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Photovoltaic LiNbO3 particles: Applications to Biomedicine/Biophotonics
B. J. Ramiro2, A. Blázquez-Castro1, A. García-Cabañes1, L. Arizmendi1, A. Méndez2, A. Alcázar2, J. C. Stockert3, F. Agulló-López1,4, and M. Carrascosa1
1Depto. de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain2Depto. Aerotecnia, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain3Depto. de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
4CMAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
Abstract
Recently, a novel method to trap and pattern ensembles of nanoparticles has been proposed and tested. It relies on the photovoltaic (PV) properties of certain ferroelectric crystals such as LiNbO3 [1,2]. These crystals, when suitably doped, develop very high electric fields in response to illumination with light of suitable wavelength. The PV effect lies in the asymmetrical excitation of electrons giving rise to PV currents and associated space-charge fields (photorefractive effect). The field generated in the bulk of the sample propagates to the surrounding medium as evanescent fields. When dielectric or metal nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of the sample the evanescent fields give rise to either electrophoretic or dielectrophoretic forces, depending on the charge state of the particles, that induce the trapping and patterning effects [3,4].
The purpose of this work has been to explore the effects of such PV fields in the biology and biomedical areas. A first work was able to show the necrotic effects induced by such fields on He-La tumour cells grown on the surface of an illuminated iron-doped LiNbO3 crystal [5]. In principle, it is conceived that LiNbO3 nanoparticles may be advantageously used for such biomedical purposes considering the possibility of such nanoparticles being incorporated into the cells. Previous experiments using microparticles have been performed [5] with similar results to those achieved with the substrate. Therefore, the purpose of this work has been to fabricate and characterize the LiNbO3 nanoparticles and assess their necrotic effects when they are incorporated on a culture of tumour cells.
Two different preparation methods have been used: 1) mechanical grinding from crystals, and 2) bottom-up sol-gel chemical synthesis from metal-ethoxide precursors. This later method leads to a more uniform size distribution of smaller particles (down to around 50 nm). Fig. 1(a) and 1(b) shows SEM images of the nanoparticles obtained with both method.
An ad hoc software taking into account the physical properties of the crystal, particullarly donor and aceptor concentrations has been developped in order to estimate the electric field generated in noparticles. In a first stage simulations of the electric current of nanoparticles, in a conductive media, due to the PV effect have been carried out by MonteCarlo simulations using the Kutharev 1-centre transport model equations [6] . Special attention has been paid to the dependence on particle size and [Fe2+]/[Fe3+]. First results on cubic particles shows large dispersion for small sizes due to the random number of donors and its effective concentration (Fig 2).
The necrotic (toxicity) effect of nanoparticles incorporated into a tumour cell culture subjected to 30 min. illumination with a blue LED is shown in Fig.3. For each type of nanoparticle the percent of cell survival in dark and illumination conditions has been plot as a function of the particle dilution factor. Fig. 1a corresponds to mechanical grinding particles whereas 1b and 1c refer to chemically synthesized particles with two oxidation states. The light effect is larger with mechanical grinding nanoparticles, but dark toxicity is also higher. For chemically synthesized nanoparticles dark toxicity is low but only in oxidized samples, where the PV effect is known to be larger, the light effect is appreciable.
These preliminary results demonstrate that Fe:LiNbO· nanoparticles have a biological damaging effect on cells, although there are many points that should be clarified and much space for PV nanoparticles optimization. In particular, it appears necessary to determine the fraction of nanoparticles that become incorporated into the cells and the possible existence of threshold size effects.
This work has been supported by MINECO under grant MAT2011-28379-C03.
References
[1] H. A. Eggert, F. Y. Kuhnert, K. Buse, J. R. Adleman and D. Psaltis, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90 (2007) 241909.
[2] J. Villarroel, H. Burgos, A. García-Cabañes, M. Carrascosa, A. Blazquez-Castro ad F. Agullo-Rueda, Opt. Express, 19 (2011) 24321.
