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8/18/2019 050_2006_V1_Janet DECESARIS, Paz BATTANER_A New Kind of Dictionary_REDES, Diccionario Combinatorio
1/9
Reports
on
Lexicographical
and
Lexicological
Projects
A
N ew
Kind
ofDictionary:
REDES,
Dicc ionar io combina tor io de l
e spaño l
con t emporáneo
Janet
DeCesaris
Paz Battaner
Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada
Universität Pompeu Fabra
La
Rambla,
30-32
08002
Barcelona,
Spain
Abstract
In this
paper
we
discuss
th e features of a new kind of
dictionary
that appeared at
th e
end of 2004.
RE-
DES,
Diccionario combinatorio del español contemporáneo,
under
th e
direction of
th e
Spanish
gram-
marian
Ignacio Bosque,
is
a combinatory dictionary based
on
data from a newspaper corpus of
Spanish
of approximately 25 0 million words and is
quite different
from other
combinatory
dictionaries in
many
respects.
T he
main
feature
of
th e
dictionary,
according
to
Bosque,
i s
th e
fact
that
th e
dictionary
entries
provide th e semantic
restrictions that
words
impose
on
other
words. In
this
paper
we
explain
th e
type
of
entries
and
information
that can
be
looked
up,
and
briefly
compare
th e information
provided
with that
found
in
some
general language
dictionaries
of
Spanish.*
Introduction
A ne w
dictionary of
Spanish, REDES,
d i c c i o na r i o
comb ina to r i o
del
e s p año l
con t empo rá -
n eo
(Madrid:
Ediciones SM ;
174
pages
offront matter +
1389
pages
oftext;
hereinafter, R E-
DES)
w as published at th e end of 2004.
REDES
differs from other combinatory dictionaries
that
w e
are familiar
with (such
as
th e
•
in
several
important
aspects.
In
this
paper w e
dis-
cuss
th e
most
salient
features of
this
lexicographical
project
an d
analyze
some
examples
of
th e
various types of entry found in th e dictionary. W e pay particular attention to th e concept
of lexical
class,
which is th e
basis
of
th e dictionary an d
which,
in our
opinion,
constitutes
a
significant
contribution to lexicography.
The
research
carried
o u t
here
benefited
from t w o
g r a n t s
awarded
b y the Spanish
Ministry
of
Education
a n d S c i -
ence
(BFF2003-08043:
L a
gramática
de
lo s
sustantivos
e n
lo s
diccionarios
bilingües y d e aprendizaje, P r i n c i p a l
I n -
v e s t i g a t o r Janet D e C e s a r i s a n d BF F
2003-0730
El tratamiento de
l a
polisemia
e n
el artículo
lexicográfico, P r i n -
c i p a l Investigator, P a z Battaner), w h i c h t h e authors
gratefully
acknowledge.
399
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8/18/2019 050_2006_V1_Janet DECESARIS, Paz BATTANER_A New Kind of Dictionary_REDES, Diccionario Combinatorio
2/9
J.
DeCesa r i s
P Ba t t an e r
2 Innovative
aspects
of REDES in
the
context of Spanish lexicography
Although
linguistics in
Spain
h as
developed
substantially
over
th e
past
thirty years, lexi-
cography
h as
remained
more
static.
Grammatical
description
of
Spanish
h as
benefited
from
new inguistic aradigms nd heories, s well s ro m olitical tability nd
conomic
growth.
Developments n exicography
re
onditioned oth y tandardizing
nstitutions,
which
are
extremely influential
in
Iberian languages, an d by a publishing
industry that is un-
willing
to
take
many
risks.
T h i s s
h e
ontext n hich REDES
ppeared. The roject w as irected y gnacio
Bosque, member of th e Spanish Royal Ac ademy and
professor
of
linguistics at th e Universi-
dad
Complutense
in
Madrid.
Bosque
h as
been
a
leading figure
in
applying
modern
linguistic
theory
to
Spanish grammar since
1980.
It
is
impossible
to
discuss
this
dictionary
without
bearing
in
mind
th e
innovation
that
it
represents. A s mentioned
above,
Spanish
is
not
experiencing
th e lexicographic boom that ca n
be
observed
in
other
languages,
particularly
in
English.
English
h as
benefited
from
changes
in lexicography, as well as from a
change
in theoretical linguistics. O n th e one
hand,
English-
speaking
societies have
responded
to
th e need to
teach English
to practically
everyone
in th e
world w h o s
chooled.
