1 Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Virtual Reality Chapter 7.
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Transcript of 1 Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Virtual Reality Chapter 7.
1
Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Virtual Reality
Chapter 7
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Artificial Intelligence
People, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate characteristics of intelligence
Test for AIUnable to tell whether you are
interacting with a computer or human
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The Nature of Intelligence
Learn from experience & apply the knowledge Handle complex situations Solve problems when important information is
missing Determine what is important React quickly and correctly to new situations Understand visual images Process and manipulate symbols Be creative and imaginative Use heuristics (rules of thumb)
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Natural and Artificial Intelligence
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Conceptual Model of AI
www.robocup.org
Handwriting recognition: http://members.aol.com/Trane64/java/JRec.html
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Expert System Characteristics
Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions
Can display “intelligent” behavior Can draw conclusions from complex
relationships Can provide portable knowledge Can deal with uncertainty
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Expert System Limitations
Not widely used or tested Difficult to use Limited to relatively narrow problems Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge Possibility of error Cannot refine own knowledge base Difficult to maintain May have high development costs Raise legal and ethical concerns
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Components of an Expert System
Backward chainingForward chainingComparison of backward
and forward chaining
Assembling human expertsThe use of fuzzy logicThe use of rulesThe use of cases
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Rules
Whale Watcher demo http://www.aiinc.ca/dem
os/whale.html JESS and the Sticks
game http://herzberg.ca.sandi
a.gov/jess/ Other demos
http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~mariopi/AIDemos.html
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Knowledge Acquisition Facility
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Expert System Development Process
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Participants in Expert System Development
Recognize the real problemDevelop a general framework for problem solvingFormulate theories about the situationDevelop and use general rules to solve a problemKnow when to break the rules or general principlesSolve problems quickly and efficiently
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Expert Systems Development Alternatives
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When to Use Expert Systems
High payoff Preserve scarce expertise Distribute expertise Provide more consistency than
humans Faster solutions than humans Training expertise
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Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence Credit granting and loan analysis Stock Picking Catching cheats and terrorists Budgeting Information management and retrieval Games Virus detection Hospitals and medical facilities
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Virtual Reality
A system that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
Head mounted display
Data glove
Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)
CAVE
Haptic interface, aka force feedback
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Wearable computers / Augmented Reality
Computers worn as part of clothing, jewellery, etc.
Computers are always present Context-aware: Senses where the
user is, what is happening MIT Media labs
http://www.media.mit.edu/wearables/mithril/
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VR Applications
Medicine used to link stroke patients to physical
therapists Education and training
used by military for aircraft maintenance Entertainment
CGI The Matrix Reloaded, Star Wars, LOTR
Real Estate Marketing and Tourism Used to increase real estate sales Virtual reality tour of the White House
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Other Specialized Systems
Segway Personal Transporter
Adaptive brain interface technology
Personal awareness assistant (PAA)
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Coming up
ThursdayTutorial 8Lab 7 due
TuesdayS&R Chapter 8Database design due