[3] X. Zhang, J. Wang, B. Tang, X.Tan, R. A. Rupp, L. Pan, Y. Kong, Q. Sun and J. Xu, Opt. Express, 17 (2009) 9981.
[4] H. Burgos, M. Jubera, J. Villarroel, A. Garcia-Cabañes, F. Agullo-Lopez and M. Carrascosa, Opt. Mat. 35 (2013) 1700.
[5] A. Blazquez-Castro, J. C. Stockert, B. Lopez-Arias, A. Juarranz, F. Agullo-Lopez, A. Garcia-Cabañes and M. Carrascosa, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 10 (2011) 956.
[6] Kuktharev N.V., Markov V.B., Odulov S.G., Soskin M.S., Vinetskii V.L., Ferroelectrics 22, 949 (1979).
Figures
(a) (b)
Figure 1.- SEM imagines of LiNbO3:Fe nanoparticles obtained by: (a) mechanical grinding, (b) chemical synthesis.
Figure 2.- Current density as a function of particle size. Dots represent individual particles. Lines connect mean current density for each size.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3.- Percent cell survival versus nano-particles concentration in solution obtained by mechanical grinding (a) and obtained by chemical synthesis and oxidized (b) and reduced (c) by thermal treatments.
Photovoltaic LiNbO3 particles: Applications to Biomedicine/Bio-photonicsB. J. Ramiro2, A. Blázquez-Castro1, A. García-Cabañes1, L. Arizmendi1, A. Méndez2, A. Alcazar2, J. C. Stockert3, F. Agulló-López1,4 and M. Carrascosa1
1Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain2Departamento de Aerotecnia, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
3Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain4Centro de Microanálisis de Materiales (CMAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
References[1] H.A. Eggert, F.Y. Kuhnert, K. Buse, J.R. Adleman and D. Psaltis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 241909 (2007).
[2] J. Villarroel, H. Burgos, A. García-Cabañes, M. Carrascosa, A. Blazquez-Castro and F. Agulló-López, Opt. Express 19, 24321 (2011).
[3] X. Zhangh, J. Wang, B. Tang, X. Tan, R. A. Rupp, L. Pan, Y. Kong, Q. Sun and J. Xu, Opt. Express 17, 9981 (2009).
[4] H. Burgas, M. Jubera, J. Villarroel, A. García-Cabañes, F. Agulló-López and M. Carrascosa, Opt. Mat. 35, 1700 (2013).
[5] A. Blazquez-Castro, J.C. Stockert, B. López-Arias, A. Juarranz, F. Agulló-López, A. García-Cabañes and M. Carrascosa, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 10, 956 (2011).
Trends in Nanotechnology International Conference (TNT 2013)
Introduction
Evanescent electric fields are high enoughto trap and pattern micro- nanoparticles onthe surface crystal [1,2].
–e
c
Epv ~104 – 105 V/cm(for visible light in LiNbO3:Fe)
200 µm
� Bulk Photovoltaic Effect (BPE) in LiNbO3
�Asymmetrical optical transitionsfrom impurities (Fe2+, Cu+) to theconduction band.
�Low electrical current (photovoltaic current jpv)that induces charge-carrier separation and abulk high electric field (photovoltaic field, Epv).
µγ
σApvpv
pv
NljE ==
� Main objective�The purpose of this work has been to explore the influence
of the photovoltaic field in biomedical applications.� LiNbO3:Fe nanoparticles have been fabricated and
characterized and their necrotic effects have been assessedafter their incorporation in a culture of tumour (HeLa) cells.
hν
–––––
+++++
Epv
evanescent field
Trapping and patterning of 100 nmAg particles induced by sinusoidalillumination in a LiNbO3:Fe crystal.
100 µm
These fields also have been able toinduce necrotic death in tumour cellsgrown on the surface of a LiNbO3:Fecrystal or cultured with microparticlesof the same material [3].
Necrotic HeLa cells (pointed by arrows) in aculture with LiNbO3:Fe microparticles inducedafter 1 h visible illumination (optical microscopyimage)..
