03dee1012 Topic 2_part 1
description
Transcript of 03dee1012 Topic 2_part 1
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TOPIC 2:
DC AND AC METERS
PART 1
DEE 1012
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2.1 KNOW THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF DC
AND AC METER
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Outcomes
Draw the construction of Permanent Magnet Moving Coil
(PMMC).
Describe the basic construction and operating principle of
PMMC.
Draw basic configuration of PMMC AC meter
moving Coil
(Electrodynamometer) moving Iron
Describe basic principle of PMMC for AC meter
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INTRODUCTION
In electrical analog instruments, uses different types of
principle such as
PMMC, Moving Iron, Electrodynamometer, Hot Wire,
Thermocouple, Induction Type and Electrostatic.
PMMC type can be used for dc measurement only
Induction type for ac measurement only
The others types can be used for both
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Indicating instrument
Electro-
static
Induction Moving coil
Permanent Magnet Dynamo-
meter
( Fix coil)
Moving Iron
Repulsion type Attraction
type
Hotwire Thermo
couple
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Indicating instrument
Moving coil
Permanent Magnet
Can work in DC only
Dynamo-meter
( Fix coil)
Can work in DC and AC
Moving Iron
Repulsion type
Can work in DC and AC
Attraction type
Can work in DC and AC
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Introduction
There are two types of moving coil instruments:
1. Permanent magnet type (PMMC)
2. Dynamometer type
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INTRODUCTION
A permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) is one such
instrument which is popularly used and has various
applications
Moving Coil Instruments are used for measuring DC
quantities but can be used on AC systems when fed
through bridge rectifiers. For example in construction of
analog multimeter.
PMMC Darsonval meter movement
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The construction of Permanent Magnet
Moving Coil (PMMC)
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Cross section view Top view
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The Permanent-Magnetic Moving-Coil Movement
Used In A Meter
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Principle operation of PMMC
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Principle operation of PMMC
1. When a current flow in the coil, it generates a magnetic field which is proportional to the current.
2. The electromagnetic action of the current in the coil and the magnetic field will produced the deflecting torque (causes the coil rotate)
3. The pointer deflections are directly proportional to the current passing through the coil.
4. The controlling torque is provided by spiral springs. These springs serve as a flexible connection to the coil conductors.
5. Damping torque is caused by the eddy current set up in the aluminum coil which prevents the oscillation of the coil.
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The PMMC has a variety of uses such as ammeter,
voltmeter, ohmmeter and galvanometer
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PMMC Instrument
Deflecting System Controlling System Damping System
Permanent
MagnetMoving Coil Iron Core
Control
Springs
Eddy
Currents
Developed
in the
Aluminium
former
Of enameled
copper wire of thin
cross section and
about 50-100 turns
Wound on a
rectangular aluminium
former which is pivoted
on the spindle
Free to rotate in
the gap of core
and permanent
magnet
has
Consists of Consists of Consists of
is are
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Deflecting System This system provides the deflecting
torque proportional to the quantity to be measured and moves
the pointer from its zero position when a current flows.
Controlling System The controlling force is equal and
opposite to the deflecting torque in order to make the deflection
of the pointer proportional to the magnitude of the quantity to
be measured. The force also brings the pointer back to zero
position when the force is removed.
Damping System provides the damping torque so that the
pointer quickly comes to the final steady state position without
any swing or oscillations.
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Deflecting & Controlling torque
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Damping torque
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Damping Curve 20
Under damp
-The pointer will oscillate in long time
before it stop. User difficult to read the
measured value accurately.
Over damp
-The pointer will move slowly to final
value. The measured value will less than
expected value and not accurate.
Critical damp
-The pointer will stop at absolute value
in short time without resonant. The
measured value accurate and fast.
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TORQUE EQUATION
The Deflecting or Operating Torque (Td) is produced by
effect such as Magnetic.
The controlling or restoring Torque (Tc) oppose the Td and
increase with the deflection of the moving system.
