001-Fibromelanosis in domestic chickens.pdf

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ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 5, Number 3

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ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 5, Number 3September 2013


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Review

Fibromelanosis in domestic chickens

1 2H. Lukanov *, A. Genchev

1BulgarianAssociationofPoultryBreeders, 5000 VelikoTarnovo, Bulgaria2DepartmentofAnimalScience Non-ruminantandotherspecies, FacultyofAgriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

Abstract. Fibromelanosisisamutationindomesticchickens(Gallusgallusdomesticus) knownforcenturiesinSoutheasternAsiaandEurope, expressedwithabnormalaccumulationofthedarkpigmentmelanin inthedermisandconnectivetissueformationsoftheavianbody. Fibromelanosis(Fm) isduetoadominantautosomalgene(s) whoseexpression is influencedbyvariousmodifyinggenes. Themutation ismainlyseen insomeAsianbreeds, with theexceptionofSvart Hna and the Argentina Tuzo type. The usage of the breeds with fibromelanosis is different depending on the social and geographicalspread. According to Asian beliefs, these birds possess a healing potential and are used in religious rites and folk medicine. In the other parts of the world, themost popular and most encountered breed with hyperpigmentation is the Silkie, bred only for decorative and exhibition purposes.

Keywords:fibromelanosis, melanin, endothelin3, Silkie

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 3, pp , 2013239 - 246

Introduction Today, more than 25 breeds and breed groups withfibromelanosis expression are known, and almost all of themoriginatefromsoutheasternAsia(Dorshorst etal., 2011). ThebreedThetermfibromelanosisordermalhyperpigmentationisusedvarietyinthispartoftheworldisunderstandableashenswithdarkto designate a mutation in domestic chickens (Gallus gallusbonesplayanimportantroleinChinesefolkmedicine, religiousritesdomesticus, Linnaeus, 1758), determining dermal and visceralofinhabitantsoftheMalay Archipelago andAsiancuisine(Tianetal.,melanisation(Hutt, 1949; Crawford, 1990; Dorshorst et al., 2011;2007a; Tianetal.,2007b; LiandLuo, 2003; Dorshorst etal., 2011;Shinomiya et al., 2011). The description of this phenotype asShinomiya et al., 2012). In industrial poultry breeding, thefibromelanosis (Fm) was proposed by Hutt (1949). Hyper-

expression of the phenotype is undesirable due to commonpigmentation ismanifestedwithdark, grey-blackcolorationofthe consumers' attitude. Nevertheless, the phenomenon could beskin, eyes, serosas, muscles and nervous connective tissueobserved incommercialchickenbreeds, andCrespo and Pizarrosheaths, gonads, tracheaandperiosteumofbirdsduetoabnormal(2006) described the emergence of fibromelanosis in a broiler flock.accumulation of eumelanin in tissues (Hutt, 1949; Smyth, 1976,

1990, 1994; Muroya etal., 2000; Stevens, 2005; Dorshorst et al.,Melaninandmelanogenesis2011). Chickens carrying this mutation have been called black-

boned chickens orwu gu ji due to the dark periosteal coloration. ItMelanin-producing cells in vertebrates, called melanocytes,is assumed that in domestic chickens, this phenotype has emerged

originatefromtheneuralcrestcells, locatedattheendoftheneuralin China together with the silky mutation of the feathering. India andtube, part of embryonic ectoderm (Le Douarin, 1982, 2004;Java are also considered possible sites of origin of fibromelanosisDorshorst et al., 2011). For the neural tube, undifferentiated(Ekarius, 2007). The Chinese Silkie (Gallus gallus domesticusmelanoblasts migrate in the body where they differentiate intoBrisson) istheoldestchickenbreedwithfibromelanosis, mentioned