BPE simulation in nanoparticles
� Mechanical Grinding (MG): from congruent LiNbO3 with 0.1 wt% Fe doping crystalline samples.
• grinding dissolved in PBS* (100 gr/l), decanted after 24 h sedimentation
• reduction/oxidation ratio [Fe2+]/[Fe3+] ~ 0.05
• nanoparticle size ~ 200 – 400 nm
*Phosfate buffered saline
� Chemical Synthesis (CS): bottom-up sol-gel from metal (Li, Nb and Fe)-ethoxide precursors.
• Fe-doping 1 mol%
• crystalline phase verified by XRD
• thermal reduction in vacuum at 500 ºC
• mean crystalline size ~ 50 nm (obtained by XRD)
• nanoparticles also dissolved in PBS* (100 gr/l) and decanted after 24 h sedimentation
LiNbO3 nanoparticles
SEM images
Nanoparticles effects in tumour HeLa cells
mechanical milling particlesas-grown (oxidized) chemically
synthesized particlesreduced chemically synthesized
particles
� Photo-Bioassay protocolCell cultures were incubated (for 3 – 24 h) with different solutions of nanoparticles, washed and exposed to visible light (30 min., LED of 1W 470-480 nm emission). Identical cell cultures were not illuminated (dark conditions) for the purpose of controlling assays.
� Evaluation methodCell mortality (in dark and lighting conditions) was evaluated by MTT cell viability assay technique.
� ResultsThe percentage of cell survival in dark and illumination conditions as a function of the particle dilution factor has been plot for each type of nanoparticle.
� The effect of light on cell death is appreciable in cultures incubated with MGnanoparticles, small in cultures with oxidized CS and null in cultures withreduced CS nanoparticles.
� MG nanoparticles have a high dark toxicity, about 60% for medium particleconcentrations, where the light effect is larger. However, for CS nanoparticlesdark toxicity is low (20%).
� What fraction of nanoparticles has been incorporated into the cells?� Is there a threshold effect in reducing nanoparticle size?
� Questions
Summary
� Fe:LiNbO3 nanoparticles have been fabricated by two different methods and their effect on HeLa cell cultures has been evaluated.
� The results demonstrate that nanoparticles have a biological damaging effect on tumour cells.
� The effect of light on cell death is in agreement with a high BPE for large particles and high Fe3+ concentration.
� The rule of BPE is not clear yet because of dark toxicity, and more work is necessary.
Acknowledgements: This work has been supported by MINECO under grant MAT2011-28379-C03.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
curre
nt d
ensi
ty (a
.u.)
cube side (nm)
[Fe]=1x1025m-3
[Fe]=5x1024m-3
[Fe]=2x1023m-3
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5e+24 1e+25 1.5e+25 2e+25
curr
ent (
a.u.
)
[Fe] (m-3)
L=640nmL=400nmL=250nmL=160nmL= 60nm
Simulated by MonteCarlonumerical experiments
BPE
e- excitation from a Fe2+
random walk
recombination in a Fe3+
Due to
Assumptions
Li/Fe sub-lattice supossed cubic
Only excitation are considered
Crystals are in a conductive media
� For a given weight of LiNbO3 the smaller the crystal size the bigger the current density.
� For very small grain size (<60um ), a big increase in the BPE may be found if individuals with greatest amount of Fe atoms can be isolated.
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part
icle
s.
P63
Gald
ikas
A
rva
idas
Lith
uan
ia
Oth
er
Str
ess in
duced a
nd
concen
tratio
n
depe
nde
nt n
itro
gen d
iffu
sio
n in
auste
nitic
sta
inle
ss s
teel
P88
G
arc
ía-
Mo
ch
ale
s
Caro
P
edro
S
pa
in
Theory
an
d m
odelli
ng
at th
e
nanosca
le
Siz
e d
ep
end
ence o
f Y
ou
ng
’s m
odu
lus o
f m
eta
llic n
anow
ires
P103
Gele
ver
Vla
dim
ir
Russia
Hig
h s
patial re
solu
tion
spectr
oscopie
s u
nder
SP
M
pro
be
Hybrid (
ele
ctr
on
ic –
x-r
ay)
nano
mic
roscope
(H
NО
М–
40)
for
nano
techn
olo
gy.
