00 TB Local and Globalpeople.musc.edu/~selassie/IP724/Spring2012/E Brenner TB Local and Global...

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2/9/2012 1 Tuberculosis Local and Global Perspectives MUSC February 7, 2012 Eric Brenner, MD Bureau of Disease Control SC DHEC Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics USC School of Public Health Columbia, SC A case of TB from the 1950s I A State Sanatorium Hospitalization Young woman ~30 y.o. from Coastal SC Pulmonary TB, Far Advanced, Bilateral Admitted: July 1953 Discharged: November 1959 Length of stay: 6 years + 4 months Discharged for “disciplinary reasons” !

Transcript of 00 TB Local and Globalpeople.musc.edu/~selassie/IP724/Spring2012/E Brenner TB Local and Global...

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Tuberculosis Local and Global Perspectives

MUSC February 7, 2012

Eric Brenner, MDBureau of Disease Control

SC DHEC

Dept of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUSC School of Public Health

Columbia, SC

A case of TB from the 1950s ‐ IA State Sanatorium Hospitalization

• Young woman ~30 y.o. from Coastal SC

• Pulmonary TB, Far Advanced, Bilateral

• Admitted: July 1953

• Discharged: November 1959

• Length of stay: 6 years + 4 months

• Discharged for “disciplinary reasons” !

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A case of TB from the 1950s II ‐ Treatment

• Bed Rest (1953‐1959)

• Chemotherapy (various courses 1953‐1959)

• Surgery– Pneumoperitoneum November 1953‐August 1955

– Thoracoplasty, 1st stage right: January 1956

– Thoracoplasty, 2nd stage right, February 1956

– Pulmonary lobectomy, RLL, October 1958

A case of TB from the 1950s III ‐ Discharge

• Discharge Diagnoses:

– Pulmonary TB, far advanced, bilateral

– Pregnancy (two occasions)

• delivered September 1956 and March 1958

• Discharge Medications:

– INH 300 mg qd and PAS 12 gm qd indefinitely (!)

• Other instructions:

– X‐ray and sputum q 3‐4 months

– Do no work

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Schema of a typical modern case of TB

• January ‐March: progressive cough, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue. Several MD visits => considered “bronchitis”,  “walking pneumonia”, “pertussis” etc. Various antibiotics have no effect.

• April 1: Referred to Infectious Disease specialist who finally “thinks TB” => presumptive Dx with 3 AFB positive smears (Dx later confirmed by +cultures)=> treatment begins April 4

• Treatment: daily for 2 weeks (3 days in hospital + 11 days) at home; then twice‐weekly for 24 weeks directly supervised at home, work, or in pool‐hall by a public health nurse (PHN);  sucessful treatment (62 doses) ends October 4.

• PHN also completed contact investigation (home, work, and social contacts); identified infected but asymptomatic persons who were treated for  latent TB infection (LTBI).

Outcomes of TB According to TB Program Setting

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

No Program Poor Program Good Program

Chronic

Cure

Die

?

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Robert Koch (1843‐1910)Discover of the “tubercle bacillus” in 1882

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Some Landmarks in the History of Tuberculosis

• 1882   Koch discovers the tubercle bacillus

• 1890   Koch develops tuberculin (initially as Rx for TB?)

• 1895   Roengten discovers x‐rays

• 1900‐1960s  Sanatoria as TB hospitals (bed rest + some surgery!)

• 1921   BCG vaccine (Bacillus of Calmette & Guerin = attenuted M. bovis)

• 1944   Streptomycin first used to treat a patient

• 1949   PAS (para‐aminosalycylic acid)

• 1952    Isoniazid (Rx often lasts 18‐24 months)

• 1954    Pyrazinamide

• 1962    Ethambutol

• 1963    Rifampin

• 1970s   Rx shortened to 9 months for most pts

• 1980s   Rx shortened to 6 months for most pts

• 1990s   Challenges => MDRTB, TB+HIV=double trouble; Full magnitude of Global TB  epidemic finally appreciated

Some Mycobacterial Species of Medical Importance

• M. TB complex

– M. tuberculosis

– M. bovis (including BCG)

– M. africanum

• Non tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)

– M. avium‐intracellular (M. intracelluare, MAI, MAC)

– M. kansassi

– M. fortuitum

– M. chelonei

– (and several dozen other species)

• M. leprae [agent of  Leprosy or “Hansen’s Disease]

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A normal PA x‐ray of the chest

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Mycobacteriology Laboratory ‐ IIIAFB Smears

• Detects presence of mycobacteria (and occasionally other uncommon pathogens as well ‐ e.g. Nocardia)

• Cannot distinguish M. TB from NTM.