A s
early s 938,
Hornby
ealized
h at
if
h e ruly
wanted
o
elp
Japanese
tudents
of
English,
e eeded
to
ntroduce
ew
nformation n
ictionaries
nd
omit
some of
th e information
that h ad been
included.
Hornby
initiated
learner's
dictionaries,
of which
English
h as
everal h at
compete
with
on e
another
commercially
n
erms
of
th e
type
of
information
provided
as
well
as
in
terms
of
th e
style
of
presentation.
N ew
editions
of
these
dictionaries
appear
frequently.
In
addition,
since
th e
980s
learner's
dictionaries
have
been used
to
implement information that computer science
needs to
process natural
language
(to
process
English,
in
most cases), which
h as
revealed
th e
strengths, s
well s
th e
w e a k-
nesses, of these dictionaries and th e existing
descriptions
of
th e language. It seems clear that
better lexical
description,
both in
terms
of
semantics
an d
grammar,
is
needed.
T h i s require-
ment
is
being
addressed
by
linguistic
theories
that
focus
on
th e lexicon, which
in
turn
leads
to
ne w
dictionaries
that
are
more
geared
towards
a description
of
actual
usage
(e.g. Col l in s
Cobu i ld
English
Dic t i o na r y ,
L o n gma n
Dictionary of
Con t empo r a r y
Eng l i s h ,
nd
h e
New
Oxfo rd
Dictionary
ofEnglish)
or geared more towards
implementing
a particular theory in a
dictionary
(e.g.
dictionaries
based
on
M e
uk's
meaning-text
theory
or
those
planned
within
F r ame emantics).
Even
in h is
general
climate
of renovation nd
innovation n exicogra-
phy,
REDES represents
a
welcome addition
to
dictionary
typology.
3FeaturesofREDES
T h e
ictionary's
ubtitle
ontains
h e
djective
omb ina to r i o ,
which learly
inks
t
o
dictionaries
such
as
th e
BBI
or
to
collocational dictionaries
written in th e
British
tradition es-
tablished by Firth
and
then
continued
by
Sinclair.
T h i s
tradition
relies
heavily
on
th e
notion
of frequency of use, an d th e work
on
collocations
carried
out
therein
often
does not
develop
a
detailed
analysis
of
meaning
because
meaning
is
use.
T h e
adjective
comb i na t o r i o
places
REDES
loser
o
h e
ictionaries
eing
eveloped
ithin
h e
meaning-text
heory
f
M e
uk ,
which starts from
a
universal semantic
categorization
ofrelations
an d functions. In
4
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Repor t s
on
Le x i cog r aph i ca l
a n d Lex i co log i ca l Pro j e c t s
M e uk's
framework,
it
is
th e task
ofthe
dictionary
to specify those relations an d
functions
(cf.
th e
dictionary projects in progress fo r
Spanish
(Alonso) an d French (Polguère)). W h e r e a s
th e
British
tradition
starts
from
usage
data,
th e
Russian
tradition
starts
from
pre-established
universal semantic categories.
REDES does
no t
claim
to
be
as
comprehensive
as
th e
abovementioned
works.
It
is
not
a
general
dictionary; rather, th e list
of headwords w as limited
to 40 0 0
after
a
preliminary
study.
Lexical
combinations
are presented as restrictions of predicates,
which
ar e th e headwords in
th e
dictionary.
T h e dictionary
no t
only
aims
to
describe usage,
which it does by being based
on
corpus
data,
but
also to identify th e lexical semantic classes
that
respond to syntactic con-
structions,
which requires
subsequent
analysis
of
semantic
categorization.
This ,
w e
feel,
s
th e most significant contribution of REDES
to lexicography an d to th e
lexical
description of
Spanishit
establishes
lexical
classes
based
on
th e
syntactic
behavior
of
words
as
observed
in
corpus data. T h e concept of
lexical
class is thus crucial to th e dictionary. A lexical class
is
th e
description or definition of
each
se t
of
arguments of
a
word
that
have
been
grouped
to-
gether
emantically. n ther
words, h e
ictionary dentifies h e emantic references f
words,
an d
in
that sense goes beyond th e mere description of
usage an d narrows th e gap be-
tween
exical emantics an d
syntax.