P29
Go
do
y
Nav
aja
s
Juan
S
pa
in
NanoC
hem
istr
y
Ana
lytica
l usefu
lness o
f th
e c
om
bin
ed
use o
f T
b4O
7 n
an
opart
icle
s a
nd laccase
en
zym
e for
the d
ete
rmin
ation o
f antioxid
ants
in fo
od s
am
ple
s
P55
Go
nzale
z-
Balle
ste
ro
Carlos
Spa
in
NanoO
ptics /
Nano
Ph
oto
nic
s /
Pla
sm
onic
s
Non-M
ark
ovia
n e
ffects
in w
avegu
ide
-m
ed
iate
d e
nta
ngle
ment
betw
een q
ub
its
P66
Gü
ler
Zelih
a
Turk
ey
Nano
bio
techn
olo
gie
s &
N
anom
edic
ine
Ele
ctr
och
em
ical S
tudy o
f P
oly
pyrr
ole
C
oate
d E
lectr
osp
un P
oly
capro
lacto
ne
Nanofib
ers
and T
he
ir P
ote
ntia
l A
pp
licatio
n in B
iose
nsors
P
44
Ho
pf
Tob
y
United
Kin
gd
om
G
raphen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Effect
of etc
h a
nd g
row
th p
ara
mete
rs o
n
the p
ropert
ies o
f ep
itaxia
l g
raphe
ne
gro
wn o
n 6
H-S
iC
P9
Hrd
y
Radim
C
zech
Repu
blic
N
anoC
hem
istr
y
Pre
para
tion a
nd E
lectr
oche
mic
al
Chara
cte
riza
tio
n o
f G
luta
thio
ne M
od
ifie
d
Gold
Nano
ele
ctr
odes
P56
Hu
ido
bro
P
alo
ma A
. S
pa
in
NanoO
ptics /
Nano
Ph
oto
nic
s /
Pla
sm
onic
s
Theory
of
Str
on
g C
oup
ling b
etw
een
Quantu
m E
mitte
rs a
nd S
urf
ace P
lasm
ons
P67
Isaro
v
Ma
ya
Is
rael
Lo
w d
imensio
na
l m
ate
rials
Com
parison b
etw
ee
n o
ptical pro
pert
ies
of oxid
ized
an
d n
on
-oxid
ize
d M
oS
2
mono
layer
P33
Jim
én
ez-
So
lan
o
Alb
ert
o
Spa
in
NanoO
ptics /
Nano
Ph
oto
nic
s /
Pla
sm
onic
s
Inte
gra
tio
n o
f go
ld n
an
opart
icle
s in
photo
nic
cry
sta
ls: e
ffect of
the inte
rpla
y
betw
een p
lasm
on
ic a
nd o
ptical cavity
resonances
P68
Ko
ltyp
in
Yuri
Is
rael
NanoC
hem
istr
y
Form
ation o
f g
alli
um
mic
ro-
and n
an
o-
sphere
s b
y u
ltra
son
ic c
avitatio
n a
nd
entr
ap
men
t of
org
anic
substa
nces w
ithin
th
em
. P
57
Ko
sm
ac
a
Jele
na
Latv
ia
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Tra
nsfe
r and
we
igh
ing o
f gra
phe
ne f
lakes
by u
sin
g a
nano
wire m
ass s
ensor
P10
Ko
walc
zyk
D
oro
ta
Pola
nd
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
A
pp
licatio
n o
f a s
ol-
ge
l m
eth
od f
or
functiona
lizatio
n o
f te
xtile
mate
rials
P
75
Ko
walc
zyk
D
oro
ta
Pola
nd
O
ther
Functio
na
lization
of te
xtile
mate
rials
with
bio
active layere
d s
ilicate
P
89
Ku
lnit
skiy
B
oris
Russia
G
raphen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Cry
sta
llogra
phy o
f a
lfa
-, y
am
ma
-, a
nd
epsilo
n-iro
n p
hases a
nd iro
n c
arb
ides,
form
ed
insid
e c
arb
on n
an
otu
bes.