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At rest Td = Tc
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deflectionAngular =
constant spring =K
KTc
BANITd
AcoilmovingtheinCurrentI
mwxlareacoileffectiveA
coiltheofturnsofnumberN
Tm
WbgapairindensityfluxB
NmTorquedeflectingTdWhere
2)(
/2
1m = 100cm
10mm = 1cm
1m=1000mm
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Example 1
A PMMC instrument with a 100 turns coil has a magnetic
flux density in its air gaps of B=0.2 T. The coil dimension
are w=1 cm and l=1.5 cm. Calculate the torque on the
coil for a current of 1 mA.
= =
0.2 1 1
100 2.5
1
100 100 1103
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NmNm
TBANId
T
3/6103
310110021012105.12.0
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Example 2
A PMMC meter with a 200 turns coil having flux density
force as much as 0.5 T. Coil diameter is 1mm and length
is 2.5cm. Calculate Deflecting torque when current
through coil is 2mA
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B = 0.5 T
A = (1 X 10-3m) X(2.5 X 10-2 m) = 2.5 X 10-5 m2
N = 200
I = 2 X 10-3 A
Td = BANI
= 0.5 (2.5 X 10-5)(200)(2 X 10-3 )
= 5 X 10-6 Nm
= 5Nm
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Electrodynamometer
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PMMC AC meter
moving coil((Electrodynamometer))
The electrodynamometer movement has the same
basic operating principle as PMMC meter movement,
except that the permanent magnet is replaced by fixed
coils.- (air core electromagnet)
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Basic configuration of PMMC AC meter
moving coil((Electrodynamometer))
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Basic configuration of PMMC AC meter
moving coil((Electrodynamometer))
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Hair spring
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Fix Coil
Produce the necessary field that required by the pointer to
deflect from the initial place
Moving Coil
Same as the fixed coil unless the facts that is will rotating
during the flowing of the current that flow inside it
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Pointer
The moving coil is mounted on an aluminum spindle .
It consist of pointer and counter weight
The suspension used in cased of high accuracy desired
Controlling torque is provided by the hairspring
The hairspring is the element that will push the pointer to
its origin
Hair spring
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Introduction
Electrodynamometer meter movements use stationary
coil (fix coil) and moving coils to develop interacting
magnetic fields (that is the electrodynamometer uses two
electromagnetic fields in its operation)
One field is created by the current flowing through a pair
of series-connected stationary coils.
The other field is caused by current flowing through a
movable coil that is attached to the pivot shaft.
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If the current in the coils are in the correct directions, the
pointer rotates clockwise.
The rotational torque on the movable coil is caused by
the opposing magnetic forces of the three coils.
They respond to alternating current because the a.c.
reverses direction simultaneously in all three coil and
also can operates on direct current.
These principle are used in wattmeter.
Electrodynamometer meters have low sensitivity and high
accuracy
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Operating principle
1. The operating principle is the interaction between the
currents in the moving coil, mounted on a shaft, and the
fixed coils.
2. That is, the deflecting torque is produced by the reaction between the magnetic field set up by the current in the moving coils and the magnetic field set up by current in the fixed coil.
3. When the two coils are energized, their magnetic fields will interact as a result of mechanical force exists between the coils and the resulting torque will tend to rotate the moving coil and cause the pointer attached to it to move over the scale.
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4) Since there is no iron, the field strength is proportional
to the current in the fixed coil and therefore, the
deflecting torque is proportional to the product of the
currents in the fixed coils and the moving coil.
The force of attraction or repulsion between the fixed and
moving coils is directly proportional to the product of
ampere turns of fixed coils and the moving coils
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Deflecting Torque
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The controlling torque is produced by two control springs,
which also act as leads to the moving coil
This system provides for air damping
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Control System
Damping System
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Application of Electrodynamometer
instrument
Electrodynamometer of wattmeter
Measurement of Power
Electrodynamometer of Ammeter
Measurement of Current
Electrodynamometer of Voltmeter
Measurement of voltmeter
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Moving iron instrument
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MOVING IRON INSTRUMENTS
Moving Iron instruments depend for their action upon
the magnetic effect of current, and are widely used as
indicating instruments.
In this type of instrument, the coil is stationary and the
deflection is caused by a soft-iron piece moving in the
field produced by the coil.