Let
us
take a sample
entry,
that fo r th e adverb
l impia -
men t e
clem\y (REDES2004:
269):
1
(1)
limpiamente adv. #
en
el
sentido
de
'honestamente,
con
corrección' se combina con...
A
VERBOS
Q UE DESIGNAN
LA
ACCIÓN
DE
SOBREPASAR UN LÍMITE, A SÍ C O M O
LA
DE
IMPONERSE
A
ALGUIEN
U
OBTENER
LA
VICTORIA
FRENTE
A
UN
ADVER-
SARIO:
ganar (...); 2
vencer
(...); 3 derrotar (...); 4 imponer (...); 5 batir (...); 6
supe-
rar (...); 7 desbordar (...)
B VERBOS Q UE
DESIGNAN
LA
ACCIÓN DE PARTICIPAR EN UN A COMPETICIÓN 0
EN UN ENFRENTAMIENTO: 8 competir (...);
9
participar (...);
10
luchar
(...)
C VERBOS
Q UE
DESIGNAN ELTRANSCURSO DE UN EVENTO:
1 1 celebrarse (...);
12
(...)
D
LO S
VERBOS
ACTUAR
Y
CUMPLIR:
13
actuar
(...);
14
cumplir ...)
#
Véase
también: deportivamente, lealmente.
#
En
el
sentido
de
'con
destreza y sin error' se combina
con
algunos verbos que designan
lances
deportivos,
má s
frecuentemente
futbolísticos
(rematar,
golpear,
despe jar
la
pelota)
y
también
con...
E VERBOS Q UE DENOTAN
ESCISIÓN: 5
cortar
(...); 6
rebanar
(...); 7
seccionar
(...);18dividir(...)
F VERBÒS
Q UE
DESIGNAN
LA
ACCIÓN
DE
IR
O MOVERSE
A TRA VÉS
DE
ALGO,
0
LA DE CONSEGUIR Q UE OTRA COSA
LO
HAGA. E
USAN EN
SENTIDO
FÍSICO Y
TAMBIÉN
EN
EL
FIGURADO:19 atravesar (...);
20
cruzar (...); 21
perforar
(...);
22
agu-
jerear(...)
G
VERBOS
Q UE
DENOTAN
L A A C C I Ó N
DE
QUITAR
LA
VIDA:
23
ejecutar
(...);
24 ma-
tar(...)
W e
have
maintained
th e
typefaces used in REDES
to
th e
extent
possible
in
all
th e
examples.
4 01
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8/18/2019 050_2006_V1_Janet DECESARIS, Paz BATTANER_A New Kind of Dictionary_REDES, Diccionario Combinatorio
4/9
J.
DeCesaris P.
Battaner
H V E R B O S
Q UE
DESIG N AN
A
ACCIÓN
DE
U S T R A E R A L G U N A
C O S A : 5
obar
...); 26
sustraer
...); 27 quitar ...); 28
hurtar
(...);29
despojar
(...);
I
ALGUNOS
VERBOS
Q UE
DESIGNAN
LA
A C C I Ó N
DE
LLEVAR
A
CABO
UN A
DE-
TERMINADA ACTIVIDAD: 30
ejecutar
(...); 31
realizar
(...)
#
Véase
también:
deportivamente,
limpiar,
limpieza,
limpio,
limpio (de).
T h e adverb l imp i amen t e is
assigned
to nine lexical
classes
2
corresponding to th e tw o tra-
ditional
senses
that
are
introduced by th e number sign and th e phrase
en
e l s e n t i do de
'in
th e
sense of.
Thirty-one
arguments gleaned from corpus
ar e
given, in addition to some
observa-
tions about frequency
of use.
T h e
starting point fo r this
dictionary
is
not nouns,
w hi c h
h as
been
general
practice
con-
sciously or
unconsciously
since
Aristotle,
but
rather
predicates, which require a specific type
of
argument.
Full
entries
(called
e n t r a da s
ana l í t i c a s )
contain
words
that
impose
selectional
restrictions
on
other
words,
and
th e
arguments
of these
predicates
are
grouped
together se -
mantically
(lexical classes) with examples taken from corpus. T hi s explains w h y entries that
m ay be
quite
short in
conventional
dictionaries,
such
as
that fo r l imp i amen t e
or
fo r an
adver-
bial
phrase
such as
por
comp l e t o
completely',
are
some of
th e
longest found
in
th e
dictio-
nary. W e m ay
compare
th e
above
entry
fo r
l imp i amen t e ,
which
w e
have
presented
without
th e orpus itations, with h at iven y h e panish Royal
Academy's Diccionario
e
a
l e n g u a e spaño l a (2001),
th e
most widely cited dictionary
for
Spanish:
(2)
mpiamente
1 .
adv.
m.