HR
TE
M
stu
die
s
P11
Ku
sko
M
ihae
la
Rom
ania
N
ano
bio
techn
olo
gie
s &
N
anom
edic
ine
Fin
din
g t
he a
ppro
pri
ate
su
bstr
ate
for
bio
se
nsors
by m
on
itori
ng
th
e
bio
mo
lecula
r re
cogn
itio
n r
eactions u
sin
g
ele
ctr
och
em
ica
l im
peda
nce
spectr
oscopy
P45
Ku
sko
C
ristian
R
om
ania
NanoO
ptics /
Nano
Ph
oto
nic
s /
P
lasm
onic
s
Self p
uls
ation
be
havio
r of a
rin
g
resonato
r based o
n n
on
line
ar
pla
sm
on
ic
wavegu
ides
P69
Lav
in L
op
ez
Maria
de
l P
rado
S
pa
in
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Synth
esis
an
d c
hara
cte
riza
tion
of C
VD
-gro
wn g
raph
ene o
n c
opper:
influe
nce o
f th
e s
ynth
esis
co
nd
itio
ns
P12
Lee
Jeong
Seok
Kore
a
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Therm
al a
nd e
lectr
ica
l in
terf
acia
l la
yer
of
gra
ph
ene f
or
hig
h p
erf
orm
ance p
oin
t em
itte
r P
13
Lee
H
a-J
in
Kore
a
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Nano
neckla
ce S
tructu
re o
f C
arb
on
Nanotu
bes f
or
Ultra
hig
h L
oadin
g M
eta
l N
ano
part
icle
s
P14
Lee
S
oo-K
eu
n
Kore
a
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
Synth
esis
an
d c
hara
cte
riza
tion
of
mono
dis
pers
e β
-cob
alt h
yd
roxid
e u
sin
g
sonoche
mic
al m
eth
od
P
76
Lee
Y
i S
eul
Kore
a
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
A N
ove
l A
ppro
ach for
Contr
olli
ng
Str
uctu
re a
nd S
ize o
f A
gX
N
anostr
uctu
res a
nd I
ts A
pp
lication
for
Vis
ible
lig
ht-
Driven P
hoto
ca
taly
st
P77
Lo
bão
N
ascim
en
to
Ana
Clá
udia
S
pa
in
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
Synth
esis
an
d C
ata
lytic A
ctivity o
f G
old
N
ano
part
icle
s D
oped A
nata
se T
iO2
Nano
part
icle
s
P78
Lo
ng
o
Ang
ela
Italy
G
raphen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Therm
al exp
ansio
n o
f gra
phite
in
terc
ala
tion
com
poun
ds
P15
Ló
pez L
ore
nte
Áng
ela
In
macula
da
Spa
in
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
ria
ls
Atte
nuate
d t
ota
l re
flection infr
are
d (
AT
R-
IR)
spectr
oscopy in
-situ m
onitori
ng o
f th
e
synth
esis
of
bare
gold
nano
part
icle
s.
