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CARTIFEnvironmental DivisionHead of Division: Dr. R. Irusta Mata

E-mail: [email protected]: [email protected]

Castilla y León Technology Park, 205Castilla y León Technology Park, 205

47151 Boecillo (Valladolid) – SPAIN47151 Boecillo (Valladolid) – SPAIN

TEL.: (34) 983 548 917 - (34) 983 546 504 TEL.: (34) 983 548 917 - (34) 983 546 504 E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]@cartif.es

FAX: (34) 983 54 65 21 web: FAX: (34) 983 54 65 21 web: www.cartif.es/medioambientewww.cartif.es/medioambiente

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Foreword cartif

CARTIF is a Non-profit Association mainly focused on industrial Research

CASTILLA Y LEON

TECHNOLOGY PARK

VALLADOLID (SPAIN)

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MAIN TARGETS

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW

TECHNOLOGIES

Remarkable experience in applied research field and in the industrial

solutions developmentTECHNOLOGY INNOVATION

The horizontal character of CARTIF and the complementary aspects

between its work lines of the different laboratories, allow to front the

technology innovation in SMEs and micro SMEs with success guaranties

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

The obtained results from CARTIF activities are disseminated at

scientific level publications and congresses participation

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Organisation cartif

D. José R. PeránDirector

Steering Comittee

General Assembly

Management Committee

Environment and Quality Committee

Ethics Committee

Safety Committee

R&D Committee

D. José R. PeránDirector

Steering Comittee

General Assembly

Management Committee

Environment and Quality Committee

Ethics Committee

Safety Committee

R&D Committee

Mechanical Engineering

Environmental Engineering

Energy

Biomedical Engineering

Software and Communications Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Automation and control processes

Innovation Management

Robotics and Computer Vision

Div

isio

ns

Mechanical Engineering

Environmental Engineering

Energy

Biomedical Engineering

Software and Communications Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Automation and control processes

Innovation Management

Robotics and Computer Vision

Div

isio

ns

Departments

Man

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Envi

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nd Q

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Exte

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Rel

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Wor

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Tech

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R&

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Departments

Man

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Man

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Envi

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nd Q

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t and

Qua

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Exte

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Rel

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Wor

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Wor

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Tech

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Tech

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R&

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Environmental Division cartifEnvironmental Management Area

• Eco-design

• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Environmental Technologies Area

• Studies and Designs regarding treatment of pollutant emissions,

sewage and solid wastes• Advanced Treatment of efluents and pollutant emissions.

•Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP´s) – Photocatalysis in liquid & gaseous phases

• Pollution Minimization and Engine Optimisation • Wastes and Sub-products valorization

•Chemical Recycling of Plastics•Natural Stone Utilization

– Development of Advanced Composites

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Urban Wastewater Reuse: Good Practices and Success Stories in the Agricultural Production in the Mediterranean

Countries

“MEDAWARE Workshop on Reuse of Treated Domestic Wastewaters in Turkey”-Ankara, June 2005

D.Hidalgo*, R.Irusta

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Treated wastewater reuse cartifSome initial considerations:

Worldwide, wastewater reclamation and reuse is estimated to represent a potential

extra water resource amounting to approximately 15% of existing water consumption.

The potential benefits of wastewater reuse are most obvious for the arid areas but the

general increasing pressures on water resources all over the world should also make

wastewater reuse attractive in other areas.

In the Mediterranean region, the volume of wastewater is increasing. Large areas may

be supplied with recycled water which may also be used for other different purposes

depending on the demand, the water characteristics, its suitability, etc. Consequently,

there is a major potential use of recycled water in the region.

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MEDITERRANEAN REGION

Current situation

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Reuse in the Mediterranean region cartif

In Mediterranean countries there are many coastal and

southern regions where there is a severe pressure on

freshwater resources, due to low and seasonally

uneven precipitation and high run-off.

In some cases this is exacerbated by especially high

demand from tourism and agriculture during the

summer months.

To alleviate water shortages serious consideration must be given to wastewater

reclamation and reuse.

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Reuse in the Mediterranean region cartif The most off-stream water uses in Mediterranean countries are:

industrial cooling,

agriculture for irrigation (mostly on forage and cereals but also sometimes on

fruit trees and even vegetables, depending on national legislation and its

enforcement) and

domestic and industrial process water.

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Reuse in the Mediterranean region cartif Water quality requirements vary depending on

public exposure.

In several cases the wastewater is not properly

treated due to:

standard operating procedures are not followed,

there is no qualified personnel able to

overcome usual problems and to control/monitor

the whole treatment procedure,

the construction cost of efficient treatment

systems can be very high.

