1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are...
-
date post
20-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are...
![Page 1: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Assembling the puzzle
From Earths to Super-EarthsHitran to the rescue...
“Good planets are hard to find” Bracewell
Lisa KalteneggerHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
HITRAN Conf, June 22th 2008
![Page 2: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Planets... The story so far...
![Page 3: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
New worlds in our sky... 300+shadows of weird worlds...
What can we tell?
![Page 4: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
The KEY... Transiting planets
Torres 2008
Fortney, 2007Sasselov 2007
![Page 5: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Weather forecast on Giant exoplanets? Atmosphere by transits... HD189733b
Tinetti et al 2007
![Page 6: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
WHY ?
![Page 7: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
The Pale Blue Dot
Voyager image, 400 billion km away
![Page 8: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Earth IR-emission
TES data; Christensen 2004
Kaltenegger, Traub, Jucks 2007 (ApJ)
![Page 9: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Line of Evidence
WHAT KIND
INTERIOR
ATMOSPHERE
LIFE ?
Density ?(radius/mass)
Plate tectonics?Ocean/land?
What chemistry?What star ? HZ ?
What biota?
FORMATION Formation Models
![Page 10: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Line of Evidence
FIND
INTERIOR
ATMOSPHERE
LIFE ?
SPECTRAL FINGERPRINT
![Page 11: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
add
OUTLINE CODES
• Climate (Kasting, Segura, Pavlov)
• Photochemistry (Segura, Kasting)
• Radiative Transfer (Traub, Jucks)
Planet interior & outgassing
Cloud physics (CO2 & H2O)add
Kaltenegger et al 2007
![Page 12: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Signs Of Life On An Earth-like Planet
Vegetation
Plantproduct
Plant life
Bacteria
observed
WaterOxygen
Carbondioxide
Methane Nitrousoxide
Ozone
Needed for life Primordial;
& bacteria product
![Page 13: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Selsis 2007
![Page 14: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Spectral features IR & Is there Take out ?
Traub & Jucks, AGU, 2002; Des Marais et al. 2002, Selsis 2003, Kaltenegger 2007
![Page 15: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Atmosphericescape
OutgassingEarly or continuous
Geochemical recyclinge. g. carbonate silicate cycle
Biological processing
photochemistry
![Page 16: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
LIFE
LIFE
![Page 17: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Selsis (data Kasting et al 93)Update Kaltenegger & Segura (prep)
The Test...The possibilities...Characterizing planets
![Page 18: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Habitable Zone... Goldilocks Zone
Selsis, Kasting et al 2007; Kaltenegger & Selsis 2007
![Page 19: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19Paillet et al., in prep
TPF-CNew World Finder
CIS for Exoplanets: Spectral Fingerprints
![Page 20: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Earth part of the puzzle...
& a universe full of possibilitiesSontin et al 2007Leger et al 2004
![Page 21: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
How to make water from a H2-rich atmosphere ?
Reduction of Fe-bearing silicates by H2 (Sasaki, 1990)
For fO2 ≤ core formation
H20/H2 ~ 0.1(Solar nebula : 6 x 10-4 Delivery?)
H2O vapor promotes greenhouse: Earth’s temp. as high as 4800 K
![Page 22: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Earth Evolution over geological time
Kaltenegger et al 2007 ApJ
![Page 23: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Continuous habitable zone
Goldilocks ZoneGl 581c... HOT, Gl581d COLD
Selsis et al 2007, Kaltenegger et al 2008, Seager et al 2008, Miller-Ricci et al 2008,...
![Page 24: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Super Earth around M star 3400K
Tidally locked planet1: day (60%) night side (40%)
2: day (75%) night side (25%)
3: day (85%) night side (15%)
Kaltenegger et al 2008 (in prep)
![Page 25: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Super Earth around M star 3400KTidally locked planet (rapidely rotating planet comparison line (shown in grey))• Scenario 3: high heat transport from day (85%) to night side (15%)
Kaltenegger et al 2008 (in prep)
CO2
O3
CH4H2O
H2O
![Page 26: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Transits... Pushing the limits
Kaltenegger, Traub, Jucks 2008 (sub)
Radius +/- ~ 0.06%
![Page 28: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Transits... Detecting habitable atmospheres
Kaltenegger, Traub, Jucks 2008 (sub)
![Page 29: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Hitran Shopping list• Near-IR lines (CH4)• Line profile (especially wings - Transits)• Self broadening... Line broadening • High atm pressure (< 3 bar)
– (= high gravity on Super-Earths)
• Transits probe upper Earth atmosphere mainly• Warming and cooling of atmosphere
– e.g. dense and early Earth atmospheres– …
![Page 30: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
LIFE
LIFE
LIFE
SUPER EARTHS...
opportunity & challenge
![Page 31: 1 Assembling the puzzle From Earths to Super-Earths Hitran to the rescue... “ Good planets are hard to find ” Bracewell Lisa Kaltenegger Harvard-Smithsonian.](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032800/56649d4d5503460f94a2c72e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Habitabitity of Super Earths Gl581dGl 581d: Earth Amtosphere, 2.63 bar, 1.8x Earth gravity. M star 3200KScenario 1: no heat transfer day & night side (freeze out on dark side)Scenario 2: Planet rapidely rotating like Earth (same temperature day and night side)Scenario 3: Low heat transfer between day (75%) & night side (25%), no freeze out
Kaltenegger et al. 2008 (in prep)