P79
Lu
na D
urá
n
Carlos
Spa
in
NanoC
hem
istr
y
Synth
esis
of a
bio
fuel th
at
inte
gra
tes
gly
cerin b
y u
sin
g h
ete
rogen
eous
support
ed K
fcata
lysts
P
58
Lyczko
wska
P
atr
ycja
P
ola
nd
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
T
he s
ynth
esis
of p
oro
us n
ano
-TiO
2 f
ilms
on th
e b
asalt f
ibers
P
80
Mach
nev
A
ndre
y
Russia
NanoO
ptics /
Nano
Ph
oto
nic
s /
Pla
sm
onic
s
Fib
er
facet re
flection m
od
ifie
d w
ith a
ZnO
nano
wire a
rray
P70
Majz
liko
va
Petr
a
Czech
Repu
blic
G
raphen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
MW
CN
Ts B
ased
Ele
ctr
och
em
ica
l S
ensor
for
Direct In
sulin
Dete
ction
P
16
Mári
k
Maria
n
Czech
Repu
blic
O
ther
Vert
ica
l n
ano
ele
ctr
ode s
yste
m for
pote
ntial m
easure
me
nt of
livin
g c
ells
P
90
Mart
ín R
ecio
A
na
S
pa
in
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Scann
ing T
un
nelin
g M
icro
scopy A
na
lysis
of U
nusual M
oiré P
att
ern
s o
n G
raph
en
e
on R
h(1
11)
Gro
wn u
nder
Ultra
-Hig
h
Vacuu
m C
ond
itio
ns
P17
Mats
ui
Tom
ohiro
Japan
G
raphen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Tra
nsport
Pro
pe
rtie
s o
f G
raphen
e
Decora
ted w
ith O
xygen M
ole
cule
s
P18
Matt
era
M
iche
le
Spa
in
Oth
er
Self A
ssem
ble
d M
on
ola
yers
over
Ferr
om
ag
netic S
urf
aces
P91
Mau
rel
Agn
es
Fra
nce
O
ther
Extr
aord
inary
tra
nsm
issio
n t
hro
ug
h
com
ple
x p
eri
od
ic s
tructu
res
P92
Mau
rel
Agn
es
Fra
nce
O
ther
Tra
nsm
issio
n a
nd localiz
ation leng
th
thro
ug
h 1
D p
eri
od
ic s
yste
m w
ith
dis
ord
er
P93
Meh
n
Dora
Italy
N
ano
bio
techn
olo
gie
s &
N
anom
edic
ine
Surf
ing p
lasm
on
ic w
aves P
lasm
on
ic
cry
sta
l based s
olid
substr
ate
for
Surf
ace
Enh
anced
Ram
an S
pectr
oscopy
P46
Mén
dez A
rdo
y A
leja
ndro
N
eth
erl
an
ds
Oth
er
Tow
ard
s M
ole
cu
lar
Prin
tbo
ard
s w
ith
Im
pro
ved
Ele
ctr
ica
l C
onta
ct:
Tunin
g t
he
Self-A
ssem
bly
Ca
pab
ilities o
n G
old
of
β-
Cyclo
dextr
in D
erivatives T
hro
ugh
Chem
ical F
unction
aliz
ation.
P94
M
en
dez
Gra
nad
o
Juan P
edro
Spa
in
Gra
phen
e /
Carb
on
nano
tub
es
Stu
dy o
f to
po
log
ical defe
ct in
gra
phen
e
P19
Men
gis
tu
Heru
y
Taddese
S
pa
in
Lo
w d
imensio
na
l m
ate
rials
Ele
ctr
onic
str
uctu
re o
f In
N-b
ased
nano
wires u
sin
g m
ultib
an
d K
.P e
nve
lop
e
function m
eth
od
P
34
Merc
ier
Jean-
Fra
ncois
F
rance
O
ther
Fano typ
e r
eson
ance in W
ood a
nom
alie
s
P95
Mih
ala
ch
e
Iulia
na
R
om
ania
Lo
w d
imensio
na
l m
ate
rials
O
pto
-ele
ctr
ical ch
ara
cte
ristics o
f P
EG
yla
ted
carb
on
qu
antu
m d
ots
P
35
Mo
nte
s
Mart
ínez
Raqu
el
Spa
in
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
Ele
ctr
och
em
ical Im
peda
nce
Spectr
oscopy a
pp
lied t
o th
e o
ptim
ization
of com
posites b
