01 - In-building Design Basics

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InIn--Building Design BasicsBuilding Design Basics

In-Building Design Basics 2

TopicsTopics• In-Building Design Trends• Marketplace Solutions and Building Types• Approaches to In Building System Design

− Distributed Antenna, Radiating Cable, Hybrid Solution− Passive vs Active Network− Coaxial vs Fibre Systems− POI and Fibre Systems

• Approaches to Implement Coverage Solutions

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InIn--Building Design TrendsBuilding Design Trends• Network Operators Prefer Passive Solutions

− better performance (avoid IMD problems)− lower cost− more reliable− ‘future proof’ - easy to add new services

• Radiating cable now widely used− new cable designs cheaper, improved performance− preferred approach for office buildings and tunnels− antennas used for large open spaces

• Fibre optic technology used only where necessary− Solution for large buildings− Where labour cost is high− Believed to be expensive, with some technical constraints


Marketplace SolutionsMarketplace Solutions

Passive Passive SolutionsSolutions

Active Active SolutionsSolutions

(RAU) - remote bi-directional antenna unit

ExpansionHub

RAU

RAU

RAU

RAU(CAT-5)

twisted pair

ExpansionHub

RAU

RAU

RAU

RAU(CAT-5)twisted pair

ExpansionHub

RAU

RAU

RAU

RAU(CAT-5)

twisted pair

ExpansionHub

RAU

RAU

RAU

RAU(CAT-5)twisted pair

MainHub

Multi-mode fiber

Multi-mode fiber

Mul

ti-m

ode

fiber

Mul

ti-m

ode

fiber

Fiber Extender

Fiber Extender

Fiber Extender drives up to 10 km of fiber

Base Station

Antenna

OAR

Base Station

DonorAntenna

Repeater

Coaxial to DAS

RadiatingCable

Donor BTS

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Marketplace SolutionsMarketplace Solutions

Hybrid Hybrid SolutionsSolutions

Master Unit

Sin

gle-

mod

e fib

erS

ingl

e-m

ode

fiber

Base Station

RemoteUnit

Coaxial Cable to Antennas

Coaxial Cable

AntennaRemote

Unit

RemoteUnit

OAR

Radiating Cables

Radiating Cables

Booster

RemoteUnit

Coaxial Cable to Antennas

Coaxial Cable to AntennasDonor BTS


Building TypesBuilding Types1. Multi Story

Skyscraper

BTS Fiber OpticsMaster Unit

Coax

Ant

RadCable

Fiber

40thFloor

Ant

Coax

RadCable

Pas

sive

Dis

tribu

ted

Ant

enna

sA

ctiv

e/P

assi

ve D

istri

bute

d A

nten

nas

Fiber OpticsRemote Units

3. Campus Environment

BTS

AntAntAnt

Ant

Coax

Coax

Coax

Coax

Fiber OpticsRemote Unit



Fiber OpticsMaster Unit

2. ShoppingCenter

BTS

Ant

Coax

RadCable

Attached High Rise Building

Fiber

Act

ive/

Pas

sive

Dis

tribu

ted

Ant

enna

s

Fiber OpticsRemote Units

Master UnitFiber Optics

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Approaches to In Building Approaches to In Building System DesignSystem Design


Approaches to In Building SystemsApproaches to In Building Systems• Customer’s requirements need to be discussed at the system

design stage. • A variety of factors will influence the choice of solution proposed,

generally either− Distributed Antenna (coaxial)− Distributed Antenna (fibre optic)− Radiating Cable− Hybrid

• Aspects such as building construction and layout will affect thechoice of coverage solution.

• No two systems will be identical, each offering its own unique challenges and compromises.

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Why Use Distributed Antenna?Why Use Distributed Antenna?• Applicable where narrow range of frequencies are required and

future expansion into other bands is not anticipated. • Single or Dual band systems.• To provide hot spot coverage of open areas.• Highly cost effective.• Ease of installation.• Customer perception.

• Advantages - Small size, wide coverage area, easy installation, matches interior design.

• Disadvantages - Higher close / far signal difference, narrow bandwidth.


