02-29-2012 Presentation 104 Chris Ingram

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NRW - its Role and Challenges in Moving

Indian Cities towards a 24x7 Supply

Manila, 29th February 2012

Chris Ingram B.Eng, C.Eng, FICE, FCIWEM

NRW Management Specialist & World Bank Consultant

Bill Kingdom, World Bank Lead Water Supply

and Sanitation Specialist

and Dinesh Rathi: Principal – DRA Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Nagpur, India



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Population = 1,100 million. Predicted

to overtake China by 2050. Already50+ cities over 1 million.

Excess of water demand over supply

is a major problem in India.

Intermittent supply was generallydeemed to be the solution. This hasbeen practised nationally for ageneration or more!

No Indian City has 24x7 water supply!

Introduction



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Detrimental effects include:

Excess valve operation

Adverse health outcomes fromingress of polluted ground water

Reduced customer confidence

Abandonment of metered supplies

replaced with flat rate tariffs.

Poor levels of service.

Limited the Utilities’ ability to justify tariff

increases.



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The Government of India’ s aspirations for

improved services.

World Bank undertook preliminaryassessments of performance in three typicalcities to guide the future preparation of Service Improvement Plans (SIPs) in projectcities with a view to supporting this via apossible Project.

Government of India’ s 11th Five-Year Plan

(2007-12) specifically refers to NRWreduction for the first time



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This paper provides1. Initial findings on the NRW situation in

three typical cities in India

2. Outlines the NRW managementactivities required as an integralelement of the project “SIPs” .

3. Describes results from recent projectswith NRW elements in 24x7

4. Outlines future planned works and

Conclusions for the way forward



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1. None of the 3 Utilities had aclear NRW Management Plan.

2. No staff had NRW training

3. No access to the resources and

equipment needed for introducing

NRW Management4. Other major constraints were

observed.



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Results of the Assessment

Water Balances made

using ULBs own figures Huge NRW > 65%

Incredible ILIs >1,000!!!



Summary of findings:

High levels of physical losses (evenwith low pressures!)

Due to un-metering, how much of so-called “physical loss” is actual

wastage, and is therefore actuallycommercial?

How much is due to poorinfrastructure?

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Problem with Intermittent Supply

Difficult for:

ALC

Hydraulic modelling

Night flow measurements

Metering(=> inaccurate water balances)

So this presents a huge challenge!

How can we move forward????

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If we move to 24 hr supply from(say) 4 hour supply, leakagelevels will potentially increase(x6)!

But Wastage will certainlydecrease if meters are installed

The Scale of the Challenge to

move to 24x7 supply



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So how can weprovide 24x7 supply

and reduce NRW atthe same time?



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Typically, in Bhubaneswar averagemonthly billed quantities = 43m3(even at 4hrs supply per day!)

This is more than sufficient for anaverage household size of 6persons.

(6 x 130 l.c.d. x 30 days = 23.4m3)

So enough water is usually available!



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Gradual acceptance

of metering so meter

all SCs

Therefore reduced losses

(with more

uniform pressure)

Increase supply time

(Starting with small

Demo Zone /DMAs)

Therefore less

wastage

Carry out ALC.

Fix leaks.

Replace SCs

Losses increase – But wastage decreases

more!

Better (more uniform

24 hour) pressure profile

Make Hydraulic Model

and calibrate when ~ 50% iscovered

Expand Demo

Zones

Carry out essential

structural adjustments

of network

More ALC.

Fix More Leaks.

More DMAs

The NRW Cycle towards 24x7

Wastage & Leakage

decrease further

Increase supply

still time further

More ALC, More DMAs

Finally Reach 24x7

Supply Time

with acceptable NRW !!



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NRW reduction will be a coreactivity to achieving the

objectives of the proposedproject

2 Phases – during SIP 1

(pre-feasibility studyactivities) and SIP 2

(feasibility study activities).

The Way Forward



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(Pre FS level assessment)

Water Balance – assess NRW

componentsPrepare Pilot DMA designs

Hydraulic modelULB’s investment commitments

Management Model decision

SIP Stage 1 - Objectives



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Feasibility Study Level: to deepenunderstanding of challenges => preparefirst tranche of large scale investments.