th melanocytes(Lucas and Stettenheim, 1972; Smyth, 1976, 1994;byMarcoPoloduring his Asiantripbytheendof the13 centuryBowers, 1988; Nordlund et al., 2006; Gunnarsson, 2009). The(Haw, 2006; Scrivener, 2009). Later, henswiththeexteriorofthemigration of melanoblasts in mammals and birds occurs via the soSilkieweredescribedbyAldrovandiin1600 (Aldrovandi andLind,called dorsal pathway. In lower vertebrates, the migration and1963; Scrivener, 2009). Informationaboutbirdswithblackskinanddifferentiation of nervous cells, glial cells and melanoblasts followsfluffyfeatheringisencounteredinoldChinesetextsfromthetimeofthe ventral (ventrolateral) pathway (LeDouarin, 1982; Serbedzijaetthe Tang dynasty (Wandelt and Wolters, 1996; Dorshorst et al.,al., 1989; Ericsonetal., 1992; Faracoetal., 2001; Shinomiya et al.,2010). The Silkie is the most studied among all known breeds2012). Inchickenbreedswithfibromelanosis, melanoblastsmigratecarrying the Fm mutation (Dorshorst et al., 2011). The firstnotonlyviathedorsolateralpathwaytotheskin, butalsothroughtheinvestigations of the genetic origins of the mutation and theventral pathway, and are stored in the internal organs (Ericson,pigmentationmechanismsinSilkiesdatebacktothebeginningof1993; Lecoinetal., 1994, 1995; Muroyaetal., 2000; Faracoetal.,the last century (Bateson, 1909; Bateson and Punnett, 1911;2001; Shinomiya et al., 2012).Kuklenski, 1915; Dunn and Jull, 1927). Despite the numerous

Melanocyteslocatedininternalorgansandtissuesofchickensresearchesontheoriginandmolecularmechanismsofexpressionwith fibromelanosis contain melanosomes in a different stage ofoffibromelanosis, manyissuesstillremainunclear(Shinomiya et al.,maturity (mainlystage IIIand IV) likedermalones(Faracoetal.,2012).

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* e-mail:[email protected]


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2001; Ortolani-Machado et al., 2007; Ortolani-Machado et al., Fitzpatrick, 1950; Simon et al., 2009). Apart from tyrosinase,2009). Brumbaugh (1971) distinguishestwotypesofmelanocytes: eumelaninproduction(Hearing, 2005; Gunnarsson, 2009; Olivareseumelanin-synthesizing (eumelanocytes) and pheomelanin- and Solano, 2009) occurs also through tyrosinase-like proteins:synthesizing(pheomelanocytes). Inbirds, melanocytesproducetwo TYRP andTYRP (DCT). By thesamepathway, ortho-quinone1 2typesofmelaninpigments: eumelaninandpheomelanin(Hutt, 1949; playinga role inmelanogenesis, isalso formed (Cooksey et al.,Smyth, 1990; Prota, 1988, 1995; Itoetal., 2000; Stevens, 2005; 1997). Accordingtothetypeofthepigmentproduced, dopaquinoneSimonetal., 2009). Eumelanin is thedark (dark-brown toblack) isconsequentlyconvertedincyclodopa, dopachrome, dihydroindole

pigment, of dihydroindole carboxylic acid and/or dihydroindole carboxylic acid (DHICA) or dihydroindole (DHI), and finally intopolymers, responsible for the expression of fibromelanosis. eumelanin (Krner and Pawelek, 1982; Palumbo etal., 1987, 1991;Pheomelanin is present only in the feathering of birds (Smyth, 1990, Land and Riley, 2000; Simon et al., 2009). The pheomelanin is1994) and represents cysteine-containing benzothiazine polymer synthesizedthroughconversionofdopaquinoneintocysteinyldopawith red to yellow colour. The deposition of both pigments in a (5-S- cysteinyldopaor2-S- cysteinyldopa) byaddition of cysteine.specific body area/feathering is determined by several genes and Cysteindopa interacts with dopaquinone to yield cysteindopa-their interaction (Hutt, 1949; Smyth, 1990; Stevens, 2005).The two quinone and DOPA. Cysteindopa-quinone is then dehydrated andmelanin types act in opposite directions, eumelanin being a transformed into ortho-quinonimine, which is then converted (with orphotoprotective and antioxidant pigment, while pheomelanin is without decarboxylation) into pheomelanin precursorsphototoxic and with prooxidant activity (Chedekelet al.,1980; De benzothiazine (BT) and benzothiazine carboxylic acid (BTCA)Leeuw, 2001;Simon et al., 2009). (Thomson, 1974; Smyth, 1990, 1994; Protaetal., 1998; Napolitano