C on
limpieza.2.
adv.
m.
Dicho
dejugar
o
de
actuar:
C on
suma
agili-
dad,
desembarazo
y
destreza. 3. adv.
m.
Sinceramente,
con
candor.
4.
adv.
m.
C on
integridad,
honestamente, sin
interés.
Bosque
argues in
th e
front
matter
that
lexical
restrictions
ar e not
part of
phraseology
but
rather
part
f grammar,
ecause
n
is
pproach onceptual
equirements ccount
or h e
combinatorics of words. A s a
result, REDES must
include
both
the
literal
and figurative use
of
words
and in this sense
th e
dictionary
coincides
with
th e
approach
to
linguistic
metaphor
se t
forth
by
Lakoff and Johnson
(1980).
Bosque's
goals
ar e
clearly
stated
in
th e
long
intro-
duction
(9 9 pages,
in
addition
to
th e guide
of
h ow
to us e
th e dictionary):
...
analyzing objective linguistic
data
that
allows
us to uncover an important part of language structure
that
has
not
been
described
in
either
grammars
or dictionaries... how
to
distinguish between words
that
we
choose
and
combine
in function
of our intentions,
and
those
words
that
are
chosen
and
combine
with
one
another in
function
o f
th e
properties
of
th e
grammatical
system
and
of
th e
specific
characteris-
tics oflexical
items,
(our
translation
o fREDES, p. LXXIX) .
2
The nine
lasses re
marked
with apital
etters.
T h e
English equivalents
or th e
ategories
re
s
ollows:
A )
Verbs
designating
th e
action
of
surpassing
a
limit
or
imposing
oneself
upon
another,
or
béing
victorious
over
an
ad -
versary;
(B )
Verbs
designating
participating
in
a
competition
or
contest;
(C )
Verbs
denoting that
an
event
is
taking
place;
(D )
T h e
verbs actuar 'act' an d
cumplir
'achieve';
(E )
Verbs denoting
separation;
(F ) Verbs designating
move-
ment
through
something
or
making
something else move; used
both
literally an d figuratively; (G ) Verbs
denoting
th e
taking of life; (H )
Verbs
denoting theft; (I)
Some
verbs
that
designate carrying ou t
a
certain activity.
4 2
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Reports
on
Lexicographical an d Lexicological Projects
4 Types of entries
The
dictionary
s
ased
n
journalistic orpus f
approximately 50,000,000
words
from
th e
Spanish-speaking
world,
which
provided
th e
combinatorics
fo r
th e
words
an d
ex -
pressions
listed,
and
th e
restrictions
found
in
th e corpus data were classified
into categories
( lexical
classes ).
T h e
team
that
compiled
REDES
decided
to
exclude
headwords
that
did
no t
impose
restrictions
as
well
as
headwords
for
which
groupings
into lexical
classes
were
difficult
to
establish.
T h e
phrasing
se d
to
present
th e
information
in
th e
dictionary
differs
according
to
th e
type ofargument: restrictions on internal
arguments
are introduced by s e l e c -
c i o n a c omo a r g ume n t o
'chooses as an argument',
whereas
external
arguments
ar e
introduced
by
s e
c omb i n a
co n ('combines
with') or se
p r ed i ca
d e
('predicated by'). A n example of
th e
formulation
of
one
of
these classes is given
below,
fo r
th e eighth
(of
th e
13) classes
given fo r
th e
verb
d i lu i r ( s e )
'to
dilute;
dampen
(fig.)':
3
(3)
se
combina
con]
SUSTANTIVOS Q UE DENOTAN JUICIOS. TAMBIÉN C ON OTROS Q UE
DENOTAN
SENSACIÓN, OPINIÓN PERSONAL Y
OT RAS
NOCIONES
Q UE
DETERMI-
NAN N DIVERSA
MEDIDA
LA
CONSTITUCIÓN
DE UN UICIO: 0 lanteamiento
(...);
41
valoración (...);
4 2
posición
(...); 43
impresión
(...); 4 4
criterio
(...).
