By Dilip Kumar Chandra

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

• What is Nutrition?• What are Nutritional Elements?• Sources of Nutrition• Function of Nutrition• Mode of Nutrition in Plant

• Autotrophs• By Photosynthesis

• Heterotrophs• Parasite• Saprophyte• Insectivorous• Symbiotic Relationships

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

• Process to take food.• For

• Growth• Development • Reproduction

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

• Chemicals found in Foods• Are –

• Carbohydrates• Proteins• Vitamins• Fats• Minerals

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

• By Foods• Foods may be

• Plant Products• Animal Products

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

• Growth of Body –• Developments of Body-• To fight Disease Causing Agents (Immunity)-• For Reproduction of Organism

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

1. By Self - Autotrophs

• By Photosynthesis

2. From Other Organism - Heterotrophs

• Obtained from other living organism - Parasite

• Obtained from other dead organism - Saprophyte

• Obtain from insect (by eating)- Insectivorous

• Association between two different organism -

Symbiotic Relationships

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

Autotrophic nutrition is the mode of nutrition in which

organisms can make organic food by themselves using

simple inorganic substances.

The process by which the green plants obtain nutrients is

called :

Photosynthesis

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

Takes place in Chloroplast

Necessary factors :

Carbon dioxide

Water

Sunlight

Chlorophyll

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

Takes place in Chloroplast

Necessary factors :

CO2

Stoma

Air Space

Spongy Mesophyll

Cell

Chloroplast

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

Green pigment Chlorophyll helps leaves to capture the energy of the sunlight .This energy is used to synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water . Since the synthesis of food occurs in the presence of sunlight, it is called photosynthesis.Photosynthesis ( /foʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/; from the Greek φώτο-

[photo-], "light," and σύνθεσις [synthesis], "putting together",

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

Dark Reaction

Water

Oxygen Glucose

(C6H12O6)

Light Reaction

6 CO2 + 6 H20 C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Light Carbon Dioxide

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

carbohydrates (e.g. glucose)

carbon dioxide and water

photosynthesis

release energy by respiration

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

convert into starch for storage because

glucose is not a very good storage molecule

carbohydrates (e.g. glucose)

carbon dioxide and water

photosynthesis

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

change into sucrose and is transported

to other parts through phloem

carbohydrates (e.g. glucose)

carbon dioxide and water

photosynthesis

By Dilip Kumar Chandra

To test a leaf for the presence

of Starch

Why is the leaf first boiled in water ?

Ans: Because the process can soften the leaf, break

down the cuticle and kill the leaf.

boiling

water

turn off

Bunsen

burner

boiling

alcohol hot water

iodine

white tile

turn off

Bunsen

burner

Why is the leaf then boiled in alcohol ?

Ans: To decolourize the leaf (to remove chlorophyll).

boiling

water

turn off

Bunsen

burner

boiling

alcohol hot water

iodine

white tile

turn off

Bunsen

burner

Why is it important to turn off the Bunsen burner when you

are heating the alcohol ?

Ans: Because alcohol catches fire easily.

boiling

water

turn off

Bunsen

burner

boiling

alcohol hot water

iodine

white tile

turn off

Bunsen

burner

Why is the leaf put in hot water after being boiled in

alcohol ?

Ans: Since the leaf becomes brittle after boiling in

alcohol, so dipping it into hot water enables it to

be softened.

boiling

water

turn off

Bunsen

burner

boiling

alcohol hot water

iodine

white tile

turn off

Bunsen

burner

What colour change can be observed if starch is present ?

Ans: The leaf becomes blue-black when iodine solution

is added to it.

boiling

water

turn off

Bunsen

burner

boiling

alcohol hot water

iodine

white tile

turn off

Bunsen

burner

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed

& oxygen is released into the

atmosphere which maintains the

composition of the atmosphere constant

Why is Photosynthesis important ?

Parts of plant where photosynthesis

takes place

Mainly in the leaf because

–it contains a lot of chloroplasts

–it is well adapted for performing

photosynthesis

The other modes ofnutrition in plants

• There are some plants which do not have chlorophyll .They cannot synthesise their own food .Like humans and animals such plants depend on the food produced by others . They use the Heterotrophic mode of nutrition. They are Parasitic plants, Insectivorous plants & saprotrophs

PARASITIC PLANTS

• CUSCUTA : Yellow tubular structures twining around the stem and branches of the tree . This plant is called cuscuta

PARASITIC PLANTS

• Cuscuta do not have chlorophyll . It takes ready made food from the plant on which it is climbing . The plant on which it climbs is called is a host . Since it deprives the host of nutrients , it is called parasite.

INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS

• There are few plants Growing in nitrogen deficient soils which can trap insects and digest them .such plants may be green colour or of some other colour.such insect eating plants are called insectivorous plants

INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS

• Pitcher plant

INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS

• Pitcher plant Venus flytrap

SAPROTROPHIC NUTRITION

• The mode of nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients in solution form from dead and decaying matter is called saprotrophic nutrition.

• Organisms secrete digestive juices on dead and decaying matter and convert into solution form. Ex : Fungi

SAPROTROPHIC NUTRITION

Symbiotic relationship

• Some organisms live together and share shelter and nutrients .This is called symbiotic relation ship.

• Some fungi live in roots of trees (Mycorrhizal Roots)

• Lichens

• Leguminous plants.

Symbiotic relationship

• Lichens : In Lichens a chlorophyll containing partner Which is an Alga, and a fungus live together. The fungus provides shelter water and minerals to the alga and in return alga provides food which it prepares by photosynthesis.

Leguminous plants.

• The bacterium called rhizobium can take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into soluble form. But rhizobium cannot make its own food so it lives in a roots of gram, peas,moong,beans and other legumes and provides them with nitrogen. In return the plants provide food and shelter to the bacteria. They thus have a symbiotic relationship.

How nutrients are replenished in the soil.

• Continuous harvesting crops removes

valuable mineral salts from soil

Fertilizers are added to replace such loss

• Two kinds of fertilizers:

–Natural fertilizers

–Chemical fertilizers

The importance of nitrogen

• For synthesis of proteins, chlorophyll, etc

• Taken in form of nitrate ions

• Deficiency symptoms:

– Little growth ( - no protein made)

– Yellowing of leaves ( - no chlorophyll made)

Natural fertilizers

• From manure

• Organic compounds in it are

decomposed by the bacteria in soil to

form mineral salts

Chemical fertilizers

• Mainly nitrogenous and phosphorous

compounds manufactured artificially