agreement

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The Promise of a Square The Promise of a Square DealDeal

During 1904 campaign, Roosevelt During 1904 campaign, Roosevelt promised Americans a promised Americans a Square DealSquare Deal By this he meant everyone should have By this he meant everyone should have equal equal

opportunity for successopportunity for success Big on Big on ConservationConservation – – protection of natural protection of natural

resourcesresources In 1905 Roosevelt created the In 1905 Roosevelt created the U.S. Forest U.S. Forest

ServiceService to conserve the nation’s to conserve the nation’s woodlands. He had woodlands. He had thousands of acresthousands of acres set set aside for aside for national parksnational parks

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Consumer ProtectionConsumer Protection

Roosevelt supported consumer Roosevelt supported consumer protection reforms. protection reforms. The The Pure Food and Drug ActPure Food and Drug Act required food required food

and drug makers to list all ingredients on and drug makers to list all ingredients on packages.packages.

After reading After reading The JungleThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair by Upton Sinclair T.R. went after meatpacking ownersT.R. went after meatpacking owners

Congress passed Meat Inspection Act of Congress passed Meat Inspection Act of 19061906

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William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft

Roosevelt’s secretary of war, won presidency Roosevelt’s secretary of war, won presidency in 1908 with Roosevelt’s supportin 1908 with Roosevelt’s support

Unlike Roosevelt, Taft was Unlike Roosevelt, Taft was quiet, cautious quiet, cautious and wary of powerand wary of power

Support Progressive reforms: graduated Support Progressive reforms: graduated income taxincome tax, new rules for mines, government , new rules for mines, government workers, child labor.workers, child labor.

Lost Progressive support because he Lost Progressive support because he raised raised tariffstariffs and modified and modified conservationconservation policies policies..

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Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party

Roosevelt broke with Taft and started Roosevelt broke with Taft and started the the Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party

In the Presidental election of 1912, In the Presidental election of 1912, Roosevelt and Taft split the Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican PartyRepublican Party, so Woodrow Wilson , so Woodrow Wilson won.won.

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President Woodrow WilsonPresident Woodrow Wilson Democrat elected in Democrat elected in

19121912 Had served as a Had served as a

university president university president and a and a governorgovernor

Was known as a Was known as a brilliant scholar and brilliant scholar and a a cautious reformercautious reformer

His program to His program to restore free restore free competition was competition was called called New FreedomNew Freedom

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New Freedom (cont.)New Freedom (cont.)

Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission (1914) (1914) Had power to investigate companies Had power to investigate companies and order them to stop using unfair and order them to stop using unfair business practicesbusiness practices

the the Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act And the And the Federal Reserve ActFederal Reserve Act (1913) (1913)

Regulate bankingRegulate banking Worked to control big businessWorked to control big business

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Chap. 19, Section 3Chap. 19, Section 3Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Importance: Marked the start of Importance: Marked the start of an an organized women’s rights organized women’s rights movement in movement in the United Statesthe United States

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National Woman Suffrage National Woman Suffrage AssociationAssociation

Goal: Passage of Goal: Passage of constitutional constitutional amendment giving women the right amendment giving women the right to voteto vote. .

Founders: Founders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Elizabeth Cady Stanton,

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony

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Western StatesWestern States

By the late 1800’s women won By the late 1800’s women won voting rights in Wyoming, voting rights in Wyoming, Utah, Utah, Colorado and Idaho.Colorado and Idaho.

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Reasons for increased support Reasons for increased support for women’s suffragefor women’s suffrage

More women More women worked outside the worked outside the homehome and demanded and demanded a say in a say in making lawsmaking laws..

New leaders: New leaders: Carrie Chapman Catt, Carrie Chapman Catt,

Alice Paul.Alice Paul. A detailed strategy to A detailed strategy to win suffrage win suffrage

state by state.state by state.

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Nineteenth AmendmentNineteenth Amendment

Ratified: 1920Ratified: 1920

What it did: What it did: Gave women the right Gave women the right to voteto vote

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New OpportunitiesNew Opportunities

Higher educationHigher education Women began to earn advanced Women began to earn advanced

degrees.degrees.

Clubs and ReformClubs and Reform At first, women’s clubs focused on At first, women’s clubs focused on

advancing advancing women’s knowledgewomen’s knowledge..

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Clubs and Reforms (cont.)Clubs and Reforms (cont.)