The process of melanin synthesis is termed melanogenesis etal., 1999; Itoetal., 2000; Simonetal., 2009). Whentyrosinase(Figure 1). Both pigment forms of melanin are synthesized by activitiesarelow, pheomelaninsynthesiscouldoccurfromcysteineoxidation of the amino acid L-tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine todopaquinone.(DOPA) and dopaquinone by tyrosinase (TYR) (Lerner and Melanin synthesis events occur in membrane-bound

Figure1.Stagesofpheomelanosomeandeumelanosomeformationinthemelanocyte(according toHearing, 2005)

MATP

Pheomelanosome

Eumelanosome

Tyrosinase

trans-Golgi network

Golgi

ERPMEL 17

MATP

Cysteine? TYRP1DCT

stage IV

stage III

stage II

stage I

organelles of melanocytes, called melanosomes (Smyth, 1990, (Gallus gallus domesticus, Linnaeus, 1758) with wild-type feathering1994; Liu and Simon, 2003; Gunnarsson, 2009; Simonetal., 2009). colour. AccordingtoSmyth(1994) melaninisimportantduringtheMelanosomesaremelanocyticlysosome-likecellorganelles. They embryonic lifeand thefirstdaysafter thehatchingofchicks. Thearethoughtto originatefrommelanocyticendoplasmaticreticulum presenceofeumelaninintheskinprovidesanaturalprotectionfromas primary melanosomes. The formation of melanosomes occurs solarUVradiation.The antioxidant function ofeumelanin helps thethrough four stages: stage I melanosome stage II melanosome reduction of systemic levels of free radicals. The lack or reduced(premelanosome) stage II melanosome stage IV melanosome melanin levels during the embryogenesis could result in impaired(melanin granules) (Figure 1). Depending on the synthesized relationships between the visual receptor and the brain (Smyth,pigment, eumelanosomes and pheomelanosomes are 1994).distinguished (Brumbaugh, 1968; Hearing, 2005;Gunnarsson,2009; Patrickand Borovansky, 2011). Genetic features of fibromelanosis

Melanin role is diverse. It is responsible for the typical protectivefeathering coloration aiding the mimicry of the Red Junglefowl Thismutation isdeterminedbyadominantautosomalgene(Gallus gallus, Linnaeus, 1758)and freely living domestic chickens conditionallytermedFm/EDN3(Fibromelanosis) interactingwiththe

I


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+ + Shinomiya et al., 2012).sex-linkedrecessivewildtypeidgene and possibly, the W geneOnthebasisofearlierstudiesDorshorst et al.(2010),Dorshorstthat determines the white colour of the skin. Recent researches

et al. (2011) and Shinomiya et al. (2012), used PCR and(Dorshorst et al., 2010, 2011; Shinomiya et al., 2012) and the newmicrosatellitemarkerstolocalisetheFmlocus in chromosome 20gene terminology points out the Fmlocus in chromosome 20,with(10.211.7Mb). AccordingtoDorshorst et al. (2011) fibromelanosisthe EDN3 gene as the main factor provoking fibromelanosis. Theisdue to twoduplicatedregions inchromosome20 (10,717,600attractivenessofthesebirdshasraisedtheinterestofbothpoultry10,842,919 bp and11,264,22611,432,336 bp). Thesizeof thesebreedingamateursandgeneticists. Fibromelanosis is one of the first

areas isover100 kb, thefirstcodingforendothelin 3 (EDN3),ATP5Ephenotype signs in chickens subject to genetic analysis as early asth (ATP synthase epsilon subunit), TUBB1(tubulin, beta 1) andSLMO2the early 20 century (Bateson, 1909; BatesonandPunnett, 1911;(slowmo homolog 2). ThesameauthorsprovedthepresenceofthePunnett, 1923; Hutt, 1949; Smyth, 1976; Smyth, 1990; Stevens,EDN3 sequence in the genome of four studied breeds with2005; Dorshorst et al.,2010).fibromelanosis: Silkie, AyamCemani, Svart Hna andBlackHmong,The first investigations on the mechanism of fibromelanosisas well as increased expression of SLMO2 and TUBB1 in theinheritance were performed by Bateson and Punnett (1911) onfibromelanosis phenotype.Silkies and brown Leghorns. They describe two factors, responsible