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Wastewater reuse benefits cartif

Some recent noteworthy examples of wastewater reuse in agricultural production

can be pointed out in some Mediterranean countries.

These examples show the considerable benefits that wastewater reuse can

produce. These benefits are:

financial: savings in very costly heavy infrastructures.

economic: allow agricultural incomes to be improved.

social: give better access to water for the least well-off.

environmental: reducing pressure on, and even restoring, ecosystems and

resources.

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Reuse in the Mediterranean region cartif

It is essential that the development of water reuse in

agriculture and other sectors will be based on

scientific evidences of its

“effects on environment and public health”

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WASTEWATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE

Selection of wastewater reclamation facilities

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Selection of facilities cartif

A number of parameters should be considered when choosing the appropriate

technology:

- economic

- institutional and political,

- climatic,

- environmental,

- land availability /properties

- sociocultural,

- and other local ones.

Once these factors have been taken into account the most cost-effective

system should be selected, unless the population being served is willing to pay

more.

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Selection of facilities cartif Considerations when “screening” alternative processes for (a) developing and

(b) developed countries (Source: Tsagarakis et al., 2001).

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Alternatives to conventional treatment cartifLow-cost treatments:

Conventional procedures are fairly effective, but in the Mediterranean countries, low

technology techniques, such as lagooning and infiltration-percolation, are sometimes

more reliable because of the lower cost that these systems suppose.

The effluent microorganisms are eliminated here by mechanical filtration, adsorption

and microbial degradation.

The major disadvantage of these techniques is the big amount of space required.

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The cost of wastewater reclamation and reuse

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Reclamation costs cartif Wastewater reclamation system costs are a function of facility capacity, end-

use option and treatment process configuration.

Costs can be identified estimating:

- facility construction costs,

- equipment purchases and

- operation and maintenance fees.

Initially, reclamation systems have to be analysed in terms of individual components based on design criteria. Cost data are derived for each element of a reclamation system at various capacity levels and unit sizes.

Site development and electrical cost are assumed as 10 and 15 percent of the total facility costs respectively.

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Reclamation costs cartif

Reclamation system annual cost are comprised of treatment and distribution facility personnel salaries, operating fees (recurring power and chemical cost) and maintenance cost (equipment repairs and replacements).

Personnel requirements are a function of facility size and complexity.

Maintenance cost (spare parts, replacements) are estimated generally as a percentage of equipment first cost (e.g., 5 percent).

For pipelines and storage tanks, maintenance costs are projected as two percent of capital costs.

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Reclamation costs for agricultural irrigation cartif The production of reclaimed water for fodder, fibre, seed crops and vineyards

irrigation requires the lowest level of treatment and, as a result, generates the

least reclamation costs.

Agricultural food crops, parks, playgrounds and

schoolyard irrigation and non-restricted

recreational impoundments reuse options, require

a pathogen-free effluent.

To upgrade secondary wastewater treatment

plants to produce the desired product quality,

chemical addition, coagulation, filtration and

disinfection facilities must be provided.

Operation costs appear to be strongly influenced

by different disinfection options and quality

targets.

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Problems associated with reclaimed water reuse projects

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Problems associated wastewater reuse cartif

Presence of pathogens in water, chemical contaminants or heavy metals

because of insufficient treatment.

The method used to apply the treated wastewater:

The real cost of the projects is usually considerably

higher than the estimated previously. This is in large

part a result of insufficient planning before design

and construction of water reclamation projects.

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Problems associated wastewater reuse cartif

Social acceptance (farmers, retailers and consumers): This is the most

sensitive area of this topic. Farmers are not going to reuse water, if their

product cannot be sold. Consumers will not buy products where reuse water

was used unless it is proven to be safe.

Costs of the water vs traditional sources: the cost of water has to be

acceptable for farmers.

Social issues play a significant role in

water reuse initiatives and should be

adequately addressed. With adequate

political will accompanied by awareness

programmes these cultural, religious and

social objections can be overcome.

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Good reuse practices

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Good practises cartif Reclaimed wastewater must only be reused for the uses for which permit was

issued.

When reclaimed water quality does not meet the fixed standards, reuse must cease.

Sprinkler irrigation should not take place in strong winds.

Quality monitoring and process controls should be supported.

Routine inspections of reclaimed water facilities, including facilities located on the property of end users.

Recognition that distribution of reclaimed water for non-potable uses could potentially come into contact with the public, and that such contact could have consequences for public health.

Compliance with all applicable requirements for water reclamation, and storage, transmission, distribution, and reuse, of reclaimed water.

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WASTEWATER REUSE

Success stories on agricultural production

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Selected cases cartif

In Tunisia a gradual approach has been adopted to expand the reuse since mid 1960s.

