A New Modern America AP United States History Period VI Industrialization and Gilded Age 1865-1900.

A New Modern America

AP United States HistoryPeriod VI Industrialization and Gilded Age

1865-1900

The Final FrontierRemember the early stuffThe last settlement of the westMining frontierCattle frontierFarming frontierTurner’s frontier thesis

Native American PolicyEarlier policiesThe removalReservation policy Indian warsAssimilationistsDawes Severalty Act (1887)Aftermath of US Policy

The New SouthPost warEconomic progressPovertyAgricultureSegregationNew industries

Origins Of The Second Industrial Origins Of The Second Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Origins of the SIR Ideal ConditionsIdeal Conditions

The United States had ideal conditions The United States had ideal conditions for for RAPID industrial growthRAPID industrial growth. .

Coal Mininghttp://www.humanillnesses.com/original/images/hdc_0001_0003_0_img0203.jpg

1. Abundance of 1. Abundance of cheap cheap

natural resourcesnatural resources, ,

including coal, iron including coal, iron

ore, copper, lead, oil, ore, copper, lead, oil,

and timber. and timber.


The United States had ideal conditions for RAPID industrial growth.

Italian Immigrantshttp://nhs.needham.k12.ma.us/cur/kane98/kane_p3_immig/Italian/Original

2. Abundance of 2. Abundance of cheap cheap

laborlabor, both native-, both native-

born and immigrant.born and immigrant.



Park Row, New York CityLate 19th Century

http://www.nyu.edu/classes/finearts/nyc/cityhall/image/cpvny_newsrow1.JPG

3. Largest 3. Largest domestic domestic

marketmarket in the in the world.world.

Created by the Created by the growing populationgrowing population and an efficient and an efficient transportation systemtransportation system. .



The White Househttp://www.frbsf.org/currency/iconography/whitehouse.jpg

4. 4. Government supportGovernment support

without without regulationregulation..

Protected private propertyProtected private property, , subsidizedsubsidized railroads with railroads with grants and loans, supportedgrants and loans, supported

manufacturers with manufacturers with tariffstariffs, , and and refrainedrefrained from from regulation and regulation and heavy heavy taxationtaxation. .



Anheuser Busch Railyards, St. Louis, MO

http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/kempland/ab-railyard2.jpg

5. Efficient transportation 5. Efficient transportation

network.network.

Based on the expansion of Based on the expansion of railroadsrailroads. .



Morgan DollarIn Circulation 1878-1904

http://morgandollarseries.com/format/o.jpg

6. 6. CapitalCapital was plentiful. was plentiful.

Domestic funding and Domestic funding and European investmentEuropean investment. .



Hollerith Tabulating Machinehttp://www.officemuseum.com/IMagesWWW/

1890_Census_Hollerith_Electric_Tabulating_Machines_Sci_Amer.jpg

7. Development of 7. Development of laborlabor-

saving technologiessaving technologies..

Over 440,000 new patents Over 440,000 new patents were granted between 1860 were granted between 1860 to 1890. to 1890.



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G 8. 8. Talented entrepreneursTalented entrepreneurs

provide leadership and provide leadership and

management skills.management skills.

Impact of the Railroads Increased Number of Railroads and Increased Number of Railroads and

EfficiencyEfficiency

Ended rural and regional isolationEnded rural and regional isolation.. Created a Created a national marketnational market.. Trips that usually took weeks or months now take Trips that usually took weeks or months now take

a matter of days.a matter of days. Allowed Allowed regionsregions to become to become more economically more economically

specializedspecialized.. Did notDid not have to be have to be self-sufficientself-sufficient and produce and produce

everything.everything. Could put more human and capital resources into Could put more human and capital resources into

producing what is abundant.producing what is abundant. Bring in what the region does not have via the Bring in what the region does not have via the

railroad. railroad.



Lowered Lowered costs of costs of productionproduction and railroads and railroads became faster.became faster. Trade increasesTrade increases as a as a

result.result. Made mass production Made mass production

and consumption of goods and consumption of goods possible.possible.

Led to more organization Led to more organization and became the model and became the model for large business for large business structure. structure.

Turn-of-the-Century Engine with Cars

http://www.railroad.net/articles/railfanning/worktrains/media/MW_19.jpg



Stimulated other Stimulated other industriesindustries.. Lower costs lead to lower Lower costs lead to lower

prices for consumers prices for consumers which lead to which lead to increases in increases in demanddemand..

Meat-packing, steel, Meat-packing, steel, slaughterhouses, farming, slaughterhouses, farming, textiles, etc., all grow.textiles, etc., all grow.

Captured the Captured the imaginationimagination of the of the American people.American people.

Meatpacking Planthttp://memoria-inventada.weblog.com.pt/arquivo/060420_meatPacking_hmed_7p.hmedium.jpg

Impact of the Railroads Transcontinental LinesTranscontinental Lines

May 10, 1869.May 10, 1869. Union Pacific and Union Pacific and

Central Pacific lines Central Pacific lines connect at connect at Promontory Point, Promontory Point, UtahUtah, and create the , and create the first transcontinental first transcontinental railroad.railroad.

Connected East to Connected East to West and North to West and North to South, making the South, making the country grow closer. country grow closer.