This type of instrument is principally used for the
measurement of alternating currents and voltages,
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This type of instrument is principally used for the
measurement of alternating currents and voltages, though
it can also be used for D.C measurements but is then
liable to small errors due to remanent magnetism in the
iron
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moving iron instruments
Attraction type
Repulsion type
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Attraction Type- singleIron
The basic working principle of attraction type moving
iron instruments is illustrated in fig below
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In this system, when current flows through the coil, a
magnetic field is produced at its centre.
A soft iron rod fixed to the spindle becomes magnetized
and is pulled inside the coil, the force of attraction being
proportional to the strength of the field inside the coil,
which again is proportional to the strength of the current.
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When the current to be measured is passed through the coil,
a magnetic field is produced which attracts the iron rod
inwards, thereby deflecting the pointer which moves over a
calibrated scale.
Working Principle
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The deflecting torque is due to the force of attraction
between the field of the coil and the iron disc.
The magnetization of the iron disc is proportional to the
field strength H.
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Deflecting Torque
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The force F pulling the disc inwards is proportional to the
magnetization M of disc and field strength H.
Deflecting torque (Td) MH
But M H
H I
: Td I2
Thus, the deflecting torque is proportional to the square of
the current passing through the coil.
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The controlling torque is achieved by gravity control, but
now spring control is used almost universally.
In these instrument, the damping of the moving system is
obtained by air damping, in which a light aluminum
piston moves freely inside the curved cylinder closed at
one end.
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Controlling Torque
Damping Torque
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Repulsion Type - DoubleIron
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(Rod A)
(Rod B)
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(Rod A)
(Rod B)
It consists of a fixed coil inside which two soft iron and
are arranged parallel to one another and along the axis
of the coil
Repulsion Type
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(Rod A)
(Rod B)
One of these rods A, is fixed to the coil frame, while the
other rod B is moving and is mounted on the spindle.
Repulsion Type
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(Rod A)
(Rod B)
The moving rod carries a pointer which moves over a
calibrated scale.
Repulsion Type
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In this type of movement, the coil which receives the
current to be measured is stationary.
The field set up by the coil magnetizes two iron vanes,
which then becomes temporary magnets.
Since the same field magnetizes both vanes, both vanes
have the same magnetizes polarity.
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Consequently, there is a force of repulsion between the
two vanes. One of the vanes (stationary vane) is attached
to the coil form.
The other vane (the moving vane) is mounted on the pivot
shaft to which the meter pointer is attached.
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Thus, the magnetic force of repulsion forces the moving vane away from the stationary vane.
Of course, this force is offset by the counter torque of the spiral springs attached to the pivot shaft.
The greater the current through the coil in, the strength the magnetic repelling force; thus, the farther the moving vane rotates and the more current the pointer indicates.
The iron vane meter movement can operate on either a.c or d.c
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Working Principle
When the current to be measured is passed through the
fixed coil, it set up its own magnetic field which
magnetizes the two rods with same polarity so that they
repel one another, with the result that the pointer is deflect
and causes the pointer to move from zero position.
The force of repulsion is approximately proportional to
the square of the current passing through the coil.
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The deflecting torque results due to the repulsion between
the two similarly magnetized (charged) soft iron rods.
Instantaneous torque repulsive force and repulsive
force to the product of pole strengths M1 and M2 of two
vanes.
Pole strengths are magnetizing force H of the coil and
H current passing through the coil
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Deflecting Torque
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Therefore, the instantaneous torque, which is the
deflecting torque, is given as
Instantaneous torque I2
i.e. Td I2
Hence, deflecting torque is proportional to the square of
the current when used in an A.C circuit; the instrument
reads the r.m.s value of the electrical quantity
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In this type of instrument, controlling torque is obtained
either with a spring or by gravity.
In these case , spring has been used for the controlling
torque.
In this type of instrument, pneumatic type damping is
used.
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Controlling Torque
Damping Torque
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Application of moving iron meter
Moving iron instruments are used as Voltmeter and
Ammeter only.
Both can work on AC as well as on DC.