Installation Example Installation Example -- AntennasAntennas

Jumper

Ceiling mounted antennas

Connector

Main Riser cable (non radiating)

Power Splitter

Directional Coupler

7

6

5

Feeder cables

2

4

1

3

h

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Why Use Radiating Cable?Why Use Radiating Cable?• Flexibility / Cost- Effective Upgrading. • Broadband capability

− One radiating cable can transmit a practically unlimited number of services ranging from 1MHz to 2500MHz.

− Additional services can be accommodated later without further installation costs.

• Using antennas, each new service would require a new antenna system.

• Advantages of leaky cable− Wide bandwidth (support cellular, paging, trunked radio,

maintenance radio).− Less close / far signal difference.

• Disadvantages of leaky cable− Difficult to match with interior design.− Higher labour cost.


Installation Example Installation Example -- Radiating CableRadiating Cable

Jumper

Radiating cable

Connector

Earthing kit

2

4

3

1 Main Riser cable

Power Splitter

Directional Coupler

Floor Feeder cables

5

8

7

6

5

h

Floor 32

Floor 35

Floor 34

Floor 33

TerminationLoad

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Radiating Cable Radiating Cable vsvs AntennaAntenna• Major issue is the topology of

the required coverage area.− Antennas suit large open areas

of rectangular or circular disposition.

− Radiating cable suits long corridors, tunnels and narrow office spaces such as those wrapping around the core of a high rise building.

• Coverage Range− Antenna practical range for

GSM900 is 25m to 30m; GSM1800 is 15m to 18m.

− Radiating cable practical range is typically 6m.

• Containment of signal within defined coverage area more easily achieved with radiating cable.

• A radiating cable solution is generally more costly (material wise) than an antenna solution.

• Flexibility / Cost− Effective Upgrading Broadband

capability. − One radiating cable can

transmit practically unlimited number of services ranging from 1MHz to 2500MHz.

− Additional services can be accommodated later without further installation costs.

• Using antennas, each new service would require a new antenna system.


Antennas Antennas vsvs Radiating CableRadiating Cable

0 30 60 90 120 150-110

-50

-40

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100

AntennaCoverage

Radiating Cable

Coverage

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Passive Passive vsvs Active NetworkActive NetworkPassive System• An all-passive coaxial cable

system is highly linear• Capable of handling multiple

downlink carriers with no measurable IM products

• Inherent insertion loss limits the size of installation to typically a 35 floor high rise building

• High system reliability

Active System• Active systems overcome

insertion loss, restoring antenna EIRPs and uplink system noise figure

• Duplex cellphone systems require elaborate and relatively expensive linear BDAs

• Linearity is critical; multiple carriers escalate 3OIP and power rating of downlink PAs

• Multiple radio platforms necessitate band-dedicated BDAs

• Cascaded BDAs should be avoided


Typical InTypical In--Building SystemBuilding System

Radiating Cable in Office Ceiling

Base Stations(multiple networks)

Feeder Cables in Riser

Combiner (POI)

Antennas for Car Park Coverage

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Point of Interconnection (POI)Point of Interconnection (POI)• BTSs interface with the Network

via the Point Of Interconnection (POI)

• Consists of 2 units, first is transmitter (downlink) POI and second is receiver (uplink) POI.

• Downlink POI− Combine together a number of

cellular base station transmitters to allow them to all operate simultaneously on a common radiating cable;

− Distributed antenna system (DAS), without interference between transmitters.

• Uplink POI− Combine together a number of

cellular base station receivers to allow them to all operate simultaneously on a common radiating cable;

− Distributed antenna system (DAS), without interference between receivers.

• Duplex POI− Combines several operators with

frequency bands and duplexedsystems.


Transmit POI ExampleTransmit POI Example• High power combiner combines 1xCDMA800, 1xGSM900,

3xGSM1800 and 1xGSM1900 operators to provide 2 outputs. • Each input is customized to individual operator’s frequency band,

while providing >20dB isolation between input ports.• Optical ports are provided for GSM1800 and 1900 band.

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Receive POI ExampleReceive POI Example• This multicoupler is designed to distribute receive signals from two

cable inputs for 1xCDMA800, 1xGSM900, 3xGSM1800 and 1xGSM1900.

• These are also combined from E/O ports for GSM1800/1900.


Duplex POI ExampleDuplex POI Example• Compact, low intermodulation,

cellular combiners for cost effective, multi-operator in-building combining system.