Endothelin 3 (EDN3) is a gene with acknowledged role infor hyperpigmentation: pigmentation factor (P) and inhibition factorenhancing the proliferation of melanoblasts and melanocytic(I). Accordingtoauthors, onlybirdswiththeP/P/i/iphenotypeareregulation(Lahav etal., 1996; Dupin etal., 2000; Garsiaetal,. 2008;completely pigmented, the genotype P/p/I/i determines a slightAoki et al., 2009; Dorshorst et al., 2010; Dorshorst et al., 2011;pigmentation whereas birds with genotypesp/p/i/i,p/p/I/iandp/p/I/IShinomiya et al., 2012). EDN3possessesamitogeniceffectagainstare not pigmented. Bateson and Punnett(1911) established a sex-melanoblasts(Lahav etal., 1996; Lahav etal., 1998). Accordingtolinked inheritance of the trait and assumed the existence of a thirdnumerousauthors(Nataf et al., 1998; Nagy and Goldstein, 2006;element F, linked with sex and influencing the expression ofDorshorst et al., 2010) EDN3 isestablished in thechickembryofibromelanosis. The research of Bateson and Punnett (1911), andmesenchyme inmelanoblasticmigration. Shinomiya et al., (2012)then of Dunnand Jull (1927)showed the mode of trait inheritancereportforthepresence offivespecificgenes inthislocus: EDN3,and its relationship with other genes. Until recently, the geneHIVEP1, SLMO2, F1ATPase-e and TUBB3 in the Silkie chickenresponsible for the expression of fibromelanosis was labelled as Fmbreed (Figure2). EDN3togetherwith other threegenes(exceptfor(Hutt, 1949; Smyth, 1976; Smyth, 1990; Stevens, 2005; Mishra etHIVEP1) are detected in Silkies Minorca crosses.al., 2008; Dorshorst etal., 2010). Today, wespeakaboutaFmlocus

The other primary gene influencing the expression ofwithamainfibromelanosisEDN3gene (Dorshorst et al., 2010, 2011;

Figure2. Fmlocusofthechromosome20 inGallusgallus(according toShinomiya et al., 2012)

Gollus gollus

ABR0001

A5046

AS047

AS056

AS048

AS048

AS059

AS055

AS050

AS053

AS058

AS8465

AS845

A3838

AS717

AS072

AS044

AS063

AS051

AS049

AS057

Chromosome 20

5.9

1.2

1.2

1.2

cM

Genetic map Physical map

Fm

1.46 Mb

140kb

130kb

EDN3

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fibromelanosis is the incomplete dominant, sex-linked Id or sex- 1990). It is thought that sex-linked melanin-inhibiting gene is+linkeddermalmelanininhibitor(BatesonandPunnett, 1912; Dunn essential for theappearanceofdark face( id) inbirds. In female

andJull, 1927; Hutt, 1949; Smyth, 1990; Stevens, 2005; Dorshorst birds, the dark face is better expressed, with well-pigmented fleshyet al., 2010). Theeffectofthedermalmelanininhibitinggeneagainst facial growths. Breeds carrying this mutation are ArdennesFmismodifying. The Idallele exhibits an inhibiting activity, whereas chickens, Bruges game, Lige game, European Sumatra type,

+the wild type recessive allele (id) potentiates the expression of Tomaru, Modern English game fowl bantam, some lines Europeanfibromelanosis. Many authors (Bitgood, 1985, 1988; Levin et al., Australorps and Tuzo. It is interesting to note that a similar mutation