ased
on g
raph
ite/e
poxy
to b
e u
sed a
s a
mpero
metr
ic s
ensor
P81
Mo
rich
e
Tir
ad
o
Rocío
S
pa
in
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Multifu
nctiona
l G
NP
-Ep
oxy
Nanoco
mposites for
Str
uctu
ral H
ea
lth
Mon
itori
ng
P
20
Mu
ller
Nin
a
Russia
T
heory
an
d m
odelli
ng
at th
e
nanosca
le
Wavele
t and f
racta
l basis
in
ste
ad p
lane
-w
ave in a
b-i
nitio
calc
ula
tio
ns
P104
Mu
nz
Mart
in
United
Kin
gd
om
N
anoC
hem
istr
y
Sele
ctive A
dhesio
n B
eh
avio
ur
of
Genetically
En
gin
eere
d P
eptid
es for
Chem
ical F
orc
e M
icro
scopy a
nd
Nano
part
icle
Captu
ring
P
59
Mu
ño
z M
art
ín
Jose
S
pa
in
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Carb
on N
an
otu
bes d
ope
d w
ith d
iffe
rent
nob
le m
eta
l n
ano
part
icle
s b
y n
ear
–
perc
ola
tio
n a
mpero
metr
ic s
ensors
P
21
Nejm
an
A
licja
P
ola
nd
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
T
herm
al pro
pert
ies o
f nan
otita
nia
-
mod
ifie
d p
oly
pro
pyle
ne f
ibe
rs
P82
Nis
hid
a
Naoki
Japan
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
Chira
l D
-/L-P
en
icill
am
ine
-pro
tecte
d A
g
Triang
ula
r N
an
opla
tes S
ynth
esiz
ed b
y
Substitu
tion
Re
actio
n
P83
Oliv
a M
on
tero
José M
arí
a S
pa
in
Nano
bio
techn
olo
gie
s &
N
anom
edic
ine
In s
itu
synth
esis
of short
-ch
ain
thio
ls
silv
er
na
nop
art
icle
s (
ST
SN
s)
for
bio
log
ical purp
oses: fr
om
silv
er
toxic
ity
to tu
mors
tre
atm
en
t. A
n o
verv
iew
. P
47
Oro
zco
N
oé
S
pa
in
NanoC
hem
istr
y
New
directions in o
rganic
synth
esis
: silv
er-
cata
lyzed S
onog
ashir
a c
ross-
couplin
g o
f ch
loro
ben
ze
ne a
nd
phenyla
cety
lene
P
60
Palo
mb
a
Maria
no
Italy
G
raphen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Carb
on n
anoscro
lls f
abrication b
y a
m
icro
mechan
ical te
chn
iqu
e
P22
Pir
es
Luis
S
pa
in
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Gra
phen
e o
xid
e r
ela
ted f
orm
s for
bio
se
nsin
g a
pplic
ations
P23
Pra
sek
Jan
Czech
Repu
blic
G
raphen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Optim
ization o
f S
pra
y-C
oate
d M
WC
NT
s
Based W
ork
ing M
icro
ele
ctr
odes for
Ele
ctr
och
em
ical se
nsors
P
24
Pri
ma G
arc
ia
Hele
na
S
pa
in
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Gia
nt
Mag
neto
resis
tance w
ith
Tem
pera
ture
-depe
nde
nt C
rossover
in
FeN
i3-g
raph
ene N
an
ocom
posites
P25
Pu
en
te
Anto
nio
S
pa
in
Lo
w d
imensio
na
l m
ate
rials
Ele
ctr
on localiz
ation in s
em
icond
ucto
r nanostr
uctu
res: fr
om
qu
antu
m to
cla
ssic
al corr
ela
tions
P36
Ram
iro
Día
z
José B
run
o S
pa
in
Nano
bio
techn
olo
gie
s &
N
anom
edic
ine
P
hoto
voltaic
LiN
bO
3 p
art
icle
s:
App
licatio
ns to B
iom
edic
ine
/Bio
ph
oto
nic
s
P48
Ro
drí
gu
ez
Liv