• This high power combiner is designed to allow − 2x GSM 900− 3x GSM 1800 and − 3x UMTS operators to share the

same system

• Each individual input provides full duplex capability according to customer frequency bands.

• Provides >90dB isolation between 2G and 3G systems.

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Duplex POI ExampleDuplex POI Example

GSM900-A

GSM900-B

GSM1800-A

GSM1800-B

GSM1800-C

UMTS-A

UMTS-B

UMTS-C

ANT-1

MON-1

ANT-2

MON-2


Front End CombinerFront End Combiner

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

450 MHz TETRA

900 MHzGSM

1,800 MHzDCS

2,200 MHzUTMS

Services

RF feed toMaster FiberOptics Unit

Front EndCombiner

Distributed Antenna System

Pow

er D

ivid

er

Radiating Cable

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FibreFibre Equipment and Back End POIEquipment and Back End POI

RF/FO

FO/RF

RF/FO

FO/RF

RF/FO

FO/RF

RF/FOFO/RF

MasterUnit

RemoteUnit

Fiber Optic Link(up to 20 km)

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

FO/RF

RF/FO

FO/RF

RF/FO

FO/RFRF/FO

FO/RF

RF/FO

Bac

k En

d C

ombi

ner

Pow

er D

ivid

er

Distributed AntennaSystem

Radiating Cable

Active Electronics

RF feed fromCombiner


Approaches to ImplementApproaches to ImplementCoverage SolutionsCoverage Solutions

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Coverage SolutionsCoverage Solutions

CapacityCapacity

CoverageCoverage

RF Repeater, Pico Repeater + DASE.g., Small Restaurant and Building

RF Repeater, Booster + DASE.g., Supermarket, Residential Building

BTS + DASE.g., Office Building, Shopping Mall

BTS + Fiber Repeater / Booster + DASE.g., Airport, Megamall


High Capacity + Small Coverage ApplicationsHigh Capacity + Small Coverage Applications

POI

HC

Triplexer

WCDMA BTS

DCS BTS

GSM_B BTS

DPX

DPX

GSM_A BTS

3-Way

4-Way

DPX

DPX

TX

TX

TX

TX

RX

RX

RX

RX

2-Way

2-Way

Office

Lobby

Basement Car Park

TPX

Duplexer

DC

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High Capacity + Large Coverage ApplicationsHigh Capacity + Large Coverage Applications• Fiber optic repeaters are often used for large scale in-buildings

where high coverage and capacity are needed.• Typical applications are in airports, underground metros, exhibition

halls, campus buildings, etc.


High Capacity + Large Coverage ApplicationsHigh Capacity + Large Coverage Applications

MOU

RRUDistributed

AntennaSystem


RRU

RRU

RRUROU

ROU

RRUROU

ROU





• Typical Application Configuration

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High Capacity + Large Coverage ApplicationsHigh Capacity + Large Coverage Applications• Typical Configuration – with In-Line Boosters

MOU

RRUDistributed

AntennaSystem


RRU

RRU

RRUROU

ROU

RRUROU

ROU





G18 In-linebooster

WidebandTriplexer

WidebandTriplexer


WCDMA In-linebooster


Low Capacity + Large Coverage ApplicationsLow Capacity + Large Coverage Applications

Using Indoor/Outdoor Repeater• Cost saving• Fast deployment • Less infrastructure

BTS

3-Way

2-Way

Office

Basement Car Park

Donor Antenna

DC

Repeater

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Low Capacity + Large Coverage ApplicationsLow Capacity + Large Coverage Applications• Tunnel Coverage using Off-Air (OAR) and

Optical Repeaters

OAR

HC

BTS

MasterUnit

RemoteUnit

RemoteUnit

ANT

Optical Fiber


Low Capacity + Small Coverage ApplicationsLow Capacity + Small Coverage Applications

Using Indoor Pico Repeater• Plug and Play installation• Fast deployment• Compact in size and light weight

2-Way

Small Office

Donor Antenna

PicoRepeater

BTS

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SummarySummary• In-Building Design Trends• Marketplace Solutions and Building Types• Approaches to In Building System Design

− Distributed Antenna, Radiating Cable, Hybrid Solution− Passive vs Active Network− Coaxial vs Fibre Systems− POI and Fibre Systems

• Approaches to Implement Coverage Solutions

01 - In-building Design Basics

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