Each
noun
is accompanied
by
a
corpus
example, which
w e have
not
included here
due
to
space limitations.
In
addition to this
type
of entry,
REDES
also includes some
entries
for
which
th e combin-
ing
words
have
no t
been
grouped
into
lexical
classes.
Compare
below
th e
entry
fo r
th e
adjec-
tive l impio
'clean' with that given in section 3 for
its
derived adverb l impiamen te :
(4 )
impio
(adj.)
como el
agua,
como
la
nieve, como
los
chorros
del
oro, como una patena
alma, amor,
arte,
batalla,
campaña,
carrera, color,
combate,
competición, conciencia,
corazón,
corte,
dinero, ejecución,
elección,
energía,
enfrentamiento,
espíritu,
expediente,
fotografía,
go-
bernante, gobierno, gol,
guerra, horizonte, imagen,
intencion,juego,jugada,juicio,
mentalidad,
mente, mirada,
objetivo, ojo,
operación, palabra, partido, pase, pelea,
persona,
proceso, propó-
sito,
regate,
remate,
reputación,
sonido, tento, texto,
trabajo,
trayectoria, victoria,
voz.
( adv . )
ugar
#
Véase
también:
limpiamente,
limpiar,
limpieza,
limpio
de).
T h e
entry
fo r l impio
is
called
an
'abbreviated entry' ( e n t r ada ab r e v i ada )
an d
th e
informa-
tion
presented
therein
is
based
on
that presented
in th e analytic
entries.
W h i l e
it
is
true
that
these
abbreviated entries act,
as
Bosque
remarks
iri th e
front matter,
as
indices
to
other
infor-
mation
available
in
REDES,
in
our
opinion their
presence
complicates
use
of
th e
dictionary
because users generally expect
dictionary
entries to
be
similarly structured.
In
addition,
there
are
tw o
other
types ofabbreviated
entry
in th e dictionary. O ne
type
provides possible combi-
nations starting
from arguments
in
order
to
provide predicates,
i.e.
in
th e order
presented in
3
S e e
a l s o
t h e
entry
for
limpiamente
g i v e n i n
section
3
ofthis
p a p e r .
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J. DeCesaris
P Battaner
most other combinatory
dictionaries;
th e
cross-reference
is
to
th e
corpus
example
(which
is
given n
h e
ntry or
th e
predicate).
W e
continue with
n
ntry
ro m
h e
am e amily f
words,
that
fo r
l impie za
'cleanliness;
cleaning'
(5 )
impieza
# a
fondo41,
deslumbrante,
en
profundidad,
en seco,
escrupuloso,
étnico, extraordina-
rio,
integrali,
sumo #extremar, hacer, llevar
a
cabo
#Véase
también:
lavado, lavar,
limpiamente, limpiar,
limpio,
limpio
(de),
solventar
T h e
remaining type
of
abbreviated
entry
does not relate
th e
headword
to
other
words but
rather links a concept
to
expressions
in
which
th e
concept
is
frequently
found.
A n
example
of
this
sort
of abbreviated
entry
is
given
in
(6):
(6)
IMPIEZA
#
(SUSTANTIVOS)
Véase:
a
fondoK, empanar se)H,
en
aras deC, integralA,
velar
por)B
#
(VERBOS)
Véase: a
fondoH, pulcramenteA
#
Véase también:
SUCIEDAD
T h is
entry
reads
as
ollows:
exical lass K
of
th e
analytical
entry
or
th e
expression
a
fondo
('thoroughly')
corresponds
to
nouns
of
'cleanliness, cleaning';
lexical class H
ofafon-
do corresponds
to
verbs
of
'cleanliness,
cleaning'.
T h e dictionary contains
fe w
of these con-
ceptual
entries.
SVsingR S
T h e starting points fo r
looking
up
information
in
REDES
are
several: ne
m ay
look
up
predicates
such
as imp iamen t e )
nd
words h at
combine with
redicates,
n
ew ases,
concepts. n ther
words,
h e
ictionary llows sers o ook p
words
h at elect ther
words,
words
that
ar e
selected
by
other
words,
an d semantic
notions
that
are
relevant
to
th e
lexical
classes
as seen
in
th e
corpus.
T h i s variety
of
entry
type,
together with
a
complete
system of cross-references, provides
an
nsightful
ie w
f
th e
lexical emantics f
th e
language.