The focus of many switched to social The focus of many switched to social reforms:reforms: Raised money for Raised money for libraries, schools, & parkslibraries, schools, & parks.. Pressed for laws to Pressed for laws to protect women and protect women and

children, to ensure pure food and drugs, and children, to ensure pure food and drugs, and to win the vote.to win the vote.

Racial Barriers forced Racial Barriers forced African AmericansAfrican Americans women to form their own clubs.women to form their own clubs.

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TemperanceTemperance TemperanceTemperance

Campaign against Campaign against alcoholalcohol.. Woman’s Christian Temperance Woman’s Christian Temperance

UnionUnion Goal: Goal: ban on the sale of liquorban on the sale of liquor Led by Led by Francis Willard, Carrie NationFrancis Willard, Carrie Nation

Eighteenth AmendmentEighteenth Amendment Ratified: Ratified: 19191919 What it did: What it did: ban on the sale and ban on the sale and

consumption of alcoholconsumption of alcohol

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Chapter 19, Section 4Chapter 19, Section 4

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African AmericansAfrican Americans

Booker T. Washington founded the Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Tuskegee InstituteInstitute. He advised African Americans to . He advised African Americans to learn trades and move up gradually in learn trades and move up gradually in society.society.

W.E.B. Du Bois helped found the W.E.B. Du Bois helped found the National Association for the Advancement of National Association for the Advancement of

Colored PeopleColored People (NAACP) (NAACP) He urged African Americans to He urged African Americans to fight fight

discriminationdiscrimination.. Ida B. WellsIda B. Wells fought against lynching, or fought against lynching, or

murder by a mobmurder by a mob.. Chapter 19, Sec. 4

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Mexican AmericansMexican Americans Before 1900, about half a million Before 1900, about half a million

Mexican Americans lived in the Mexican Americans lived in the United States. Like United States. Like African African AmericansAmericans, they faced legal , they faced legal segregationsegregation..

In 1910, In 1910, revolution and faminerevolution and famine swept swept Mexico. As a result, thousands of Mexico. As a result, thousands of Mexicans fled into the United States.Mexicans fled into the United States.

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Mexican Americans (cont)Mexican Americans (cont)

Mexican Americans created Mexican Americans created barriosbarrios, or , or ethnic Mexican American ethnic Mexican American neighborhoodsneighborhoods..

Mexican immigrants and Mexican Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans formed Americans formed mutualistasmutualistas, or , or mutual aid groups. Members pooled mutual aid groups. Members pooled money to money to pay for insurance and legal pay for insurance and legal adviceadvice. They also collected money for . They also collected money for the sick and needy.the sick and needy.

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Asian AmericansAsian Americans More than More than 100,000100,000 Japanese entered the Japanese entered the

United States in the early 1900’s.United States in the early 1900’s. Most first went to Hawaii to work on Most first went to Hawaii to work on sugar sugar

plantations.plantations. In 1906, the city of In 1906, the city of San FranciscoSan Francisco forced forced

Asian students to attend separate Asian students to attend separate schoolsschools.. This compromise called the This compromise called the Gentlemen’s Gentlemen’s

AgreementAgreement between the United States and between the United States and Japan. Japan would stop any more Japan. Japan would stop any more workersworkers from going to the United States. The U.S. from going to the United States. The U.S. in exchange, allowed in exchange, allowed Japanese women to Japanese women to join their husbands in the United Statesjoin their husbands in the United States..

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Religious MinoritiesReligious Minorities NativistNativist groups worked to restrict groups worked to restrict

immigration. Even immigration. Even Jews and CatholicsJews and Catholics who were not immigrants faced who were not immigrants faced discrimination in jobs and discrimination in jobs and housinghousing..

American Catholics set up American Catholics set up parochialparochial schools.schools.

American Jews set up the American Jews set up the Anti-Anti-Defamation LeagueDefamation League, which worked to , which worked to fight anti-fight anti-SemitismSemitism, or prejudice , or prejudice against Jews.against Jews.

4545

QUIZ TIME QUIZ TIME

1. What did President Theodore 1. What did President Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt

strongly support?strongly support?

2. Women first won voting rights in 2. Women first won voting rights in several states in theseveral states in the

3. Which reformer urged African 3. Which reformer urged African Americans to fight discrimination? Americans to fight discrimination?

4646

Quiz Answer #1Quiz Answer #1

1. Conservation1. Conservation

4747

Question #2Question #2

2. West2. West

4848

Question #3Question #3

3. W.E.B Du Bois3. W.E.B Du Bois

4949

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