First Transcontinental Railroad, “Driving the Golden Spike”

http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/transcontinental-railroad-2.jpg

Impact of the Railroads Changes Made By RailroadsChanges Made By Railroads

Standard gaugesStandard gauges.. Before standardization, each Before standardization, each

company had its own track size.company had its own track size. New gauges allow for faster New gauges allow for faster

delivery of goods.delivery of goods.

Air brakesAir brakes.. Created by Created by George George

WestinghouseWestinghouse, made it , made it safersafer for for trains to travel with trains to travel with more carsmore cars and more weightand more weight..

Towns built near rail lines.Towns built near rail lines. National system of National system of time zonestime zones

is developed. is developed. Westinghouse Corporate Logo

http://www.gadgetell.com/images/2007/01/westinghouse.gif

Impact of the Railroads Problems with RailroadsProblems with Railroads

Too many railroads leads to Too many railroads leads to too much competitiontoo much competition.. Drives many competitors out of Drives many competitors out of

business.business. Monopolies begin to form as the Monopolies begin to form as the

small guys are forced out.small guys are forced out.

Panic of 1893Panic of 1893.. Effectively gave control of most Effectively gave control of most

railroad lines to railroad lines to bankersbankers, most , most notably notably J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan. .

Decide to eliminate competition Decide to eliminate competition through buyouts and cutting through buyouts and cutting prices. prices.

John Pierpont Morganhttp://www.starway.org/Titanic/pictures/JPMorgan.jpg

Other Forms of Transportation The The “Horseless” Carriage“Horseless” Carriage

Prototype in Prototype in 17701770 built by built by French artillery officer French artillery officer Nicolas-Nicolas-Joseph CugnotJoseph Cugnot.. Used steam power, was not fast, Used steam power, was not fast,

sturdy, or safe.sturdy, or safe. First combustible engine using First combustible engine using

gasoline—gasoline—18761876.. First motor car in 1893, built by First motor car in 1893, built by

Charles and J. Frank Charles and J. Frank DuryeaDuryea.. Only the wealthy could afford the Only the wealthy could afford the

early cars, so they did not catch early cars, so they did not catch on.on. Henry Ford would develop the Henry Ford would develop the

assembly lineassembly line, making it cheaper to , making it cheaper to produceproduce and and sale carssale cars. .

Early Prototype of Ford’s Car

http://oldcarandtruckpictures.com/ModelTFord/1896_Ford_Quadricycle_W-

Henry_Ford_Clara_Ford_and_Henry_FordJR.jpg

Other Forms of Transportation The AirplaneThe Airplane

Orville and Wilbur WrightOrville and Wilbur Wright.. December 17, December 17, 19031903 at at Kittyhawk, NCKittyhawk, NC.. 12 second, 120 foot flight. 12 second, 120 foot flight.

Wright Bros. At Kittyhawk, NChttp://artfiles.art.com/images/-/Wright-Brothers-Flight-at-Kitty-Hawk-Giclee-Print-C12043022.jpeg

Communication RevolutionTelegraphs & TelephonesTelegraphs & Telephones

TelegraphTelegraph Samuel MorseSamuel Morse, patented 1837., patented 1837. Sent messages via dot-and-dash Sent messages via dot-and-dash

code over electric wires.code over electric wires. Would grow alongside the Would grow alongside the

railroads.railroads. Drew American closer together.Drew American closer together.

TelephoneTelephone Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell, 1876., 1876. Organized America's longest Organized America's longest

running monopoly: running monopoly: American American Telephone and Telegraph Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).(AT&T).

Operators, mostly Operators, mostly womenwomen, , manually connected calls early manually connected calls early on. on.

AG Bell w/ First Telephonehttp://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=70619&rendTypeId=4

Communication RevolutionTypewriterTypewriter

Christopher SholesChristopher Sholes, 1867., 1867. Sold to E. Remington & Sold to E. Remington &

Sons, 1873.Sons, 1873. Keyboard designKeyboard design has has

remained relatively the remained relatively the same to the present day.same to the present day.

Typing pools formed at big Typing pools formed at big businesses.businesses.

Handled the typing and Handled the typing and copying duties for the copying duties for the business.business.

Majority of the workers are Majority of the workers are womenwomen. .

Turn-of-the CenturySecretarial Typing Pool

http://www.officemuseum.com/Office_with_letter_copying_press_and_bath.jpg

Impact of ElectricityThomas Edison, the Wizard of Menlo Thomas Edison, the Wizard of Menlo

ParkPark

One of the greatest One of the greatest inventors ever. inventors ever.

Over Over 1,000 patents1,000 patents.. PhonographPhonograph, 1877., 1877. Light bulbLight bulb, 1879., 1879. Improved telephone Improved telephone

strength and sound quality.strength and sound quality. 1882, built the 1882, built the first power first power

plantplant in New York City. in New York City.

Thomas Edisonhttp://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/

thomas_edison/thomas_edison.jpg

Impact of ElectricityGeorge Westinghouse & Nikola Tesla

Transformer with Transformer with alternating current (AC)alternating current (AC).. Allowed electricity to travel longer distances. Allowed electricity to travel longer distances.

Nikola Teslahttp://www.salrestivo.org/NikolaTesla.jpg

George Westinghousehttp://www.explorepahistory.com/images/tn_ExplorePAHistory-a0b9u7-a_349.JPG

Rise of Big Business:Rise of Big Business:

Theories of Theories of CapitalismCapitalism

Rise of Capitalism Capitalism DefinedCapitalism Defined

Private businessesPrivate businesses run most industries. run most industries. Gain Gain economic wealtheconomic wealth through taking through taking

advantage of advantage of technological advancestechnological advances.. ProfitsProfits drive business. drive business.