• Clue to possible diagnosis AND to potential infectiousness of patient.

• Always interpret in context of all other findings.

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Mycobacteriology Laboratory ‐ IVMore Positive AFB Smears (*)

(*) Again with traditional Ziehl‐Neelsen staining which most hospitals can do

Mycobacteriology Laboratory ‐ VFluorochrome Method for Mycobacterial Smears

• More sensitive than traditional ZN staining

• Uses auramine‐rhodamine stain

• Requires special equipment which smaller hospitals will not have

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M. Tuberculosis colonies growing on agar in the laboratory

Schema of the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis

Lymphatics => systemic circulation via the thoracic duct

Dissemination via circulation to distant sites including (i) apex of lungs; (ii) kidneys, (iii) bone, (iv) brain, (v) multiple other sites.  Potential for disease to occur in 5‐10% of infected persons; months, years, decades later.

Spread via pulmonary lymphatics

Site of initial infection often peripheral (sub‐pleural)

Typical apical cavitarydisease seen in many patients who have TB from late reactivation of Latent TB Infection (LTBI)

Hilar lymph nodes (hilar adenopathy)

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Natural History of Tuberculosis (Schema)

Not Infected  Infected +

No disease, but LTBI

Disease “soon” [within 1‐2 yrs]

Still no disease, but possible  lifelong LTBI

Disease “anytime later in life” [reactivation of  LTBI)

100%

5%

95%

5%

90%

Caution !!  Co‐infection with HIV totally upsets this schema!Instead of having a 10% lifetime risk of developing TB disease persons co‐infected with HIV may have a risk as high as 10% per year!!!!

Back to a bit of TB History!

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In 1914, $10,000 was set aside by the legislature to establish the South Carolina State Sanatorium. The State Sanatorium opened in 1915 as a tent facility and over time, progressed to wooden buildings or cottages. TB Camps were established all over SC –Hopewell in Greenville, Camp Alice in Sumter, Pinehaven in Charleston, Marion County Camp

A Cottage at the Ridgewood SanatoriumNote the windows all around the building and the swings & chairs in the yard for the “fresh air cure”

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Pavilion at the TB San 

Reminder of the not‐so‐distant pastAn imposing Sanatorium TB hosptial Note extensive sun‐porches = Solariums Mont‐Joli (Quebec; 1939)

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State Park Health Center opened in 1938

“Sun treatment” for TB early in the early XXth. century

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This picture shows mass screening in the United States. These projects started in the 1930s. Mass screening with conventional equipment was impractical, so special devices were developed. Mobile vans equipped with photofluorographic X‐ray units allowed countries around the world to mass screen their populations...

Visting patients in the TB sanatorium…. (is that why they call him Santa?)

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Patients taking the air at the Ninette Tuberculosis Sanitorium, Manitoba[www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/units/history/mbhist/ninnimag.html]

South Carolina Board of Health

A TB patient at the sanatorium getting an X‐ray  completed. 

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South Carolina Board of Health

X‐rays were less expensive,  easier to complete and used more & more both in and outside the Sanatorium setting.

Cut‐out drawing of a mobile X‐ray Van

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State Board of Health hired 7 public health nurses; Ruth Dodd and Helen Fenton were the first TB public health nurses in South 

Carolina.  They were to teach the TB patients how to take care of themselves and prevent others from getting TB 

Modern TB Chemotherapy

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In concert with ALASC, DHEC developed and started the Enablers and Incentives Program. The funding was provided by the ALASC through a trust fund and still functions today. 

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Immigration Routes for the First Americanswww.roebuckclasses.com/201/conquest/nativehistoryoutline.htm

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http://year8exploration.wikispaces.com/Victoria

Columbus’ Four Voyages to the New World: 1492, 1493, 1498 & 1502

First (2003) US Cow with Bovine Spongioform Encephalopathy (BSE) [ “Mad Cow Disease”] had been imported from Canada in 2001

“Swine flu” (H1N1 of 2009) imported from Mexico

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Another old Question about disease importation:

Was there Tuberculosis in the New World before the arrival of Columbus and other Europeans?

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NYT March 15, 1994

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But…. On a more immediate and practical note, how about importations of TB into the USA right now in the 21st Century?

Case of TB Imported from India ‐ 1

• 29 yo woman arrives SC Aug 2004 

• part of group of teachers from India with contracts to teach science in underserved rural SC high schools

• Contracting agency did not know of her two previous episodes of pulmonary TB (had self‐administered therapy!?)