A t
th e
am e ime, owever, t
m ay
mak e
REDES
difficult
to
use
fo r
many,
because
all
th e
entry types ar e
ordered
alphabet-
ically
in
th e
body
of
th e
dictionary
an d
th e
potential
fo r
mistaking
on e
type
of
entry
fo r
an -
other isconsiderable, despite
th e
complex
system offonts
an d
typefaces
used.
6
Comparison with
traditional lexicography
REDES is
a
dictionary
with
an
extraordinary amount
of
ne w information,
in terms
of
th e
lexical
lasses
described nd
th e sage ata
provided.
h e
basic
questions ehind
REDES
are:
W h a t
contexts
do
Spanish
speakers
us e
th e word
X
in,
an d
w h a t
do
those contexts
tell
us
about h e
yntactic nd emantic
roperties
f
that
word? General
anguage
ictionaries
based
on
corpus
explicitly
aim
to
answer
th e
first
question,
as
do
th e
proposals
to
simplify
analysis
of
corpus
concordances
se t
forth
by
Hanks
(2004)
an d
Kilgariff
e t
al.
2004) .
Re-
search
in
F r ame
Semantics
attempts
to
answer
these
tw o questions,
although
there
is
y et
to
be a complete dictionary published
in
that framework.
4 4
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7/9
Reports
on
Lexicographical
and
Lexicological Projects
Bosque
ees
h is
ictionary
within h e panish radition
s dictionary f
environ-
ments,
in
reference
to
Manuel
Seco's
(1979)
well-known
view
on
th e role ofcontextual
in-
formation
in
dictionary
definitions.
4
Although
this
dictionary,
in
our
opinion,
is
no t
exactly
a
dictionary
of
environments,
h e
amount
of
contextual
nformation
it
provides
bout
h ow
a
word
is
much
greater
than
that
provided by Spanish general language dictionaries.
A s
seen in
(7), th e
entry
in
REDES
fo r
th e
verb
nublarisé)
to
cloud
(over)'
is
quite long,
even
without
th e
corpus evidence:
7)
ublar se)
v .
En
su
sentido
físico
de 'cubrirse
de
nubes',
se
combina
con
el sustantivo cielo,
así
como
con otros
que
denotan área
o
territorio {región,
c iudad, pai sa je ) y algunas
unidades
tem-
porales, por
lo general no mayores que un día (día, mañana, tardé). En su sentido
figurado
de
'oscurecer,
enturbiar,
empañar o
turbar', se combina con...
A
SUSTANTIVOS
Q UE
DENOTAN
FACULTAD
U
ÓRGANO
DE
LA
VISIÓN:
vista
++
(...),
2 ojo ++ (...), 3 visión
(...),
4
mirada
...),
5
retina ...)
B SUSTANTIVOS
Q UE
DESIGNAN
LA
CARA
DE
LA S PERSONAS
O
CIERTOS
ASPEC-
T OS DE
LA EXPRESIÓN
FACIAL:
6 semblante ...),
7
rostro (...),
8
sonrisa (...)
C SUSTANTIVOS
Q UE
DESIGNAN
FACULTADES MENTALES,
ESPECIALMENTE
LA S
INTELECTIVAS. PO R EXTENSIÓN,
C ON
OTROS
Q UE
SE REHEREN A
LO S
ÓRGANOS
0
LO S SITEMAS EN
Q UE
RESIDEN
ESTAS CAPACIDADES, A SÍ
COMO ALGUNOS DE
SUS
RESULTADOS:
9
mente
++
...),
10
pensamiento
...),
entendimiento
...),
12 en-
tendederas ...), 13 sentido ...), 14juicio ...), 15 conciencia ...), 16 memoria ...), 17
in-
tuición (...),
18
cerebro (...),
19
idea (...)
D
EL
SUSTANTIVO
IMAGENYCOU
OTROS
Q UE
DESIGNAN
ALGUNOS
EFECTOS
DE
LA
CAPACIDAD
DE
PERCIBIR:
20 imagen ++ (...), 21 impresión
(...),
22 percepción (...)
E SUSTANTIVOS Q UE DESIGNAN
EL FUTURO, A SÍ
C O M O
OTRAS NOCIONES
DE
NATURALEZA
PROSPECTIVA: 3
horizonte
...),
24
futuro ...),
25
porvenir
(...),
6
destino ...)