1993; Dorshorst and Ashwell, 2009; Dorshorst et al., 2010) appears in some representatives of the Black Shumen chickenestablished the localisation of the Idlocus in the sex Zchromosome. breed, well manifested in female birds due to the sex-linked+Through modern methods, specific nucleotide sequences are inheritance of the idgene and hemizygosity (Figure3). Accordingto

determined in a region, several Mb of size, in the Id locus(Dorshorst us, thisphenotypeexpressionisduetotheeffectofthealleleforet al., 2010; Shinomiya et al., 2012). AccordingtoDorshorst et al. black feathering, thewild recessive formof themelanin-inhibiting

+ +(2010) genes that are potential inhibitors of dermal melanin are gene(id) and the gene determining the white colour of the skin (W).B4GALT1 (beta 1,4-Galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1) and TheirispigmentationisnotalteredinBlackShumenchickenswithaVCAN (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan versican), localised in the darkface, unlike other breeds, where it is hyperpigmented.sex Z chromosome. The role of B4GALT1 in neural crest cells(NCCs) migration along the ventral pathway during theembryogenesis is acknowledged (Hathaway and Shur, 1992;Appeddu andShur, 1994). B4GALT1 is detected in the Id locus(67.172.3 Mb) at68.7 Mb, immediately close to the B (Barring)gene(Dorshorst et al.,2010). ThesecondcandidateIdgeneinthe

viewofthesameteam VCAN in located outside the Idregion ofthe Z chromosome at 61.3 Mb. Itexhibitsan inhibiting effect onNCCs migration along both the dorsal and the ventral pathwaysduring the embryogenesis (Landolt et al., 1995). The dominant

Wh +wheaten allele ( ) from the E locus could have a suppress id withregard to shanks and fascial pigmentation (Smyth, 1990).

Smyth(1990) affirmsthattheexpressionofdermalmelanosisisdeterminedbythelackofthedominantwhitealleleinhomozygousstate(I), due to melanin-inhibiting effect (Smyth, 1990; Gunnarsson,2009;Stevens, 2005). InthepresenceoftheallelefromtheElocusdeterminingtheblackcolouroffeathering, theinhibitingeffectoftheI

+gene on id is reduced (Smyth, 1990, 1994). Thepigmentationoffascias is enhanced in the presence of allele (locus ofchromosome 1), determining the recessive white colour offeatheringinahomozygousstate(c/c).

There are other dermal inhibitors, which could enhance orPoultrybreedswithfibromelanosisreducetheexpressionofFm. Atypicalinhibitorofmelaninisthesex-

linkedbarringgene/ (Barring), whichdeterminesthebarringandPoultrybreedswith fibromelanosis (DAD-ISDatabase, FAO)cuckoo feathering pattern in chickens (Spillman, 1908; Punnett,

are: Silkie (Japan/Europe), Silkie Bairiong (China), Dongxiang1923; Hutt, 1949; Jaap, 1955; Bitgood, 1985; SchreckandBowers,(China), Emei Black (China), Jianghan (China), Jiangshan Silkie1989; Smyth, 1990; Dodgson, 2003; Dorshorst and Ashwell, 2009).(China), Jiuyuan Black (China), Lueyang (China), Muchuan SilkieDorshorst and Ashwell (2009) establishedtheBgene at 71.8 MbinBlack (China), Tengchongxue (China), Wumeng blacked-bonedthe sex Z chromosome. Due to its presence, only cuckoo type Silkieschicken (China), Xingwen black boned chicken (China), Yanjinwith genotypes B/B/Fm/FmorB/-/Fm/Fmare without phenotypicallyblacked-boned chicken (China), Yugan black-boned chickenexpressed fibromelanosis depending on the sex.Thebarringgene(China), Yunyang white silked black boned chicken (China),B/ reduces at a lesser extent the deposition of melanin in the

+ b Zhuxiang (China), Ga ac (Vietnam), Black Hmong chickenpresenceofe ore alleles in theElocus combined with Columbian(Vietnam), ke (Vietnam), Svart Hna (Sweden), Ayam Cemani

feathering Co (Smyth, 1994). Some alleles related to feathering+ (Indonesia), Sumatra(Indonesia), Kadaknath (India), Ogol chickencolourfromtheElocus(,R) could, togetherwithid, influencethe(Korea), ArgentinanTuzo type (Argentina).accumulationofdermalmelaninandprovokehyperpigmentationon