• TB relapses Summer 2005 => smear+ & culture+

• At first just one of ~ 200 SC TB cases for the year…. but…

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• Drug susceptibilities: => R to INH, Rif & PZA

• Rx then proceeds with Emb, Cys, Cap, Lev, Mox, Rfb

• Complex course (e.g. drug intolerance, other systemic diseases) requires several regimen modifications

• Eventual good treatment outcome: completed teaching contract. Now studying nursing in Georgia

Case of TB Imported from India ‐ 2

Case of TB Imported from India – 3Contact Investigation

• Spouse and sister have +TSTs

– PEP with Rx with Rifabutin

• All co‐teachers in the HS now tested. 

• Only one student patient had taught had a positive skin test.  Felt had likely been infected before.

– PEP with Isoniazid

• Complex, this case only one of over 5,000 foreign born TB cases seen in the USA each year

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What overview then of Tuberculosis in the USA and its Relation to “Importation”

Reported TB Cases United States, 1982–2010*

*Updated as of July 21, 2011

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

No. of Cases

Year

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TB Case Rates* by Age Group United States, 1993–2010

* Updated as of July 21, 2011

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

0‐ 14 15 ‐ 24 25 ‐ 44 45‐65 >65

Cases per 100,000

TB Case Rates by Age Group and Sex, United States, 2010

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

Under 5 5 ‐ 14 15 ‐ 24 24 ‐ 44 45‐64 ≥65

Male Female

Cases per 100,000

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Number of TB Cases inU.S.-born vs. Foreign-born Persons

United States, 1993–2010*

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

U.S.‐born Foreign‐born

*Updated as of July 21, 2011

No. o

f Cases

>50%

25%–49%<25%

2000 2010

DC

*Updated as of July 21, 2011

Percentage of TB Cases Among Foreign‐born Persons, United States*

DC

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Primary Isoniazid Resistance in U.S.‐born vs. Foreign‐born Persons

United States, 1993 – 2010*

*Updated as of July 21, 2011

Note: Based on initial isolates from persons with no prior history of TB.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010

U.S.‐born Foreign‐born

% Resistant

XDR TB Case Count Defined on Initial DST* by Year, 1993 – 2010**

* Drug susceptibility test** Updated as of July 21, 2011Note: Extensively drug‐resistant TB (XDR TB) is defined as resistance to isoniazid and rifampin, plus resistance to any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second‐line anti‐TB drugs

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010

Case Count

Year of Diagnosis

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Estimated HIV Coinfection in Persons Reported with TB, United States, 1993 – 2010*

*Updated as of July 21, 2011

Note: Minimum estimates based on reported HIV‐positive status among all TB cases in the age group

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010

Aged 25‐44 All Ages

% Coinfection

Mode of Treatment Administration in Persons Reported with TBUnited States, 1993 – 2008*

*Updated as of July 21, 2011. Data available through 2008 only.**Percentage of total cases in persons alive at diagnosis, with an initial regimen of one or more drugs prescribed, and excluding cases with unknown mode of treatment administration.Directly observed therapy (DOT); Self‐administered therapy (SA)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008

DOT only DOT + SA SA only

Percen

tage**

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Completion of TB TherapyUnited States, 1993 – 2008*

* Updated as of July 21, 2011. Data available through 2008 only.Note: Includes persons alive at diagnosis, with initial drug regimen of one or more drugs prescribed, who did not die during therapy. Excludes persons with initial isolate rifampin resistant, or patient with meningeal disease, or pediatric patient (aged<15) with miliary disease or positive blood culture.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008

Completed Completed in 1 year or less

Percen

tage

And… how is it that we (or CDC) even know all this about TB in the foreign born?

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Global Perspectives!

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Geneva, Switzerland

The “Pont du Mont Blanc” where the Lake of Geneva empties into the Rhone River

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The old “League of Nations” Building (now part of UN)

HQ of the World Health Organization

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The Six WHO Regions

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Flashback…. to the eradication of smallpox.

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Images of Smallpox

Smallpox Day 8

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Control Reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and disability to a locally acceptable level.

Elimination Reduction of infection and disease to zero in a defined area. Surveillance crucial. Continued efforts required.

Eradication Permanent reduction of worldwide incidence to zero as a result of deliberate interventions. Surveillance crucial. Continued efforts may not be required.

Destruction Destruction of all isolates of microbial agent.

“Stages” in the disease control wars

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Elimination of TB in the USA !?

• What would the term “elimination mean?

• Is “elimination” an appropriate goal or not…. and, if so:

• For what date and for what sub‐populations should “elimination” be targetted?

• Should DTBE have its named changed back to the DTBC?

Thank you!

Discussion …. ?