F SUSTANTIVOS
Q UE
DESIGNAN EL
RESULTADO
FELIZ DE
ALGO.
TAMBIÉN C ON
OTROS Q UE EXPRESAN CIERTOS ESTADOS
DE RECONOCIMIENTO:
27
triunfo
...),
28
éxito ...),
29
victoria
...),
3 0 fama
(...)
G
OTROS
SUSTANTIVOS;
POSIBLES
USOS
ESTILÍSTICOS:
...
y se
nublan
con
flores
los
hierros
de
los
balcones
#
Véase
también:
embotar(se),
ensombrecer(se).
Comparison
of that entry with those found in tw o
recently published dictionaries of Span-
ish
clearly
points
up major
differences:
5
(8) (a) iccionario
de
la
l e ngua
española
de
la Rea lAcademia Española (2001)
nublar .
tr.
Ocultar el
azul
del cielo
o
la
luz
de
un
astro,
especialmente la
de l
Sol
o
la
de la
Lu-
4
W e
have
translated
c o n t o r n o
as environment'. Seco's notion
of c o n t o r n o
refers to th e elements
that ar e a part
of
th e
definition
bu t
w hi ch
do
no t
strictly
speaking
form
a
part
of
th e
defining
paraphrase.
T h e
c o n t o r n o
or
'environ-
ment'
includes elements that
ar e usually
or
always
found
in
th e
contexts
in
wh ich th e defined word is used.
5
W e
have
underlined th e
information
that
corresponds
to
arguments
ofthe
verb
in both
definitions to ease compari-
son.
4 5
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8/9
J .DeCesar i s
-.P. Battaner
na. U.
t .
c.
prnl.
2 .
tr.
oscurecer
(||
privar de
luz
y
claridad)
.
U. t .
c. prnl.
3 .
t r .
oscurecer
(||
dismi-
nuir
la
estimación
y
esplendor de
algo).
Nublar
l a f ama,
la s virtudes,
la a legr ía . 4. t r . Hacer que
la
visión
se
vuelva
turbia
o
poco
clara.
U.
t .
c.
prnl.
5.
t r .
Ofuscar
o
confundir
la
razón
o
los
sen-
timientos
. U. t . c. prnl. 6 . t r . Hacer
que
el
semblante exprese tristeza
o
inquietud. La
indecis ión
y el temor nublaron
su
rostro.
U.
t . c.
Prnl. 7 .
prnl.
impers.
Cubrirse el cielo de
nubes.
Se está
nub lando .
(b)
Diccionario
de
u so
de l
españo l
de
Amér ica
y
de
España
(2002)
nublar
Ocultar
(las nubes)
el
azul
del cielo o la luz del sol o la
luna
: ej nub la r el
cielo;
se
medio:
tarde se nubló
t emprano
y el aire en calma se
vist ió
de
f r í o .
2
Oscurecer
o
enturbiar la
visión:
ej
u na
inf ini ta copia
de
insec tos ocupaba
y
nublaba
e l entero
campo
v isual;
se
medio:
empezó
a
bostezar
y
su s
ojos
se
nublaron.
3 Oscurecer o producir confusión en la
razón:
ej
nub lar e l entendimiento;
se
medio:
con
este
cons tan te
atropel lo
de
imágenes
se
le
acabó nub lando
la
idea
de
la
real idad.
4 Enturbiar
o
empañar
un
sentimiento
:
ej
nub la r la
honra; in tentó e s conde r
su
melanco l ía
y
no
nub lar el
go zo
de
su s
padres; se
medio:
su
a legr ía
se nubló .
W h e r e a s
discussion
of Spanish
dictionaries
often
concentrates
on
th e
number
of senses
listed, th e
order of
senses, th e
number of labels
used,
among
other topics,
in
h e context
of
Spanish
lexicography
there h as been
relatively
little discussion about
th e
nature of
th e
infor-
mation
rovided. n
onsidering
REDES,
many f th e raditional opics re rrelevant
be -
cause
th e
type
and
amount
of
information
provided
is
so
different
from
that
found
in
general
language
ictionaries.
A ny
omparison,
f course, must
bear
n mind
h at
REDES only
covers
th e
behavior
of
approximately
4 000 words and
expressions.
7 Concluding remarks
In
h e
ontext of
Spanish
exicography pecifically, nd n
urrent
exicography
more
generally,
REDES
is
an
innovative
reference
work.