Law of SupplyLaw of Supply (Business Owners). (Business Owners). HighHigh price, price, increasedincreased production. production. LowLow price, price, reducedreduced production. production.

Law of DemandLaw of Demand (Buyers). (Buyers). HighHigh price, price, decreaseddecreased demand. demand. LowLow price, price, increasedincreased demand. demand.

Conservative Economic Theories Laissez Faire Economic TheoryLaissez Faire Economic Theory

Adam Smith, Adam Smith, The The Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations, , 1776.1776. The economy is The economy is

regulated by the regulated by the ““invisible handinvisible hand” of ” of supply and demandsupply and demand..

Government does not Government does not have to be involved.have to be involved.

““Hands offHands off” policy of ” policy of the government. the government.

Adam Smithhttp://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/s/fotos/smith_adam.jpg

Conservative Economic Theories Laissez Faire Economic TheoryLaissez Faire Economic Theory

Allow businesses to do Allow businesses to do what needs to be done what needs to be done with little government with little government intervention.intervention. Industrialists would appeal Industrialists would appeal

to laissez-faire to keep out to laissez-faire to keep out intervention, even when intervention, even when they were accepting they were accepting government subsidiesgovernment subsidies and and protected by tariffsprotected by tariffs..

Government regulation Government regulation will will reduce prosperity and reduce prosperity and self-relianceself-reliance. .

The Wealth of Nationshttp://www.ibiblio.org/ml/covers/WealthNations.jpg

Conservative Economic Theories Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Based on Darwin's theory of Based on Darwin's theory of evolutionevolution, would be , would be developed by developed by Herbert Herbert SpencerSpencer.. Natural selection and survival Natural selection and survival

of the fittestof the fittest should be applied should be applied to the to the economyeconomy..

Concentration of wealthConcentration of wealth in the in the hands of the “hands of the “fitfit” was a ” was a benefit benefit to the human race as a to the human race as a whole.whole.

Darwinian Theoryhttp://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year3/psy339evaluation-

evolutionary-psychology/darwin-ape.jpg

Conservative Economic Theories Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Professor William G. Professor William G. Sumner of Yale.Sumner of Yale. Help for the poorHelp for the poor was was

misguidedmisguided because it because it interfered with the interfered with the laws of nature.laws of nature.

Would only Would only weakenweaken the evolution of the the evolution of the species by species by preserving preserving the unfitthe unfit. .

Social Darwinismhttp://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=24413&rendTypeId=4

Conservative Economic Theories The Gospel of WealthThe Gospel of Wealth:: God Gave Me My RichesGod Gave Me My Riches

The use of The use of religionreligion to to justify justify the wealththe wealth of successful of successful industrialists.industrialists.

The The Protestant work ethicProtestant work ethic.. Hard work and material Hard work and material

successsuccess were signs of were signs of God's God's favorfavor. .

John D. Rockefeller: “John D. Rockefeller: “God God gave me my richesgave me my riches.”.”

Rev. Russell Conwell, lecture Rev. Russell Conwell, lecture Acres of DiamondsAcres of Diamonds.. Everyone had a duty to Everyone had a duty to

become richbecome rich. . John D. Rockefeller

http://www.chelationtherapyonline.com/anatomy/images/JDRd.jpg

Conservative Economic Theories The Gospel of WealthThe Gospel of Wealth:: God Gave Me My RichesGod Gave Me My Riches

...To Use for the Common Good...To Use for the Common Good

Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Carnegie, WealthWealth.. Argued that the Argued that the wealthy had a wealthy had a

God-given responsibilityGod-given responsibility to to carry out projects of carry out projects of civic civic philanthropyphilanthropy for the for the benefit of benefit of societysociety..

Carnegie spent over Carnegie spent over $350 $350 millionmillion to to build libraries, build libraries, universities, and other public universities, and other public institutionsinstitutions. .

Andrew Carnegie,King of Steel

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=70619&rendTypeId=4

Rise of Capitalism Rags to RichesRags to Riches

Many leading businessmen and Many leading businessmen and industrialists grew up poor and industrialists grew up poor and struggling.struggling. The “American Dream.”The “American Dream.”

Horatio AlgerHoratio Alger.. 1869, 1869, Luck and PluckLuck and Pluck novel series.novel series. Told stories of poor children who Told stories of poor children who

bettered their lives through bettered their lives through hard hard work, wise investments, and self-work, wise investments, and self-reliancereliance..

Used Used Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie as his model. as his model. Inspired generations of young Inspired generations of young

children.children. Horatio Alger,

adrift in new yorkhttp://infodome.sdsu.edu/about/depts/spcollections/exhibits/0104/

images/drift_b.jpg

Rise of Capitalism Rags to RichesRags to Riches

The reality of Horatio The reality of Horatio Alger.Alger. Opportunities existed, but Opportunities existed, but

rags-to-riches was unusual.rags-to-riches was unusual. Typical businessman was a Typical businessman was a

WASP maleWASP male who came from who came from an upper-middle class an upper-middle class background whose father background whose father was in business or banking.was in business or banking.

