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A Century of Rehabilitation

Reviewing the PastForeseeing the Future

Pat CarlenUK

(University of Kent)

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Rehabilitation*the return

*of a lawbreaker *or ex-prisoner

to *civil society

*with an enhanced capacity to lead a law-abiding life in future

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Sentencing

• Justice Model > Justice

through punishment • Welfare Model >

Crime Reduction through Rehabilitation

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Strategy

• Dimensions of Rehabilitation

• Recurring Questions

• Dystopias and Utopias

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Dimensions of Rehabilitation

Dimension Rehabilitative Aim Examples Assumptions

Formal/Legal Reduce stigma of criminal conviction

UK Rehabilitation of Offenders’ Acts

Equality before law: lawbreakers/errant citizens

PsychologicalPsychiatricalPsycho-analytical

Change lawbreakers’ attitudes, habits, cognitions

•Behaviour modification•Therapy•Re-education•Programming

Crime result of faulty organism, damaged psyche or faulty cognitions

Social Welfare Increase social provision for ex-prisoners

Specialist housing, education

Crime result of adverse social circumstances e.g. poverty, homelessness

Psycho-Social Increase access to social provision for ex-prisoners

Probation. Group therapy

Lawbreaker cannot see a lawful solution to adverse social circumstances

Community Corrections:‘Popular Justice’ and ‘therapy for citizenship models

Repair breach between lawbreaker and Community. Strengthen Citizenship/Community Ties.

Restorative JusticeDrug courtsDay CentresEducation Re-EducationParenting Classes

Desistance from crime and increase in inclusionary ties result more from strength of personal relationships than from exclusionary sanctions

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RECURRING THEMES

• WHO is to be Rehabilitated? • Relationships between Social

Justice and Criminal Justice?• Rehabilitation and Reparation?

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Rehabilitation: A Dystopian Future

Increase in Exclusionary Rehabilitation via Imprisonment-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rehabilitation of offender as worker rather than as citizen-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rehabilitation focused on lower income criminals. Exclusion of higher income and corporate criminals from both rehabilitative and reparative sanctions-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Governments incorporate progressive language into retrogressive policies-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Governments ignore the rule of law-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Governments fail to respond to crime within human rights framework

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Rehabilitation: A Utopian Future

Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Therapy for Citizenship

----------------------------------State-Obligated Rehabilitation

and the Renegotiation and Regeneration of Citizenship

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Therapy for Citizenship Examples

Restorative JusticeDrug CourtsRe-Entry Courts/CeremoniesOne to One supportFriendship CirclesSupport & therapy for specific types of offenders

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Renegotiation and Regeneration of Citizenship State-obligated

Rehabilitation and the

• Reconciliation between state, community and offender

• State and Offender required to recognise mutual obligations to Community

• Rehabilitation for corporate and higher income criminals dependent upon reparations being made to state and community

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References

• Carlen, P (1989) (2010) ‘Crime, Inequality and Sentencing’ in P. Carlen, P and D. Cook • (eds.)1989) Paying for Crime. Milton Keynes. Reprinted in P. Carlen (2010) A Criminological Imagination. pp198-

212. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing • Cesaroni, C. and A Doob (2003) ‘The Decline in Support for Penal Welfarism: Evidence of Support among the Elite

for Punitive Segregation.’ British Journal of Criminology. 43.2: 434-441• Cullen, F. and K. Gilbert (1982) Reaffirming Rehabilitation. Cincinatti: Ohio. Anderson • Publishing• Doyal, L. and I. Gough (1991) A Theory of Human Need. London: Macmillan• Farrall, S., M. Hough, S. Maruna, and R. Sparks (2011) Escape Routes: Contemporary • Perspectives on Life after Punishment. Oxford: Routledge• Garland, D. (1985) Punishment and Welfare. Aldershot. Gower• Maruna, S. (2000) Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Build Their Lives. Washington: American

Sociological Association• Mascini, P. and D. Houtman (2006) ‘Rehabilitation and Repression: Reassessing their Ideological Embeddedness • British Journal of Criminology 46(5): 822-836• Pratt, J. (2008) Scandinavian Exceptionalism in an Era of Penal Excess. Part 1 in The British Journal of • Criminology. Vol.48. 2: 119-137• Robinson, G. and I. Crow (2009) Offender Rehabilitation: Theory, Research, Practice. London: Sage