The Silkie is the most popular chicken breed withthe face. They also enhance the expression of the Fm genefibromelanosis(Figure4). Ithasanumberofmutationsresponsible

(Brumbaugh, 1967; Smyth, 1976, 1990).foritsuniqueexteriorandgenome: characteristicfluffyplumage(h),In several European breeds predominantly, a mutation + +fibromelanosis(Fminassociationwithid andW), crest(Cr), beardresembling fibromelanosis called gypsy face is encountered. It(Mb), feathered legs (Pti-1; Pti-2), five toes (Po), walnut combaffects only the face and some formations of the head (comb,(P/_/R/_) and bluish-white earlobes (Kuklenski, 1915; Hutt, 1949;wattles, earlobes). Here, the melanin pigmentation is superficial,Smyth, 1990; Stevens, 2005; Ekarius, 2007; Dorshorst etal., 2010;affecting only the skin of the head, not well studied and probably withShinomiya et al., 2012).polygenic inheritance. Most commonly, birds with markedly dark

AnotherattractivebreedistheChineseDongxiang, whichapartface have also dark feathering (black, birchen, blue birchen, yellowfrom fibromelanosisisdistinguishedwithitseggswithblue-greenishbirchen etc.) indicating an association of this phenotype trait with Eshells (Zhao et al., 2006; Gao et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2008;and R alleles of the E locus (Brumbaugh, 1967; Smyth, 1976,

Figure3. BlackShumenhenwithmelanosisonthefacialskinandpartofthecomb(originalphoto)


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Figure5. Ayam Cemani rooster(courtesy by PaulinaIvanova, 2011)

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Lukanovetal., 2012). centuries in some religious rites. They are believed to possess

Duringthelastyears, anumberofstudiesongeneticfeatures mystic forces (Figure 5). For the first time, they are described byand productive traits have been conducted on Kadaknath Dutch colonists having visited the Java island in the beginning of theth

(Chatterjeeetal., 2007; Ahlawatetal., 2008; Mishra etal., 2008; 20 century (Steverink,The Cemani site).Aroraetal., 2011; Haunshietal., 2012), Dongxiang (Zhaoetal., Outside Asia birds with dark skin, muscles and bones are2006; Wangetal., 2007; Gao etal., 2008; Wangetal., 2009) and accepted as something mystic, strange and exotic and are not

Ayam Cemani breeds (ukasiewicz et al., 2009; Joanna and popular for consumption. Nevertheless, they have found its place inMonika, 2010; Dorshorst et al., 2011; Shinomiya et al., 2012). exotic poultry breeding due to theirunique appearance, Silkies are

now among the most popular exotic chicken breeds in the worldEconomic, social and exterior-related significance of (Ekarius, 2007; Scrivener, 2009; Dorshorst et al., 2010, 2011),

fibromelanosis widespread in Europe, North America, Australia and Japan(Scrivener, 2009; Dorshorstet al., 2011).