Polish Immigrant Familyhttp://www.sbschools.org/schools/bc/mediacenter/immigration/images/immigrant.gif

Rise of Capitalism New Ways of Doing BusinessNew Ways of Doing Business

MonopoliesMonopolies A company gains near A company gains near

exclusive control of an exclusive control of an industry.industry.

Little or no competitionLittle or no competition.. Controlled the Controlled the price and price and

qualityquality of a product. of a product.

Mr. Monopolyhttp://blogs.usatoday.com/photos/uncategorized/blogmonopoly.jpg


MergersMergers Horizontal MergerHorizontal Merger

Combining two or more companies Combining two or more companies competing in the same industrycompeting in the same industry..

Example: If Example: If Coke & PepsiCoke & Pepsi would would merge.merge.

Vertical MergerVertical Merger Combining companies that are Combining companies that are

involved in different stages of involved in different stages of production of a certain productproduction of a certain product..

Example: Example: SteelSteel.. Carnegie bought iron and limestone Carnegie bought iron and limestone

mines in Minnesota, coal fields in mines in Minnesota, coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, railroad lines from Cleveland and Erie railroad lines from Cleveland and Erie to Pittsburgh, and barge companies on to Pittsburgh, and barge companies on the Three Rivers and Great Lakes. . the Three Rivers and Great Lakes. .

Merger Cartoonhttp://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/dbr/

lowres/dbrn449l.jpg


AdvertisingAdvertising Targeted what people wanted or needed through Targeted what people wanted or needed through

catchy slogans, bright posters, and catalogs. catchy slogans, bright posters, and catalogs.

Early Coca-Cola Adhttp://www.antiquetrader.com/mark/content/binary/CocaCola1.jpg


Department Stores & Catalog Shopping

Catalog shopping allowed people from across the country to order goods and services from other parts of the country. Sears catalog was the most popular.

Department stores. One-stop shopping and services are

offered for dry goods. Wanamaker’s, Macy’s, JC Penney,

Sears, Kauffmann’s, etc. Woolworth’s Five and Dime Stores.

The original Wal-Mart or K-Mart. Offered cheaper goods to the public. Bloomingdale’s First Store

http://www.kipnotes.com/bloomies1ststore.jpg

Rise of Big Business:Rise of Big Business:

The Robber The Robber BaronsBarons

John D. Rockefeller Oil RefiningOil Refining

Formed the Formed the Standard Oil Standard Oil TrustTrust..

Destroyed competition Destroyed competition through “horizontal through “horizontal integration” and price slashes.integration” and price slashes. H. I.—H. I.—Mergers within the same Mergers within the same

industry to gain controlindustry to gain control.. Lower prices leads to more Lower prices leads to more

control of the market.control of the market. By 1880, controlled By 1880, controlled 90%90% of the of the

nation’s oil refining capacity.nation’s oil refining capacity. Supported the arts, medicine, Supported the arts, medicine,

and educationand education.. Rockefeller’s Oil Trust

http://aftermathnews.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/rockefeller_octopus.jpg

Andrew Carnegie Steel, Coal, IronSteel, Coal, Iron

Started poor, but invested wisely.Started poor, but invested wisely. Built up enough capital to invest Built up enough capital to invest

in steel.in steel. Used the Used the Bessemer processBessemer process to to

produce strong steel more produce strong steel more cheaply.cheaply.

Used “vertical integration” to Used “vertical integration” to gain control.gain control. Purchase companies involved in the Purchase companies involved in the

production of materials for certain production of materials for certain projectsprojects..

The Gospel of WealthThe Gospel of Wealth.. The rich were morally obligated to The rich were morally obligated to

use wealth for use wealth for fellow citizensfellow citizens. . Andrew Carnegiehttp://www.libraryhistorybuff.org/images/pic-carnegie-cartoon-72.jpg

John Pierpont Morgan Banking, Railroads, SteelBanking, Railroads, Steel

Son of a rich banker.Son of a rich banker. Bailed the U.S. out of Bailed the U.S. out of

financial problems.financial problems. Used his profits from Used his profits from

banking to buy into other banking to buy into other industries.industries. Bought Carnegie Steel in Bought Carnegie Steel in

1903 for $500 million.1903 for $500 million. Used companies to drive Used companies to drive

out competition.out competition. Very, very ruthless. Very, very ruthless.

John Pierpont Morgan Bailing out the US Gov’t.

http://blogs.usatoday.com/photos/uncategorized/blogmonopoly.jpg

Cornelius Vanderbilt RailroadsRailroads

Started as a shipping Started as a shipping company.company.

Bought small railroads Bought small railroads during the Civil War.during the Civil War.

Provided more efficient Provided more efficient service by service by purchasing purchasing smaller lines and combining smaller lines and combining themthem. . Cornelius Vanderbilt

http://i.a.cnn.net/money/galleries/2007/fortune/0702/gallery.richestamericans.fortune/images/vanderbilt.jpg

George Westinghouse Railroad Brakes, Electricity

Produced Produced air brakesair brakes for rail for rail cars.cars.

Made it safer for trains to Made it safer for trains to haul more carshaul more cars and and travel travel more quicklymore quickly..

Dominated the air brake Dominated the air brake market with his patents.market with his patents.

George Westinghousehttp://www.westinghousenuclear.com/images/timeline_images/

1868_young_george.jpg

George Pullman Railroad CarsRailroad Cars

Built sleeping and dining Built sleeping and dining cars.cars.

