027. Obesity Heart disease & Arteriolosclerosis Diabetes Genetically modified foods Artificial...
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Transcript of 027. Obesity Heart disease & Arteriolosclerosis Diabetes Genetically modified foods Artificial...
• Obesity• Heart disease & Arteriolosclerosis• Diabetes• Genetically modified foods• Artificial sweeteners• Diets
NutritionNutrition
What are nutrients? Essential substances that your body
needs in order to grow and stay healthy
What is a Nutrient?
Nutrients
• Some provide energy. • All help build cells and
tissues, regulate bodily processes such as breathing.
• No single food supplies all the nutrients the body needs to function.
Nutrients in the Nutrients in the Human DietHuman Diet
Macronutrients• Water• Amino Acids and
Proteins• Lipids• Carbohydrates
Micronutrients• Vitamins• Minerals
Six categories of nutrients:
What is a calorie? The energy obtained from
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is measured in units called calories.
Calories
Healthy Diets Require:
• Water
• Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Amino Acids
• Vitamins:
- water-soluble (thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid)
- fat-soluble (Vitamin A, D, E, K)
• Minerals (Fe, Ca, P, Na, K)
WaterWater Solvent in which the chemistry of life occursSolvent in which the chemistry of life occurs
• cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous mediumcell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium• water carries essential nutrients to cellswater carries essential nutrients to cells• water carries metabolic wastes away from cellswater carries metabolic wastes away from cells• hydrolysis & dehydration reactionhydrolysis & dehydration reaction• stabilizes body tempstabilizes body temp
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Energy Metabolism• catabolism of glucose during cellular
respiration yields ATP for energy-requiring activities
• glucose stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cell fibers
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Dietary Fiber• water-insoluble fiber adds bulk to fecal
matter facilitating its passage through and elimination from the digestive system
• water-soluble fiber may absorb dietary cholesterol, reducing its absorption by the digestion tract
LipidsLipidsTriglycerides (Fats)
• energy storage molecules• protect and cushion delicate body
organs• source of the raw materials for the
construction of phospholipids• unsaturated versus saturated fats
LipidsLipidsSaturated Fats
• Solid at RT• Milk, cheese, meat• Not good for you
Unsaturated Fats• Liquid at RT• Distorted double bounds• Canola, olive, peanut oil• Better choice
LipidsLipidsSteroids (e.g., cholesterol)
• precursor molecules for steroid hormones, vitamin D, bile salts
• fundamental component of plasma membranes (influence membrane fluidity)
• HDL-cholesterol versus LDL-cholesterol
• Cholesterol: <175 mg/dl• Triglycerides: blood fats, 30-175
mg/dl• HDL: Good cholesterol, > 35
mg/dl• LDL: Bad Cholesterol, <130
mg/dl• Chol/HDL ratio: < 4.5 indicates
heart disease
Your Cholesterol LevelYour Cholesterol Level
Lowering Your Cholesterol LevelLowering Your Cholesterol Level
• Eat healthy
• Exercise
• Lose wt.
• Quit smoking
• 1 glass of wine or beer
• Medications (Lipitor)
ProteinsProteins
• Enzymes • Structural proteins (shape and
form of cells and tissues)• Hormones• Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Essential Essential Amino AcidsAmino Acids
• Tryptophan• Methionine• Valine• Threonine
• Phenylalanine• Leucine• Isoleucine• Lysine
• Histidine(infants)
Vegetarian diet may result in protein Vegetarian diet may result in protein deficiencydeficiency
Need essential amino acidsNeed essential amino acids• beans beans lysine lysine • corn corn the methionine the methionine
VitaminsVitamins• Organic compounds needed by
the body in small, but essential amounts
• Cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts
• Function in a variety of ways in metabolic reactions
• Thirteen known vitamins
Water-Soluble Water-Soluble VitaminsVitamins
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Folic acid
C (ascorbic acid)
B1 (thiamin)
B2 (riboflavin)
Niacin
B6 (pyridoxine)
MineralsMinerals
• Essential inorganic elements• Involved in a variety of
metabolic processes• Major minerals versus trace
minerals
An animal whose diet is missing one or An animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients.more essential nutrients.