Prepare calibrated hydraulic model Set up the Pilot DMAs to accurately

quantify Water Balance & confirmintegrity via ZPTs

Leak detection and repair, together withmeter investigation and tracing illegalconnections should then proceed.

SIP Stage 2



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Clear indications will beavailable regarding the impactof a 24x7 supply and effects of

constant pressure on thenotional leakage levels.

Continue to operate DMAs

Detailed assessments of all PilotDMAs will be made with robust

Water Balances being available.

SIP Stage 2



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Clarify the causes of the physical andcommercial losses

Figures become available for Nos. of piperepairs and replacements, service connection

replacements and metering requirements etc. tobe included in the main project implementation.

In particular the necessity of reducingleakage levels without resorting to

wholesale pipe replacements will becarefully investigated.

Result of SIP2 => Develop strategy for NRW

reduction e.g. Roll out program – where and when

to establish DMAs, approach to ALC, costs etc.

SIP Stage 2 (continued)



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3 Recent Experiences

Nagpur

Karnataka

Malkapur



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Recent NRW reduction in KarnatakaState showed that when a 24x7 supplywas provided, together with meteredservice connections, overall consumptionlevels actually reduced.

The effect of a 24x7 supply on potentialincreased leakage but offset by reduced

wastage therefore needs to be carefullyinvestigated and quantified.

Recent Experiences (1)



Results from Demo Zones in Karnataka

State

Parameter Situationbefore

Situation afterintervention

Hours of supply 2 hours in 3-7

days

24x7

Volume of watersupplied to demo

zones in Mld

22 18 (18% less)

Water connection(180,000 people)

many thru.433 public

fountains

By 24,000 individualconnections

Losses More than50%

7%

Metering Negligible ornone

100%

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NRW reduction in Nagpur, Maharashtra State.Pilot area of Dharampeth. (Demo Zone)

Objectives:

• Comprehensive study/ diagnosis of the system

• Rehabilitation of the distribution network

• Replacement of House Service Connections andcustomer metering

• Reduction in NRW using DMAs & standard methodology

•

Improvement in billing system & Service level toCustomers

• 24x7 water supply to 15,000 Customers

• O&M of the demo area for 5 years




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Rehabilitation works 95% completed

More than 65% customers already

receiving 24x7 supply

House to house service connections in

slum areas

NRW reduced from 50+% to 27% in Oct

2011

Improvement in the water quality andpressure

25-year O&M contract for full city

commenced from Ist Dec-2011 – To

implement Pilot experience


Nagpur Results




Malkapur, Karad City, Maharashtra

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Parameter Situation Before

Project

Situation on

Completion

Population served 40,000 @ 55 l.c.d. 67,000 @ 110 l.c.d. Hours Supply ~6 hours every 2 days 24x7

NRW >40% 12%

Customer Metering N/A (Flat rate) 100% O&M Cost Recovery 36% ~100% Revenue -Rs 300 million/year +Rs 40 million/ year



The Immediate Future3 Projects being Tendered by DJB in Delhi all on aPPP Basis

Malviya Nagar: 24x7

Mehrauli & Vasant Vihar Service Level

Improvements Nangloi: (Precise ToR TBA)

All have

Strong bid participation criteria

2 years construction +10 years O&M

approx. 40,000 connections

NRW reduction element with performance

bonus incentives (and penalties!)26



Conclusions Current Indian approach to management of the

distribution network is unsustainable

NRW capacity and practices are very weak

NRW is critical to improving utility sustainability andproviding good service to customers

Pilots have demonstrated that significant improvementscan be made

Challenge now is to scale up – for which strong incentivesare needed to encourage improved performance of service

providers. These may be financial incentives or politicalpressure (from consumers) or both.

Such scale up will demonstrate new paradigm for sector

24x7 is definitely not a “pipe dream” –

with integral NRW Management!27



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Thank you for yourattention

[email protected]

[email protected]

02-29-2012 Presentation 104 Chris Ingram

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