Created his own town for Created his own town for his workers, wanting to his workers, wanting to provide them with their provide them with their basic needs and encourage basic needs and encourage an educated, healthy, and an educated, healthy, and peaceful working peaceful working population. population.

George Pullmanhttp://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/images/georgepullman1.jpg

The Impact Concentration of wealth – 1890’s, the top 10% controlled 90%

of the nation’s wealth; created a new class of millionaires (European royalty)

Horatio Alger Myth – sold more than a million copies; every story showed a young man of modest means becoming rich and successful through honesty, hard work , and a little luck

Expanding middle class – increased need for white collar jobs; middle management was needed ; increased the need for other middle class services

Wage earners: 1900, 2/3 of Americans worked for wages; determined by the law of supply and demand large pool of immigrants kept wages low; David Ricardo’ “iron law of wages” ; real wages rose steadily late 19th C; 1890, 11 million families averaged $380 in annual income

Working Women – 1 out of 5 in 1900; young and single; most jobs restricted to those seen as extensions of domestic duties; as demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male jobs; professions that became feminized lost status and received lower wages

Labor discontent - unstable and mobile, changed jobs every 3 years; absenteeism and quitting was higher than unions

Second Industrial RevSecond Industrial Rev

Second Wave of Second Wave of ImmigrationImmigration

Ellis Islandhttp://www.history.com/minisites/ellisisland/images/ellis_island_image.jpg

Old Immigration vs. New ImmigrationOld Immigration vs. New Immigration Characteristics of the Old ImmigrationCharacteristics of the Old Immigration

Northern EuropeanNorthern European English, Scots-Irish, English, Scots-Irish,

German, Dutch, German, Dutch, Scandinavian, Jewish.Scandinavian, Jewish.

Predominantly Predominantly ProtestantProtestant..

Many had a small Many had a small amount of education amount of education and could and could speak speak EnglishEnglish well. well.

A large number were A large number were skilledskilled workers. workers.

Fighting Irish Logohttp://www.sheridanbeachrental.com/images/Irishman.jpg

Old Immigration vs. New ImmigrationOld Immigration vs. New Immigration Background of the New ImmigrationBackground of the New Immigration

Irish, Italian, Greek, Irish, Italian, Greek, Eastern European (Eastern European (Polish, Polish, Czechs, Slovaks, Russians, Czechs, Slovaks, Russians, SerbsSerbs). ).

Practiced either Practiced either Roman Roman CatholicismCatholicism or or Orthodox Orthodox CatholicismCatholicism..

Little or no Little or no educationeducation.. Large majority Large majority could not could not

speak, read, or write speak, read, or write EnglishEnglish..

UnskilledUnskilled workers who workers who would work cheaply. would work cheaply.

Children of Irish Immigrantshttp://italophiles.com/images/children.jpg

Old Immigration vs. New ImmigrationOld Immigration vs. New Immigration Reasons for the New ImmigrationReasons for the New Immigration

Escape Escape religious religious persecutionpersecution..

Find Find economic economic opportunitiesopportunities..

Escape political Escape political persecution. persecution.

Lady Liberty Welcoming Immigrantshttp://admin.emanuelnyc.org/media/documents/doc_42.jpg

Old Immigration vs. New ImmigrationOld Immigration vs. New Immigration The The New European Immigration New European Immigration

Where Did They Come In and Where Did Where Did They Come In and Where Did They Go?They Go?

Entered through Entered through Ellis IslandEllis Island..

Settled in major Settled in major cities in the East cities in the East and Midwest.and Midwest. New York, Boston, New York, Boston,

Chicago, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit. Cleveland, Detroit. Immigrants Arriving at Ellis Island

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/ellis-island/statue-liberty.jpg

Old Immigration vs. New ImmigrationOld Immigration vs. New Immigration The The New European ImmigrationNew European Immigration

Staying togetherStaying together

Created Created ethnic neighborhoodsethnic neighborhoods with others from the same with others from the same country.country.

Old World values of Old World values of land, land, village, and parishvillage, and parish turn into turn into home, neighborhood, parish, and home, neighborhood, parish, and political nationalismpolitical nationalism in America. in America.

Social and geographic mobility Social and geographic mobility seemed irrelevant and were seemed irrelevant and were suspicious of highersuspicious of higher

education.education. Move and you Move and you break up the break up the

neighborhood and the familyneighborhood and the family. .

Ethnic Neighborhood in East Pittsburgh

http://mckeesport.dementia.org/blog/images/050503murphy25.jpg

Old Immigration vs. New ImmigrationOld Immigration vs. New Immigration The The New Asian Immigration New Asian Immigration

BackgroundBackground

Entered Entered Hawaii or Angel Hawaii or Angel IslandIsland in San Francisco. in San Francisco.

Came to find economic Came to find economic opportunities.opportunities.

Settled in Hawaii, California, Settled in Hawaii, California, and Oregon.and Oregon.

Worked on Worked on railroads and railroads and farmsfarms..

Ethnic neighborhoods created Ethnic neighborhoods created ((ChinatownChinatown).).

Faced Faced official discriminationofficial discrimination through enforced through enforced Congressional and local laws. Congressional and local laws.