Giraffe eats bone to get phosphorus nutrient
Malnourishment
Giraffe eats bone to get phosphorus nutrient
Impaired cognitive Impaired cognitive developmentdevelopment
Won’t attain full heightWon’t attain full heightMore susceptible to disease More susceptible to disease
and infectionand infection
Malnourishment
• Approximately 24 million people in the US have diabetes (10%)
• Another 16 million have a condition now known as prediabetes
Diabetes Epidemic
Race: Native Hawaiians, Filipinos, Japanese, and Pacific Islanders
Population: 100,000 with diabetes and 25,000 unreported
Trend: by 2050 years 33% will have Type II
Diabetes in Hawaii
Type I Diabetes hyposecretion of insulininsulin dependantjuvenile onset
Type II Diabeteslate onset (adult)insensitivity of cells to insulinmanage by exercise & diet
• sugar in blood and urine
• urinate too often and produce too
much urine
• Too thirsty
• Too hungry
Symptoms (Type I):
• Arteriosclerosis
• Cardiovascular problems
- Heart disease
- Stroke
- High blood pressure
• Gangrene
• Blindness
• Kidney damage
Complications
• Insulin replacement
• Pancreas transplant
• Pancreatic cell transplant
• Fetal pancreatic islet cell transplant
Treatment:
2010: U.S. spends $170 Billion Annually
Per Person:
• Individuals with diabetes:
$13,243/year
• Individuals without diabetes:
$2,560/year
Cost $$$$
Glycemic control
– A1C <7.0%
– Fasting BS 80-110mg/dl
– Non-fasting <180mg/dl
Blood Pressure <130/80
Lipids
– LDL Cholesterol <100mg/dl
– Triglycerides <150mg/dl
– HDL Cholesterol >40mg/dl
Recommended goals
Obesity may be gene related Obesity may be gene related Leptin Leptin
leptin levels leptin levels appetite appetite - loss of body fat loss of body fat leptin levels and leptin levels and appetite appetite
and wt gainand wt gain potential medications for obesitypotential medications for obesity
Here are the top 5 obese countries:
• United States (34% of adults were overweight in 2008)
• Mexico (30% in 2006) • New Zealand (27% in 2007) • Australia (25% in 2007) • United Kingdom (25% in 2008)
Lowest: Japan & Korea 3.2%
ObesityObesity
Genetically Modified FoodsGenetically Modified Foods
Experts say 60% to 70% of processed foods on U.S. grocery shelves have genetically modified ingredients.
Common GM crops:• Soybeans• Corn • Cotton
Genetically Modified FoodsGenetically Modified FoodsConsCons
• Introducing allergens and toxins to food• Accidental cross pollination • Antibiotic resistance• Creation of "super" weeds and other
environmental risks
Genetically Modified FoodsGenetically Modified FoodsProsPros
• Increased pest and disease resistance• Grow food in harsh climate • Increased food supply (more food/acre)• More nutritional value• Make drugs
Ring spot virus
Artificial SweetenersArtificial Sweeteners
• Reduced calories• Reduce tooth decay• Diabetes• Lower cost
Artificial SweetenersArtificial Sweeteners
• Acesulfame potassium (Sunett, Sweet One)
• Aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet)• Neotame• Saccharin (SugarTwin, Sweet'N
Low)• Sucralose (Splenda)
Build a Healthy Base
3. Let the pyramid guide your choices
4. Choose a variety of grains daily, especially whole grains
5. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables daily.
6. Keep food safe to eat.
Choose Sensibly7. Choose a diet that is low in
saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat 8. Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars9. Choose and prepare food with less salt
10. If you drink alcoholic beverages do so in moderation
INQUIRY
1. What are nutrients that the body needs but can’t synthesize on its own called?
2. Which cells of the body, under normal circumstances, must have energy in the form of glucose in order to survive?
3. How does the body make use of dietary cholesterol?
4. What is an incomplete protein?5. What trace element is necessary for wound
healing?6. Neural tube defects are easily prevented by the
adequate intake of ____ by pregnant mothers.7. What carbohydrate can be found in a steak?8. Hemorrhaging could occur because of lack of
sufficient vitamin _____.