ian
o
Son
ia
Spa
in
Nano
bio
techn
olo
gie
s &
N
anom
edic
ine
Ionic
Liq
uid
Media
ted S
yn
thesis
an
d
Surf
ace M
od
ific
ation o
f M
ultifu
nctio
nal
Mesoporo
us E
u:G
dF
3 N
an
opart
icle
s for
Bio
me
dic
al A
pp
lications
P49
Ru
iz-G
arc
ia
Cristina
S
pa
in
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Gre
en w
ay t
o c
lay-s
upp
ort
ed g
rap
hen
es
P26
Saen
z
Juan J
ose
S
pa
in
Theory
an
d m
odelli
ng
at th
e
nanosca
le
Sim
ula
ting t
he e
lectr
osta
tic inte
ractio
n o
f charg
ed t
hin
film
s b
y the im
age c
harg
e
meth
od a
nd s
oft c
om
puting
techn
iqu
es
P105
San
tos G
arc
ía Jenifer
Spa
in
NanoC
hem
istr
y
Perf
orm
ance o
f m
icro
fluid
ics in th
e
pre
para
tio
n o
f O
/W n
an
oe
muls
ions
conta
inin
g g
reen s
olv
ents
P
61
Scav
ello
G
iovann
i S
pa
in
Gra
phen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Quantita
tive s
tudy o
f corr
ug
ate
d
gra
ph
ene b
y tom
ogra
phy a
nd s
imula
tion
P
27
Sh
in
Hye J
in
Kore
a
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
A F
acile
Appro
ach f
or
Con
trolle
d G
row
th
of
Me
tal O
xid
e F
ilms o
n S
ubstr
ate
s
irre
spective o
f H
ydro
phili
c o
r H
ydro
pho
bic
Natu
re
P84
Skib
a
Nik
ola
y
Russia
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
Form
ation o
f n
ano
twin
s thro
ugh
id
ea
l nanosh
ear
eve
nts
ne
ar
cra
ck tip
s in
defo
rmed n
an
om
ate
rials
P
85
Takacs
H
ele
ne
F
rance
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
M
agn
etic f
ilms o
f m
eta
l-gra
phen
e-
poly
mer
na
nocom
posites
P86
Teja
do
E
lena
S
pa
in
Nanostr
uctu
red a
nd
nano
part
icle
based
mate
rials
Mechan
ica
l chara
cte
rizatio
n o
f nanostr
uctu
red t
ungste
n f
ilms for
nucle
ar
app
lications
P87
Tilch
in
Jen
ya
Is
rael
Lo
w d
imensio
na
l m
ate
rials
Impact
of excitonic
-vib
ratio
nal co
up
ling in
a s
ing
le c
ollo
ida
l qu
antu
m d
ot e
mis
sio
n
spectr
um
P
37
To
rres
Fra
ncesc
Spa
in
Oth
er
Multis
ourc
e N
ano
en
erg
y H
arv
esting a
nd
S
tora
ge in t
he M
echa
nic
al D
om
ain
P
96
Van
ho
ren
beke
Beatr
ice
B
elg
ium
G
raphen
e / C
arb
on
nano
tub
es
Charg
e T
ransfe
r in
Carb
on N
anotu
bes-
Sup
port
ed N
anop
art
icle
s
P28
Varg
as
Ceb
allo
s
Oscar
André
s
Spa
in
Oth
er
Impro
vin
g t
he E
lectr
ochem
ical
Perf
orm
ance o
f G
rap
hen
e N
anosh
eets
as A
no
de in H
alf a
nd F
ull
Lithiu
m-I
on
C
ells
P
97
Via
na
Ferr
eir
a R
obert
a
Bra
zil
Nano
bio
techn
olo
gie
s &
N
anom
edic
ine
Paclit
axe
l e
ncapsula
ted
magn
eto
liposom
es a
s d
rug
carr
ier
an
d
magn
etic h
ypert
herm
ia d
evic
e
P50
Zh
an
g
Lei
Hong K
ong
SA
R
Nano
bio
techn
olo
gie
s &
N
anom
edic
ine
Redox-R
esp
onsiv
e C
ontr
olle
d G
en
e
Tra
nsfe
ctio
n B
ased o
n P
oly
mer-
Conju
ga
ted M
agnetic N
ano
part
icle
s
P51