Processing at Angel Islandhttp://www.angelisland.org/images/1brides.gif

Old Immigration vs. New ImmigrationOld Immigration vs. New Immigration The The New Asian Immigration New Asian Immigration Chinese and JapaneseChinese and Japanese

Chinese Came during the 1840’s and 1850’s as

railroad laborers. Culture was totally alien to most Americans. Some are educated but could not speak well.

Japanese First settlement near Sacramento, CA in

1869, worked mainly as farm laborers. First generation to come over known as Issei.

Second generation, born in the U.S., known as Nisei.

Third generation, born in the U.S., known as Sansei.

Chinese Immigrants in San Francisco’s Chinatown

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/agc/7a08000/7a08800/7a08884r.jpg

Old Immigration vs. New ImmigrationOld Immigration vs. New Immigration The The New Mexican ImmigrationNew Mexican Immigration

Came to America to find Came to America to find economic opportunities economic opportunities and escape civil war.and escape civil war.

Settled in the Southwest Settled in the Southwest and California.and California.

Worked on farms, Worked on farms, ranches, mines, and ranches, mines, and railroads.railroads.

Porfiro Diaz, Mexican President

http://www.xcalak.info/images/facts/porfirodiaz_l.jpg

New ImmigrationNew Immigration

Immigrant Life

Institutions that Helped Immigrants to Adapt to American culture

Ethnic Ethnic NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods

Ethnic Ethnic BusinessesBusinesses

Benevolent Benevolent SocietiesSocieties

ChurchesChurches

SynagoguesSynagogues

TemplesTemples

New ImmigrationNew ImmigrationImmigrant LifeImmigrant Life

Urged to join the American mainstream, but still held on to traditional ways.

Benevolent societies. Help immigrants in sickness,

unemployment, and death. Attempted to provide

education, health care, and jobs.

Jobs were low-paying, unskilled, and “dirty work.” Emblem of the Polish National

Alliancehttp://www.pna-znp.org/content/images/pnalogocolor.jpg

Nativist ReactionNativist ReactionNativismNativism Defined Defined

Many old immigrants became Many old immigrants became “Nativists.” “Nativists.” Believed that American society would Believed that American society would

be destroyedbe destroyed by the new immigrants. by the new immigrants. Catholicism and “Popery” would take Catholicism and “Popery” would take

over the over the PresidencyPresidency.. Goal was to keep foreigners out by any Goal was to keep foreigners out by any

means necessary.means necessary. Prejudice based on Prejudice based on race, religion, or race, religion, or

ethnic backgroundethnic background.. Economic fluctuations increased the Economic fluctuations increased the

number of Nativist Americans societies, number of Nativist Americans societies, as well as the severity of attacks on as well as the severity of attacks on immigrants.immigrants. Immigrant workers would work for Immigrant workers would work for

lower wageslower wages, driving “established” , driving “established” Americans out of jobs. Americans out of jobs.

Daniel Day-Lewis as Bill the Butcher,Nativist Leader in Gangs of New York

http://www.ghostinthemachine.net/butcher.jpg

Nativist ReactionNativist ReactionEfforts to Resist ImmigrationEfforts to Resist Immigration

Labor unionsLabor unions Feared that employers would use Feared that employers would use

immigrants to immigrants to depress wages and depress wages and break strikesbreak strikes..

American Protective AssociationAmerican Protective Association

A Nativist society that was openly A Nativist society that was openly prejudiced against Roman prejudiced against Roman Catholics.Catholics.

Social DarwinistsSocial Darwinists Viewed the new immigrants as Viewed the new immigrants as

biologically and genetically biologically and genetically inferiorinferior to English and Germanic to English and Germanic stocks. stocks.

APA Officer Badgehttp://www.policeguide.com/usprotective350.jpg

Nativist ReactionNativist ReactionNon Official ResponsesNon Official Responses

KKKKKK takes an takes an anti-Catholic, anti-Catholic, anti-Irish, anti-Italiananti-Irish, anti-Italian stance stance on top of its anti-African and on top of its anti-African and anti-women stances.anti-women stances.

Ethnic riots and brutality run Ethnic riots and brutality run rampant.rampant.

Were not trusted by the Were not trusted by the American public.American public. Alien cultures and ideas.Alien cultures and ideas.

Immigration Restriction Immigration Restriction League.League. Used political influence to Used political influence to

impose a literacy testimpose a literacy test on on immigrants.immigrants.

Initially defeated by President Initially defeated by President Grover Cleveland for being un-Grover Cleveland for being un-American.American.

KKK Anti-Immigration Pamphlethttp://i105.photobucket.com/albums/m206/gds303/Menace.gif

Nativist ReactionNativist ReactionOfficial ResponsesOfficial Responses

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882.. Placed a ban on all new Placed a ban on all new

immigrants coming from China.immigrants coming from China. Gentlemen’s Agreement with Gentlemen’s Agreement with

Japan, 1907Japan, 1907.. Agreement between the Japanese Agreement between the Japanese

government and President government and President Theodore Roosevelt that banned Theodore Roosevelt that banned all new immigrants coming from all new immigrants coming from Japan.Japan.