Nowadays, out of 61 treatment plants that treat 140 Mm3/yr total are operating. 41 have

a daily capacity less than 3,500 m3 and 10 above 10,000 m3, Choutrana being the largest

with 120,000 m3/d.

Municipal wastewater is processed biologically up to a secondary treatment stage.

The water reuse application is restricted irrigation, fodder (alfalfa, sorghum,

berseem, etc.) (45.3%), fruit trees (citrus, grapes, olives, peaches, pears, apples,

grenades, etc.) (28.5%), cereals (22.4%) and industrial crops (sugar beet) (3.8%).

Reuse of reclaimed wastewater helps to fulfil the water demand for irrigation in

this region. In addition, sludge from the treatment plants is used to improve the

soil fertility of low organic content Tunisian soils.

Tunisia:

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In Cyprus an amount of about 10 Mm3 is estimated to be

available for agricultural irrigation.

The cost of recycled water is low, about 0.13 €/m3. This

allows irrigated agriculture to be expanded by 8-10%

while conserving an equivalent amount of water for other

sectors.

Reclamation plant in Cavo Greco area: the WWTP effluent

is used for irrigation of agricultural land in Paralimni

where potatoes are mostly cultivated. The treated water is

also used by the hotels and the Municipalities for the

irrigation of gardens and parks during the summer

season.

Cyprus:

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Egypt has developed a participative approach for the management of irrigation

and modernisation of technology in the irrigated areas of the Nile valley which

have enabled it to gradually deal with the pressure on the resource.

The technology uses modern equipment and bottom-up irrigation management

with centralised control, simplification of the system, and above all the

involvement of user organisations in decision-making, management, upkeep and

maintenance through intensive training.

Egypt:

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Applications in Israel are the most notable ones in terms of costs, capacity,

effluent quality, application diversity and suitability to Mediterranean region.

Dan Region project seems to be the largest and most remarkable one with 120

million m3/yr capacity, post-treatment water handling and reuse applications

(groundwater recharge, reservoir storage, soil aquifer treatment, direct irrigation,..)

An average agricultural area of 16,000 ha is irrigated with this reclaimed water .

Israel:

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Selected cases cartifHakishon project (Israel):

This system treats the wastewater from the Haifa and Afula area.

Based on 60 days retention in a reservoir, screen filtration and chlorination,

supplies almost 570,000 PE of unrestricted irrigation water quality effluents to the

North of the country.

Greater Haifa WWTP

The effluent is

seasonally stored in

dual seasonal

reservoirs, operating in

series.

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Wastewater reuse in Al-Beirah (West Bank, Palestine): Preparation of wastewater

influent is accomplished by grit removal and screening. After that it is diverted

equally to two parallel aeration tanks, the effluent of aeration tank is diverted to two

parallel final clarifies, then most of the sludge goes to the thickener for dewatering.

Palestine:

The water passing to clarify goes to

disinfection, by UV radiation. The final

effluent (3,200 m3/day) is discharged

through Wadi Al-Ein, by 5 km pipeline,

to be reused for irrigation in Dir-

Dabwan land where large uncultivated

areas existed there.

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Tenerife wastewater reuse (Spain):

Spain:

In Tenerife WWTP, reclamation

includes filtration, desalination and

chlorination of the effluent. The

reclaimed water is reused for crop

irrigation.

In order to improve wastewater

quality, at 10 km from the inlet there

is injection of fresh water saturated

in dissolved oxygen (DO), after which

a nitrification process appears. The

result is a less chlorine requirement

for disinfection.

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Palestine

Jordan

LebannonMorocco

MEDAWARE project: http://147.102.83.100/projects/meda/meda.htm cartifThis examination has been carried out in the frame of the MEDAWARE project

funded by the Euro-Mediterranean partnership (more specifically by its Regional

Program for Local Water Management):

Title:

“Development tools and guidelines for the promotion of the sustainable treatment

and reuse in agricultural production in the Mediterranean countries”

Duration of the project:

May 2003- October 2006 (46 months).

Participating countries:

Cyprus, Greece, Jordan, Lebanon,

Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Turkey and Spain.

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CARTIFCARTIF- Castilla y León Technology Park, 205- Castilla y León Technology Park, 205

47151 Boecillo (Valladolid) – SPAIN47151 Boecillo (Valladolid) – SPAIN

TEL.: (34) 983 548 917 TEL.: (34) 983 548 917 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

FAX: (34) 983 54 65 21 web: FAX: (34) 983 54 65 21 web: www.cartif.es/medioambientewww.cartif.es/medioambiente

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