Chickenswith fibromelanosisareespeciallyvalued inChina,Vietnam, Thailand, India, Indonesia, MalaysiaandKorea, due totheir involvement in religious beliefs of southeastern Asian people, Conclusiontheir folk medicine and cuisine. These chickens are used in Chinesefolk medicine as it is believed that they contain unknown helpful Fibromelanosis is a mutation in domestic chickens (Gallussubstances (LiandLuo, 2003; Dorshorst etal., 2011; Shinomiya et gallus domesticus, Linnaeus, 1758), emergingmostprobablyintheal., 2012). Many products originating from Fm chickens are first years AD in southeastern Asia. It is manifested with dark,prescribed for enhancement of patient's immunity and systemic bluish-black coloration of the skin, eyes, serosas, muscles andanabolic processes. Also, they are used to treat diabetes, anaemia, nervous connective tissue sheaths, gonads, trachea anddysmenorrhoea, postparturient disorders (Tian at al., 2007a, b). The periosteumofbirdsduetoabnormalaccumulationofeumelaninincomparativestudies inSilkie BairiongsandWhitePlymouth Rock tissues. The phenotype expression is determined by a group ofchickens reared under identical conditions showed significantly genes within the Fm locus in chromosome 20 (10.211.7 Mb),higher levelsofcarnosine in themeatofSilkies (0.45%) than in together with the modifying action of genes from the Id locus of thePlymouth Rocks (0.22%). Carnosineisanaturaldipeptideactingas sex Z chromosome. According to contemporary research, the EDN3aphysiologicalbufferinmuscles, antioxidant, neurotransmitterand gene is the primary gene responsible for the appearance of theantiglycating agent (Hipkiss and Brownson, 2000; Guanghong, mutation. A number of other genes-modifiers (intensifiers or

2001;Tianatal., 2007a, b). inhibitors) couldinfluencetheexpressionofthemainFmgenes.Black-boned chickens are frequently encountered in Asian This unique mutation is known in more than 25 breeds, thecuisinerecipesandarerenownedasavaluable, easilydigestible major part of which are found in southeastern Asia. This ishealthyfoodrich incarnosine(Tianatal., 2007; Shinomiya et al., associated with traditional Chinese folk medicine, and the religious2012). Oneof themostpopulardishespreparedwithmeat from and culinary traditions of Asian peoples. At a worldwide scale, somethesechickens is the"black-bonedchickensoup". Chickens are of breeds with fibromelanosis are reared as exotic birds. The Silkiesought-after at the Asian market and by South Asia immigrants all chickens are examples for the various aspects of use of these birdsover the world. Danny Wu, owner of K. K. Live Poultry reported for in eastern and western cultures. It gained a global popularity as athe sale of more than 3000 "black-boned" chickens per week for decorative breed, while in Asia, it is nowadays used in folk medicineChinatown restaurants in New York (Louie, 2007). Therefore,the and culinary. A future increasing interest to these birds from poultryproductionofmeat fromFmchickens isa large, stillunoccupied hybrid industry could be anticipated considering the increasingproductionnicheforrestaurantsofferingoriginalChinesecuisine. Asian population throughout the world and the mill ion fans of Asian

Fibromelanosis chickens as Ayam Cemani have been used for cuisine.

,

Figure4. Whitenon-beardedSilkiehens(originalphoto)


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Review

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Fibromelanosis in domestic chickens

H. Lukanov, A. Genchev

RumiandIPKNelina newcottonvarietiesA. Stoilova, Hr. Meluca

Drying of seeds from common wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) by using Silica gel forex situstorageP. Chamurlyisky, N. Tsenov, S. Stoyanova

Breeding evaluation of newly stabilized lines of maizeV. Valkova

Apricot breeding for resistance to SharkaV. Bozhkova, S. Milusheva

Dry matter accumulation in the varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)according to previous cropA. Ivanova, N. Tsenov

Reproductive performance of weaning saws after treatment with FertipigS. Dimitrov, G. Bonev

Reproductive performance of Polish Large White and Polish Landrace sowsB. Szostak, V. Katsarov

Effect of the feeding of products stimulating the development of bee coloniesR. Shumkova, I. Zhelyazkova

Investigations on kidney function in mulard ducklings with experimental aflatoxicosisI. Valchev, N. Grozeva, L. Lazarov, D. Kanakov, Ts. Hristov, R. Binev, Y. Nikolov

Rumen fermentation in yearling rams fed different rationsV.Radev

Effect of different lipid and protein dietary levels on rumen ciliate fauna and cellulolyticactivity in yearling ramsV. Radev, I. Varlyakov, R. Mihaylov

CONTENTS 1 / 2

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Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect oflevel of feeding during dry period, and bodycondition score on reproductive perfor-

thmance in dairy cows,IX InternationalConference on Production Diseases inFarm Animals, Sept.11 14, Berlin,Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolicenergy and true digestibility of amino acidsof some feeds in experiments with muscusduck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc.

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