Literacy tests, 1917Literacy tests, 1917.. National Origins Act of 1924 National Origins Act of 1924

(Quota Act).(Quota Act). Assigned each country an annual Assigned each country an annual

quota for immigrants. quota for immigrants. US Washer Company Using the Chinese Exclusion Act on Ads

http://www.nychumanities.com/chinesewasher.jpg

Second Industrial RevSecond Industrial Rev

The Rise of The Rise of Organized LaborOrganized Labor

East St. Louis Labor Strike, 1886http://www.printsoldandrare.com/labor/100lab.jpg

The Changing Status of Labor A hallmark of the late 19th and

early 20th centuries is the expanding output of American industry.

Mechanization reduced the prices of manufactured goods, but wages fell and workers did repetitive tasks for long hours under strict supervision.

The artisanal ideal of independence eroded with the growth of mass-production.

Compensation through "store pay" and "scrip wages," redeemable only at the store owned by the employer, proliferated.

Child Labor

Industrialization, the tumultuous economy, and the influx of poor immigrants made cheap child labor an institution in all kinds of industries and occupations.

Up to 25% of children were employed in manufacturing by 1910. As the Progressive Era dawned, reformers began addressing this issue.

Rise of Organized Rise of Organized LaborLabor

Why Organize Labor?Why Organize Labor?Socioeconomic ConditionsSocioeconomic Conditions

10%10% of the population controlled of the population controlled 75%75% of the wealth. of the wealth. Big business was Big business was taking advantage of workerstaking advantage of workers..

No unity.No unity. Cheap immigrant laborCheap immigrant labor could fill jobs. could fill jobs. Easy to replaceEasy to replace.. Were assigned one step in the manufacturing process, which became Were assigned one step in the manufacturing process, which became

monotonousmonotonous.. Government did not care about the worker.Government did not care about the worker.

Worried about lining their own pockets.Worried about lining their own pockets. No real sense of accomplishment for workers.No real sense of accomplishment for workers. Early forms of protest in absence of labor unions.Early forms of protest in absence of labor unions.

Absenteeism, quitting, and lower production levels. Absenteeism, quitting, and lower production levels.

Rise of Organized Rise of Organized LaborLabor

Why Organize Labor?Why Organize Labor?New Working ClassesNew Working Classes

Immigrants Immigrants Came cheap, needing jobs to Came cheap, needing jobs to

survive.survive. Eastern and Southern Eastern and Southern

Europeans, Asians, Europeans, Asians, Mexicans. Goal was to keep Mexicans. Goal was to keep foreigners out by any means foreigners out by any means necessary.necessary.

African-AmericansAfrican-Americans Recently freed slaves need Recently freed slaves need

jobs.jobs. Do not want to stay in the Do not want to stay in the

South, so they move to South, so they move to Northern industrial centers.Northern industrial centers.

Detroit, Cleveland, Detroit, Cleveland, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis, New York, Indianapolis, New York, Boston. Boston.

WomenWomen Families needed money to Families needed money to

survive, so both parents survive, so both parents have to work.have to work.

Women worked cheap.Women worked cheap.

ChildrenChildren Families need money to Families need money to

survive.survive. Many children went to work Many children went to work

instead of schoolinstead of school, starting at , starting at age 6.age 6.

Performed the lowest tasks Performed the lowest tasks (and sometimes most (and sometimes most dangerous). dangerous).

Labor UnionsLabor UnionsWhy Organize Labor?Why Organize Labor?Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Coal Miners in a Tight Spothttp://www.kshs.org/publicat/khq/1971/graphics/71_4_osage_co_coal_mining.jpg

Long days (Long days (10-14 hours10-14 hours) and ) and weeks (weeks (6 days6 days). ).

Low payLow pay.. Fatigue and exhaustion leads to Fatigue and exhaustion leads to

poor health, depression, and poor health, depression, and alcohol abusealcohol abuse..

Dangers on the job.Dangers on the job. Many workers are Many workers are maimed or maimed or

killedkilled.. Employers Employers did not feel any did not feel any

responsibility to the family for responsibility to the family for death or injurydeath or injury..

No effort on the part of No effort on the part of management to make the management to make the workplace safe.workplace safe. Safety meant Safety meant spending moneyspending money

and and decreasing profitsdecreasing profits. .

Labor UnionsLabor UnionsThe Knights of Labor, 1869The Knights of Labor, 1869

Emblem of the Knights of Laborhttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/9/94/200px-KOLlarge.jpeg

Attracted Attracted unskilled laborunskilled labor. . Terrence V. PowderlyTerrence V. Powderly, 1879., 1879.

Expands union by opening Expands union by opening membership to membership to women and African-women and African-AmericansAmericans..

Powderly's idealsPowderly's ideals Worker Worker cooperativescooperatives “ “to make each to make each

man his own employerman his own employer.”.” Abolition of Abolition of child laborchild labor.. Abolition of Abolition of trusts and monopoliestrusts and monopolies..

1877 through 1884, targeted the 1877 through 1884, targeted the railroadrailroad..

Would rather settle disputes through Would rather settle disputes through arbitrationarbitration instead of instead of strikesstrikes..

Labor UnionsLabor UnionsAFLCIOAFLCIO

Seal of the AFL-CIOhttp://mcmahon.homestead.com/aflcio.jpg

American Federation of Labor (AFL), 1886. Organized skilled labor.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 1938 Split from the AFL and

organized unskilled labor. Rejoined the AFL to form the

AFL-CIO in the mid-1950s.

