01 Chap 1 Intro to Membrane

Membrane Technology FKKSA, UMP

1

Chapter 1Introduction to Membrane Technology

Syed Mohd Saufi

SMS2011


Subject & Lecturer Information

Subject Information BKC3652 Membrane Technology Elective 2 Credit Passing marks – 40

Lecturer Dr Syed Mohd Saufi Office: A3-16 Phone: 09-5492823 H/P: 013-2897675 Email: [email protected] Email 2: [email protected]

2SMS2011


Syllabus

Chapter 1: Introduction to Membrane Technology Chapter 2: Classification of Membrane Process Chapter 3: Preparation of Synthetic Membranes Chapter 4: Membrane Fouling and Cleaning Chapter 5: Membrane Process Chapter 6: Gas Separation Membrane Chapter 7: Research & Development in Membrane Technology

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Teaching Plan

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Week Chapter

1 - 2 Chapter 1: Introduction to Membrane TechnologyDefinition of MembraneTerminology in Membrane ProcessAdvantages of Membrane ProcessLimitation of Membrane Process

3 - 4 Chapter 2: Classification of Membrane ProcessType of MembraneMembrane StructureMembrane ModulesMembrane Process

5 -6 Chapter 3: Preparation of Synthetic MembranesPhase Inversion TechniqueFlat Sheet MembraneHollow Fiber Spinning Composite MembraneCharacterization of Membrane Materials

7 Chapter 4: Membrane Fouling and CleaningMembrane FoulingMembrane Cleaning


Teaching Plan – Cont.

Week Chapter

8-10 Chapter 5: Membrane ProcessMicrofiltrationUltrafiltrationReverse OsmosisNanofiltrationElectrodialysis

11-12 Chapter 6: Gas Separation MembraneOxygen – Nitrogen SeparationHydrogen SeparationCarbon Dioxide SeparationOther Gas Separation

13-14 Chapter 7: Research & Development in Membrane TechnologyMembrane for Biotechnology ApplicationMembrane for Fuel Cell ApplicationAdvance in Membrane MaterialMembrane ContactorForward Osmosis

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Assessment

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Assessment Percentage

Test 1 15%

Test 2 15%

Assignment 20%

Quiz 10%

Final Exam 40%


Lets start our lecture today……

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Outline

Chapter 1: Introduction to Membrane Technology

Definition of Membrane

Terminology in Membrane Process

Advantages of Membrane Process

Limitation of Membrane Process

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Definition of Membrane Membrane – the original word: “membrana “ (Latin, which mean

skin) Some definition of membrane:

Selective barrier between two phases Thin barrier that permits selective mass transport A phase that acts as a barrier to prevent mass movement, but

allows restricted and / or regulated passage of one or more species.

The selectivity is due to: Size Shape Electrostatic charge Diffusivity Physicochemical interactions Volatility Polarity/solubility

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Membrane vs. Conventional Filter

Conventionalfiltration

Microfiltration

Ultrafiltration

Nanofiltration

Reverseosmosis

10-10 10-9 10-8 10 -7 10-6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2

Pore size (m)

Ionic range Micronrange

Coarseparticle range

Macromolecularrange

Fine particlerange


Terminology in Membrane Process

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Permeate

Feed

Retentate

Flux

xDriving forceP C E T


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Driving Force in Membrane Processes

Transmembrane pressure (TMP) Concentration gradient Chemical potential Osmotic pressure Electric field Magnetic field Partial pressure pH gradient


Type of Flow in Membrane Process

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Applications of Membrane Process

Product concentration, i.e. removal of solvent from solute/s Clarification, i.e. removal of particles from fluids, a special

case being sterilization which refers to removal of microorganisms from fluids

Removal of solute from solvent, e.g. desalting, desalination, demineralization, dialysis

Fractionation, i.e. separation of one solute from another Gas separation, i.e. separation of one gas from another Pervaporation, i.e. removal of volatiles from non volatiles

(usually solvents)


Advantages of Membrane Process

Relatively low capital & running cost Direct separation, eliminating the use of additives / foam

fractionation / filter aid filtration. Closed module separating operation, avoiding formation of

aerosols Flexibility: “Tailor made” to meet individual requirement.

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Concentration polarisation: Accumulation at the membrane-fluid interface Reduce membrane performance, both selectivity & flux Design devices with diffusional mass transfer – reduce polarisation No problem on gas-phase process

Membrane fouling: Definition: A loss of flux when all variable are held constant. Permeate flux observed to decrease with time. Analogous to fouling in heat exchanger – lower heat transfer

performance. Regenerated by cleaning, or controlled by pre-treatment methods.

Modelling & design: Good theoretical frameworks, not feasible to predict the

performance from its structure, nor the flux & flux decline from knowledge of feed.

Overcome by interpretation & extrapolation of pilot plant data

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Membrane stability: pH stability:

Polymeric membrane are limited in pH stability Cellulosics: 4 – 8 Polysulphone: 2 – 12

Temperature: about 60ºC (some can withstand to 100ºC) Sensitive to organic solvent

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01 Chap 1 Intro to Membrane

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