EDES
uses
corpus
data
to identify
th e
semantic properties of
words
that
are
chosen by other words. T h e se semantic
properties
may
entail
syntactic restrictions,
an d
it
is
th e
claim
of this
dictionary
that
combinatory restrictions
as
registered
in
a
large
corpus
ca n
be
categorized
into
lexical
classes.
Making
these
lexical
classes explicit fo r
a large number of
words in Spanish represents a major contribution to
th e
grammar of
th e
language
an d
at
th e
same
time
an
innovation
in
lexicography. Bosque,
w h o
sees himself as
a grammarian,
not
a lexicographer,
h as
developed
a
new
type
of
combinatory
dictionary,
albeit
one
that requires users
to
possess
very
good reference
skills.
W e
wonder if
th e
complexity
of using this
dictionary
merely
reflects
th e
complex
relationship that
exists
in
language
between
words,
lexical semantics an d syntax, or if
it is more
a
function of
th e
dic-
tionary
format
used to
present
th e
information.
In our
view,
th e
fact that
th e
dictionary
con-
tains
several
types
of
entries,
all
ordered
alphabetically,
hinders
easy
consultation.
W e
hope
that
this
ictionary
timulates
research
nto
lexical
ategorization,
s
well
s
discussion
f
h ow best to represent
those
classes.
4 06
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9/9
Repor t s
on
Lex i c o g raph i c a l
a nd
Lex i co log i ca l Pro j e c t s
References
A . Dictionaries
Battaner,
P .
(ed.).
(2002),
Dicc iona r io
de
u so
del
e s paño l
de
América
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de
España .
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Spes.
Benson, M .,
Benson, E.,
lson, R.
198 6 ) ,
h e
BBI
Comb i n a t o r y
Dictionary ofEnglish.
Amsterdam,
J o h n
Benjamins.
[BBI].
Bosque, I . (ed.) (2004), REDES.
Dicc iona r io comb ina t o r i o
del
e spaño l . Madrid,
Ediciones
SM .
Col l in s
COBUILDAdvanced
Learners
Eng l i s h
Dic t i o na r y . (2003) 4th ed.
Glasgow,
HarperCollins
an d
th e
University
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Hornby,A.
S.
( 1 95 4) ,
TheAdvancedLearners DictionaryofCurrentEnglish.Lonaon,OxfordVniver-
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M e
uk,
I . 198 4 -1999) ,
Dic t i onna i r e
explicatifetcombinatoìre
dufrançais
c o n t empo r a i n .
Montreal,
Les Presses de l'Université
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Pearsall, J . (ed.)
(1998),
New Oxford
Dic t i o na ry ofEnglish. Oxford,
Oxford
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Real
Academia
Española.
2001),
Dicc i ona r i o
d e
la
l e n g u a
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22nd
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Calpe.
Summers, D. (2003)
L o n gm a n
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Alonso,
M.
(In
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Alonso, M. (2005),
L a s
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d e
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Fillmore, C . J .
198 5) ,
Frames
nd th e semantics of
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Quade r n i
d i
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222-254.
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C . J .
(1986),
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Quade r n i
d i
Seman t i ca 8, pp .
49-58.
Fillmore,
C .
J . (1992), 'Corpus
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in
Dire c t i on s
in Corpu s L ingu i s t i c s . Proceedings
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1991
Nobel
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on
Corpus Linguistics,
Mouton
de
Gruyter,
Stockholm,
pp.
35-66.
Fillmore,
C . J .,
&
Atkins,
B.T.S. (1992), 'Towards a
Frame-based
Lexicon: th e
Semantics
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an d
its
Neighbors'
in
Lehrer, A .
an d
Kittay, E.
F . (eds.), Frames ,
Fie lds and
Contras t s . Hillsdale,
N .
J .,
Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates,
pp.
75-102.
[ Fra me N e t
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h t t p : / / f ramene t . i cs i .be rke ley .edu .
Hanks, . 2004), The syntagmatics
f
metaphor an d idiom.' International
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17(3),pp.245-274.
Kilgarriff, A .,
Rychly,
.,
mrz, .,
ugwell,
D.
2 0 0 4 ) ,
h e
Sketch
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Lakoff, G.
& Johnson,
M.
(1980), Metaphors
we
l i ve
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Polguere, A. (In
progress),
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de Montréal.
Seco,
M.
1 97 9) ,
El
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4 7