Labor UnionsLabor UnionsSamuel GompersSamuel Gompers

Father of American Labor MovementFather of American Labor Movement

Samuel Gompershttp://www.nndb.com/people/313/000089046/samuel-gompers-1-sized.jpg

Focused labor on three main goals: Higher Wages Shorter Work Day/Week Safer Working Conditions

The American Federation of Labor The American Federation of

Labor was founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers as an alliance of craft unions comprised of mostly skilled workers.

The AFL focused on concrete, labor-related goals like increased wages and the right to collective bargaining.

Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL did not seek to overturn the industrial wage and hour system in favor of a new social order.

The organization became the voice of "mainstream" American labor.

The AFL remained the most powerful labor organization until 1955, when it merged with the CIO.

Gompers was President of the AFL (except one year)

from 1886 to 1924.

Labor UnionsLabor UnionsKey Labor TermsKey Labor Terms

Power of Strikers Emblemhttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/9/94/200px-KOLlarge.jpeg

Collective BargainingCollective Bargaining The process in which union and

company representatives meet to negotiate a new labor contract.

StrikeStrike An organized work stoppage

intended to force an employer to address union demands.

Damages both sides. Management—Loss of profits

and product. Workers—Loss of wages.

Labor UnionsLabor UnionsKey Labor TermsKey Labor Terms

Role of Arbitratorhttp://www.amquix.info/images/executioner.gif

MediationMediation A settlement technique in which a

neutral mediator meets with each side to find an acceptable solution.

Decision is non-binding.

ArbitrationArbitration A settlement technique in which a

third party reviews the case and makes a decision.

The decision is legally binding for both parties.

Strikes in the Late Strikes in the Late 1919thth Century Century

Industrial Warfare Against LaborIndustrial Warfare Against Labor

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Management held most of the power. Strikers could be replaced by scabs

(strikebreakers).



Pinkerton Badgehttp://www.pimall.com/NAIS/BADGES/pinkertons.jpg

LockoutsLockouts Closing the factory to break the labor

movement before it could get organized.

BlacklistsBlacklists The names of prounion workers circulated

among employers.

Yellow-Dog ContractsYellow-Dog Contracts Workers being told, as a condition for

employment, that they must sign an agreement not to join a union.

Private Guards/State MilitiasPrivate Guards/State Militias Called in to put down the strikes. Most famous was the Pinkerton Detective

Agency.



Symbol of Anarchyhttp://www.my-os.net/blog/images/2006fevrier/anarchy.jpg

Court InjunctionsCourt Injunctions Obtained by employers to force union

activity or strikes to end.

Public FearsPublic Fears Fostered public fear that unions were

anarchist, communistic, and un-American.

Government SupportGovernment Support Federal and state governments were

worried about riots and revolution, so were more than willing to help break strikes.


Great Upheaval of 1886Great Upheaval of 1886

Engraving of the Haymarket Riothttp://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haymarket/riotscene.jpg

Period when the nation experienced intense strikes and violent riots.

Economic depression causes unemployment and wage cuts.

Haymarket Riot, May 1-4, 1886 Bomb explodes in the middle

of a protest, wounding 60 officers and killing 8 officers and protestors.

Attributed to anarchists wanting to create chaos.

The Haymarket Affair Workers rallied around the idea

of an 8 hour workday. On May 1, 1886, the largest

spontaneous labor demonstration in the nation's history occurred in Chicago.

Two days later, police shot and killed 2 striking unionists demonstrating against "scabs.”

A bomb exploded at Haymarket Square as police tried to break up a demonstration against the shooting of the unionists.

Mass arrests of radicals followed and 8 anarchists were convicted of the bombing under questionable circumstances.

The incidents renewed fears of radicalism and led some employers to develop blacklists and strengthen their resolve against strikers' demands.


Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike of 1892 of 1892

Homestead Strikehttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/e/e0/180px-

Homesteadstrike.jpg

Workers strike to protest wage cuts at the Carnegie Steel Company.

Management institutes a lockout. Henry Clay Fricke hires 300

Pinkertons to guard the mill. Violent clash between strikers

and Pinkertons leads to 16 deaths.


Pullman StrikePullman Strike of 1894 of 1894

Pullman Strikehttp://toddshammer.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/ihy9412081.jpg

Organized by Eugene V. Debs, president of the American Railway Union.

Workers are mad. George Pullman cuts wages

and refuses to lower rents and lower rents and prices in the company townprices in the company town.

Government steps in. President Grover Cleveland

sends in troops. Orders the workers to return to

work. Union leaders refuse and are

jailed.

The Pullman Strike When Pullman slashed wages

to protect profits without lowering prices and rent , the American Railway Union (ARU) led by Eugene V. Debs initiated a massive strike and a boycott of trains using Pullman cars.

The US Attorney General obtained a court injunction against the workers for interfering with the delivery of the mail and President Cleveland sent federal troops to enforce the order and crush the strike.

Violence claimed the lives of over 30 people by the end of the strike.

It was the first use of federal troops to break a strike.

The Pullman Strike

The strikers were forced to return to work on Pullman's terms, Debs served a prison sentence for disobeying the injunction, and the ARU was disbanded.

The hated George Pullman died 2 years later in fear that his tomb would be defiled.

A New Modern America AP United States History Period VI Industrialization and Gilded Age 1865-1900.

Documents

Transcript of A New Modern America AP United States History Period VI Industrialization and Gilded Age 1865-1900.